Enrichment in Mathematics Problem Solving: Part A: Number Theory (1) Prove that 417+ 122+ vf an integer (2) Find all * (where a,b € R) such that the relation (i) ax=0 (ji) ax=b hold (3) Find the greatest number that divides 364,414 and 539 with the same number as the remainder in each case. Find the remainder also. (4) Six students, each any to guess the numbers of rupee coins in a jar. The six guesses are 52, 59, 62, 65, 48, 42. One guess is 12 away from the correct answer and the other guesses are 1, 4, 6, 9, and 11 away from it. How many rupee coins are there in the jar ? Why ? (5) A natural number is “good” if it can be expressed as a sum of two consecutive natural numbers and as a sum of three consecutive natural numbers Prove the following: (a) 2013 is “good” and 2014 ‘is not good” (b) 2015 and 2016 are both not good (©) The product of two ‘good’ numbers is ‘good” (@) If the product of two numbers is ‘good’, then at least one of them is ‘good” (6),A number, when divided by 899, gives a remainder 63. Find the number obtained by ‘dividing the same number by 29. (7) Prove that the expression (1705 + 2705 + 37915 + 42015 + 5215) ig divisible by 5.(no tables / no calculator is to be used) (8) Let p be the L.e.m. of (3 ~ 1) and (3'" + 1). Find the unit digit of p. (9) Without assuming \@ or 3 as irrationals, prove that the number ( ¥2 .4/3_) is not rational. (10) The sum of a two digit number and the number with the digits interchanged is a perfect square. How many such numbers exists ? List them. (11) Show that the number 1010010001 in binary system does not represent a prime in the decimal system. (12) When 31513 and 34369 are divided by a 3 digit number the remainders are equal. Find the smallest such divisor and also the common remainder. (13) If x= \B_+{2 and y = {3-2 evaluate the expression (xty+x°+y*+x"+y") Is it an integer? 3-2 BH? (14) Solve the congience : 12 = 10 (mod 15) (15) Find the H.C.F. of 741 and 1079 and express it as a linear combination of 741 and 1079 (16) Solve the congience: 17x = 29 (mod 37)(17) Solve the congience: 100x=3 (mod 11”) (18) Which of the following linear congiences have solutions ? Why ? If so, give atleast one solution, where possible (@) 4x = 3 (mod 6) (b) 8x = 4 (mod 12) (© 6x = 2 (mod 8) @ Sx = 0 (mod 5) (e) 44x = 9 (mod 28) (O 12x = 8 (mod 9) (g) Sx =3 (mod 49) (19) Is the statement 21 =-12 (mod 11) true ? Why ? (20) 99 is divisible by 3 999999 is divisible by 7 9999999999 is divisible by 11 and the pattern continues. Discover the rule governing this pattem and express it in correct mathematical statement (21) If 32/p + 32/q = 32/p x 32/qwhere p and q are prime and also 3

Vm + = V7 + V33 + Ve + V35 (16) Given the condition that the product of two rational number is the same as the sum of these numbers, discover at least three possible pairs of rational numbers, other that integers possessing this property. (17) Solve inR: 3X7 ¥x+5 (18) Solve 2x49 +x=13 (inky (19) Solve the equation _.x7+ 10x+ 73 =0. Are the roots rational? Why or why not? (20) Ifthe sum of the roots of the equation (quadratic) (k + 1)x? + 2kx + 4= 0 is equal to the product of the roots. Find the value/s of k (21) For what value of k will be lines given by 8x+5y=9 and kx+10y=8 be parallel.? Q2If 246x-7 =5,find x wherex €N x 6x45 (23)If 5x2 +7 = 26, find x in the set of counting numbers 3e-5 11 (24) Observe the diagram aind complete it when y = 21 and when x= 7 456789 fey TTT 987-6 5 -4-3-2-10123456789 (25) find the square root of the expression p* + @° + 36 + Pd +4q +61 49 | (26) prove the relation: (a —b’) (c? - d) = (ac + bd)? — (ad + be)” (27) Find the missing term in the Fibonacci sequence 2) a(28) We write square root{ 1 as i where i? =- 1 Which is bigger: 5i or 7i? Why? (29) A