Shivaji

For Shivaji (disambiguation), see Shivaji (disambiguation).

Shivaji Bhonsle (Marathi [iai bos()le]; c.
1627/1630[2] 3 April 1680), also known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, was an Indian warrior king and
a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan. Shivaji carved
out an enclave from the declining Adilshahi sultanate of
Bijapur that formed the genesis of the Maratha Empire.
In 1674, he was formally crowned as the Chhatrapati
(Monarch) of his realm at Raigad.
Shivaji established a competent and progressive civil rule
with the help of a disciplined military and well-structured
administrative organisations. He innovated military tactics, pioneering the guerrilla warfare methods (Shiva sutra or ganimi kava), which leveraged strategic factors like
geography, speed, and surprise and focused pinpoint attacks to defeat his larger and more powerful enemies.
From a small contingent of 2,000 soldiers inherited from
his father, Shivaji created a force of 100,000 soldiers;
he built and restored strategically located forts both inland and coastal to safeguard his territory. He revived
ancient Hindu political traditions and court conventions
and promoted the usage of Marathi and Sanskrit, rather
than Persian, in court and administration.

Shivajis birthplace on Shivneri Fort.

Sultanates.[9] His mother was Jijabai, the daughter of

Lakhujirao Jadhav of Sindkhed (Sindkhed Raja). At the
time of Shivajis birth, the power in Deccan was shared
by three Islamic sultanates: Bijapur, Ahmednagar, and
Golconda. Shahaji often changed his loyalty between the
Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar, the Adilshah of Bijapur and
the Mughals, but always kept his jagir (efdom) at Pune
and his small army with him.[9]

Shivajis legacy was to vary by observer and time but began to take on increased importance with the emergence
of the Indian independence movement, as many elevated
him as a proto-nationalist and hero of the Hindus. Particularly in Maharashtra, debates over his history and role
have engendered great passion and sometimes even violence as disparate groups have sought to characterise him
and his legacy.

1.1 Upbringing
Shivaji was extremely devoted to his mother Jijabai, who
was deeply religious. This religious environment had a
great impact on Shivaji, and he carefully studied the two
great Hindu epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata; these
were to inuence his lifelong defence of Hindu values.[10]
Throughout his life he was deeply interested in religious
teachings, and regularly sought the company of Hindu
and Su saints.[4]

Early life

Shahaji, meanwhile had married a second wife, Tuka Bai

of the Mohite family, and moved to Karnataka to lead a
military campaign on behalf of Adilshahi. He left Shivaji
and Jijabai in his Pune holdings in the care of his administrator, Dadoji Konddeo. Dadoji Konddeo made signicant contributions in teaching Shivaji basic ghting techniques such as horse riding, archery and marksmanship,
patta and others.[11] Shivaji as a boy was a keen outdoorsman and, though he received little formal education and
most likely could neither read nor write, he is said to have
possessed considerable erudition.[12][13][14] Shivaji drew
his earliest trusted comrades and a large number of his
soldiers from the Maval region, including Yesaji Kank,

Main article: Early life of Shivaji

Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of Shivneri, near the city
of Junnar in Pune district around the year 1630. The Government of Maharashtra accepts 19 February 1630 as his
birthdate; other suggested dates include 6 April 1627 or
other dates near this day.[3][4][5] Per legend, his mother
named him Shivaji in honour of the goddess Shivai, to
whom she had prayed for a healthy child.[6] Shivaji was
named after this local deity.[7][8] Shivajis father Shahaji
Bhonsle was Maratha general who served the Deccan
1

2 CONFLICT WITH ADILSHAHI SULTANATE

1653 or 1655; during this period Shivaji maintained a low
prole.[23] After his release, Shahaji retired from public
life, and died around 16641665 during a hunting accident. Following his fathers death, Shivaji resumed raiding, seizing the kingdom of Javali from a neighbouring
Maratha chieftain in 1656.[24]

2.1 Combat with Afzal Khan

Shivaji with Jijabai.

Suryaji Kakade, Baji Pasalkar, Baji Prabhu Deshpande

and Tanaji Malusare.[15] In the company of his Maval
comrades, Shivaji wandered over the hills and forests of
the Sahyadri range, hardening himself and acquiring rsthand knowledge of the land, which was to later prove applicable to his military endeavours.[10]:128
At the age of 12, Shivaji was taken to Bangalore where
he, his elder brother Sambhaji and his stepbrother Ekoji I
were further formally trained. He married Saibai, a member of the prominent Nimbalkar family in 1640.[16]:60
Around 164546, the teenage Shivaji rst expressed his Death of Afzal Khan
concept for Hindavi swarajya, in a letter to Dadaji Naras
Prabhu.[17][18][19][20]
In 1659, Adilshah sent Afzal Khan, an experienced and
veteran general to destroy Shivaji in an eort to put down
what he saw as a regional revolt.

