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Hybrid Orbitals

Hybrid orbitals occur when atomic orbitals combine to form new hybrid orbitals that are better suited for bonding. The document discusses sp3, sp2, and sp hybridization in methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), and acetylene (C2H2). In CH4, carbon uses sp3 hybridization to combine one 2s orbital with three 2p orbitals, allowing it to form bonds with four hydrogen atoms in a tetrahedral structure. In C2H4, each carbon uses sp2 hybridization, combining one 2s and two 2p orbitals into trigonal planar structures to bond to two hydrogens and a carbon in a double bond. C2H2 features

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291 views5 pages

Hybrid Orbitals

Hybrid orbitals occur when atomic orbitals combine to form new hybrid orbitals that are better suited for bonding. The document discusses sp3, sp2, and sp hybridization in methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), and acetylene (C2H2). In CH4, carbon uses sp3 hybridization to combine one 2s orbital with three 2p orbitals, allowing it to form bonds with four hydrogen atoms in a tetrahedral structure. In C2H4, each carbon uses sp2 hybridization, combining one 2s and two 2p orbitals into trigonal planar structures to bond to two hydrogens and a carbon in a double bond. C2H2 features

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Hybrid Orbitals

1. Definition
2. Description of individual orbital shapes
3. Diagram of CH4,C2H4 , C2H2 molecules

1. Hybrid orbitals occur whenever 2 or more atoms form a covalent compound. They result in a
bonding structure in which the electrons from one level or sublevel are energetically excited so
that they can move and occupy another level collectively or individually.
2. For this handout, we are going to concentrate only on S and P levels.
Shape of a S orbital is a sphere.

Shape of a P orbital is a dumbbell.

3. Lets now analyze how carbon can bond in various structures.


Basic orbital diagram for carbon:

1S2

2S2

2Px

2Pz

2Py

For CH4
One of the electrons in the 2S2 sublevel is excited so that it moves into the empty P2 level.
Each hydrogen has 1 electron from its 1S shell that can now combine with each of the
electrons in the below new structure:
Basic orbital diagram for carbon:

1S2

2S

2Px

2Py

2Pz

1
Indian River State College, ASC
5/30/13

There are now 4 orbitals looking for 4 electrons (one each from the hydrogen atoms) so that the CH4
molecule shares the 4 electrons with the carbon atom, as shown below.

1S2

1S1

2S

2Px

1S1

1S1

2P2

2Py

1S1

Structurally, the valence electron structure will look like the figure below and, because one of the
electrons from the original jumped into the vacant P level, we have a SP3 hybridized structure which
will be 25% S and 75% P.

H1

************
2
Indian River State College, ASC
5/30/13

C2H4

H
C

First step is for the electron to be excited in the carbon atoms so that we have the following individual
orbital:

1S2

2S2

2Px

2Py

2Pz

1S2

2S2

2Px

2Py

2Pz

1S1

1S1

C1

C2

1S1

1S1

4H1

3
Indian River State College, ASC
5/30/13

Next, the electron orbitals combine as follows (valence electrons only)

2S2

2Py

2Px

2Pz

C1
form
a
bond

2S2

2Py

2Px

2Pz

C2

1S1

1S1

1S1

1S1

4H1

Since each carbon is bonded with only 2 other hydrogen atoms, it is called a SP2 bond + AP bond to
show a double bond.

************
Lets discuss the H - C

C - H structure.

2S2

2Px

2Py

2Pz

2S2

2Px

2Py

2Pz

C1

C2

1S1

1S1

2H
4
Indian River State College, ASC
5/30/13

Now, they will bond as follows:

2S2

2Px

2Py

2Pz

C1

2S2

2Px

C2

2Py

1S1

2Pz

1S1

2H

Practice drawing the bond as demonstrated above. Draw the following and discuss with ASC Instructor.
Structure: NF3

5
Indian River State College, ASC
5/30/13

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