0% found this document useful (0 votes)
53 views23 pages

$Sso/Lqj D 3Ldjhwldq 3huvshfwlyh WR 3Rvw6Hfrqgdu/ 0Dwkhpdwlfv (GXFDWLRQ

This document provides an introduction to applying Piagetian perspectives to post-secondary mathematics education. It discusses how Piaget wrote little about relating his theories to pedagogical practice due to distrust of traditional schooling. However, Piaget did believe teaching could help learning if it fit with students' spontaneous constructions. The author aims to explain their curriculum development work applying Piagetian ideas through computer activities to help students make specific mental constructions of mathematical concepts.

Uploaded by

jiashengrox
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
53 views23 pages

$Sso/Lqj D 3Ldjhwldq 3huvshfwlyh WR 3Rvw6Hfrqgdu/ 0Dwkhpdwlfv (GXFDWLRQ

This document provides an introduction to applying Piagetian perspectives to post-secondary mathematics education. It discusses how Piaget wrote little about relating his theories to pedagogical practice due to distrust of traditional schooling. However, Piaget did believe teaching could help learning if it fit with students' spontaneous constructions. The author aims to explain their curriculum development work applying Piagetian ideas through computer activities to help students make specific mental constructions of mathematical concepts.

Uploaded by

jiashengrox
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

$SSO\LQJ D 3LDJHWLDQ 3HUVSHFWLYH WR 3RVW6HFRQGDU\

0DWKHPDWLFV (GXFDWLRQ
(G 'XELQVN\
*HRUJLD 6WDWH 8QLYHUVLW\ 86$

,QWURGXFWLRQ
3LDJHW GLG QRW ZULWH PXFK DERXW KRZ KLV WKHRULHV UHODWHG WR SHGDJRJLFDO SUDFWLFH 7KLV ZDV QRW
EHFDXVH RI DQ\ ODFN RI LQWHUHVW LQ WKH WRSLF WKH OLWWOH WKDW KH GLG ZULWH PDNHV LW FOHDU WKDW KH
ZDV LQWHQVHO\ FRQFHUQHG DERXW HGXFDWLRQ  +LV UHWLFHQFH VHHPHG UDWKHU WR VWHP IURP D FHUWDLQ
GLVWUXVW RI SHGDJRJ\ DW OHDVW DV LW LV SUDFWLFHG LQ WUDGLWLRQDO VFKRROV ,Q DQ DUWLFOH >@ LQ ZKLFK
KH UHODWHV KLV ZRUN WR WKH LGHDV RI 9\JRWVN\ DQG nQGV PXFK PRUH DJUHHPHQW WKDQ LV JHQHUDOO\
WKRXJKW KH H[SUHVVHG WKH YLHZ WKDW VFKRROV WHQG WR EH XQDZDUH RI WKH XVH WKDW FRXOG EH PDGH RI
WKH FKLOG
V VSRQWDQHRXV GHYHORSPHQW DQG WKDW HGXFDWLRQ RIWHQ LQKLELWV WKLV GHYHORSPHQW 3LDJHW
HYHQ IHOW WKDW H[LVWLQJ WHDFKLQJ SUDFWLFH FRXOG EH KDUPIXO WR LQWHOOHFWXDO GHYHORSPHQW
?,Q VRPH FDVHV    WKH JLIWV RI LQVWUXFWLRQ DUH SUHVHQWHG WRR VRRQ RU WRR ODWH RU LQ D
PDQQHU WKDW SUHFOXGHV DVVLPLODWLRQ EHFDXVH LW GRHV QRW nW LQ ZLWK WKH FKLOG
V VSRQWD
QHRXV FRQVWUXFWLRQV 7KHQ WKH FKLOG
V GHYHORSPHQW LV LPSHGHG RU HYHQ GHoHFWHG LQWR
EDUUHQQHVV HPSKDVLV DGGHG    RS FLW S 
$OWKRXJK KH UHMHFWHG PXFK RI WUDGLWLRQDO HGXFDWLRQ 3LDJHW GLG KDYH WKLQJV WR VD\ DERXW KRZ
WHDFKLQJ FRXOG KHOS D FKLOG WR OHDUQ DQG LW LV WKHVH LGHDV RQ ZKLFK , KDYH EDVHG P\ RZQ ZRUN RQ
FXUULFXOXP GHYHORSPHQW DW WKH SRVWVHFRQGDU\ OHYHO ZKLFK LV WKH WRSLF RI WKLV UHSRUW
%HFDXVH 3LDJHW
V ZULWLQJV DERXW HGXFDWLRQ GR QRW VHHP WR EH DV ZHOO NQRZQ DV KLV RWKHU ZRUN
, ZLOO EHJLQ ZLWK D EULHI LQWURGXFWLRQ WR KLV LGHDV LQ WKLV DUHD DQG WU\ WR VKRZ KRZ WKH\ IRUP WKH
WKHRUHWLFDO IRXQGDWLRQ IRU P\ RZQ FXUULFXOXP GHYHORSPHQW DFWLYLWLHV 7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKLV
WKHRU\ SURFHHGV WKURXJK WKH DQDO\VLV RI GDWD IURP VWXGHQWV WU\LQJ WR XQGHUVWDQG PDWKHPDWLFDO
FRQFHSWV ,W LV D FRQVWUXFWLYLVW WKHRU\ DQG LW IRFXVHV RQ SHGDJRJ\ DLPHG DW JHWWLQJ VWXGHQWV
WR PDNH FHUWDLQ YHU\ VSHFLnF PHQWDO FRQVWUXFWLRQV , ZLOO H[SODLQ WKH RYHUDOO VWUXFWXUH RI WKLV
SHGDJRJLFDO VWUDWHJ\ DQG JLYH H[DPSOHV RI KRZ FRPSXWHU DFWLYLWLHV DUH XVHG WR JHW VWXGHQWV WR


PDNH WKHVH FRQVWUXFWLRQV


, ZLOO QRW UHSRUW LQ WKLV SDSHU RQ WKH UHVXOWV RI WKLV UHVHDUFK DQG FXUULFXOXP GHYHORSPHQW EXW
UDWKHU UHIHU ZKHUH DSSURSULDWH WR UHOHYDQW SXEOLVKHG SDSHUV ZKLFK UHSRUW WKHVH UHVXOWV

3LDJHW RQ (GXFDWLRQ

&RPSDUHG WR WKH WRWDO ERG\ RI KLV ZRUN DERXW  ERRNV DQG RYHU  SDSHUV  3LDJHW RQO\ ZURWH
DERXW  SDSHUV DQG WZR ERRNV RQ HGXFDWLRQ 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKLV ZRUN UHSUHVHQWV D VXEVWDQWLDO
FRQWULEXWLRQ WR WKLQNLQJ DERXW SHGDJRJ\ DQG , FDQQRW LQ WKLV DUWLFOH JLYH PRUH WKDQ D IHZ
UHSUHVHQWDWLYH VDPSOHV RI ZKDW 3LDJHW KDG WR VD\ RQ WKLV VXEMHFW , KRSH WKDW LQ WKH IXWXUH
VRPHRQH ZLOO SURGXFH D FRPSUHKHQVLYH VWXG\ RI 3LDJHW
V WKLQNLQJ RQ HGXFDWLRQ 7R KHOS LQ
VXFK DQ HmRUW , LQFOXGH LQ WKH UHIHUHQFHV DW WKH HQG RI WKLV SDSHU WKH SXEOLFDWLRQV WKDW , WKLQN
UHSUHVHQW 3LDJHW
V ZRUN RQ HGXFDWLRQ


7KH OLPLWV RI SHGDJRJ\

3HUKDSV RQH UHDVRQ ZK\ 3LDJHW ZURWH VR OLWWOH DERXW HGXFDWLRQ ZDV KLV DZDUHQHVV RI WKH OLP
LWV RI SHGDJRJ\ $V LQGLFDWHG DERYH KH IHOW WKDW WUDGLWLRQDO VFKRRO OHDUQLQJ FRXOG HYHQ EH D
QHJDWLYH LQoXHQFH RQ LQWHOOHFWXDO GHYHORSPHQW )RU H[DPSOH LW FRXOG EH WKDW WKH ZD\ LQ ZKLFK
IRUPDO SURFHGXUHV DUH WDXJKW LQ VFKRRO WHQGV WR EORFN WKH FKLOG IURP FRQVWUXFWLQJ KHU RU KLV
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ +H ZDV SDUWLFXODUO\ RSSRVHG WR WKH XVH RI H[DPLQDWLRQV ZKLFK KH FRQVLGHUHG WR
EH D ?YHULWDEOH SODJXH RQ HGXFDWLRQ >@ S   +H ZDV VLPLODUO\ FRQFHUQHG ZLWK WHDFKLQJ
E\ ?YHUEDO WUDQVPLVVLRQ ZKLFK KH IHOW FRXOG RQO\ EH HmHFWLYH LI LW ZDV SUHSDUHG E\ SUHOLPLQDU\
DFWLYLW\ RQ WKH SDUW RI WKH VWXGHQW RS FLW 
3LDJHW ZDV DOVR ERWKHUHG E\ KRZ OLWWOH ZH NQRZ UHJDUGLQJ WKH ORQJWHUP HmHFWV RI HGXFDWLRQ
>@ SS   +H IHOW WKDW ZKDW FKLOGUHQ OHDUQHG LQ VFKRRO GLG QRW VWD\ ZLWK WKHP DQG WKDW
WKHLU NQRZOHGJH FRXOG HYHQ UHJUHVV ZLWK WLPH >@ S  ,W LV LPSRUWDQW WKDW HGXFDWLRQ QRW
WU\ WR DFFRPSOLVK ZKDW LV LPSRVVLEOH DQG WKDW LW IRFXV RQ ZKDW LW FDQ GR 7KHUH LV DFFRUGLQJ
WR 3LDJHW D n[HG RUGHU RI GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH PDMRU PHQWDO VWUXFWXUHV >@ S  DQG KH
ZDV FRQYLQFHG WKDW SHGDJRJ\ FDQ QRW FKDQJH WKLV ,W FDQ DFFHOHUDWH YDULRXV DVSHFWV RI WKLV
GHYHORSPHQW EXW 3LDJHW DOVR VXVSHFWHG WKDW WKHUH ZDV DQ RSWLPDO UDWH RI GHYHORSPHQW >@
S  DQG WKDW UDWKHU WKDQ WU\LQJ RQO\ WR PDNH HYHU\WKLQJ KDSSHQ DV IDVW DV SRVVLEOH WHDFKHUV


VKRXOG ORRN IRU DQG UHVRQDWH ZLWK UDWHV WKDW ZHUH PRVW QDWXUDO IRU WKHLU VWXGHQWV 3HUKDSV
3LDJHW ZDV PRVW RSSRVHG WR ZKDW KH LV VDLG WR KDYH UHIHUUHG WR DV WKH ?$PHULFDQ 3UREOHP ZKLFK
LV D IXWLOH DWWHPSW WR HQKDQFH DQG DFFHOHUDWH LQWHOOHFWXDO GHYHORSPHQW WKURXJK GLUHFW WUDLQLQJ
LQ WKH WDVNV 3LDJHW XVHG WR ORFDWH ZKHUH FKLOGUHQ ZHUH LQ WKHLU GHYHORSPHQWDO SURJUHVV >@
S  
)LQDOO\ 3LDJHW FRQVLGHUHG WKDW WKH HPSKDVLV LQ WUDGLWLRQDO VFKRROLQJ RQ OHDUQLQJ E\ DVVRFL
DWLRQ UDWKHU WKDQ WKURXJK DVVLPLODWLRQ >@ S  ZDV RQH UHDVRQ ZK\ XVH ZDV QRW PDGH RI
WKH FKLOG
V VSRQWDQHRXV GHYHORSPHQWV >@ SS  


