SEAOC 2011 CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS

Design Parameters for Steel Special Moment Frame

Connections
Scott M. Adan, Ph.D., S.E., SECB, Chair
SEAONC Structural Steel Subcommittee
Principal
Adan Engineering
Oakland, California
Abstract
Current seismic provisions for steel special moment frame
connections require minimum moment ratios to theoretically
force flexural yielding into attaching beams. In some cases,
the provisions also require doubler plates to control column
panel-zone deformation.
The same provisions require
continuity plates when the column web or flange may be
susceptible to local bending or yielding. The fit-up and
welding associated with doubler and continuity plates can be
labor and cost intensive. For many practicing engineers, the
application of these concurrent provisions can be difficult to
distinguish from an economic standpoint. With consideration
of these parameters, this study, as part of the in progress
SEAONC 2010 Special Projects Initiative, examines the
design aspects of steel special moment frame connections and
develops visual aids to assist practicing engineers in the
economical application of the provisions.
Introduction
Steel special moment frames are often used as part of a
structures lateral resisting system in areas with high seismic
risk. The frames provide structural stiffness and stability
through the shear and bending of the beams and columns.
When subjected to earthquake motions, inelastic behavior is
intended to occur through the formation of plastic hinges at
beam-to-column connections and at the column bases.
As a result of material overstrength and strain hardening,
inelastic forces generated by earthquake motions can
significantly exceed design requirements. The connections
must be proportioned and detailed to accommodate this
inelastic behavior.
The special requirements associated with the design and
construction of moment frame connections for high seismic
applications are published primarily in Chapter E of
ANSI/AISC 341, Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel
Buildings (hereafter referred to as the Provisions) (AISC

2010a). Chapter E references requirements published in

ANSI/AISC 358, Prequalified Connections for Special and
Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for Seismic Applications,
(hereafter referred to as AISC 358 (AISC 2010b). Both the
Provisions and AISC 358 contain references to ANSI/AISC
360, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (hereafter
referred to as the Specification) (AISC 2010c).
These design and detailing requirements are intended to
achieve a strong-column/weak-beam condition and to enable
ductile flexural response in regions where inelastic behavior
may occur.
Column-Beam Moment Ratio
In a single-story mechanism, inelastic response is dominated
by the formation of a plastic hinge at the top and bottom of a
single-story column. This undesirable phenomenon can
result in a significant concentration of drift and instability
within a frame. To avoid this, a strong-column/weak beam
formulation can promote multi-story mechanisms dominated
by plastic hinges in the beams. The provision cannot
guarantee that individual frame columns will not yield, but
that yielding of the beams rather that the columns will
predominate.
With some exceptions, Section E3.4a of the Provisions
requires the relationship equation, E3-1, reproduced here, be
satisfied at beam-to-column connections:
M *pc
>1
M *pb

It is permitted by equation E3-2a, reproduced here, to

determine M *pc as follows:

M *pc = Z c (Fyc Puc / Ag )

where:

the summation of the moments at the column faces as

determined by projecting the expected moments at the plastic
hinge points to the column faces as follows:

Zc = plastic section modulus of the column, in.3

Fyc = Fy of the column, ksi
Puc = required compressive strength using LRFD load
combinations, kips (a positive number)
Ag = gross area of the column, in.2

Ru =

It is also permitted by equation E3-3a, reproduced here, to

determine M *pb as follows:

(4)

where:

db = beam depth,
in.

M *pb = (1.1Ry Fyb Z b + M uv )

The equation to determine the larger and smaller values of the

expected moment at the face of the column can be expressed
as follows:

where:
of the expected yield stress to the specified
Ry = ratio
minimum yield stress, Fy (per Table A3.1 of the
Provisions)
Fyb = Fy of the beam, ksi
Zb = plastic section modulus of the beam, in.3

The equation to determine the additional moment due to

shear amplification from the location of the plastic hinge to
the column centerline can be expressed as follows:
Muv = (Vh+Vh)(dc/2+Sh)

M f
Vcol
db

Mf = 1.1RyMp + VhSh

(4)

Mf = 1.1RyMp + Vh Sh

(5)

The equation to determine the column shear can be expressed

as follows:

Vcol =

(1)

M f
h

(6)

where:
where:

height above and below the joint, in.

h = average story

dc = column depth, in.