mixture of wine and water is made in the ratio wine iota! of water on removing x units of wine (x #0), each product e+ total calculate the new numerical ratio &: madding x units the same new ratio of (30) If (a? +b’? = (a? + bY’ and abz0 find the numerical value of (2/2 + ba) as a recurring decimal. G1) A man travels at a rate F for one mile then at rate 2r for 2 miles and then at rate 37 for 3 miles and so on and finally at rate mar for m miles where m is a positive integer. For what value of 7 the mean rate will be 5 times his original rate, (32) The equations x°+5x”+px+q = 0 and x"+7x"+px+n=0 have two roots in common. If the third root in each equation is represented by @ and f respectively find a and 8. (33) if a+b=-a=b andad(4te) and cis never zero, ate anc evaluate 10b? + 9be + ¢’ 2b? + be + 2c? is it rational. G4) If the two routes of Q. E. x? + bx + ¢ = 0 are b and c where bie find (b, c) (35) Compute the value of x if — 3 2 4.6.8, 64 (36) In racing over a given distance d at uniform speed, A can beat B by 30 meters. B can beat C by 20 meters and A can beat C by 48 meters. Find the distance d. (37) For what values of the coefficient a do the equations x°— ax +1=0 and x?—x+a=0 have a common real solutions (38) Find the missing number in the sequence 2, 8, 31, 88, .... 384 (39) The 400 digit number 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,01,2,3,4~--—- 7890 is given (where the digits 1,2,3.4,5,6,7,8,9,0 are repeated in that order). First cross out all the digits in odd positions starting at the left. Continue this operation in the remaining 200 digits and proceed in the same way until no digit remains. What is the digit the last one crossed out. (40) If x = 0.033 prove ¥/Zis also rational. (41) (m, n) is a pair of positive integers satisfying the following conditions (am 0, (ab + Bet ca) > Oand abe > G prove that @ ,},e are all positive (47) Prove that 19°° > 13” (no tables no calculations) (48) Ifx > 0 prove that 3x°-6x7+4 20 (49) If x'—x?+x =a, prove that x°> (2a—1) (50) Prove the following: (mo tables): Osu eae loge! tog (51) If f(m) = 4% 4 for every positive integers m and p, q are integers, such that p 1 prove that fe ee a el al el al2015-2016 Enrichment: Geometry 1. Let A and B be two fixed points on one side of a line “?” in a plane. Find a point P on #, such that (AP + BP) is minimum. Justify your viewpoint. 2. Given two intersecting straight lines AB and AC and a point P between the, show that, of all the straight lines which pass through P and are terminated by AB and AC, that, which is bisected at P, cuts off the triangle of minimum area, 3. Given _B and _C besides altitude AD. Show how to construct the triangle. 4, Ina right triangle, show that, any rectilinear figure described on the hypotenuse is equal in area to the sum of the two areas of similar and similarly situated figures on the legs of the triangle. 5. Let ‘O° be any point in the interior of AABC. Let L, M, N be the points on AB, BC, CA. respectively, where the perpendiculars from ‘O” meet these lines. Prove : AL? +BK?+CN? = AN? +CM?+BL? 6. ABCD isa parallelogram. P is any point within it, Show that the sum of the areas of the triangles PAB and PCD is equal to half'the area of the parallelogram. 7. Construct AABC, given LA = 70°, median AD = 4.5cm and altitude CF = 6 cm. 8. ABCD isa parallelogram; P,Q, R, S are points on the sides AB, BC, CD, DA. respectively, such that AP=DR. If {ABCD} = l6cm?, find {PQRS} 9. ‘The length of one of the legs of aright triangle exceeds the length of the other leg by 10cm but is smaller than that of the hypotenuse by 10cm. Find its perimeter. 10. 