,QWHOOHFWXDO 'HYHORSPHQW

2QH RI WKH PDMRU WKHPHV RI WKH VHPLQDO ZRUN RI 3LDJHW DQG *DUFLD >@ LV WKDW WKH VWRU\ RI
LQWHOOHFWXDO GHYHORSPHQW LV QRW DERXW DFTXLVLWLRQ RI VSHFLnF ELWV RI NQRZOHGJH EXW UDWKHU KDV
WR GR ZLWK WKH HPHUJHQFH RI SRZHUIXO PHFKDQLVPV E\ ZKLFK DQ LQGLYLGXDO JURZV LQ KHU RU KLV
DELOLW\ WR PDNH VHQVH RXW RI FRPSOH[ VLWXDWLRQV 7KHVH PHFKDQLVPV LQFOXGH UHoHFWLYH DEVWUDFWLRQ
WKH GLFKRWRPLHV RI DVVLPLODWLRQDFFRPPRGDWLRQ DQG GLVHTXLOLEUDWLRQUHHTXLOLEUDWLRQ DQG WKH
WULFKRWRP\ RI LQWUD LQWHU DQG WUDQV RS FLW 0RUH VSHFLnFDOO\ FRQFHSWXDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI
D JLYHQ PDWKHPDWLFDO SKHQRPHQRQ SDVVHV WKURXJK DFWLRQ SURFHVV DQG REMHFW FRQFHSWLRQV DQG
WKHVH XQGHUVWDQGLQJV DUH FRRUGLQDWHG LQWR VFKHPDV WKDW DUH XVHG WR GHDO ZLWK WKH SKHQRPHQRQ
>@ SS   >@ S  >@ S 
7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKHVH PHFKDQLVPV WDNHV SODFH WR VRPH H[WHQW VSRQWDQHRXVO\ DV WKH UHVXOW
RI PDWXUDWLRQ EXW RQO\ LQ WKH SUHVHQFH RI DSSURSULDWH H[SHULHQFHV DQG DV 3LDJHW SRLQWHG RXW
RQ QXPHURXV RFFDVLRQV XQGHU WKH LQoXHQFH RI VRFLDO LQWHUDFWLRQ >@ SS   >@ S 
>@ S 


:KDW SHGDJRJ\ FDQ GR

:KDW WKHQ DFFRUGLQJ WR 3LDJHW LV WKH UROH RI SHGDJRJ\ LQ WKLV LQWHOOHFWXDO GHYHORSPHQW DQG
WKH OHDUQLQJ WKDW GHULYHV IURP LW" ,Q JHQHUDO WHUPV LW LV WR FRRSHUDWH ZLWK WKH PHFKDQLVPV RI
OHDUQLQJ DQG WR KHOS WKH VWXGHQW GHYHORS EHFRPH DZDUH RI DQG FRQVFLRXVO\ LQYRNH WKHP ,QGHHG
DOWKRXJK WKH PHFKDQLVPV PD\ GHYHORS LQ WKH PLQG RI D SDUWLFXODU VWXGHQW KH RU VKH PD\ QRW
EH DZDUH RI WKHP DQG VR PD\ QRW LQYRNH WKHP LQ D JLYHQ VLWXDWLRQ >@ S  >@ S  7KLV

LV DQ DUHD LQ ZKLFK HGXFDWLRQ FDQ PDNH D FRQWULEXWLRQ


,Q 3LDJHW
V YLHZ WKH WHDFKHU PXVW EHJLQ ZLWK WKH VWUXFWXUHV WKDW WKH VWXGHQW KDV DOUHDG\
FRQVWUXFWHG VSRQWDQHRXVO\ DV D UHVXOW RI IDFWRUV ZH KDYH GHVFULEHG DQG KHOS WKH FKLOG UHODWH WKHP
WR PDWKHPDWLFDO VWUXFWXUHV DV WKH WHDFKHU XQGHUVWDQGV WKHP >@ S  >@ S  >@ S 
7KHUH DUH DW OHDVW WZR ZD\V LQ ZKLFK WKH WHDFKHU FDQ EHFRPH DEOH WR GR WKLV 2QH LV WR LQYROYH
PDWKHPDWLFLDQV ,QGHHG 3LDJHW VDZ ?   D JUHDW IXWXUH IRU FRRSHUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ SV\FKRORJLVWV
DQG PDWKHPDWLFLDQV LQ ZRUNLQJ RXW D WUXO\ PRGHUQ PHWKRG IRU WHDFKLQJ    PDWKHPDWLFV
$QRWKHU LV WR UHDOO\ OLVWHQ WR FKLOGUHQ DQG SD\ DWWHQWLRQ ERWK WR ZKDW WKH\ DUH VD\LQJ DQG ZKDW
WKLQNLQJ PD\ OLH EHKLQG WKHLU ZRUGV >@ S 
3LDJHW RmHUHG D JHQHUDO SURJUDP IRU HGXFDWLRQ IURP SUHVFKRRO LQWR KLJK VFKRRO
?0DWKHPDWLFDO WUDLQLQJ VKRXOG EH SUHSDUHG VWDUWLQJ DW QXUVHU\ VFKRRO E\ D VHULHV RI
H[HUFLVHV UHODWHG WR ORJLF DQG QXPEHUV OHQJWKV DQG VXUIDFHV HWF DQG WKLV W\SH RI
FRQFUHWH DFWLYLW\ PXVW EH GHYHORSHG DQG HQULFKHG FRQVWDQWO\ LQ D YHU\ V\VWHPDWLF ZD\
GXULQJ WKH HQWLUH HOHPHQWDU\ HGXFDWLRQ WR FKDQJH OLWWOH E\ OLWWOH DW WKH EHJLQQLQJV
RI VHFRQGDU\ HGXFDWLRQ LQWR SK\VLFDO DQG HOHPHQWDU\ PHFKDQLFDO H[SHULPHQWV 2Q
WKHVH WHUPV VWULFWO\ PDWKHPDWLFDO HGXFDWLRQ LV JURXQGHG LQ LWV QDWXUDO VXUURXQGLQJV
RI HTXLYDOHQF\ WR REMHFWV DQG ZLOO JLYH IXOO VFRSH WR WKH LQWHOOLJHQFH ZKLFK ZRXOG KDYH
UHPDLQHG SXUHO\ YHUEDO RU JUDSKLF >@ S 
7KH PDLQ VWUDWHJ\ IRU GRLQJ WKLV DFFRUGLQJ WR 3LDJHW >@ S  >@ S  >@ S 
LV IRU WKH WHDFKHU WR FUHDWH VLWXDWLRQV WKDW IDFLOLWDWH WKH FKLOG
V GLVFRYHU\ RU LQYHQWLRQ RI PDWKH
PDWLFDO LGHDV DQG WR SUHVHQW GLVHTXLOLEUDWLQJ H[DPSOHV VR WKDW WKH FKLOG ZLOO GHYHORS QHZ LGHDV
LQ RUGHU WR UHHTXLOLEUDWH
)LQDOO\ 3LDJHW SURYLGHG D QXPEHU RI SHGDJRJLFDO UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV ZKLFK KH KDG LQVHUWHG
LQWR WKH UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO %XUHDX RI (GXFDWLRQ DQG 81(6&2 >@ S 
q *XLGH WKH VWXGHQW LQWR IRUPLQJ KLV VLF RZQ LGHDV DQG GLVFRYHULQJ PDWKHPDWLFDO UHODWLRQV
DQG SURSHUWLHV KLPVHOI UDWKHU WKDQ LPSRVLQJ UHDG\PDGH DGXOW WKRXJKW XSRQ KLP
q PDNH VXUH WKDW KH DFTXLUHV RSHUDWLRQDO SURFHVVHV DQG LGHDV EHIRUH LQWURGXFLQJ KLP WR IRU
PDOLVP


q GR QRW HQWUXVW WR DXWRPDWLVP DQ\ RSHUDWLRQV WKDW DUH QRW DOUHDG\ DVVLPLODWHG
q PDNH VXUH WKDW WKH VWXGHQW nUVW DFTXLUHV H[SHULHQFH RI PDWKHPDWLFDO HQWLWLHV DQG UHODWLRQV
DQG LV RQO\ WKHQ LQLWLDWHG LQWR GHGXFWLYH UHDVRQLQJ
q H[WHQG WKH GHGXFWLYH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI PDWKHPDWLFV SURJUHVVLYHO\
q WHDFK WKH VWXGHQW WR SRVH SUREOHPV WR HVWDEOLVK GDWD WR H[SORLW WKHP DQG WR ZHLJK WKH
UHVXOWV
q JLYH SUHIHUHQFH WR WKH KHXULVWLF LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI TXHVWLRQV UDWKHU WKDQ WR WKH GRFWULQDO
H[SRVLWLRQ RI WKHRUHPV
q VWXG\ WKH PLVWDNHV PDGH E\ VWXGHQWV DQG VHH WKHP DV D PHDQV RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKHLU
PDWKHPDWLFDO WKRXJKW
q WUDLQ VWXGHQWV LQ WKH SUDFWLFH RI SHUVRQDO FKHFNLQJ DQG DXWRFRUUHFWLRQ
q LQVWLOO LQ VWXGHQWV D VHQVH RI DSSUR[LPDWLRQ
q JLYH SULRULW\ WR UHoHFWLRQ DQG WR UHDVRQLQJ

)URP 3LDJHW WR SRVW VHFRQGDU\ VLWXDWLRQV

5DWKHU WKDQ WU\ WR H[WHQG HYHU\WKLQJ 3LDJHW KDG WR VD\ DERXW WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI LQWHOOLJHQFH
DQG HGXFDWLRQ P\ DSSURDFK KDV EHHQ WR ORRN DPRQJVW 3LDJHW
V ZRUN IRU WKRVH LGHDV ZKLFK P\
H[SHULHQFH DQG VXEVHTXHQWO\ LQYHVWLJDWLRQV VXJJHVW DUH DSSOLFDEOH SRVVLEO\ DIWHU VRPH UHYLVLRQ
WR SRVW VHFRQGDU\ VLWXDWLRQV ,Q WKH FDVH RI LQWHOOHFWXDO GHYHORSPHQW , KDYH WULHG WR GR HVVHQWLDOO\
WKLV LQ WZR HDUOLHU ZRUNV > @  ,Q WKLV DUWLFOH , ZLOO IRFXV RQ UHIRUPXODWLQJ 3LDJHW
V LGHDV RQ
HGXFDWLRQ IRU DSSOLFDWLRQ DW WKH SRVW VHFRQGDU\ OHYHO
2QH VHULRXV GLpFXOW\ LQ PDNLQJ WKH WUDQVLWLRQ LV WKDW LQ 3LDJHW
V WKHRU\ FRQFHSWXDO XQGHU
VWDQGLQJ KDV LWV VRXUFH LQ WKH PDQLSXODWLRQ RI SK\VLFDO REMHFWV $V WKH PDWKHPDWLFDO OHYHO RI
WKH FRQFHSWV LQFUHDVH LW LV QHFHVVDU\ DFFRUGLQJ WR 3LDJHW WR FRQVWUXFW QHZ REMHFWV QR ORQJHU
SK\VLFDO EXW PHQWDO DQG PDQLSXODWH WKHVH LQ RUGHU WR FRQVWUXFW PDWKHPDWLFDO LGHDV VHH IRU
H[DPSOH %HWK DQG 3LDJHW >@ DQG 'XELQVN\ >@ $ PDMRU SUREOHP LQ PDWKHPDWLFV HGXFDWLRQ