Sh = distance from the column face to the plastic hinge, in.
The equations to determine the larger and smaller values of
shear force at the plastic hinge can be expressed as follows:
Vh = 2[1.1RyMp]/Lh+ wuLh/2

(2)

Vh= 2[1.1RyMp]/Lh wuLh/2

(3)

Where:
Mp = FyZ = nominal plastic flexural strength, kip-in.
Lh = distance between plastic hinges, in.
wu = uniform beam gravity load, kips per linear ft.
Doubler Plates
At the connection to a beam, the column panel-zone must
have adequate thickness to prevent excessive distortion or
shear buckling. If the thickness is insufficient, the panel-zone
can be strengthened with the addition of a doubler plate.
As defined by Section E3.6e.(1) of the Provisions, the
required shear strength of the panel-zone is determined from

In most instances, the nominal panel-zone shear strength, is

determined by Equation J10-11, reproduced here, of Section
J10.6 of the Specification:

3b t 2
v Rn = 0.60Fy dc t w 1+ cf cf
db d c t w
For Puc

0.75 Pc

where:

v =1.0 per Section E3.6e(1) of the Provisions

dc = column depth, in.

tw = column web thickness, in.
bcf = column flange width, in.
tcf = column flange thickness, in.
Pc =FyA, axial yield strength of the column, kips
To identify the plastic panel-zone deformation contribution to
the shear strength, Equation J10-11 can be written as:

vRn = 0.6Fy dctwVpz

(7)

Example 1: Special Moment Frame Connection

Design

where:
3b t 2
V pz = 1+ cf cf
db dc t w

(8)

The individual thickness of the column web and/or doubler

plates, if required, is determined by Equation E3-7,
reproduced here, of Section E3.63.(2) of the Provisions:
t (dz + wz)/90

Given:
Refer to the special moment frame connection J-1 shown in
Figure 1. Determine the connection design parameters for the
W14257 column and W36150 beam. The beam and
column are both ASTM A992 wide-flange sections (Fy = 50
ksi, Fu = 65 ksi, Es =29,000 ksi).

where:

W14257 d = 16.4 in. bf = 16.0 in.

tf = 1.89 in. Ag = 75.6 in.2

tw = 1.18 in.
Zx = 487 in.3

t = thickness of column web or doubler plate, in.

dz = depth of the panel-zone between beam flanges, in.
wz = width of panel-zone between column flanges, in.

W36150 d = 35.9 in. bf = 12.0 in.

tf = 0.94 in. Ag = 44.2 in.2

tw = 0.63 in.
Zx = 581 in.3

With some exceptions Equation E3-7 can be written as:

t [(db-2tbf )+ (dc-2tcf)]/90

(9)

Continuity Plates
At the connection to a beam, the column flange must be
sufficiently rigid to prevent deformation or local bending.
The column web must also be sufficiently rigid to prevent
local yielding due to the corresponding high state of stress
concentrations. The installation of stiffeners or continuity
plates can address these local limit states. If the flange and
web thicknesses are sufficient, the concentrated beam flange
forces can be adequately transferred without the required
stiffening effects or secondary load path.
Section E3.6f of the Provisions requires continuity plates
unless the column flange thickness satisfies equations E3-8
and E3-9, reproduced here:

t cf 0.4 1.8bbf t bf

t cf

Fyb Ryb
Fyc Ryc

bcf
6

where:
bbf = beam flangewidth, in.
tbf = beam flange thickness, in.
tcf = minimum required thickness of column flange when no
continuity plates are provided, in.
Fyc = Fy of the column, ksi
Ryb = Ry of the beam (per Table A3.1 of the Provisions)
Ryc = Ry of the column (per Table A3.1 of the Provisions)

Figure 1. Special moment frame elevation for

Example 1.
Assume the factored uniform distributed load on the beam, wu
= 1.0 kips/ft and the factored axial load on the column, Puc =
100 kips. Also, assume the beam-to-column connection is a
prequalified welded unreinforced flange-welded web (WUFW) per AISC-358 and that both the beam and column are
highly ductile members per Section D1.1b of the Provisions.
In the beam-to-column connection, per Section 8.7 Step 2 of
AISC 358, the plastic hinge location is taken to be at the face
of the column. That is, Sh= 0in.
Solution:
Step 1: Determine the connection moment ratio.
Determine the sum of projections of the nominal flexural
strengths of the columns per Eq. E3-2a of the Provisions:
Mpc*= 2(487in.3)(1ft./12in.)(50ksi-100kips/75.6in.2)

Check that the required column axial compressive strength is

less than or equal to the axial yield strength per Eq. J10-11 of
the Specification:

Mpc*= 3951kip-ft.
Determine the distance between plastic hinges, Lh:

Puc

Lh= 30ft.-16.4in.(1ft./12in.) = 28.6ft.