9 lines are drawn parallel to the base of a triangle, dividing the other two sides into 10 equal parts and also the area into 10 distinct parts. If the area of the largest of these parts is 20.15 cm?, find the area of the triangle. 11. ABC is isosceles with base AC. Points P and Q are located on CB and AB, such that AC = AP =PQ=QB Prove that the measure of LB is 25 12. Given BC, altitude BE and median AD of AABC, show how to construct this triangle. 13. The interior angle of a regular polygon lies between 150° and 140°" How many sides does it have? Why? 14, ‘O” is the circum centre of ABC and M is the midpoint of the median through A. Join OM and produce it to N, such that OM = MN. Prove that, N lies on the altitude through A 15, There are two regular Polygons with the number of sides in the ratio 4:5. The interior angles are in the ratio 25:26. Find the number of sides of these two polygons.16. Given three medians of a triangle, show how to construct this triangle. Justify. 17, Determine at least 5 different non-similar triangles in which, the length, the width and the diagonal are all integers. 18. Points A, B, C, D are collinear in that order. If AB :AC = 1:3 and BC : CD = 4:1, find AB:CD. 19. An isosceles triangle with 24 em and legs 15cm is inscribed in a circle. Find the radius of this circle. 20. A circle passes through the vertices of a triangle with side measurements 7 3, 10, 124. Find the diameter of this circle. 21. Given BC, altitude BE and distance of orthocentre from BC, show how to construct this triangle. 22. P is a point inside the quadrilateral ABCD. If PA = 2cm, PB = 3cm, PC = Sem, PD = 66cm, determine the largest possible area of this quadrilateral. 23.'n’ points are placed around a circle and chords, joining them, in pairs, are drawn. ‘Suppose that, no three of the chords are concurrent, but, all chords intersect it two by two. > Find a general rule, which enables us to determine the number of regional, which the interior of the circle, is divided. (Assume that no point of intersection of a pair of chords, will like on the circle). 24, Give a figure, showing one way of dividing a triangle with intemal angles of 45°, 45°, 90° into five similar triangles, each similar to itself in such a way, that the resulting figure is geometrical ‘ Can you find another triangle, which can be divided into five similar triangles, each similar to itself, so that, the resulting figure is symmetrical? 25. In AABC, altitude AH and the median BM are congruent. If LACB = 41°, find the size of MBC. If L_ACB = 62°, will the size of L_ MBC change? Explain. 26. The diagonals of a rhombus are 12 and 24. Find the radius of the circle inscribed in the + rhombus (to the nearest integer). S 27. Different triangles can be made by choosing three of the points A, B, C, D, E, F and G. For example, AABF and AADG. Examine how many triangles can be made using the figure below: “ A28. Three rectangles are lined up horizontally as shown. ‘The first rectangle has width of one and length of two units; The second rectangle has width of two and length of four units; The-third rectangle has width of four and length of eight units, Find the area of the shaded region. 29. Given the vertex A, the orthocentre H and Centroid G, show, how to construct this triangle. 30. A machine stop cutting tool has the shape of a notched circle as shown in the figure. The radius of the ¥50cms and length of AB is 6cm and that of BC is 2cm. The angle ABC is a right angle. Find the square of the distance, in centimetres, from B to the centre of the circle. » 31. Sita wants to measure the distance between two objects A and B but there is an obstacle in between. Explain how she can get exact measure between A and B; is there a unique solution to this problem? Confirm. x < 32, Show that the sum of the three medians of a triangle is smaller than the perimeter of the triangle. 