Conict with Adilshahi sultanate

In 1645, the 15-year-old Shivaji bribed or persuaded

the Bijapuri commander of the Torna Fort, Inayat
Khan, to hand over the possession of the fort to
him.[4]:26[16]:61[21]:268 Firangoji Narsala, who held the
Chakan fort professed his loyalty to Shivaji and the
fort of Kondana was acquired by bribing the Adilshahi
governor.[4]:26 On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by Baji Ghorpade under the orders of the current Adilshah, Mohammed Adil Shah, in a bid to contain Shivaji.[22] Accounts vary, with some saying Shahaji was conditionally released in 1649 after Shivaji and
Sambhaji surrendered the forts of Kondana, Bangalore
and Kandarpi,[4] others saying he was imprisoned until

The two met in a hut at the foothills of Pratapgad fort on

10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that
each come armed only with a sword, and attended by a
follower. Shivaji, either suspecting Afzal Khan would attack him[4]:4752[25] or secretly planning to attack,[26] wore
armour beneath his clothes, concealed a bagh nakh (metal
tiger claw) on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right
hand.[21]:22 Accounts vary on whether Shivaji or Afzal
Khan struck the rst blow:[25] the Maratha chronicles accuse Afzal Khan of treachery, while the Persian-language
chronicles attribute the treachery to Shivaji.[27][28] In the
ght, Afzal Khans dagger was stopped by Shivajis armour, and Shivajis weapons inicted mortal wounds on
the general; Shivaji then signalled his hidden troops to
launch the assault on the Bijapuris.[26]

2.4

2.2

Siege of Panhala and Battle of Pavan Khind

Battle of Pratapgarh

Main article: Battle of Pratapgarh

In the ensuing Battle of Pratapgarh fought on 10 Novem-

Pratapgad fort

ber 1659, Shivajis forces decisively defeated the Bijapur

Sultanates forces.[29] The agile Maratha infantry and cavalry inicted rapid strikes on Bijapuri units, attacked the
Bijapuri cavalry before it was prepared for battle, and
pursued retreating troops toward Wai. More than 3,000
soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed and two sons of
Afzal Khan were taken as prisoners.[4]:53
This unexpected and unlikely victory made Shivaji a hero
of Maratha folklore and a legendary gure among his
people. The large quantities of captured weapons, horses,
armour and other materials helped to strengthen the
nascent and emerging Maratha army. The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb now identied Shivaji as a major threat
to the mighty Mughal Empire. Soon thereafter Shivaji,
Shahaji and Netaji Palkar (the chief of the Maratha cavalry) decided to attack and defeat the Adilshahi kingdom
at Bijapur.

Plaque to commemorate the entrance to Paavankhind

2.4 Siege of Panhala and Battle of Pavan

Khind
Main article: Battle of Pavan Khind

In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack

Shivajis southern border, in alliance with the Mughals
who planned to attack from the north. At that time,
Shivaji was encamped at Panhala fort near present-day
Kolhapur with his forces. Siddi Jauhars army besieged
Panhala in mid-1660, cutting o supply routes to the fort.
During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddhi Jahuar had
2.3 Battle of Kolhapur
purchased grenades from the British at Rajapur to increase his ecacy, and also hired some English artilleryMain article: Battle of Kolhapur
men to bombard the fort, conspicuously ying a ag used
by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji,
To counter the loss at Pratapgad and to defeat the newly who in December would exact revenge by plundering the
emerging Maratha power, another army, this time num- English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the facbering over 10,000, was sent against Shivaji, commanded tors, imprisoning them until mid-1663.[31]
by Bijapurs Abyssinian general Rustamjaman. With a
cavalry force of 5,000 Marathas, Shivaji attacked them Accounts vary as to the end of the siege, with some acnear Kolhapur on 28 December 1659. In a swift move- counts stating that Shivaji escaped from the encircled fort
ment, Shivaji led a full frontal attack at the center of the and withdrew to Ragna, following which Ali Adil Shah
siege, capturing the
enemy forces while two other portions of his cavalry at- personally came to take charge of the [32]
fort
after
four
months
besiegement.
Other accounts
tacked the anks. This battle lasted for several hours and
state
that
after
months
of
siege,
Shivaji
negotiated
with
at the end Bijapuri forces were soundly defeated and RusSiddhi
Jahuar
and
handed
over
the
fort
on
22
September
tamjaman ed the battleeld. Adilshahi forces lost about
[33]
Shivaji would later
2,000 horses and 12 elephants to the Marathas. This vic- 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;
[32]
re-take
Panhala
in
1673.
tory alarmed Aurangazeb, who now derisively referred to
Shivaji as the Mountain Rat, and prepared to address There is some dispute over the circumstances of Shivajis
withdrawal (treaty or escape) and his destination (Ragna
this rising Maratha threat.[30]