Determine the expected shear force at the plastic hinge using
Eq. (2):

Therefore, determine the plastic panel-zone deformation

contribution to the shear strength using Eq. (8):

Vh = 2[1.1(1.1)(50ksi)(581in. )(1ft./12in.)/(28.6ft.)]
+1.0 kip/ft.(28.6ft.)/2
Vh = 218.9kips

3(16in.)(1.89in.) 2
V pz = 1+
= 1.25
(35.9in.)(16.4in.)(1.18in.)

Determine the nominal panel-zone shear strength of the

column using Eq. (7):

Because the connection is single sided, Vh = 0 kips.

vRn = 0.60(50ksi)(16.4in.)(1.18in.)(1.25)

Determine the additional moment due to shear amplification

from the location of the plastic hinge to the column centerline
using Eq. (1):

vRn = 726kips < 770kips n.g.

Therefore, determine the required panel-zone thickness, tpz,
using the following equation:

Muv = (218.9kips)(16.4in.)(1ft./12in.)/2) = 149.6kip-ft.

tpz tcwRu/vRn

Determine the sum of the projections of the expected flexural

strength of the beam per Eq. E3-3a of the Provisions:

Determine the required doubler plate thickness, tdp, using Eq.

(9):

Mpb*= 3079kip-ft.

tdp {[35.9in.-2(0.94in.)]+ [16.4in.-2(1.18in.)]}/90

Determine the moment ratio of the connection per Eq. E3-1

of the Provisions:

tdp 0.53in.

3051kip-ft./3079kip-ft.=1.3 > 1.0 o.k.

Therefore, try a 5/8 in. doubler plate, tdp = 0.63in., and check
if the doubler plate provides adequate panel-zone thickness
using the following equation:

Step 2: Determine if a doubler plate is required.

Determine the expected moment at the face of the column
using Eq. (4):

tcw+ tdp tpz

Therefore, a 5/8 in. doubler plate is adequate.

Determine the column shear using Eq. (6):

Step 3: Determine if a continuity plate need not be

provided.

2(2929kip ft.)
= 209kips
2(14 ft.)

Determine if the thickness of the column flange satisfies Eqs.

E3-8 and E3-9 of the Provisions:

Determine the required panel-zone shear strength using Eq.

(4):
Ru =

2929kip ft.
209kips = 770kips
35.9in.(1 ft./12in.)

t cf 0.4 1.8(12.0in.)(0.94in.)

(11)

1.18in.+ 0.63in.= 1.81in. > 1.25in. o.k.

Mf = 1.1(1.1)(50ksi)(581in.3)(1ft./12in.) = 2929kip-ft.

Vcol =

(10)

tpz (1.18in.)(770kips)/(1.0)(726kips) = 1.25in.

Mpb*=(1.1)(1.1)(50ksi)(581in. 3)(1ft./12in.)+149.6kip-ft.

0.75(50ksi)(75.6) = 2835kips o.k.

50ksi(1.1)
50ksi(1.1)

= 1.80in. < 1.89in. o.k.

t cf

12.0in.
6

=2.0in. > 1.89in. n.g.

Therefore, continuity plates must be provided.

Visual Aids
With consideration of the calculated parameters associated
with moment ratios, doubler, and continuity plates, visual
representations of the requirements for most highly ductile
single-sided W14 columns are presented herein. The visual
aids are shown in Figures 2 through 25. In the even
numbered figures, the moment ratios and continuity plate
requirements are displayed. In the odd numbered figures, the
required double plate thicknesses are displayed. The specific
beam-to-column connection design parameters associated
with Example 1 are displayed in Figures 16 and 17.
The figures are limited to multi-story connections (column
above and below the joint) and were developed with the
assumptions indicated in Example 1, including the following:

Beam span =30ft.

Average column height =14ft.
Factored uniform beam load = 1kip/ft.
Factored axial column load = 100kips
Plastic hinge location at the column face.
Beam flanges not reduced.

Beam
Span,
ft

Load,
w u,
kips/ft

S h,
in.