LV WR nQG DSSURSULDWH VXEVWLWXWHV IRU SK\VLFDO REMHFWV ,Q P\ ZRUN WKH FRPSXWHU KDV EHHQ XVHG
IRU WKLV SXUSRVH
$QRWKHU REVWDFOH WR D 3LDJHWLDQ DSSURDFK DW KLJKHU OHYHOV RI PDWKHPDWLFV LV WKDW PXFK RI
3LDJHW
V WKLQNLQJ LV UHODWHG WR VSRQWDQHRXV GHYHORSPHQW $JDLQ DV WKH OHYHO RI VRSKLVWLFDWLRQ
LQFUHDVHV WKHUH LV OHVV DQG OHVV RI WKLV &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH UROH RI WKH WHDFKHU LQ FUHDWLQJ VLWXDWLRQV
WKDW ZLOO IRVWHU WKH GHYHORSPHQWV WKDW QHHG WR WDNH SODFH EHFRPHV HYHQ PRUH LPSRUWDQW WKDQ LW
LV DW WKH HDUOLHU OHYHOV RQ ZKLFK 3LDJHW FRQFHQWUDWHG KLV DWWHQWLRQ
)ROORZLQJ LV D OLVW RI WKRVH RI 3LDJHW
V LGHDV RQ HGXFDWLRQ WDNHQ IURP WKH SUHFHGLQJ WKDW , WU\
WR LPSOHPHQW LQ WKH UHVHDUFK DQG GHYHORSPHQW ZRUN WKDW , GR
q )RFXV RQ WKH PHFKDQLVPV E\ ZKLFK LQWHOOHFWXDO GHYHORSPHQW WDNHV SODFH 7KHVH LQFOXGH
UHoHFWLYH DEVWUDFWLRQ DQG WKH GLFKRWRP\ RI GLVHTXLOLEUDWLRQUHHTXLOLEUDWLRQ
q +HOS VWXGHQWV FRQVWUXFW DFWLRQV LQWHULRUL]H WKHP WR SURFHVVHV DQG HQFDSVXODWH SURFHVVHV WR
REMHFWV
q +HOS VWXGHQWV WR EHFRPH FRQVFLRXV RI WKH VWUXFWXUHV WKH\ KDYH EXLOW WR FRQQHFW WKHP WR
PDWKHPDWLFDO FRQFHSWV DQG WR PDNH DGGLWLRQDO FRQVWUXFWLRQV WR GHDO ZLWK QHZ VLWXDWLRQV
q &KDQJH WKH UROH RI WKH WHDFKHU IURP WKH GLVVHPLQDWRU RI LQIRUPDWLRQ WR D JXLGH DQG DVVLVWDQW
q 3D\ DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH YRLFHV RI WKH VWXGHQWV WKHLU HUURUV DQG WKHLU VXFFHVVHV DQG WU\ WR
XQGHUVWDQG WKHLU WKLQNLQJ
q &UHDWH VLWXDWLRQV WKDW GLUHFWO\ IRVWHU VWXGHQWV PDNLQJ PHQWDO FRQVWUXFWLRQV WR GHDO ZLWK
PDWKHPDWLFDO SUREOHP VLWXDWLRQV
q /HW VWXGHQWV EXLOG H[SHULHQWLDO EDVHV IRU FRQFHSWV EHIRUH WKH\ FRQIURQW WKH IRUPDOLVP WKDW
VWUXFWXUHV WKH FRQFHSWV
q *LYH VWXGHQWV DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR GLVFRYHU PDWKHPDWLFDO FRQFHSWV EHIRUH WKH\ DUH H[SODLQHG
HLWKHU E\ RWKHU VWXGHQWV RU WKH WHDFKHU
q (VWDEOLVK DQ HQYLURQPHQW LQ ZKLFK VWXGHQWV KDYH DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU ULFK VRFLDO LQWHUDFWLRQ
ZLWK RWKHU VWXGHQWV DV ZHOO DV WKH WHDFKHU

7KHUH DUH WKUHH PDMRU FRPSRQHQWV RI P\ DSSURDFK WR SHGDJRJ\ WKDW DUH XVHG LQ DFKLHYLQJ
WKHVH JRDOV UHVHDUFK LQ OHDUQLQJ WKH $&( 7HDFKLQJ &\FOH DQG FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ
5HVHDUFK LQ OHDUQLQJ 7KH VWXGLHV DUH PDLQO\ TXDOLWDWLYH LQYROYLQJ LQGHSWK LQWHUYLHZV RI
VWXGHQWV DERXW KRZ WKH\ DUH WKLQNLQJ DV WKH\ VWUXJJOH WR PDNH VHQVH RXW RI D PDWKHPDWLFDO
VLWXDWLRQ
$&( 7HDFKLQJ &\FOH 7KH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH FRXUVH LV D F\FOH ZLWK WKUHH FRPSRQHQWV DFWLYLWLHV
RQ WKH FRPSXWHU LQ D ODERUDWRU\ ZRUNLQJ LQ FODVV RQ SUREOHPV UHODWHG WR WKH FRPSXWHU
DFWLYLWLHV DQG GLVFXVVLQJ WKHVH SUREOHPV DQG WKHLU VROXWLRQV DQG H[HUFLVHV WR UHLQIRUFH ZKDW
KDV EHHQ OHDUQHG DQG SRLQW WR IXWXUH ZRUN
7KH FRPSXWHU DFWLYLWLHV FRQVLVW PDLQO\ RI LPSOHPHQWLQJ YDULRXV PDWKHPDWLFDO FRQFHSWV RQ
WKH FRPSXWHU DQG XVLQJ WKHP WR VROYH SUREOHPV 7KH\ DUH JLYHQ WR WKH VWXGHQWV LQ WKH
IRUP RI WDVNV ZKLFK OHDG WR GLVHTXLOLEUDWLRQ DQG SURYLGH WKHP ZLWK DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR EXLOG
DQ H[SHULHQWLDO EDVH IRU PDWKHPDWLFDO FRQFHSWV DQG GLVFRYHU VSHFLnF PDWKHPDWLFDO LGHDV
6XFFHHGLQJ LQ WKHVH WDVNV OHDGV WR UHHTXLOLEUDWLRQ
7KHVH DFWLYLWLHV DUH GHVLJQHG VR WKDW DV D UHVXOW RI GRLQJ WKHP RU HYHQ WU\LQJ WR GR WKHP
WKH VWXGHQWV PDNH WKH UHoHFWLYH DEVWUDFWLRQV E\ ZKLFK DSSURSULDWH PHQWDO FRQVWUXFWLRQV RI
DFWLRQV SURFHVVHV DQG REMHFWV DUH PDGH
7KH SUREOHP VROYLQJ ZRUN LQ WKH FODVVURRP FRQWLQXHV DOO RI WKLV DQG WKH GLVFXVVLRQV KHOS
VWXGHQWV UHoHFW RQ WKH FRPSXWHU DQG FODVVURRP DFWLYLWLHV VR WKDW WKH\ FDQ EHFRPH FRQVFLRXV
RI WKH VWUXFWXUHV WKH\ DUH EXLOGLQJ
&RRSHUDWLYH /HDUQLQJ 7KH VWXGHQWV GR DOO RI WKLV ZRUN LQFOXGLQJ WKHLU KRPHZRUN DQG VRPH
WKHLU H[DPLQDWLRQV LQ SHUPDQHQW IRU WKH GXUDWLRQ RI D FRXUVH FRRSHUDWLYH JURXSV 7KLV
SURYLGHV DQ HQYLURQPHQW IRU VRFLDO LQWHUDFWLRQ WKDW FDQ HQKDQFH WKH JURZWK RI WKHLU XQGHU
VWDQGLQJV DQG WKHUH LV VSHFLnF UHVHDUFK DWWHVWLQJ WR WKLV HmHFW >@
,Q WKLV SHGDJRJLFDO V\VWHP WKH WHDFKHU
V UROH EHJLQV WR PRYH IURP WKH FHQWUDO nJXUH WKURXJK
ZKLFK HYHU\WKLQJ KDSSHQV WR RQH FRPSRQHQW RI WKH WRWDO OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQW +H RU VKH KDV
D UROH DV JXLGH IDFLOLWDWRU FUHDWRU RI VLWXDWLRQV DQG DVVHVVRU EXW WKH EDVLF UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU
OHDUQLQJ DQG PHQWDO FRQVWUXFWLRQV UHTXLUHG IRU LW EHFRPH WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI WKH VWXGHQW


, WXUQ QRZ LQ WKH UHPDLQGHU RI WKLV DUWLFOH WR D PRUH GHWDLOHG GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKLV SHGDJRJLFDO
DSSURDFK DQG WKH UHVHDUFK RQ ZKLFK LW LV EDVHG , ZLOO EHJLQ ZLWK VRPH H[DPSOHV RI VWXGHQW
UHVSRQVHV LQ DQ LQWHUYLHZ WR D TXHVWLRQ DERXW WKH RUGHU RI HOHPHQWV LQ D JURXS , ZLOO WU\ WR
VKRZ KRZ WKLV PRWLYDWHV WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D WKHRUHWLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH WR XVH LQ PDNLQJ VHQVH RI
WKH UHVSRQVHV $IWHU D VRPHZKDW JHQHUDO GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI D WKHRU\ RI OHDUQLQJ
, ZLOO H[SODLQ WKH WKHRUHWLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH EDVHG RQ DQ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI 3LDJHW
V LGHDV WKDW ,
ZRUN ZLWK )LQDOO\ , ZLOO FRQVLGHU WKH $&( F\FOH DJDLQ DQG JLYH VRPH H[DPSOHV RI WKH FRPSXWHU
WDVNV WKDW RFFXU LQ WKH DFWLYLWLHV

9RLFHV RI VWXGHQWV

7KH SHGDJRJ\ GHVFULEHG LQ WKLV SDSHU ZDV XVHG LQ DQ DEVWUDFW DOJHEUD FRXUVH DW D ODUJH VWDWH
XQLYHUVLW\ LQ WKH PLGZHVW RI WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 7KH VWXGHQWV ZHUH QRW H[FHSWLRQDOO\ VWURQJ DQG
DOWKRXJK PDQ\ RI WKHP ZHUH SUHSDULQJ WR EH KLJK VFKRRO PDWKHPDWLFV WHDFKHUV TXLWH D IHZ
DSSHDUHG WR EH YHU\ IULJKWHQHG RI VXEMHFW DQG DOPRVW DOO ZHUH WRWDOO\ ODFNLQJ LQ FRQnGHQFH LQ
WKHLU DELOLW\ WR GR DQ\WKLQJ PRUH WKDQ FORVHO\ IROORZ WKH VWHSV RI DQ DOJRULWKP
-XVW DIWHU WKH FRXUVH HQGHG WKH VWXGHQWV ZHUH LQWHUYLHZHG LQ GHSWK RQ D QXPEHU RI TXHVWLRQV
LQFOXGLQJ WKH IROORZLQJ
6XSSRVH WKDW * LV D FRPPXWDWLYH JURXS ZLWK DQ HOHPHQW RI RUGHU  DQG DQ HOHPHQW RI
RUGHU  0XVW * KDYH DQ HOHPHQW RI RUGHU " *LYH D SURRI RU FRXQWHUH[DPSOH :KDW
ZRXOG KDSSHQ LI  DQG  ZHUH UHSODFHG E\ RWKHU QXPEHUV"
$OWKRXJK WKH FODVV DV D ZKROH GLG UDWKHU ZHOO RQ WKLV TXHVWLRQ WKHUH ZDV D VSUHDG RI SHUIRU
PDQFH DQG WKH IROORZLQJ IRXU H[FHUSWV DUH UHSUHVHQWDWLYH RI WKH UHVSRQVHV WKDW ZHUH VHHQ
7KH nUVW 1DWKDQ  ZDV QRW YHU\ VXFFHVVIXO +H ZURWH D FROOHFWLRQ RI V\PEROV VXFK DV D EEE
DE ZLWKRXW DQ\ DSSDUHQW FRKHUHQFH 7KH LQWHUYLHZHU DVNV KLP WR H[SODLQ ZKDW KH LV GRLQJ DQG
KH UHVSRQGV DV IROORZV
8P , ZDVQ
W UHDOO\ VXUH :HOO \RX NQRZ LI \RX KDYH DQ HOHPHQW  WLPHV  LV  ULJKW
RND\ VR \RX
UH JRQQD KDYH   <RX VHH KRZ , FDQ PDNH WKDW FRQQHFWLRQ ULJKW" +RZ
FDQ , PDNH WKLV FRQQHFWLRQ  WLPHV  LV  ULJKW 6R \RX JRW D WLPHV D \RX JRW EEE
 7KH QDPHV RI VWXGHQWV KDYH EHHQ FKDQJHG WR SURYLGH FRQnGHQWLDOLW\