or Vishalgad), but the popular story details his night

movement to Vishalgad and a sacricial rear-guard action to allow him to escape.[34] Per these accounts, Shivaji withdrew from Panhala by cover of night, and as he
was pursued by the enemy cavalry, so his Maratha sardar
Baji Prabhu Deshpande of Bandal Deshmukh, along with
300 soldiers, volunteered to ght to the death to hold back
the enemy at Ghod Khind (horse ravine) to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety
of the Vishalgad fort.[35] In the ensuing Battle of Pavan
Khind, the smaller Maratha force held back the larger
enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu
Deshpande was wounded but continued to ght until he
heard the sound of cannon re from Vishalgad,[36] signalling Shivaji had safely reached the fort, on the evening
of 13 July 1660.[37] Ghod Khind (khind meaning a narrow mountain pass) was later renamed Paavan Khind
(sacred pass) in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought
in there.[37]

CLASH WITH THE MUGHALS

In April 1663, Shivaji launched a surprise attack on

Shaista Khan in Pune; accounts of the story dier in the
popular imagination, but there is some agreement that
Shivaji and band of some 200 followers inltrated Pune,
using a wedding procession as cover. They overcame
the palace guards, breached the wall, and entered Shaista
Khans quarters, killing those they found there. Shaista
Khan escaped, losing his thumb in the melee, but one of
his sons and other members of his household were killed.
The Khan took refuge with the Moghul forces outside of
Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to Bengal.[39]

An Uzbek general, Kartalab Khan, was sent by Shaista

Khan to attack and reduce the number of forts under
Shivajis control in the Konkan region on 3 February
1661. The 30,000 Mughal troops left Pune, marching
through the back-country in an attempt to surprise the
Marathas. In the Battle of Umberkhind, Shivajis forces
ambushed and enveloped them with infantry and light
cavalry in the dense forests of Umber Khind pass near
present-day Pen. With defeat inevitable, the Mughal
commander, a Maratha woman named Raibagan, advised
Kartalab to parley with Shivaji, who allowed the Mughals
3 Clash with the Mughals
to surrender all their supplies and arms, and depart with
safe passage. In retaliation for Shaista Khans attacks,
Up until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with
and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivthe Mughal Empire. Shivaji oered his assistance to Auaji sacked the city of Surat, a wealthy Mughal trading
rangzeb in conquering Bijapur and in return, he was ascentre.[39]
sured of the formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri
forts and villages under his possession.[4]:37 Shivajis confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when
two of Shivajis ocers raided the Mughal territory near 3.2 Treaty of Purandar
Ahmednagar.[38] This was followed by raids in Junnar,
with Shivaji carrying o 300,000 hun in cash and 200
horses.[4]:38 Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at
Ahmednagar. However, the countermeasures were interrupted by the rainy season and the battle of succession for
the Mughal throne following the illness of Shah Jahan.

3.1

Attack on Shaista Khan

Main article: Battle of Chakan

Upon the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb
sent his maternal uncle Shaista Khan, with an army numbering over 150,000 along with a powerful artillery division in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with
Bijapurs army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with
his better-equipped and -provisioned army of 300,000
seized Pune and the nearby fort of Chakan, besieging it
for a month and a half until breaching the walls. Shaista
Khan pressed his advantage of having a larger, better provisioned and heavily armed Mughal army and made inroads into some of the Maratha territory, seizing the city
of Pune and establishing his residence at Shivajis palace
of Lal Mahal.

Raja Jai Singh of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the Treaty of Purandar.

Main article: Treaty of Purandar (1665)

Aurangzeb was enraged and sent Mirza Raja Jai Singh
I with an army numbering around 150,000[40] to defeat
Shivaji. Jai Singhs forces made signicant gains and
captured many Maratha forts, forcing Shivaji to come
to terms with Aurangzeb rather than lose more forts and
men.

5
In the Treaty of Purandar, signed between Shivaji and Jai
Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of
his forts and pay compensation of 400,000 rupees to the
Mughals. He also agreed to let his son Sambhaji become
a Mughal sardar, serve the Mughal court of Aurangzeb
and ght alongside the Mughals against Bijapur. He actually fought alongside Jai Singhs against Bijapurs for a
few months. One of Shivajis commander, Netaji Palkar
joined the Mughals, was rewarded very well for his bravery, converted to Islam, changed his name to Quli Mohammed Khan in 1666 and was sent to the Afghan frontier to ght the restive tribes. He returned to Shivajis
service in 1676 after ten years with the Mughals, and was
accepted back as a Hindu on Shivajis advice.[41]