Column
Height,
h, ft

Moment
Ratio

Variation

20
30
40
20
30
40
20
30
40
20
30
40
20
30
40

1.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12
12
12
24
24
24

14
14
14
14
14
14
16
16
16
14
14
14
14
14
14

1.25
1.28
1.30
1.25
1.28
1.30
1.25
1.28
1.30
1.12
1.19
1.22
0.98
1.10
1.15

0.98
1.00
1.02
0.98
1.00
1.02
0.98
1.00
1.02
0.88
0.93
0.95
0.76
0.86
0.90

Table 1. Moment ratio parameter variation

summary. Example 1 parameters shown bold.
Beam
Span,
ft

Load,
w u,
kips/ft

S h,
in.

Column
Height,
h, ft

Panel
Zone, tpz,
in

Variation

20
30
40
20
30
40
20
30
40

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

0
0
0
12
12
12
24
24
24

14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

1.25
1.25
1.25
1.41
1.36
1.33
1.60
1.47
1.41

1.00
1.00
1.00
1.13
1.08
1.06
1.28
1.18
1.13

In order to determine the effect of these assumptions, a series

of parametric studies were performed. For example, as
shown in Tables 1 and 2, beam spans of 20 and 40 ft. were
shown to have only a slight influence on modifying moment
ratios and required panel-zone thicknesses, assuming other
parameters remained constant. Likewise as shown in Table
1, an increase in the uniform load or column height did not
significantly influence the moment ratios. As the variation
for the uniform load and column heights were negligible for
required panel-zone thicknesses, they were not included in
Table 2.

Table 2. Panel-zone thickness parameter variation

summary. Example 1 parameters shown bold.

As indicated in Tables 1 and 2, the parameter that did

significantly influence the both the moment ratio and the
required panel zone thickness was the distance to the plastic
hinge, Sh. The increasing plastic hinge distance lowered the
moment ratios and increased the required panel zone
thicknesses proportionally. As stated in the example, the
WUF-W plastic hinge is assumed to form at the face of the
column (AISC 2010b). However, in other prequalified

connections such as the reduced beam section (RBS), bolted

end plate (BEP), bolted flange plate (BFP), or Kaiser bolted
bracket (KBB), the plastic hinge forms at a set distance away
from the column face. Therefore, for connections with larger
plastic hinge distances, additional verification on a case-bycase basis may be a consideration. This study did not
consider the influence of flange width reduction, consistent
with the RBS, on any of the parameters.

Figure 2. Moment ratios for a single-sided W14x132

column. Gray shaded circles indicate the beam size
where continuity plates are required for that and all
heavier sections in the series.

Figure 3. Doubler plate thickness of a single-sided

W14x132 column. Assumes local buckling of the
doubler plate is not prevented per Section E3.6e(2) of
the Provisions.

Figure 4. Moment ratios for a single-sided W14x145

column. Gray shaded circles indicate the beam size
where continuity plates are required for that and all
heavier sections in the series.

Figure 5. Doubler plate thickness of a single-sided

W14x145 column. Assumes local buckling of the
doubler plate is not prevented per Section E3.6e(2) of
the Provisions.

Figure 6. Moment ratios for a single-sided W14x159

column. Gray shaded circles indicate the beam size
where continuity plates are required for that and all
heavier sections in the series.

Figure 7. Doubler plate thickness of a single-sided

W14x159 column. Assumes local buckling of the
doubler plate is not prevented per Section E3.6e(2) of
the Provisions.

Figure 8. Moment ratios for a single-sided W14x176

column. Gray shaded circles indicate the beam size
where continuity plates are required for that and all
heavier sections in the series.

Figure 9. Doubler plate thickness of a single-sided

W14x176 column. Assumes local buckling of the
doubler plate is not prevented per Section E3.6e(2) of
the Provisions.

Figure 10. Moment ratios for a single-sided

W14x193 column. Gray shaded circles indicate the
beam size where continuity plates are required for that
and all heavier sections in the series.

Figure 11. Doubler plate thickness of a singlesided W14x193 column. Assumes local buckling of
the doubler plate is not prevented per Section E3.6e(2)
of the Provisions.

Figure 12. Moment ratios for a single-sided

W14x211 column. Gray shaded circles indicate the
beam size where continuity plates are required for that
and all heavier sections in the series.

Figure 13. Doubler plate thickness of a single-sided

W14x211 column. Assumes local buckling of the
doubler plate is not prevented per Section E3.6e(2) of
the Provisions.