$QG LI \RX PXOWLSO\ \RX JHW DQ HOHPHQW WKDW


V LQ WKHUH EXW QRW QHFHVVDULO\ LQ RUGHU
:HOO QR RND\ 2ND\ H WLPH H LV H 6R D WLPHV D WLPHV E WLPHV E WLPHV E WKDW
V JRWWD
EH H 7KDW
V DQ HOHPHQW RI RUGHU  LVQ
W LW" $QG WKLV LVQ
W WKH VDPH HOHPHQW WKRXJK
6R  
1DWKDQ PDNHV QR IXUWKHU SURJUHVV RQ WKH SUREOHP
7KH QH[W VWXGHQW UHVSRQGV VLPLODUO\ EXW EHJLQV WR RUJDQL]H KLV DFWLYLWLHV E\ ZULWLQJ H[SUHV
VLRQV VXFK DV D D

H E E  E

H DQG DE DE DE

D D E

E DE  DE

H

+H UHFRJQL]HV WKDW WKLV PHDQV WKHUH LV DQ HOHPHQW ZKRVH WK SRZHU LV WKH LGHQWLW\
7HG DE WLPHV DE VTXDUHG EHFDXVH LW
V FRPPXWDWLYH D VTXDUHG E FXEHG ZKLFK LV H   
%HFDXVH D VTXDUHG LV D DQG E FXEHG LV H
, 2ND\ ,
P ZLWK \RX VR IDU 6R WKH TXHVWLRQ LV PXVW LW KDYH DQ HOHPHQW RI RUGHU VL["
7HG :HOO ZH DOUHDG\ NQRZ WKH RUGHUV RI WKHVH E VTXDUHG E VTXDUHG WLPHV E VTXDUHG
LV E WR WKH IRXUWK WLPHV ZKLFK LV E FXEHG WLPHV  E
V FXEHG WLPHV E ZKLFK LV H WLPHV
E DQG WLPHV E VTXDUHG VR \RX PXOWLSO\ WKDW E\ DQRWKHU E VTXDUHG    DQG WKDW
V JRLQJ
WR EH E FXEHG ZKLFK LV H 6R WKHQ WKDW RUGHU LV WKUHH
7HG 8P DE WLPHV DE LV HTXDO WR D VTXDUHG E VTXDUHG DQG ZH NQRZ WKDW D VTXDUHG LV
H VR LW ZRXOG EH E VTXDUHG WLPHV DE    LV    WLPHV DE LV DE FXEHG ZKLFK LV WKH VDPH
DV D PXOWLSOLHG E\ DE LV D VTXDUHG E ZKLFK LV E
, 6R \RXU FRQFOXVLRQ LV ZKDW"
7HG ,W GRHV KDYH WR KDYH DQ HOHPHQW RI RUGHU VL[
7HG GRHV QRW VKRZ WKDW  LV WKH VPDOOHVW SRZHU RI DE WKDW JLYHV WKH LGHQWLW\ DQG VR KH KDV
RQO\ VXFFHHGHG WR VROYH KDOI WKH SUREOHP
1H[W ZH VHH D VWXGHQW 0LWFK ZKR VROYHV WKH SUREOHP IRU RUGHUV 
2EYLRXVO\ LW JRLQJ WR EH WKH UHDVRQ ZK\ LW ZRUNV LV EHFDXVH XP    WKH\
UH JRLQJ WR
KDYH WR EH \RX
UH JRLQJ WR KDYH WR JR WKDW IDU , JXHVV OLNH VR WKDW WKH\
UH ERWK HTXDO
WR H DQG \RX GRQ
W KDYH HLWKHU D RU E OHIW RYHU $QG WKDW
V ZK\ LW KDV WR H[LVW RU WKDW
\HDK WKDW LV KDV WR H[LVW EHFDXVH RWKHUZLVH \RX ZRQ
W D WLPHV E XP DQG WKDW ZRQ
W


EH HTXDO WR WKH LGHQWLW\ XQWLO XQWLO WKH\


UH XQWLO D XP LV HTXDO WR WKH LGHQWLW\ DQG E
RU QRW D LWVHOI EXW XP D WLPHV LWVHOI LV HTXDO WR WKH LGHQWLW\
$OWKRXJK KH UHFRJQL]HV WKDW WKH VROXWLRQ LV WKH OHDVW FRPPRQ PXOWLSOH RI  KH LV XQDEOH WR
XVH WKLV IDFW WR VROYH WKH SUREOHP IRU WZR HOHPHQWV RI DUELWUDU\ RUGHU
)LQDOO\ ZH KDYH D VWXGHQW -RFHO\Q ZKR VROYHV WKH SUREOHP LQ WKH JHQHUDO FDVH DV ZHOO DQG
JLYHV WKH IROORZLQJ DV KHU H[SODQDWLRQ ZKLFK LV D IDLUO\ PDWXUH DQG FRPSOHWH PDWKHPDWLFDO
GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH VLWXDWLRQ
2. VR ZH
YH JRW D KDYLQJ D FHUWDLQ RUGHU PHDQLQJ D FHUWDLQ QXPEHU RI WLPHV \RX KDYH
WR PXOWLSO\ LW E\ LWVHOI WR JHW EDFN WR WKH LGHQWLW\ $QG E KDYLQJ D FHUWDLQ RUGHU WKH
QXPEHU RI WLPHV \RX KDYH WR PXOWLSO\ LW E\ LWVHOI WR JHW EDFN WR WKH RWKHU 6R LI \RX
KDYH DE WRJHWKHU DQG \RX WDNH SRZHUV RI DE    ,W
V OLNH KDV D FHUWDLQ QR D KDV D FHUWDLQ
RUGHU DQG E KDV D FHUWDLQ RUGHU VR \RX DUH WDNLQJ DE WLPHV LWVHOI 6R \RX DUH JRLQJ WR
JHW WR D SRLQW ZKHUH D LV JRLQJ WR F\FOH EDFN WR WKH LGHQWLW\ DQG \RX NQRZ E PLJKW
KDYH D ELJJHU RUGHU VR LW LV JRLQJ WR NHHS JHWWLQJ D ELJJHU RUGHU XQWLO LW F\FOHV EDFN WR
WKH LGHQWLW\ ZKLOH LW
V GRLQJ WKDW D LV OLNH JRLQJ WKURXJK LW
V F\FOH DQG   VR WKHUH LV
OLNH JRLQJ WR EH D SRLQW ZKHQ WKH\ DUH JRLQJ WR PDWFK XS $QG WKDW ZLOO EH WKH OHDVW
FRPPRQ PXOWLSOH

0DNLQJ VHQVH RI WKH UHVSRQVHV

7KHVH UHVSRQVHV UDLVH WZR UHODWHG TXHVWLRQV


+RZ FDQ ZH H[SODLQ WKHVH GLmHUHQFHV LQ SHUIRUPDQFH"
:KDW FDQ EH GRQH WR HOLPLQDWH WKH GLmHUHQFHV"
7KHUH DUH PDQ\ SRVVLEOH DQVZHUV WR WKH nUVW TXHVWLRQ 7KH VWXGHQWV PLJKW VLPSO\ YDU\ LQ
WKHLU DELOLW\ VR WKDW VRPH DUH PRUH VXFFHVVIXO WKDQ RWKHUV ,W KDV EHHQ VXJJHVWHG WKDW VWXGHQWV
GRQ
W GR ZHOO EHFDXVH WKH H[SODQDWLRQV JLYHQ LQ FODVV DUH QRW JRRG HQRXJK ,W LV DOVR WKRXJKW
E\ PDQ\ WKDW WKH IDFW WKDW WKH TXHVWLRQ LV GHFRQWH[WXDOL]HG H[SODLQV ZK\ VRPH VWXGHQWV KDYH
GLpFXOW\ ZLWK LW



7KHVH DQVZHUV WR WKH nUVW TXHVWLRQ LPSO\ SRVVLEOH VROXWLRQV VWXGHQWV VKRXOG EH EHWWHU SUH
SDUHG E\ WKH FRXUVHV WKH\ WDNH EHIRUH DEVWUDFW DOJHEUD EHWWHU PRUH LQVSLULQJ OHFWXUHV VKRXOG
EH JLYHQ DQG SUREOHPV VKRXOG EH FRXFKHG LQ UHDOZRUOG VLWXDWLRQV
:H GRQ
W KDYH D JUHDW GHDO RI UHVHDUFK GDWD DERXW VXFK H[SODQDWLRQV RU WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ
VROXWLRQV EXW , DP FRQYLQFHG EDVHG RQ PRUH WKDQ  \HDUV RI FROOHJH WHDFKLQJ WKDW WKLV DSSURDFK
LV LQDGHTXDWH DQG LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR ORRN IRU H[SODQDWLRQV DQG VROXWLRQV EDVHG RQ ZKDW PLJKW EH
JRLQJ RQ LQ WKH PLQGV RI WKH VWXGHQWV ,Q P\ YLHZ WKH ZD\ WR GR WKLV LV WKURXJK WKH GHYHORSPHQW
RI D WKHRU\ RU WKHRUHWLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH

&KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI D OHDUQLQJ WKHRU\

:KDW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV PLJKW D JRRG WKHRU\ KDYH" ,W VKRXOG EH FRKHUHQW DQG SDUVLPRQLRXV JHQ
HUDOL]DEOH DQG SUHGLFWLYH DSSOLFDEOH DQG HmHFWLYH
$ WKHRU\ VKRXOG EH FRKHUHQW LQ WKDW LW SURYLGHV D UHDVRQDEOH ODQJXDJH IRU PDNLQJ VHQVH RXW RI
GDWD ,PSRUWDQW FRQFHSWV ZKLFK WKH WKHRU\ XVHV VKRXOG KDYH GHnQLWLRQV WKDW DUH RSHUDWLRQDO LQ
WKDW LW LV SRVVLEOH IRU SHRSOH RWKHU WKDQ WKH SULPH UHVHDUFKHU WR DSSO\ WKHVH WHUPV 1RWKLQJ VKRXOG
EH LQ WKH WKHRU\ WKDW LV QRW UHDOO\ HVVHQWLDO DQG ZKHUH WKHUH DUH WZR FRPSHWLQJ H[SODQDWLRQV
SUHIHUHQFH VKRXOG EH JLYHQ WR WKH VLPSOHU RQH
,W LV QRW KHOSIXO LI D WKHRUHWLFDO H[SODQDWLRQ LV RQO\ YDOLG IRU D JLYHQ VHW RI VWXGHQWV RU D
SDUWLFXODU WRSLF $ JRRG WKHRU\ VKRXOG SURYLGH WRROV WKDW FDQ EH XVHG LQ D ZLGH YDULHW\ RI
VLWXDWLRQV 7KHVH WRROV VKRXOG DOVR DOORZ RQH WR SUHGLFW WKH GLpFXOWLHV ZKLFK VWXGHQWV PLJKW
KDYH 6XFK SUHGLFWDELOLW\ LV QRW RQO\ D YDOXDEOH IHDWXUH RI D WKHRU\ EXW LW SURYLGHV D PHDQV RI
DVVHVVLQJ LWV YDOXH
,W VKRXOG EH SRVVLEOH WR DSSO\ D WKHRU\ WR GHVLJQ LQVWUXFWLRQDO WUHDWPHQWV DQG WKHVH VKRXOG
EH HmHFWLYH LQ LPSURYLQJ VWXGHQW OHDUQLQJ
,Q WKH QH[W VHFWLRQV , ZLOO SUHVHQW DQG GHVFULEH RQH SDUWLFXODU WKHRUHWLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH DQG
VRPH SHGDJRJLFDO IHDWXUHV WKDW DUH GHULYHG IURP LW

$ WKHRUHWLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH

, EHJLQ WKH WKHRUHWLFDO GLVFXVVLRQ ZLWK D VWDWHPHQW DERXW WKH QDWXUH RI PDWKHPDWLFDO NQRZOHGJH
DQG LWV GHYHORSPHQW LQ DQ LQGLYLGXDO


$Q LQGLYLGXDO
V PDWKHPDWLFDO NQRZOHGJH LV KHU RU KLV WHQGHQF\ WR UHVSRQG WR PDWKH
PDWLFDO SUREOHP VLWXDWLRQV E\ UHoHFWLQJ RQ WKHP LQ D VRFLDO FRQWH[W DQG FRQVWUXFWLQJ
RU UHFRQVWUXFWLQJ PDWKHPDWLFDO DFWLRQV SURFHVVHV DQG REMHFWV DQG RUJDQL]LQJ WKHVH LQ
VFKHPDV WR XVH LQ GHDOLQJ ZLWK WKH VLWXDWLRQV
7KHUH DUH PDQ\ DVSHFWV RI WKH HGXFDWLRQ HQWHUSULVH WKDW DUH WRXFKHG RQ E\ WKLV VWDWHPHQW
)RU H[DPSOH WKH WHUP WHQGHQF\ UHIHUV WR WKH IDFW WKDW YHU\ RIWHQ D VWXGHQW ZLOO EH DVNHG D
TXHVWLRQ VD\ RQ DQ H[DP RU LQ FODVV DQG KH RU VKH ZLOO QRW DSSHDU WR NQRZ WKH DQVZHU <HW
DW D ODWHU WLPH ZLWK QR GLVFHUQLEOH OHDUQLQJ H[SHULHQFH LQEHWZHHQ  RU HYHQ DQ HDUOLHU WLPH
WKH VWXGHQW ZLOO JLYH D SHUIHFWO\ UHDVRQDEOH UHVSRQVH +RZ VKRXOG ZH UDWH VXFK D SHUIRUPDQFH"
<HV LW VKRXOG QRW JHW ?IXOO PDUNV IRU WKLV VKRXOG EH UHVHUYHG IRU WKH FDVH LQ ZKLFK D JRRG
UHVSRQVH LV JLYHQ HYHU\ WLPH %XW WKH VWXGHQW VKRXOG QRW JHW ]HUR VLQFH WKLV VKRXOG EH UHVHUYHG
IRU WKH FDVH LQ ZKLFK D UHDVRQDEOH UHVSRQVH LV QHYHU JLYHQ 6RPHZKHUH LQ EHWZHHQ QR GRXEW
EXW ZKHUH" $QG ZKDW LPSOLFDWLRQV GRHV WKLV KDYH IRU H[DPLQDWLRQV ,I D VWXGHQW ZLOO SHUIRUP
YHU\ GLmHUHQWO\ RQ VXFFHVVLYH WULHV DQG WKH H[DP RQO\ DOORZV RQH WU\ KRZ GRHV WKH VFRUH UHoHFW
WKH IDFW WKDW RQ D VHFRQG WU\ WKH VWXGHQW PLJKW GR PXFK EHWWHU _ RU PXFK ZRUVH"
2WKHU LWHPV LQ WKLV VWDWHPHQW DUH PRUH HDVLO\ GHDOW ZLWK 7KH ZKROH LGHD RI ?SUREOHP
VLWXDWLRQV UHODWHV WR WKH GLVHTXLOLEUDWLRQUHHTXLOLEUDWLRQ GLFKRWRP\ 7KH VWXGHQW PXVW VHH WKH
SUREOHP LQ WKH VLWXDWLRQ DQG EH GLVWXUEHG E\ LW LI OHDUQLQJ LV WR WDNH SODFH 7KH VRFLDO FRQWH[W
UHIHUV DW OHDVW WR WKH UROH RI FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ %XW WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW FRPSRQHQW RI
WKLV VWDWHPHQW DQG WKH RQH WKDW PDNHV LW VSHFLnF WR PDWKHPDWLFV LV WKH SDUW DERXW VSHFLnF
FRQVWUXFWLRQV DQG , WXUQ WR WKLV QRZ

&RQVWUXFWLRQV IRU PDWKHPDWLFDO NQRZOHGJH

, ZLOO GLVFXVV LQ D OLWWOH PRUH GHWDLO WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI PHQWDO DFWLRQV SURFHVVHV DQG REMHFWV
WKDW ZDV PHQWLRQHG HDUOLHU 7KH RYHUDOO VFKHPH IRU WKHVH FRQVWUXFWLRQV LV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJXUH 
$FWLRQ $Q DFWLRQ LV D WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI REMHFWV ZKLFK LV SHUFHLYHG E\ WKH LQGLYLGXDO DV EHLQJ DW
OHDVW VRPHZKDW H[WHUQDO 7KDW LV DQ LQGLYLGXDO ZKRVH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI D WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ
LV OLPLWHG WR DQ DFWLRQ FRQFHSWLRQ FDQ FDUU\ RXW WKH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RQO\ E\ UHDFWLQJ WR
H[WHUQDO FXHV WKDW JLYH SUHFLVH GHWDLOV RQ ZKDW VWHSV WR WDNH


)LJXUH  &RQVWUXFWLRQ RI DFWLRQV SURFHVVHV RE MHFWV

)RU H[DPSOH D VWXGHQW ZKR LV XQDEOH WR LQWHUSUHW D VLWXDWLRQ DV D IXQFWLRQ XQOHVV KH RU VKH
KDV D VLQJOH IRUPXOD IRU FRPSXWLQJ YDOXHV LV UHVWULFWHG WR DQ DFWLRQ FRQFHSW RI IXQFWLRQ
,Q VXFK D FDVH WKH VWXGHQW LV XQDEOH WR GR YHU\ PXFK ZLWK WKLV IXQFWLRQ H[FHSW WR HYDOXDWH
LW DW VSHFLnF SRLQWV DQG WR PDQLSXODWH WKH IRUPXOD )XQFWLRQV ZLWK VSOLW GRPDLQV LQYHUVHV
RI IXQFWLRQV FRPSRVLWLRQ RI IXQFWLRQV VHWV RI IXQFWLRQV WKH QRWLRQ WKDW WKH GHULYDWLYH RI D
IXQFWLRQ LV D IXQFWLRQ DQG WKH LGHD WKDW D VROXWLRQ RI D GLmHUHQWLDO HTXDWLRQ LV D IXQFWLRQ
DUH DOO VRXUFHV RI JUHDW GLpFXOW\ IRU VWXGHQWV $FFRUGLQJ WR RXU WKHRUHWLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH
D PDMRU UHDVRQ IRU WKH GLpFXOW\ LV WKDW WKH OHDUQHU LV QRW DEOH WR JR EH\RQG DQ DFWLRQ
FRQFHSWLRQ RI IXQFWLRQ DQG DOO RI WKHVH QRWLRQV UHTXLUH SURFHVV DQGRU REMHFW FRQFHSWLRQV
6HH >@ IRU DQ HODERUDWLRQ RI WKHVH LVVXHV
$QRWKHU H[DPSOH RI DQ DFWLRQ FRQFHSWLRQ FRPHV IURP WKH QRWLRQ RI D OHIW RU ULJKW FRVHW RI
D JURXS LQ DEVWUDFW DOJHEUD &RQVLGHU IRU H[DPSOH WKH PRGXODU JURXS >=  @ _ WKDW
LV WKH LQWHJHUV I       J ZLWK WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI DGGLWLRQ PRG  _ DQG WKH VXEJURXS
+

I    J RI PXOWLSOHV RI  $V LV VHHQ LQ >@ LW LV QRW YHU\ GLpFXOW IRU OHDUQHUV WR

ZRUN ZLWK D FRVHW VXFK DV +

I    J EHFDXVH LW LV IRUPHG HLWKHU E\ DQ H[SOLFLW

OLVWLQJ RI WKH HOHPHQWV REWDLQHG E\ DGGLQJ  WR HDFK HOHPHQW RI + RU DSSO\LQJ VRPH UXOH
HJ ?EHJLQ ZLWK  DQG DGG  RU DQ H[SOLFLW FRQGLWLRQ VXFK DV ?WKH UHPDLQGHU RQ GLYLVLRQ
E\  LV  8QGHUVWDQGLQJ D FRVHW DV D VHW RI FDOFXODWLRQV WKDW DUH DFWXDOO\ SHUIRUPHG WR
REWDLQ D GHnQLWH VHW LV DQ DFWLRQ FRQFHSWLRQ 6RPHWKLQJ PRUH LV UHTXLUHG WR ZRUN ZLWK