3.3

Arrest in Agra and escape

Shivaji feigned severe illness and requested to send most

of his contingent back to the Deccan, thereby ensuring
the safety of his army and deceiving Aurangzeb. Thereafter, on his request, he was allowed to send daily shipments of sweets and gifts to saints, fakirs, and temples in
Agra as oerings for his health. After several days and
weeks of sending out boxes containing sweets, Sambhaji,
being a child had no restrictions and was sent out of the
prison camp and Shivaji, disguised as labourer carrying
sweet basket escaped on 17 August 1666, according to
the Mughal documents.[42] Shivaji and his son ed to the
Deccan disguised as sadhus (holy men). After the escape,
rumours of Sambhajis death were intentionally spread
by Shivaji himself in order to deceive the Mughals and
to protect Sambhaji. Recent research has proposed that
Shivaji simply disguised himself as a Brahmin priest after performance of religious rites at the haveli grounds on
22 July 1666, and escaped by mingling within the departing priestly entourage of Pandit Kavindra Paramananda.
Sambhaji was removed from Agra and taken to Mathura
later by Shivajis trusted men.[43]

4 Reconquest

Statue of Shivaji The Great opposite Gateway of India in South

Mumbai
A depiction of Shivaji in Aurangzeb's court in Agra in 1666.

After Shivajis escape, hostilities ebbed and a treaty lasted

until the end of 1670, when Shivaji launched a major offensive against Mughals, and in a span of four months
recovered a major portion of the territories surrendered
to Mughals. During this phase, Tanaji Malusare won the
fort of Sinhgad in the Battle of Sinhagad on 4 Feb 1670,
dying in the process. Shivaji sacked Surat for second time
in 1670; while he was returning from Surat, Mughals under Daud Khan tried to intercept him, but were defeated
in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day Nashik.

In 1666, Aurangzeb invited Shivaji to Agra, along with

his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzebs plan was to
send Shivaji to Kandahar, now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empires northwestern frontier. However, in the court, on 12 May 1666, Aurangzeb made
Shivaji stand behind mansabdrs (military commanders)
of his court. Shivaji took oence and stormed out of
court,[16]:78 and was promptly placed under house arrest
under the watch of Faulad Khan, Kotwal of Agra. Shivajis spies informed him that Aurangzeb planned to move 4.1 Dealings with the English
Shivaji to Raja Vitthaldas' haveli and then to possibly kill
him or send him to ght in the Afghan frontier, so Shivaji In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the
planned his escape.
British at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war ma-

5 CORONATION

terial, his forces blocked Bombays woodcutting parties. of nascent Maratha kingdom.[19]
In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking material, this time for the ght against
Danda-Rajpuri; the British had misgivings of the advan- 5 Coronation
tages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did
not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation
for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The British sent
Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity.
Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming
years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674,
but Shivaji was never to pay the Rajpur indemnity before
his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of
1682.[44]

4.2

Battle of Nesari

In 1674, Prataprao Gujar, the then commander-in chief

of the Maratha forces, was sent to push back the invading
force led by the Adilshahi general, Bahlol Khan. Pratapraos forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle, after cutting-o their water supply by
encircling a strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan
to sue for peace. In spite of Shivajis specic warnings
against doing so Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who
started preparing for a fresh invasion.

The coronation of Shivaji

Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through

his campaigns, but lacking a formal title he was still technically a Mughal zamindar or the son of an Adilshahi jagirdar, with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. A
kingly title could address this, and also prevent any challenges by other Maratha leaders, to whom he was techRaigad Fort
nically equal; it would also provide the Hindu Marathas
Hindu sovereign in a region otherwise ruled
Shivaji sent a displeased letter to Prataprao, refusing him with a fellow[4]:238
by
Muslims.
audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. In the ensuing days, Shivaji learnt of Bahlol Khan having camped Shivaji was crowned king of the Marathas in a lavwith 15,000 force at Nesari near Kolhapur. Not wanting ish ceremony at Raigad on 6 June 1674.[18][19][46] In
to risk losing his much smaller Maratha force entirely, the Hindu calendar it was on the 13th day (trayodashi)
Prataprao and six of his sardars attacked in a suicide of the rst fortnight of the month of Jyeshtha in the
mission, buying time for Anandrao Mohite to withdraw year 1596.[47] Pandit Gaga Bhatt ociated, holding a
the remainder of the army to safety.[45] The Marathas gold vessel lled with the seven sacred waters of the
avenged the death of Prataprao by defeating Bahlol Khan rivers Yamuna, Indus, Ganges, Godavari, Krishna and
and capturing his jagir (efdom) under the leadership of Kaveri over Shivajis head, and chanted the coronation
Anaji and Hambirao Mohite. Shivaji was deeply grieved mantras. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before Jion hearing of Pratapraos death; he arranged for the mar- jabai and touched her feet. Nearly fty thousand peoriage of his second son, Rajaram, to Pratapraos daughter. ple gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies.[48][49] ShivAnandrao Mohite became Hambirrao Mohite, the new aji was bestowed with the sacred thread jaanva, with the
sarnaubat (commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces). Vedas and was bathed in an abhisheka. Shivaji was entiRaigad Fort was newly built by Hiroji Indulkar as a capital tled Shakakarta (founder of an era)[35] and Kshatriya

7
Kulavantas (head of Kshatriyas"),[50] and Chhatrapati
(paramount sovereign). He also took the title of Haindava Dharmodhhaarak.

