2.

6
TEXAS ESSENTIAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

Proving Geometric Relationships

Essential Question

How can you use a flowchart to prove a

mathematical statement?
Matching Reasons in a Flowchart Proof

G.6.A

Work with a partner. Match each reason with the correct step in the flowchart.
Given AC = AB + AB

APPLYING
MATHEMATICS
To be proficient in math,
you need to map
relationships using such
tools as diagrams,
two-way tables, graphs,
flowcharts, and formulas.

Prove AB = BC

AC = AB + AB

AB + AB = AB + BC

AB + BC = AC

AB = BC

A. Segment Addition Postulate (Post. 1.2) B. Given

C. Transitive Property of Equality

D. Subtraction Property of Equality

Matching Reasons in a Flowchart Proof

Work with a partner. Match each reason with the correct step in the flowchart.
Given m1 = m3

Prove mEBA = mCBD

m 1 = m 3

123

m EBA = m 2 + m 3

m EBA = m 2 + m 1

m EBA = m 1 + m 2

m 1 + m 2 = m CBD

m EBA = m CBD

A. Angle Addition Postulate (Post. 1.4)

B. Transitive Property of Equality

C. Substitution Property of Equality

D. Angle Addition Postulate (Post. 1.4)

E. Given

F. Commutative Property of Addition

Communicate Your Answer

3. How can you use a flowchart to prove a mathematical statement?
4. Compare the flowchart proofs above with the two-column proofs in the

Section 2.5 Explorations. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Section 2.6

Proving Geometric Relationships

105

2.6 Lesson

What You Will Learn

Write flowchart proofs to prove geometric relationships.
Write paragraph proofs to prove geometric relationships.

Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
flowchart proof, or flow proof,
p. 106
paragraph proof, p. 108

Writing Flowchart Proofs

Another proof format is a flowchart proof, or flow proof, which uses boxes and
arrows to show the flow of a logical argument. Each reason is below the statement
it justifies. A flowchart proof of the Right Angles Congruence Theorem is shown in
Example 1. This theorem is useful when writing proofs involving right angles.

Theorem
Theorem 2.3 Right Angles Congruence Theorem
All right angles are congruent.
Proof Example 1, p. 106

STUDY TIP
When you prove a theorem,
write the hypothesis of
the theorem as the Given
statement. The conclusion is
what you must Prove.

Proving the Right Angles Congruence Theorem

Use the given flowchart proof to write a two-column proof of the Right Angles
Congruence Theorem.
Given 1 and 2 are right angles.
Prove 1 2

Flowchart Proof
1 and 2 are right angles.
Given

m1 = 90, m2 = 90

ml = m2

Definition of right angle

Transitive Property
of Equality

l 2
Definition of
congruent angles

Two-Column Proof
STATEMENTS

REASONS

1. 1 and 2 are right angles.

1. Given

2. m1 = 90, m2 = 90

2. Definition of right angle

3. m1 = m2

3. Transitive Property of Equality

4. 1 2

4. Definition of congruent angles

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

1. Copy and complete the flowchart proof.

Then write a two-column proof.

BC
, DC
BC

Given AB
Prove B C

BC
, DC
BC

AB
Given

106

Chapter 2

Reasoning and Proofs

B C
Definition of lines

Theorems
Theorem 2.4 Congruent Supplements Theorem
If two angles are supplementary to the same angle
(or to congruent angles), then they are congruent.
2

If 1 and 2 are supplementary and 3 and 2

are supplementary, then 1 3.

Proof Example 2, p. 107 (case 1); Ex. 20, p. 113 (case 2)

Theorem 2.5 Congruent Complements Theorem

If two angles are complementary to the same
angle (or to congruent angles), then they
are congruent.
If 4 and 5 are complementary and 6
and 5 are complementary, then 4 6.