FRVHWV LQ D JURXS VXFK DV 6Q  WKH JURXS RI DOO SHUPXWDWLRQV RQ Q REMHFWV ZKHUH VLPSOH
IRUPXODV DUH QRW DYDLODEOH (YHQ LQ WKH PRUH HOHPHQWDU\ VLWXDWLRQ RI =Q  VWXGHQWV ZKR
KDYH QR PRUH WKDQ DQ DFWLRQ FRQFHSWLRQ ZLOO KDYH GLpFXOW\ LQ UHDVRQLQJ DERXW FRVHWV VXFK
DV FRXQWLQJ WKHP FRPSDULQJ WKHP HWF ,Q WKH FRQWH[W RI RXU WKHRUHWLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH
WKHVH GLpFXOWLHV DUH UHODWHG WR D VWXGHQW
V LQDELOLW\ WR LQWHULRUL]H WKHVH DFWLRQV WR SURFHVVHV
RU HQFDSVXODWH WKH SURFHVVHV WR REMHFWV
$OWKRXJK DQ DFWLRQ FRQFHSWLRQ LV YHU\ OLPLWHG DFWLRQV IRUP WKH FUXFLDO EHJLQQLQJ RI XQ
GHUVWDQGLQJ D FRQFHSW 7KHUHIRUH RXU OHDUQLQJWKHRU\EDVHG SHGDJRJLFDO DSSURDFK EHJLQV
ZLWK DFWLYLWLHV GHVLJQHG WR KHOS VWXGHQWV FRQVWUXFW DFWLRQV
3URFHVV :KHQ DQ DFWLRQ LV UHSHDWHG DQG WKH LQGLYLGXDO UHoHFWV XSRQ LW LW PD\ EH LQWHULRUL]HG
LQWR D SURFHVV 7KDW LV DQ LQWHUQDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV PDGH WKDW SHUIRUPV WKH VDPH DFWLRQ
EXW QRZ QRW QHFHVVDULO\ GLUHFWHG E\ H[WHUQDO VWLPXOL $Q LQGLYLGXDO ZKR KDV D SURFHVV
FRQFHSWLRQ RI D WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ FDQ UHoHFW RQ GHVFULEH RU HYHQ UHYHUVH WKH VWHSV RI WKH
WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ ZLWKRXW DFWXDOO\ SHUIRUPLQJ WKRVH VWHSV ,Q FRQWUDVW WR DQ DFWLRQ D SURFHVV
LV SHUFHLYHG E\ WKH LQGLYLGXDO DV EHLQJ LQWHUQDO DQG XQGHU RQH
V FRQWURO UDWKHU WKDQ DV
VRPHWKLQJ RQH GRHV LQ UHVSRQVH WR H[WHUQDO FXHV
,Q WKH FDVH RI IXQFWLRQV D SURFHVV FRQFHSWLRQ DOORZV WKH VXEMHFW WR WKLQN RI D IXQFWLRQ
DV UHFHLYLQJ RQH RU PRUH LQSXWV RU YDOXHV RI LQGHSHQGHQW YDULDEOHV SHUIRUPLQJ RQH RU
PRUH RSHUDWLRQV RQ WKH LQSXWV DQG UHWXUQLQJ WKH UHVXOWV DV RXWSXWV RU YDOXHV RI GHSHQGHQW
YDULDEOHV )RU LQVWDQFH WR XQGHUVWDQG D IXQFWLRQ VXFK DV WKH RQH JLYHQ E\ VLQ [  RQH QHHGV
D SURFHVV FRQFHSWLRQ RI IXQFWLRQ VLQFH QR H[SOLFLW LQVWUXFWLRQV IRU REWDLQLQJ DQ RXWSXW IURP
DQ LQSXW DUH JLYHQ LQ RUGHU WR LPSOHPHQW WKH IXQFWLRQ RQH PXVW LPDJLQH WKH SURFHVV RI
DVVRFLDWLQJ D UHDO QXPEHU ZLWK LWV VLQH
:LWK D SURFHVV FRQFHSWLRQ RI IXQFWLRQ DQ LQGLYLGXDO FDQ OLQN WZR RU PRUH SURFHVVHV WR
FRQVWUXFW D FRPSRVLWLRQ RU UHYHUVH WKH SURFHVV WR REWDLQ LQYHUVH IXQFWLRQV >@
,Q DEVWUDFW DOJHEUD D SURFHVV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI FRVHWV LQFOXGHV WKLQNLQJ DERXW WKH IRUPDWLRQ
RI D VHW E\ RSHUDWLQJ D n[HG HOHPHQW ZLWK HYHU\ HOHPHQW LQ D SDUWLFXODU VXEJURXS $JDLQ LW
LV QRW QHFHVVDU\ WR SHUIRUP WKH RSHUDWLRQV EXW RQO\ WR WKLQN DERXW WKHP EHLQJ SHUIRUPHG
7KXV ZLWK D SURFHVV FRQFHSWLRQ FRVHWV FDQ EH IRUPHG LQ VLWXDWLRQV ZKHUH IRUPXODV DUH QRW


DYDLODEOH 6HH IRU H[DPSOH >@


2EMHFW :KHQ DQ LQGLYLGXDO UHoHFWV RQ RSHUDWLRQV DSSOLHG WR D SDUWLFXODU SURFHVV EHFRPHV
DZDUH RI WKH SURFHVV DV D WRWDOLW\ UHDOL]HV WKDW WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV ZKHWKHU WKH\ EH DFWLRQV RU
SURFHVVHV FDQ DFW RQ LW DQG LV DEOH WR DFWXDOO\ FRQVWUXFW VXFK WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV WKHQ KH RU
VKH LV WKLQNLQJ RI WKLV SURFHVV DV DQ REMHFW ,Q WKLV FDVH ZH VD\ WKDW WKH SURFHVV KDV EHHQ
HQFDSVXODWHG WR DQ REMHFW
,Q WKH FRXUVH RI SHUIRUPLQJ DQ DFWLRQ RU SURFHVV RQ DQ REMHFW LW LV RIWHQ QHFHVVDU\ WR GH
HQFDSVXODWH WKH REMHFW EDFN WR WKH SURFHVV IURP ZKLFK LW FDPH LQ RUGHU WR XVH LWV SURSHUWLHV
LQ PDQLSXODWLQJ LW
,W LV HDV\ WR VHH KRZ HQFDSVXODWLRQ RI SURFHVVHV WR REMHFWV DQG GHHQFDSVXODWLQJ WKH REMHFWV
EDFN WR SURFHVVHV DULVHV ZKHQ RQH LV WKLQNLQJ DERXW PDQLSXODWLRQV RI IXQFWLRQV VXFK DV
DGGLQJ PXOWLSO\LQJ RU MXVW IRUPLQJ VHWV RI IXQFWLRQV ,Q DQ DEVWUDFW DOJHEUD FRQWH[W JLYHQ
DQ HOHPHQW [ DQG D VXEJURXS + RI D JURXS * LI DQ LQGLYLGXDO WKLQNV JHQHUDOO\ RI WKH
OHIW FRVHW RI [ PRGXOR + DV D SURFHVV RI RSHUDWLQJ ZLWK [ RQ HDFK HOHPHQW RI + WKHQ
WKLV SURFHVV FDQ EH HQFDSVXODWHG WR DQ REMHFW [+ 7KHQ FRVHWV DUH QDPHG RSHUDWLRQV
FDQ EH SHUIRUPHG RQ WKHP >@  DQG YDULRXV DFWLRQV RQ FRVHWV RI + VXFK DV FRXQWLQJ
WKHLU QXPEHU FRPSDULQJ WKHLU FDUGLQDOLW\ DQG FKHFNLQJ WKHLU LQWHUVHFWLRQV FDQ PDNH VHQVH
WR WKH LQGLYLGXDO 7KLQNLQJ DERXW WKH SUREOHP RI LQYHVWLJDWLQJ VXFK SURSHUWLHV LQYROYHV
WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI FRVHWV DV REMHFWV ZKHUHDV WKH DFWXDO nQGLQJ RXW UHTXLUHV WKDW WKHVH
REMHFWV EH GHHQFDSVXODWHG LQ WKH LQGLYLGXDO
V PLQG VR DV WR PDNH XVH RI WKH SURSHUWLHV RI
WKH SURFHVVHV IURP ZKLFK WKHVH REMHFWV FDPH FHUWDLQ NLQGV RI VHW IRUPDWLRQ LQ WKLV FDVH 
,Q JHQHUDO HQFDSVXODWLQJ SURFHVVHV WR EHFRPH REMHFWV LV FRQVLGHUHG WR EH H[WUHPHO\ GLpFXOW
>@ >@ >@ DQG QRW YHU\ PDQ\ SHGDJRJLFDO VWUDWHJLHV KDYH EHHQ HmHFWLYH LQ KHOSLQJ
VWXGHQWV GR WKLV LQ VLWXDWLRQV VXFK DV IXQFWLRQV RU FRVHWV $ SDUW RI WKH UHDVRQ IRU WKLV
LQHmHFWLYHQHVV LV WKDW WKHUH LV YHU\ OLWWOH LI DQ\WKLQJ LQ RXU H[SHULHQFH WKDW FRUUHVSRQGV
WR SHUIRUPLQJ DFWLRQV RQ ZKDW DUH LQWHUSUHWHG DV SURFHVVHV



&KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKLV WKHRU\

:H DUH QRZ LQ D SRVLWLRQ WR VHH KRZ WKLV WKHRUHWLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH UHODWHV WR WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
PHQWLRQHG DERYH
&RKHUHQW DQG SDUVLPRQLRXV :H FDQ VHH KRZ WKLV WKHRU\ FDQ EH XVHG WR H[SODLQ WKH GDWD
SUHVHQWHG LQ RXU H[FHUSWV IURP LQWHUYLHZV 7KH TXHVWLRQ RI SDUVLPRQ\ LV VRPHZKDW QHJDWLYH
LV WKHUH DQ\WKLQJ WKDW GRHV QRW QHHG WR EH WKHUH DQG VXEMHFWLYH VR , ZLOO OHDYH WKDW IRU
WKH UHDGHU WR GHFLGHG
)RU 1DWKDQ WKH SRZHUV RI HOHPHQWV DQG WKH RUGHU RI DQ HOHPHQW DUH EDUHO\ XQGHUVWRRG RQ
WKH DFWLRQ OHYHO :H FDQ VHH WKDW KH LV XQDEOH WR UHDVRQ DERXW WKHP
7HG GHnQLWHO\ KDV DQ DFWLRQ FRQFHSWLRQ RI WKHVH PDWKHPDWLFDO FRQFHSWV DQG WKLV DOORZV
KLP WR DUULYH DW D FRQFOXVLRQ ZKLFK VROYHV KDOI RI WKH SUREOHP %HFDXVH KRZHYHU KH KDV
QRW GHYHORSHG D SURFHVV FRQFHSWLRQ RI WKHVH PDQLSXODWLRQV RI JURXS HOHPHQWV KH FDQ QRW
UHYHUVH WKHP RU WKLQN DERXW D SRWHQWLDOLW\ VR DV WR FRQVLGHU WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI DUULYLQJ DW
WKH LGHQWLW\ HDUOLHU +HQFH KH FDQQRW VROYH WKH RWKHU KDOI RI WKH SUREOHP ZKLFK LV WR VKRZ
WKDW  LV WKH VPDOOHVW SRVLWLYH SRZHU RI DE WKDW LV HTXDO WR WKH LGHQWLW\
,W VHHPV FOHDU WKDW 0LWFK LV SHUIRUPLQJ WKH FDOFXODWLRQ RI SRZHUV LQ KLV PLQG DQG FDQ
WKLQN DERXW ERWK DFWXDOLWLHV DQG SRWHQWLDOLWLHV 7KLV LV KRZ KH JHWV WKH VHFRQG KDOI RI WKH
SUREOHP ?\RX
UH JRLQJ WR KDYH WR JR WKDW IDU  %XW KH FDQQRW VWHS EDFN IURP WKH SURFHVV
DQG UHDVRQ DERXW LW VHH KRZ LW ZRUNV IRU HOHPHQWV D E RI DUELWUDU\ RUGHU
,Q WKH FDVH RI -RFHO\Q ZH KDYH D YHU\ VRSKLVWLFDWHG GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH SURFHVV DQG LW LV
UHDVRQDEOH WR VXVSHFW WKDW VKH LV DEOH WR WKLQN RI WKLV SURFHVV DV DQ REMHFW ZKLFK FDQ EH
?LQGH[HG E\ WKH YDOXHV RI WKH RUGHUV RI D DQG E
*HQHUDOL]DEOH DQG SUHGLFWLYH , KDYH WULHG WR LOOXVWUDWH WKH JHQHUDOL]DELOLW\ RI WKLV WKHRU\ E\
VKRZLQJ KRZ LW FDQ EH XVHG LQ D QXPEHU RI GLmHUHQW PDWKHPDWLFDO FRQWH[WV UHODWHG IRU
H[DPSOH WR IXQFWLRQV DQG JURXSV ,Q RXU UHVHDUFK VWXGLHV >    @ ZH JHQHUDOO\
SUHVHQW D GHVFULSWLRQ RI KRZ D FRQFHSW PD\ EH OHDUQHG EDVHG RQ WKLV WKHRU\ _ DQG WKHQ
UHYLVH LW DIWHU DQDO\]LQJ WKH UHDFWLRQV RI VWXGHQWV DQG WKHLU GLpFXOWLHV $OWKRXJK WKH GDWD
RIWHQ OHDGV WR PDNLQJ VXEVWDQWLDO UHYLVLRQV RI RXU GHVFULSWLRQV ZH nQG WKDW PRUH RIWHQ WKDQ