33. In any triangle ABC, the bisectors of the angles |B and _C meet at I. Show that the segment AI is the bisector of LA. Hence, show that, the bisectors of the three angles of a triangle are concurrent.Show that the sum of the distances of any point in the plane of the triangle from the three vertices (angular points) of a triangle, is greater than, its semi perimeter (...n0.) AABC is right angled at LA. AL 1 8C; Prove that, L.BAL = ACB Discover a rule to find the sum of the angles of a polygon with ‘n’ sides. Construct AABC, given, perimeter and LB and LC, Construct AABC, given BC, AB + AC and LA. . Construct AABC, given BC, AB + AC and LB. Construct AABC, given BC, AB — AC, BC and LC. Let ABCD be an isosceles trapezium having an incircle. Let AB and CD be the parallels ides and let CE be the perpendicular from C on to AB. Prove that CE is equal to the geometric mean between AB and CD. Let ABC be a triangle and let AD be the perpendicular from A onto BC. Let K,L,M be points on AD, such that, AK = KL=LM= MD. If the sum of the areas of the shaded regions is equal to the sum of the areas of unshaded regions, prove that, BD = DC >, Let ABC be an acute angled triangle. The circle with BC as diameter intersects AB and AC again at P and Q respectively. Determine LBAC, given that, the orthocentte of L_APQ lies on = }. Let ABC be a triangle with _ A = 90°, Let AB = AC. Let D and E be points on the segment BC, such that, BD :DE:EC = 1:2: V3 Prove that L.DAE = 45°. . In ABC, AD is the altitude from A and H is the orthocentre. Let K be the centre of the circle passing through D and tangent to BH at H. Prove that DK bisects AC.Enrichment : Trigonometry If tan (A — B) = 1 and sin (A+B) = 1, find A and B. Solve : 16 sec7@=4 (058 <2n) A. Evaluate : (1+cot @ - cosec 8) (1+tan @ + sec 8) 4, ifxasin@,y=btan@, find a? -b? Big 5¢ If'sin A+ sin” A= 1, find cos” A + cos* A. 6.’ Show that tan 10°.tan 15°.cot 75°.tan 80° js irrational. 7. Ifsin 6 + cos 8 = V2 sin ( 90 — 8), find cos 8 8, Find the value of cos70° + cos69°~ 8 sin® 30° sin20° —sin21° 9. Show that, cos” 6 (cosec’@— cot’ 8) = cos” @. Use this identity to solve the equation: | cos’ (cosec® cot” @)=1 for0< 8 < 360. 10, Given that [(1-+e0s0 )(1-cos0 )] =y, show that y = (1 + cos @)/sin@ Specifying the condition for which it is valid. If@ is obtuse, what adjustment is to be made in the above result? 11, Solve for 6 : 8 sec” 0 —6 sec 0 +1 = 0, where 0 is a real number 12. Find the value of cos” 22 ¥4°; is it rational 13. Show that, sin 20° {tan10° + cot 10°) is an integer 14, Find x if x sin30 cos” 45 = cot” 30_.sec ; is it an integer? sec” 45°,cosec30 15. Iftan = 2p (p+1), show that, cos @:= 2p+1 2ptl 2p42p+1 4 16. Prove cot®x , (where cosec x and cot x are non-zero reals) 17. Prove _cos A =2tanA cosec A+] 18. Show that the print (a cost 0, bsin 0 ) lies on the curve we +y¥ -1=0 a,b19. Prove the identity: L+sec A sec A - Hence, find all angles bet tan At sin A 360° for which, 1+sec 0 =2(tan O+sin 0) In right triangle ABC where \_C is the right angle, A = 60° and AB = 20cm, calculate AC. Find the length of the chord of the circle with radius 7em and subtending an angle of 60° at the centre. :2. In right triangle ABC, LC is 90°, prove that sinA sinB < 1/2 or 1 >2_ when does the equality occur? sinA.sinB If AtB+C= x, prove that the expression CovA+ _sinA remains invariant sinB sinC . Prove that the distance of any point on the circle circumscribed about a regular triangle to one of its vertices is equal to the sum of the distances from that point to the other two vertices. Prove that, for all positive values of tan 6. sin 8, cosec 0, cot 0, the following inequality holds: tan@ + cot +cosec0 +sin@ > 4 cot 6 cosec® sin® tan