Proof Ex. 19, p. 112 (case 1); Ex. 22, p. 113 (case 2)
To prove the Congruent Supplements Theorem, you must prove two cases: one
with angles supplementary to the same angle and one with angles supplementary to
congruent angles. The proof of the Congruent Complements Theorem also requires
two cases.

Proving a Case of Congruent Supplements Theorem

Use the given two-column proof to write a flowchart proof that proves that two angles
supplementary to the same angle are congruent.
Given 1 and 2 are supplementary.
3 and 2 are supplementary.
Prove 1 3

Two-Column Proof
STATEMENTS

REASONS

1. 1 and 2 are supplementary.

1. Given

2. m1 + m2 = 180,

2. Definition of supplementary angles

3. m1 + m2 = m3 + m2

3. Transitive Property of Equality

4. m1 = m3

4. Subtraction Property of Equality

5. 1 3

5. Definition of congruent angles

3 and 2 are supplementary.

m3 + m2 = 180

Flowchart Proof
1 and 2 are supplementary.
Given

Definition of
supplementary angles

3 and 2 are supplementary.

Given

m1 + m2 = 180

m3 + m2 = 180
Defifinition
i i off
supplementary angles

m1 + m2 = m3 + m2
Transitive Property of Equality

m1 = m3
Subtraction Property of Equality

1 3
Defi
D
finition
i i off congruent angles

Section 2.6

Proving Geometric Relationships

107

Writing Paragraph Proofs

Another proof format is a paragraph proof, which presents the statements and
reasons of a proof as sentences in a paragraph. It uses words to explain the logical flow
of the argument.
Two intersecting lines form pairs of vertical angles and linear pairs. The Linear
Pair Postulate formally states the relationship between linear pairs. You can use this
postulate to prove the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem.

Postulate and Theorem

Postulate 2.8 Linear Pair Postulate
If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.
1 and 2 form a linear pair, so 1 and 2
are supplementary and ml + m2 = 180.

Theorem 2.6 Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem

Vertical angles are congruent.
1

2
4

1 3, 2 4

Proof Example 3, p. 108

Proving the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem

Use the given paragraph proof to write
a two-column proof of the Vertical Angles
Congruence Theorem.
Given 5 and 7 are vertical angles.

STUDY TIP
In paragraph proofs,
transitional words such as
so, then, and therefore
help make the logic clear.

7
5 6

Prove 5 7

Paragraph Proof
5 and 7 are vertical angles formed by intersecting lines. As shown in the diagram,
5 and 6 are a linear pair, and 6 and 7 are a linear pair. Then, by the Linear Pair
Postulate, 5 and 6 are supplementary and 6 and 7 are supplementary. So, by the
Congruent Supplements Theorem, 5 7.

JUSTIFYING STEPS
You can use information
labeled in a diagram in
your proof.

Two-Column Proof
STATEMENTS

REASONS

1. 5 and 7 are vertical angles.

1. Given

2. 5 and 6 are a linear pair.

2. Definition of linear pair,

6 and 7 are a linear pair.

as shown in the diagram

3. 5 and 6 are supplementary.

3. Linear Pair Postulate

4. 5 7

4. Congruent Supplements Theorem

6 and 7 are supplementary.

108

Chapter 2

Reasoning and Proofs

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

2. Copy and complete the two-column proof. Then write a flowchart proof.

Given
Prove

AB = DE, BC = CD

CE

AC

STATEMENTS

REASONS

1. AB = DE, BC = CD

1. Given

2. AB + BC = BC + DE

2. Addition Property of Equality

3. ___________________________

3. Substitution Property of Equality

4. AB + BC = AC, CD + DE = CE

4. _____________________________

5. ___________________________

5. Substitution Property of Equality

CE

6. AC

6. _____________________________

3. Rewrite the two-column proof in Example 3 without using the Congruent

Supplements Theorem. How many steps do you save by using the theorem?

Using Angle Relationships

Find the value of x.