Figure 14. Moment ratios for a single-sided

W14x233 column. Gray shaded circles indicate the
beam size where continuity plates are required for that
and all heavier sections in the series.

Figure 15. Doubler plate thickness of a singlesided W14x233 column. Assumes local buckling of
the doubler plate is not prevented per Section E3.6e(2)
of the Provisions.

Figure 16. Moment ratios for a single-sided

W14x257 column. Gray shaded circles indicate the
beam size where continuity plates are required for that
and all heavier sections in the series.

Figure 17. Doubler plate thickness of a single-sided

W14x257 column. Assumes local buckling of the
doubler plate is not prevented per Section E3.6e(2) of
the Provisions.

Figure 18. Moment ratios for a single-sided

W14x283 column. Gray shaded circles indicate the
beam size where continuity plates are required for that
and all heavier sections in the series.

Figure 19. Doubler plate thickness of a singlesided W14x283 column. Assumes local buckling of
the doubler plate is not prevented per Section E3.6e(2)
of the Provisions.

Figure 20. Moment ratios for a single-sided

W14x311 column. Gray shaded circles indicate the
beam size where continuity plates are required for that
and all heavier sections in the series.

Figure 21. Doubler plate thickness of a single-sided

W14x311 column. Assumes local buckling of the
doubler plate is not prevented per Section E3.6e(2) of
the Provisions.

10

Figure 22. Moment ratios for a single-sided

W14x342 column. Gray shaded circles indicate the
beam size where continuity plates are required for that
and all heavier sections in the series. Continuity plates
are not required for any of the W21 or W36 beams.

Figure 23. Doubler plate thickness of a singlesided W14x342 column. Assumes local buckling of
the doubler plate is not prevented per Section E3.6e(2)
of the Provisions.

Figure 24. Moment ratios for a single-sided

W14x370 column. Gray shaded circles indicate the
beam size where continuity plates are required for that
and all heavier sections in the series. Continuity plates
are not required for any of the W21 or W36 beams.

Figure 25. Doubler plate thickness of a single-sided

W14x370 column. Assumes local buckling of the
doubler plate is not prevented per Section E3.6e(2) of
the Provisions.

11

In general, the continuity plate requirements are not

influenced by the assumed parameters. Therefore, the effects
they may have on the associated requirements were not
considered.

information. Users of the information in this publication

assume all liability arising from such use.

Summary and Conclusions

AISC, 2010a, AISC/ANSI 341-10 Seismic Provisions for

Structural Steel Buildings, 2010, American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC), Chicago, Illinois.

A study was performed to consider parameters associated

with steel special moment frame connection design. The
parameters include moment ratios to promote strongcolumn/weak-beam mechanisms, doubler plates to control
panel-zone deformation, and continuity plates to address local
flange bending or web yielding.
The corresponding code design provisions were reviewed and
an example was illustrated. The example included the design
of a typical moment frame single-sided beam-to-column
connection. To further illustrate the provisions, a series of
visual aids were developed. The visual aids provide a means
to distinguish the concurrent provisions from an economic
standpoint in that the elimination of doubler or continuity
plates can often provide significant cost savings in steel
fabrication.
The development of the visual aids required a number of
assumptions with respect to beam spans, column heights,
loading, and connection configuration. As part of the study,
these parameters were examined independently to
understanding their influence on the overall design
provisions.
In general, the visual aids provide reasonable design
estimations when it is assumed the beam plastic hinge occurs
at or near the column face. When the plastic hinge occurs
away from column face, the aids can still provide a
reasonable estimation, but further verification is also
recommended.
The limit on paper length in these proceedings precludes
further development of the visual aids, particularly with
respect to double-sided connections or deep section columns.
Those further aids, currently under development, will the
focus of a future supplemental paper.
Acknowledgements
The Structural Engineers Association of Northern California
(SEAONC), as part of the 2010 Special Projects Initiative
provided funding for this project. While endeavoring to
provide practical and accurate information in this publication,
neither SEAONC including its board, committees, and
members nor the author, assume liability for, nor make any
expressed or implied warranty with regard to, the use of its

12

References

AISC, 2010b, AISC/ANSI 358-10 Prequalified Connections

for Special and Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for
Seismic Applications, 2010, AISC, Chicago, Illinois.
AISC, 2010c, AISC/ANSI 360-10 Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings, 2010, AISC, Chicago, Illinois.