7 Death and succession

His mother Jijabai died on 18 June 1674, within a few

days of the coronation. Considering this a bad omen, a
second coronation was carried out 24 September 1674,
this time according to the Bengali school of Tantricism
and presided over by Nischal Puri.[51]
The state as Shivaji founded it was a Maratha kingdom comprising about 4.1% of the subcontinent at the
time he died,[18] but over time it was to increase in size
and heterogeneity,[52] and by the time of the Peshwas
in the early 18th century the Marathas were dominant
across the northern and central regions of the Indian
subcontinent.[53]

Conquest in Southern India

Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, raiding Khandesh (October), capturing
Bijapuri Ponda (April 1675),[54] Karwar (mid-year), and
Kolhapur (July). In November the Maratha navy skirmished with the Siddis of Janjira, and in early 1676
Peshwa Pingale, en route to Surat, engaged the Raja of
Ramnagar in battle. Shivaji raided Athani in March 1676,
and by years end besieged Belgaum and Vayem Rayim
in modern-day northern Karnataka. At the end of 1676,
Shivaji launched a wave of conquests in southern India,
with a massive force of 30,000 cavalry and 20,000 infantry. He captured the Adilshahi forts at Vellore and
Gingee, in modern-day Tamil Nadu. In the run-up to this
expedition Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that the Deccan or Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders.[55] His appeal was somewhat successful and he entered into a treaty
with the Qutubshah of the Golconda sultanate that covered the eastern Deccan. Shivaj's conquests in the south
proved quite crucial during future wars; Gingee served as
Maratha capital for nine years during the Maratha War of
Independence.
Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother
Venkoji (Ekoji I), Shahajis son by his second wife, Tukabai (ne Mohite), who ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) after
Shahaji. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad Shivaji defeated
his half-brothers army on 26 November 1677 and seized
most of his possessions in the Mysore plateau. Venkojis
wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply respected, took up
new negotiations with Shivaji, and also convinced her
husband to distance himself from Muslim advisors. In
the end Shivaji consented to turn over to her and her female descendants many of the properties he had seized,
with Venkoji consenting to a number of conditions for the
proper administration of the territories and maintenance
of Shivajis future Memorial (Samadhi).[56][57][58]

Sambhaji, Shivajis elder son who succeeded him.

See also: Maratha War of Independence

The question of Shivajis heir-apparent was complicated
by the misbehaviour of his eldest son Sambhaji, who was
irresponsible and addicted to sensual pleasures. Unable
to curb this, Shivaji conned his son to Panhala in 1678,
only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect
to the Mughals for a year. Sambhaji then returned home,
unrepentant, and was again conned to Panhala.[59]:551
In late March 1680, Shivaji fell ill with fever and
dysentery,[4]:383 dying around 35 April 1680 at the age
of 52,[21]:278 on the eve of Hanuman Jayanti. Rumours
followed his death, with Muslims opining he had died of a
curse from Jan Muhammad of Jalna, and some Marathas
whispering that his second wife, Soyarabai, had poisoned
him so that his crown might pass to her 10-year-old son
Rajaram.[4]:383
After Shivajis death, the widowed Soyarabai made plans
with various ministers of the administration to crown her
son Rajaram rather than her prodigal stepson Sambhaji.
On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed
on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of
the Raigad Fort after killing the commander, and on 18
June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended
the throne on 20 July.[59][60] Rajaram, his wife Janki Bai,