SOLUTION
TPS and QPR are vertical angles. By the
Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem, the angles
are congruent. Use this fact to write and solve
an equation.
mTPS = mQPR
148 = (3x + 1)
147 = 3x

(3x + 1)

148 P
R

Definition of congruent angles

Substitute angle measures.
Subtract 1 from each side.

49 = x

Divide each side by 3.

So, the value of x is 49.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Use the diagram and the given angle measure

to find the other three angle measures.
4

4. m1 = 117

1
3

5. m2 = 59
6. m4 = 88
7. Find the value of w.

(5w + 3)
98

Section 2.6

Proving Geometric Relationships

109

Using the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem

Write a paragraph proof.
Given 1 4
Prove 2 3

Paragraph Proof
1 and 4 are congruent. By the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem, 1 2
and 3 4. By the Transitive Property of Angle Congruence (Theorem 2.2),
2 4. Using the Transitive Property of Angle Congruence (Theorem 2.2) once
more, 2 3.

Monitoring Progress

Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

8. Write a paragraph proof.

Given 1 is a right angle.

2

Prove 2 is a right angle.

Concept Summary
Types of Proofs
Symmetric Property of Angle Congruence (Theorem 2.2)

Given 1 2
Prove 2 1
1

Two-Column Proof
STATEMENTS

REASONS

1. 1 2

1. Given

2. m1 = m2

2. Definition of congruent angles

3. m2 = m1

3. Symmetric Property of Equality

4. 2 1

4. Definition of congruent angles

Flowchart Proof

1 2

m1 = m2

m2 = m1

2 1

Given

Definition of
congruent angles

Symmetric Property
of Equality

Definition of
congruent angles

Paragraph Proof

1 is congruent to 2. By the definition of congruent angles, the measure of 1 is

equal to the measure of 2. The measure of 2 is equal to the measure of 1 by the
Symmetric Property of Equality. Then by the definition of congruent angles, 2 is
congruent to 1.
110

Chapter 2

Reasoning and Proofs

Exercises

2.6

Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. WRITING Explain why all right angles are congruent.
2. VOCABULARY What are the two types of angles that are formed by intersecting lines?

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 36, identify the pair(s) of congruent
angles in the figures. Explain how you know they are
congruent. (See Examples 1, 2, and 3.)

In Exercises 1114, find the values of x and y.

(See Example 4.)
11.

P
50

N
50
S

(7y 12)

(6y + 8)

(6x 26)

13.
F

4x

(7y 34)

5y

(9x 4)

4.

12.

(8x + 7)

3.

45
44

L W

58
32
X
Z

5.

(18y 18)

(6x + 50)
6(x + 2)

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 15 and 16, describe

and correct the error in using the diagram to find the

value of x.

2(5x 5)
(5y + 5)
(7y 9)

16y

H
G

14.

(10x 4)

(13x + 45)

6. ABC is supplementary to CBD.

(6x + 2)

(12x 40)
(19x + 3)

CBD is supplementary to DEF.

F

15.
A

(13x + 45) + (19x + 3) = 180

32x + 48 = 180
32x = 132

In Exercises 710, use the diagram and the given

anglemeasure to find the other three measures.
(See Example 3.)

x = 4.125
16.

7. m1 = 143
43
8. m3 = 159
59
9. m2 = 34
4

1
3

(13x + 45) + (12x 40) = 90

25x + 5 = 90
25x = 85
x = 3.4

10. m4 = 29
9

Section 2.6

Proving Geometric Relationships

111

17. PROOF Copy and complete the flowchart proof. Then write a two-column proof.

(See Example 1.)

Given 1 3

Prove 2 4

2
4

1 3
Given

2 4

2 3

l 2, 3 4
Vertical Angles
Congruence Theorem
(Theorem 2.6)

18. PROOF Copy and complete the two-column proof. Then write a flowchart proof.

(See Example 2.)

A

Given ABD is a right angle.

CBE is a right angle.