QRW WKH WKHRU\ SUHGLFWV WKH PHQWDO SURFHVV WKDW VHHP WR EH LQ WKH GDWD
$QRWKHU LQGLFDWLRQ RI JHQHUDOL]DELOLW\ LV WKDW PDQ\ RWKHU UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH EHHQ DEOH WR XVH
WKLV ODQJXDJH
$SSOLFDEOH DQG HmHFWLYH :H ZLOO VHH LQ WKH QH[W WZR VHFWLRQV KRZ WKLV WKHRU\ LV DSSOLHG WR
GHYHORS SHGDJRJLFDO DSSURDFKHV )RU LWV HmHFWLYHQHVV , UHIHU WR VSHFLnF UHVHDUFK VWXGLHV
>   @ 

$ SHGDJRJLFDO VWUDWHJ\

, KDYH DOUHDG\ GHVFULEHG WKH $&( 7HDFKLQJ &\FOH ZKLFK VWUXFWXUHV WKH SHGDJRJLFDO DSSURDFK ZH
KDYH GHULYHG IURP RXU WKHRU\ 7KH PRVW LPSRUWDQW SDUW RI WKLV V\VWHP LV WKH FRPSXWHU DFWLYLWLHV
ZKLFK DUH GHVLJQHG WR JHW VWXGHQWV WR PDNH WKH VSHFLnF FRQVWUXFWLRQV RI DFWLRQV SURFHVVHV DQG
REMHFWV FRQWDLQHG LQ WKH WKHRU\ DV DSSOLHG WR WKH SDUWLFXODU FRQFHSWV LQ TXHVWLRQ , ZLOO JLYH
VRPH H[DPSOHV RI WKLV LQ WKH QH[W VHFWLRQ
2WKHU IHDWXUHV RI WKH WKHRU\ DUH DOVR LPSOHPHQWHG LQ RXU SHGDJRJ\ )RU H[DPSOH FRRSHUDWLYH
OHDUQLQJ SURYLGHV D VRFLDO PLOLHX WKDW LV FRQGXFLYH WR FRQFHSWXDO GHYHORSPHQW DQG ZRUNLQJ LQ
JURXSV WHQGV WR KHOS VWXGHQWV FRQVLGHU DOWHUQDWLYH PHWKRGV DQG EHFRPH DZDUH RI WKH VWUXFWXUHV
WKH\ DUH FRQVWUXFWLQJ >@  7KH IDFW WKDW WKHLU FRPSXWHU DFWLYLWLHV UHTXLUH WKHP WR GHDO ZLWK
SUREOHPV IRU ZKLFK WKH UHTXLUHG PDWKHPDWLFV KDV QRW \HW EHHQ LQWURGXFHG LQ WKH FRXUVH JLYHV
VWXGHQWV DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR GLVFRYHU PDWKHPDWLFDO FRQFHSWV DQG EXLOG WKHLU RZQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJV
RI WKHP )LQDOO\ RXU V\VWHP RI WHVWLQJ DOORZV IRU JURXS WHVWV DQG WHVWV ZLWKRXW WLPH OLPLWV WR WU\
WR GHDO ZLWK WKH IDFW WKDW VWXGHQWV PD\ KDYH NQRZOHGJH DQG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKDW LV QRW UHYHDOHG
LQ WUDGLWLRQDO H[DPLQDWLRQV



&RPSXWHU FRQVWUXFWLRQV

,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ , JLYH VRPH H[DPSOHV RI FRQVWUXFWLRQV RQ WKH FRPSXWHU ZKLFK VWXGHQWV DUH DVNHG
WR PDNH DQG GHVFULEH KRZ WKH\ UHODWH WR DFWLRQV SURFHVVHV DQG REMHFWV 7KH FRPSXWHU ZRUN
LV GRQH LQ D PDWKHPDWLFDO SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH FDOOHG ,6(7/ 7KH V\QWD[ RI WKLV ODQJXDJH
LV YHU\ FORVH WR VWDQGDUG PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWDWLRQ DQG WKH UHDGHU VKRXOG KDYH OLWWOH GLpFXOW\ LQ
LQWHUSUHWLQJ WKH V\QWD[ )RU IXUWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW ,6(7/ DQG LWV XVH LQ HGXFDWLRQ VHH >@


:H EHJLQ RXU H[DPSOHV ZLWK VRPH FRQVWUXFWLRQV UHODWHG WR HOHPHQWDU\ JURXS FRQFHSWV 6WX
GHQWV DUH JLYHQ RQO\ WKH YDJXHVW GHVFULSWLRQV RI FHUWDLQ VLWXDWLRQV VXFK DV ?XVLQJ D ELQDU\
RSHUDWLRQ NHHSV \RX LQ FRQWH[W DQG DVNHG WR ZULWH FRPSXWHU SURJUDPV WKDW WHVW LI D JLYHQ
ELQDU\ RSHUDWLRQ VDWLVnHV WKH FRQGLWLRQ 0RVW RI WKH VWXGHQWV FRPH XS ZLWK VRPHWKLQJ OLNH WKH
IROORZLQJ DOWKRXJK XVXDOO\ QRW ZLWK WKHVH QDPHV
LV FORVHG 
HQG
LV DVVRF 
HQG
LG 

LQY 

IXQF 6 RS 
UHWXUQ IRUDOO D E LQ 6_ D RS E LQ 6
IXQF 6 RS 
UHWXUQ IRUDOO D E F LQ 6_
D RS E RS F
D RS E RS F

IXQF 6 RS 
UHWXUQ DUE I L L LQ 6_
IRUDOO [ LQ 6_ L RS [
HQG
IXQF 6 RS 
UHWXUQ I>DE@ 
HQG

[ DQG [ RS L

DE LQ 6_ D RS E

[J 

LG J

7KH\ DSSO\ WKHVH SURJUDPV WR VHYHUDO H[DPSOHV LOOXVWUDWLQJ YDULRXV SRVVLELOLWLHV 7KHQ WKH\
DUH DVNHG WR XVH WKH SURSHUWLHV WR GLVWLQJXLVK FHUWDLQ RI WKH H[DPSOHV DQG WKLV OHDGV WR WKH
IROORZLQJ SURJUDP DQG LWV DSSOLFDWLRQ WR PRGXODU JURXSV DQG JURXSV RI V\PPHWULHV
LV JURXS 

IXQF 6 RS 
UHWXUQ LV FORVHG 6 RS DQG
LV DVVRF 6 RS DQG
LV GHILQHG LG 6RS DQG
IRUDOO [ LQ 6 _ H[LVWV [
LQ 6 _ >[[
@ LQ LQY
HQG

=  IJ
SOXV  IXQF DE  UHWXUQ DE PRG  HQG
LV JURXS =SOXV 
6  >DEFGH@  DEFGH LQ  _ DEFGH 
FRPS  IXQF [\  UHWXUQ >[ \ L  L LQ >@ @ HQG
LV JURXS 6 FRPS 
7KH DERYH H[DPSOHV DUH GHVLJQHG WR KHOS VWXGHQWV FRQVWUXFW DFWLRQV FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR JURXS
SURSHUWLHV LQWHULRUL]H WKHP LQWR SURFHVVHV E\ ZULWLQJ FRPSXWHU IXQFWLRQV WKDW LPSOHPHQW WKHP


DQG WR HQFDSVXODWH WKHVH SURFHVVHV LQWR REMHFWV E\ LQFOXGLQJ WKHP LQ D OLVW WKDW FKHFNV WKH
SURSHUW\ RI EHLQJ D JURXS
,Q WKH QH[W H[DPSOH ZH VKRZ FRPSXWHU DFWLYLWLHV GHVLJQHG WR KHOS VWXGHQWV XQGHUVWDQG
FRVHWV nUVW DV SURFHVVHV IRUPHG E\ PXOWLSO\LQJ D n[HG HOHPHQW RI D JURXS ZLWK HYHU\ HOHPHQW RI
D VXEJURXS DQG WKHQ DV REMHFWV LQ WKH VHQVH WKDW LW LV SRVVLEOH WR DSSO\ DQ RSHUDWLRQ SURGXFW
WR WZR FRVHWV WR REWDLQ DQRWKHU $V D UHVXOW RI VXFK DFWLYLW\ VWXGHQWV WHQG WR EH PRUH VXFFHVVIXO
ZLWK /DJUDQJH
V WKHRUHP DQG TXRWLHQW JURXSV >@ 7KH\ DUH JLYHQ WKH IROORZLQJ WDVN WR SHUIRUP
:ULWH DQ ,6(7/ IXQF 35 WKDW DFFHSWV D VHW DQG D ELQDU\ RSHUDWLRQ DQG UHWXUQV D
IXQF WKDW DFFHSWV WZR LQSXWV ZKLFK FDQ EH DQ\ FRPELQDWLRQ RI HOHPHQWV RI * DQGRU
VXEVHWV RI * <RXU IXQF LV WR GHWHUPLQH ZKLFK RI WKH IRXU FDVHV WKH LQSXWV IDOO LQ DQG
WKHQ UHWXUQ WKH ?JHQHUDOL]HG JURXS SURGXFW RI WKH WZR LQSXWV 7KDW LV LI WKH LQSXWV
DUH ERWK HOHPHQWV WKHQ WKH SURGXFW LV WKH XVXDO JURXS SURGXFW ,I WKH nUVW LQSXW LV
DQ HOHPHQW J DQG WKH RWKHU LV D VXEVHW 6 WKHQ WKH SURGXFW LV WKH VHW RI DOO SURGXFWV J
R [ [ LQ 6 6LPLODUO\ IRU WKH RWKHU WZR FDVHV
7KLV LV D YHU\ GLpFXOW SUREOHP IRU WKH VWXGHQWV DQG WKH\ VWUXJJOH ZLWK LW IRU D ORQJ WLPH ,Q
WKH HQG DQG LQ VRPH FDVHV ZLWK VRPH KHOS IURP WKH LQVWUXFWRU PRVW VWXGHQWV FRPH WR VRPHWKLQJ
OLNH WKH IROORZLQJ ,W LV LQWHUHVWLQJ WR QRWH KRZ VLPSOH LV WKH DFWXDO SURJUDP $OWKRXJK WKHUH LV
QR HYLGHQFH , DP FRQYLQFHG WKDW WKH GLpFXOWLHV VWXGHQWV KDYH ZLWK WKLV WDVN DUH QRW EHFDXVH
RI DQ\ SURJUDPPLQJ REVWDFOHV EXW EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH LQ SURFHVV RI PDNLQJ QRQWULYLDO PHQWDO
FRQVWUXFWLRQV
35 

IXQF *R 
UHWXUQ IXQF [\ 
LI [ LQ * DQG \ LQ *
WKHQ UHWXUQ [ R \
HOVHLI [ LQ * DQG \ VXEVHW *
WKHQ UHWXUQ I [ R E  E LQ \J
HOVHLI [ VXEVHW * DQG \ LQ *
WKHQ UHWXUQ I D R \  D LQ [J
HOVHLI [ VXEVHW * DQG \ VXEVHW *
WKHQ UHWXUQ I D R E  D LQ [ E LQ \J
HQG
HQG
HQG