GOVERNANCE

and mother Soyrabai were imprisoned, and Soyrabai ex- skrit and promoted the language; his father Shahaji had
ecuted on charges of conspiracy that October.[61]
supported scholars such as Jayram Pindye, who prepared Shivajis seal. Shivaji continued this Sanskrit
promotion, giving his forts names such as Sindhudurg,
7.1 The Marathas after Shivaji
Prachandgarh, and Suvarndurg. He named the Ashta
Pradhan (council of ministers) as per Sanskrit nomenShivaji died in 1680, leaving behind a state always at odds clature with terms such as nyayadhish, and senapat, and
with the Mughals. Soon after Shivajis death, the Mughals commissioned the political treatise Rajyavyavahar Kosh.
attempted to invade it, but could not subdue the Marathas His rajpurohit, Keshav Pandit, was himself a Sanskrit
and it resulted in War of 27 years from 1681 to 1707 scholar and poet.[70]
ending in the defeat for the Mughals.[62]
Shahu, a grandson of Shivaji was kept prisoner by Aurangzeb during the War of 27 years. After the latters
death, his successor released Shahu. After a brief power
struggle over succession with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu
ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. During this period, he appointed Balaji Vishwanath Bhat
and later his descendants as the Peshwas or the prime
ministers of the Maratha Empire. After the death of
the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, the empire expanded
greatly under the rule of the Peshwas. The empire at
its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu[63][64] in the south,
to Peshawar (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) in the
north, and Bengal and Andaman Islands in the east.[65] In
1761, the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat
to Ahmed Shah Abdali of the Afghan Durrani Empire
which halted their imperial expansion in North western
India. Ten years after Panipat, young Madhavrao Peshwa
reinstated the Maratha authority over North India.
In a bid to eectively manage the large empire, he gave
semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights, which
created a confederacy of Maratha states. They became
known as Gaekwads of Baroda, the Holkars of Indore and
Malwa, the Scindias of Gwalior and Ujjain, Bhonsales of
Nagpur. In 1775, the British East India Company intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, which became the
First Anglo-Maratha War. The Marathas remained the
preeminent power in India until their defeat in the Second
and Third Anglo-Maratha wars (18051818), which left
the British East India Company in control of most of
India.[66][67][68]

Governance

8.2 Religious policy

Sajjangad where Swami Ramadasa was invited by Shivaji to reside, now a pilgrimage.

Shivaji was a devout Hindu, but respected all religions

within the region. Shivaji had great respect for other contemporary saints, especially Samarth Ramdas, to whom
he gave the fort of Parali, later renamed as 'Sajjangad'.
Among the various poems written on Shivaji, Ramdas Shivastuti (Praise of King Shivaji) is the most
famous.[71] Shivajis son Sambhaji later built a samadhi
for Ramdas Swami on Sajjangad upon the latters death.
Samarth Ramdas had also written a letter to Sambhaji
guiding him on what to do and what not to do after death
of Shivaji.[72]
Shivaji allowed his subjects freedom of religion and opposed forced conversion.[10] Shivaji also promulgated
other enlightened values, and condemned slavery.[73] He
applied a humane and liberal policy to the women of his
state.[74] Ka Khan, the Mughal historian and Francois
Bernier, a French traveller, spoke highly of his religious
policy. He also brought converts like Netaji Palkar and
Bajaji back into Hinduism.

Shivajis contemporary, the poet Kavi Bhushan stated:

Shivaji was an able administrator who established a gov- Had not there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost its culernment that included modern concepts such as cabinet ture, Mathura would have been turned into a mosque and
(Ashtapradhan mandal composed of eight ministers), all would have been circumcised.[75]
foreign aairs (Dabir) and internal intelligence.

8.1

Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit

Though Persian was a common courtly language in the

region, Shivaji replaced it with Marathi in his own court,
and emphasised Hindu political and courtly traditions.[69]
The house of Shivaji was well acquainted with San-

8.2.1 Islam
Though many of Shivajis enemy states were Muslim, he
treated Muslims under his rule with tolerance for their
religion. Shivajis sentiments of inclusivity and tolerance
of other religions can be seen in an admonishing letter to
Aurangzeb, in which he wrote:

9.1

Forts
Verily, Islam and Hinduism are terms of
contrast. They are used by the true Divine
Painter for blending the colours and lling in
the outlines. If it is a mosque, the call to prayer
is chanted in remembrance of Him. If it is a
temple, the bells are rung in yearning for Him
alone.[74]

Shivaji had several noteworthy Muslim soldiers, especially in his Navy. Ibrahim Khan and Daulat Khan (both
were African descendants) were prominent in the navy;
and Siddi Ibrahim was chief of artillery.[74] Muslim soldiers were known for their superior skills in naval and artillery combat skills.
8.2.2

Christianity

The French traveller Francois Bernier wrote in his Travels

in Mughal India:
I forgot to mention that during pillage of
Sourate, Seva-ji, the Holy Seva-ji! Respected
the habitation of the reverend father Ambrose, the Capuchin missionary. 'The Frankish Padres are good men', he said 'and shall not
be attacked.' He spared also the house of a deceased Delale or Gentile broker, of the Dutch,
because assured that he had been very charitable while alive.