Prove ABC DBE

D

STATEMENTS

REASONS

1. ABD is a right angle.

1. ________________________________

2. ABC and CBD are complementary.

2. Definition of complementary angles

3. DBE and CBD are complementary.

3. ________________________________

4. ABC DBE

4. ________________________________

CBE is a right angle.

19. PROVING A THEOREM Copy and complete the paragraph proof for the

Congruent Complements Theorem (Theorem 2.5). Then write a

two-column proof. (See Example 3.)
Given 1 and 2 are complementary.
1 and 3 are complementary.
Prove 2 3

3
1

1 and 2 are complementary, and 1 and 3 are complementary. By the definition

of _____________ angles, m1 + m2 = 90 and ____________ = 90. By the
__________________________, m1 + m2 = m1 + m3. By the Subtraction
Property of Equality, ___________________. So, 2 3 by the definition of
______________.

112

Chapter 2

Reasoning and Proofs

20. PROVING A THEOREM Copy and complete the two-column proof for the Congruent Supplements

Theorem (Theorem 2.4). Then write a paragraph proof. (See Example 5.)
Given 1 and 2 are supplementary.
3 and 4 are supplementary.
1 4

Prove 2 3
STATEMENTS

REASONS

1. 1 and 2 are supplementary.

1. Given

2. m1 + m2 = 180,

2. ________________________________

3. _________ = m3 + m4

3. Transitive Property of Equality

4. m1 = m4

4. Definition of congruent angles

5. m1 + m2 = _________

5. Substitution Property of Equality

6. m2 = m3

6. ________________________________

7. ________________________________

7. ________________________________

3 and 4 are supplementary.

1 4

m3 + m4 = 180

PROOF In Exercises 2124, write a proof using

any format.

23. Given AEB DEC

Prove AEC DEB

21. Given QRS and PSR are supplementary.

A

Prove QRL PSR

B
L

C
E

JM
, KL
ML
,
24. Given JK

J M, K L

Prove

22. Given 1 and 3 are complementary.

2 and 4 are complementary.

Prove 1 4

JM
ML and JK
KL
J

25. MAKING AN ARGUMENT You overhear your friend

4
2

discussing the diagram shown with a classmate. Your

classmate claims 1 4 because they are vertical
angles. Your friend claims they are not congruent
because he can tell by looking at the diagram. Who
is correct? Support your answer with definitions
or theorems.

1
2

Section 2.6

1
4

Proving Geometric Relationships

113

26. THOUGHT PROVOKING Draw three lines all

28. WRITING How can you save time writing proofs?

intersecting at the same point. Explain how you can

give two of the angle measures so that you can find
the remaining four angle measures.

29. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Find the measure of

each angle in the diagram.

27. CRITICAL THINKING Is the converse of the Linear

(3y + 11)

Pair Postulate (Postulate 2.8) true? If so, write a

biconditional statement. Explain your reasoning.

10y

(4x 22)

(7x + 4)

30. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the students two-column proof.

Given 1 2
1 and 2 are supplementary.
Prove _________________
STATEMENTS

REASONS

1. 1 2

1. Given

2. ml = m2

2. Definition of congruent angles

3. ml + m2 = 180

3. Definition of supplementary angles

4. ml + m1 = 180

4. Substitution Property of Equality

5. 2m1 = 180

5. Simplify.

6. m1 = 90

6. Division Property of Equality

7. m2 = 90

7. Transitive Property of Equality

8. _______________________________

8. ___________________________________

l and 2 are supplementary.

a. What is the student trying to prove?

b. Your friend claims that the last line of the proof should be 1 2, because the
measures of the angles are both 90. Is your friend correct? Explain.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency

Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Use the cube. (Section 1.1)

B

31. Name three collinear points.

32. Name the intersection of plane ABF and plane EHG.
33.

.
Name two planes containing BC

34. Name three planes containing point D.

D
F

35. Name three points that are not collinear.

36. Name two planes containing point J.

114

Chapter 2

Reasoning and Proofs