RR 

35 6 FRPS 


)LQDOO\ ZH JLYH DQ H[DPSOH UHODWHG WR PDWKHPDWLFDO LQGXFWLRQ +HUH WKH GLpFXOW\ LV nUVW WKDW
SURSRVLWLRQV PXVW EH REMHFWV VR WKDW WKH\ FDQ IRUP WKH UDQJH RI D IXQFWLRQ 1H[W D IXQFWLRQ
PXVW EH XQGHUVWRRG DV D SURFHVV ZKLFK FDQ WUDQVIRUP DQ\ NLQG RI REMHFW VD\ DQ LQWHJHU LQWR
DQ\ NLQG RI REMHFW VD\ D SURSRVLWLRQ 7KHVH WZR GLpFXOWLHV DUH GHDOW ZLWK LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI
WKH IROORZLQJ SUREOHP E\ DVNLQJ VWXGHQWV WR ZULWH D FRPSXWHU IXQFWLRQ WKDW LPSOHPHQWV WKH
VWDWHPHQW LQ WKH IROORZLQJ SUREOHP
6KRZ WKDW LQ D FDVLQR ZLWK FKLSV ZRUWK  DQG  DQ\ VXpFLHQWO\ ODUJH DPRXQW RI
PRQH\ FDQ EH UHSUHVHQWHG
7KH\ GR QRW KDYH WRR PXFK GLpFXOW\ LQ ZULWLQJ WKH IROORZLQJ SURJUDP DQG WKH\ OHDUQ WR
EHJLQ DQ LQGXFWLRQ SUREOHP E\ FRQVWUXFWLQJ RQ WKH FRPSXWHU RU LQ WKHLU PLQGV D IXQFWLRQ
ZKLFK WUDQVIRUPV SRVLWLYH LQWHJHUV LQWR SURSRVLWLRQV
3 

IXQF Q 
UHWXUQ H[LVWV [\ LQ IQJ _  [ \ Q 
HQG

,W WXUQV RXW WKDW QRW DOO W\SHV RI SURSRVLWLRQV DUH XQGHUVWRRG DV REMHFWV DW WKH VDPH WLPH
RU ZLWK WKH VDPH GHJUHH RI GLpFXOW\ 7KH KDUGHVW RI FRXUVH LV WKH LPSOLFDWLRQ 6WXGHQWV DUH
DVNHG WR ZULWH D FRPSXWHU IXQFWLRQ WKDW ZLOO FRQYHUW D SURSRVLWLRQ YDOXHG IXQFWLRQ RI WKH SRVLWLYH
LQWHJHUV LQWR DQRWKHU VXFK IXQFWLRQ LQ ZKLFK WKH SURSRVLWLRQ KDV EHHQ FKDQJHG WR WKH LPSOLFDWLRQ
IURP Q WR Q  
LPSO IQ 

IXQF 3 
UHWXUQ IXQF Q 
UHWXUQ 3 Q LPSO 3 Q 
HQG
HQG

$IWHU ZULWLQJ WKLV FRGH DQG DSSO\LQJ LQ LQGXFWLRQ VLWXDWLRQV VWXGHQWV VHHP WR VWRS KDYLQJ
WURXEOH UHDOL]LQJ WKDW LQ LQGXFWLRQ RQH LV QRW WU\LQJ WR SURYH WKH RULJLQDO VWDWHPHQW EXW RQO\
WKDW LWV WUXWK IRU RQH LQWHJHU LPSOLHV LWV WUXWK IRU WKH QH[W LQWHJHU 2QFH WKLV LV DFKLHYHG WKH
GRPLQR RU ODGGHU LGHDV EHFRPH PHDQLQJIXO IRU WKH VWXGHQWV



&RQFOXVLRQV

, KDYH WULHG LQ WKLV DUWLFOH WR VXUYH\ WKH LGHDV RI 3LDJHW RQ PDWKHPDWLFV HGXFDWLRQ DQG H[SODLQ
KRZ WKH\ FDQ EH DSSOLHG WR FROOHJLDWH OHYHO PDWKHPDWLFV , KDYH LQGLFDWHG KRZ WKLV ZRUN LV EDVHG


RQ D WKHRUHWLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH ODUJHO\ LQoXHQFHG E\ 3LDJHW


V WKHRU\ DQG GULYHQ E\ WKH UHDFWLRQV
RI VWXGHQWV WR PDWKHPDWLFDO SUREOHP VLWXDWLRQV )LQDOO\ , KDYH VKRZQ KRZ WKLV WKHRU\ FDQ EH
DSSOLHG LQ GHYHORSLQJ SHGDJRJLFDO VWUDWHJLHV WKH UHVXOWV RI ZKLFK DUH UHSRUWHG LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH

5HIHUHQFHV
>@ $VLDOD 0 ( 'XELQVN\ ' 0DWKHZV 6 0RULFV $ 2NWDF &RVHWV 1RUPDOLW\ DQG
4XRWLHQWV LQ SUHSDUDWLRQ
>@ %HWK (: - 3LDJHW 0DWKHPDWLFDO (SLVWHPRORJ\ DQG 3V\FKRORJ\ : 0D\V
WUDQV  'RUGUHFKW 5HLGHO 
>@ %UHLGHQEDFK ' 'XELQVN\ ( +DZNV - 1LFKROV '   'HYHORSPHQW RI WKH SURFHVV
FRQFHSWLRQ RI IXQFWLRQ (GXFDWLRQDO 6WXGLHV LQ 0DWKHPDWLFV  ^
>@ %URZQ $ 'H9ULHV ' 'XELQVN\ ( DQG 7KRPDV . /HDUQLQJ %LQDU\ 2SHUDWLRQV
*URXSV DQG 6XEJURXSV LQ SUHSDUDWLRQ
>@ 'XELQVN\ ( 7HDFKLQJ PDWKHPDWLFDO LQGXFWLRQ , 7KH -RXUQDO RI 0DWKHPDWLFDO %HKDYLRU
   
>@ 'XELQVN\ ( 7HDFKLQJ PDWKHPDWLFDO LQGXFWLRQ ,, 7KH -RXUQDO RI 0DWKHPDWLFDO %HKDYLRU
  
>@ 'XELQVN\ ( &RQVWUXFWLYH DVSHFWV RI UHoHFWLYH DEVWUDFWLRQ LQ DGYDQFHG PDWKHPDWLFDO WKLQN
LQJ LQ /3 6WHmH HG  (SLVWHPRORJLFDO IRXQGDWLRQV RI PDWKHPDWLFDO H[SHULHQFH
1HZ <RUN6SULQJHU9HUODJ  
>@ 'XELQVN\ ( 5HoHFWLYH $EVWUDFWLRQ LQ $GYDQFHG 0DWKHPDWLFDO 7KLQNLQJ LQ $GYDQFHG
0DWKHPDWLFDO 7KLQNLQJ ' 7DOO (G  .OXZHU   
>@ 'XELQVN\ ( ,6(7/ $ SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH IRU OHDUQLQJ PDWKHPDWLFV &RPPXQLFDWLRQV
LQ 3XUH DQG $SSOLHG 0DWKHPDWLFV LQ SUHVV



>@ 'XELQVN\ ( HO $SUHQGL]DMH GH ORV &RQFHSWRV $EVWUDFWRV GH OD 0DWHPuDWLFD $YDQ]DGD LQ


0HPRULDV GH OD 'u
HFLPD 5HXQLu
RQ &HQWUR$PHULFDQD \ GHO &DULEH VREUH )RU
PDFLu
RQ GH 3URIHVRUHV H ,QYHVWLJDFLu
RQ HQ 0DWHPDWLFD (GXFDWLYD 3XHUWR 5LFR 
GH $JRVWR   
>@ 'XELQVN\ ( 2Q OHDUQLQJ TXDQWLnFDWLRQ -RXUQDO RI &RPSXWHUV LQ 0DWKHPDWLFV DQG 6FLHQFH
7HDFKLQJ LQ SUHVV
>@ 'XELQVN\ ( ) (OWHUPDQ & *RQJ  7KH VWXGHQW
V FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI TXDQWLnFDWLRQ
)RU WKH /HDUQLQJ RI 0DWKHPDWLFV    
>@ 'XELQVN\ ( 'DXWHUPDQQ - /HURQ 8 =D]NLV 5   2Q OHDUQLQJ IXQGDPHQWDO
FRQFHSWV RI JURXS WKHRU\ (GXFDWLRQDO 6WXGLHV LQ 0DWKHPDWLFV  ^
>@ 'XFNZRUWK ( 3LDJHW 5HGLVFRYHUHG -RXUQDO RI 5HVHDUFK LQ 6FLHQFH 7HDFKLQJ  
SS 
>@ *UXEHU +( DQG 9RQtHFKH --  7KH (VVHQWLDO 3LDJHW 1HZ <RUN %DVLF %RRNV
>@ 3LDJHW - 'HYHORSPHQW DQG OHDUQLQJ -RXUQDO RI 5HVHDUFK LQ 6FLHQFH 7HDFKLQJ  
 
>@ 3LDJHW - 6FLHQFH RI (GXFDWLRQ DQG WKH 3V\FKRORJ\ RI WKH &KLOG 2ULRQ 3UHVV 1HZ
<RUN 
>@ 3LDJHW - &RPPHQWV RQ 0DWKHPDWLFDO (GXFDWLRQ ,Q $- +RZVRQ (G  'HYHORSPHQWV
LQ 0DWKHPDWLFDO (GXFDWLRQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH 6HFRQG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQJUHVV LQ (GX
FDWLRQ &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 
>@ 3LDJHW - $ VWUXFWXUDO IRXQGDWLRQ IRU WRPRUURZ
V HGXFDWLRQ 3URVSHFWV  6SULQJ 

>@ 3LDJHW - 3LDJHW WDNHV D WHDFKHU
V ORRN /HDUQLQJ 2FWREHU  
>@ 3LDJHW - 3LDJHW
V 7KHRU\ ,Q 3% 1HXEDXHU (G  7KH 3URFHVV RI &KLOG 'HYHORSPHQW
S   1HZ <RUN -DVRQ $URQVRQ 
>@ 3LDJHW - 7R 8QGHUVWDQG LV WR ,QYHQW 3HQJXLQ %RRNV 1HZ <RUN  


>@ 3LDJHW - &RPPHQWV RQ 9\JRWVN\


V &ULWLFDO 5HPDUNV $UFKLYHV GH SV\FKRORJLH  

>@ 3LDJHW - *DUFLD 5 3V\FKRJHQt
HVH HW KLVWRLUHV GHV VFLHQFHV 3DULV )ODPPDULRQ

>@ 6IDUG $   7ZR FRQFHSWLRQV RI PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWLRQV RSHUDWLRQDO DQG VWUXFWXUDO ,Q
$ %RUEtDV (G  3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK $QQXDO &RQIHUHQFH RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO *URXS IRU
WKH 3V\FKRORJ\ RI 0DWKHPDWLFV (GXFDWLRQ SS ^  0RQWUHDO 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0RQWUHDO
>@ 6IDUG $   2Q WKH GXDO QDWXUH RI PDWKHPDWLFDO FRQFHSWLRQV (GXFDWLRQDO 6WXGLHV LQ
0DWKHPDWLFV  ^
>@ 9LGDNRYLF '   'LmHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ JURXS DQG LQGLYLGXDO SURFHVVHV RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI
WKH FRQFHSW RI LQYHUVH IXQFWLRQ 8QSXEOLVKHG GRFWRUDO GLVVHUWDWLRQ 3XUGXH 8QLYHUVLW\ :HVW
/DID\HWWH ,QGLDQD

1RYHPEHU  




You might also like