9
Highly mobile and light infantry and cavalry excelling in commando tactics.
The introduction of a centralized intelligence department; Bahirjee Naik was the foremost spy who
provided Shivaji with enemy information in all of
Shivajis campaigns.
A potent and eective navy.
Introduction of eld craft, such as guerrilla warfare, commando actions, and swift anking attacks. Field-Marshal Montgomery, in his History
of Warfare,[79] while generally dismissive of the
quality of generalship in the military history of the
Indian subcontinent, makes an exception for Shivaji and Baji Rao I. Summarizing Shivajis mastery
of guerilla tactics, Montgomery describes him as a
military genius.
Innovation of weapons and repower, innovative use
of traditional weapons like the tiger claw (vaghnakh)
and vita.
Militarisation of large swathes of society, across all
classes, with the entire peasant population of settlements and villages near forts actively involved in
their defence.

Shivaji realised the importance of having a secure coastline and protecting the western Konkan coastline from
the attacks of Siddis eet.[4] His strategy was to build
a strong navy to protect and bolster his kingdom. He was
also concerned about the growing dominance of British
9 Military
Indian naval forces in regional waters and actively sought
to resist it. For this reason he is also referred to as the
Shivaji demonstrated great skill in creating his military
Father of Indian Navy.[80]
organisation, which lasted till the demise of the Maratha
empire. He also built a powerful navy. Maynak Bhandari was one of the rst chiefs of the Maratha Navy un9.1 Forts
der Shivaji, and helped in both building the Maratha Navy
and safeguarding the coastline of the emerging Maratha
Empire. He built new forts like Sindhudurg and strengthened old ones like Vijaydurg on the west coast. The
Maratha navy held its own against the British, Portuguese
and Dutch.[76] He was one of the pioneers of commando
actions, then known as ganimi kava[77] (Marathi: enemy
trickery[78] ) His Mavala armys war cry was Har Har
Mahadev ( Har and Mahadev being common names of
Hindu God Shiva). Shivaji was responsible for many signicant changes in military organisation:
A standing army belonging to the state, called paga.
All war horses belonged to the state; responsibility
Suvela Machi, view of southern sub-plateaux, as seen from
for their upkeep rested on the Sovereign.
Ballekilla, Rajgad.

Creation of part-time soldiers from peasants who

worked for eight months in their elds and supported Main article: Shivajis forts
four months in war for which they were paid.

10

10

LEGACY

Shivaji captured strategically important forts at Murambdev (Rajgad), Torana, Kondana (Sinhagad) and Purandar
and laid the foundation of swaraj or self-rule. Toward the
end of his career, he had a control of 360 forts to secure
his growing kingdom. Shivaji himself constructed about
1520 totally new forts (including key sea forts like Sindhudurg), but he also rebuilt or repaired many strategically
placed forts[81] to create a chain of 300 or more, stretched
over a thousand kilometres across the rugged crest of the
Western Ghats. Each were placed under three ocers of
equal status lest a single traitor be bribed or tempted to
deliver it to the enemy. The ocers (sabnis, havaldar,
sarnobat) acted jointly and provided mutual checks and
Statue of Shivaji at Raigad Fort.
balance.

9.2

Navy

nised as a warrior legend, who sowed the seeds of Indian

independence.[83]
Nineteenth century Hindu revivalist Swami Vivekanada
considered Shivaji a hero and paid glowing tributes to his
wisdom.[84] When Indian Nationalist leader, Lokmanya
Tilak organised a festival to mark the birthday celebrations of Shivaji, Vivekananda agreed to preside over the
festival in Bengal in 1901.[85] He wrote about Shivaji :[84]

Sindudurg Fort provided anchorages for Shivajis Navy.

Shivaji built a strong naval presence across long coast of

Konkan and Goa to protect sea trade, to protect the lands
from sack of prosperity of subjects from coastal raids,
plunder and destruction by Arabs, Portuguese, British,
Abyssinians and pirates. Shivaji built ships in towns such
as Kalyan, Bhivandi, and Goa for building ghting navy
as well as trade. He also built a number of sea forts and
bases for repair, storage and shelter. Shivaji fought many
lengthy battles with Siddis of Janjira on coastline. The
eet grew to reportedly 160 to 700 merchant, support and
ghting vessels. He started trading with foreigners on his
own after possession of eight or nine ports in the Deccan.
Shivajis admiral Kanhoji Angre is often said to be the
Father of Indian Navy.[4][82]

10

Legacy

Today, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India,[83]

especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains
arguably the greatest gure in the states history. Stories
of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and
identity of the Marathi people. Further, he is also recog-

Shivaji is one of the greatest national

saviours who emancipated our society and our
Hindu dharma when they were faced with the
threat of total destruction. He was a peerless
hero, a pious and God-fearing king and verily a
manifestation of all the virtues of a born leader
of men described in our ancient scriptures. He
also embodied the deathless spirit of our land
and stood as the light of hope for our future.

10.1 Historiography
Shivajis role in the research and the popular conception
has developed over time and place, ranging from early
British and Moghul depiction of him as a bandit or a
mountain mouse,[86] to modern near-deication as a
hero of all Indians.
One of the early commentators who challenged the negative British view was M. G. Ranade, whose Rises of the
Maratha Power (1900) declared Shivajis achievements
as the beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals of Shivajis state as "a
freebooting Power, which thrived by plunder and adventure, and succeeded only because it was the most cunning
and adventurous... This is a very common feeling with the
readers, who derive their knowledge of these events solely
from the works of English historians."[87]
At the end of the 19th century, Shivajis memory was
leveraged by the non-Brahmin intellectuals of Bombay, who identied as his descendants and through him
claimed the Kshatriya varna.[88] While some Brahmins
rebutted this identity, dening them as of the lower

10.4

Depiction in popular culture

Shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised the Marathas

role in the Indian independence movement, and endorsed
this Kshatriya legacy and the signicance of Shivaji.[88]

11
World surpassing Statue of Liberty inUSA which is
of height 93 metre.The construction will be completed by 2020.[108]

As political tensions rose in India in the early 20th century, some Indian leaders came to re-work their earlier
stances on Shivajis role. Jawaharlal Nehru had in 1934 10.3.2 Armed forces
noted "Some of the Shivajis deeds, like the treacherous
In deference to his pioneering contributions to naval
killing of the Bijapur general, lower him greatly in our estiwarfare in India, the Indian Navy has named one of
mation." Following public outcry from Pune intellectuals,
its bases after Shivaji, christening it as INS ShivCongress leader Deogirikar noted that Nehru had admitaji.[109]
ted he was wrong regarding Shivaji, and now endorsed
[89]
Shivaji as great nationalist.
In 2003, American academic James W. Laine published
his book Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India, which was 10.3.3 Government
followed by heavy criticism including threats of arrest.[90]
The Government of India has issued a postage stamp
As a result of this publication, the Bhandarkar Oriental
commemorating Shivaji.[110]
Research Institute in Pune where Laine had researched
was attacked by a group of Maratha activists calling itself the Sambhaji Brigade.[91] The book was banned in
The Reserve Bank of India has considered issuing
Maharashtra in January 2004, but the ban was lifted by
currency notes having his picture.[111]
the Bombay High Court in 2007, and in July 2010 the
Supreme Court of India upheld the lifting of ban.[92][93]
This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against 10.3.4 Airports and railway stations
the author and the decision of the Supreme Court.[94][95]

10.2

Political legacy

Shivaji remains a political icon in modern India, and particularly in the state of Maharashtra. His image adorns
literature, propaganda and icons of the Maratha-centric
Shiv Sena (Army of Shivaji[96] ) party, the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party and also of the Maratha
caste dominated Congress parties (namely, NCP and Indira) in Maharashtra.[97] Past Congress party leaders in
the state such as Yashwantrao Chavan were considered
political descendants of Shivaji.[98]

10.3

Commemorations

10.3.1

Statues

Mumbai international airport (then known as Bombay International) was renamed the Chhatrapati
Shivaji International Airport in 1996. A statue
of Shivaji was also placed within the forecourts
of the international terminal, however it was removed in 2011 to make way for the extension of the
terminal.[112]
The Victoria Terminus railway station was similarly
renamed as the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.

10.3.5 Educational institutes

The Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute was renamed after Shivajis mother, to the Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute. The renaming retained the acronym, VJTI, by which the institute is
popularly known.

Shivajis statues and monuments are found almost in every town and city in Maharashtraas
well as in dierent places across India including
Goa,[99] Bangalore, Vadodara, Surat,[100] Agra,[101]
10.4
Arunachal Pradesh,[102][103][104] and Delhi.[105]

Depiction in popular culture

There is a statue of Shivaji inside the premises of the Main article: Shivaji in popular culture
National Defence Academy (NDA), Pune.[106]
An equestrian statue can be seen inside the
Parliament House complex in Delhi.[107]
10.4.1 Films
A new statue of Shivaji Maharaj is proposed to be
built on onshore of Mumbai coast by Govt. of Maharashtra with a height of 312 feet (95.0976 metre)
& is considered to be One of the Tallest Statue in the

Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy (Marathi)

Ganimi Kawa (Marathi)

12
10.4.2

12
Literature

Sadhan Chikitsa by Vasudeo Sitaram Bendrey

Shivaji, a biography by Setu Madhavrao Pagdi
Shriman yogi, a historical novel by Ranjit Desai
Raja Shivchhatrapati by Babasaheb Purandare
Shivaji and His Times by Jadunath Sarkar
Shivaji His Life and Times by Gajanan Mehendale
10.4.3

Poetry and music

Shivraj Bhushan by Kavi Bhushan (Hindi)

10.4.4

Theatre

Raigadala Jevha Jaag Yete (When Raigad Awakens),

by Marathi playwright Vasant Kanetkar
Jaanta Raja (The Knowing King), by Babasaheb Purandare
10.4.5

Television

Veer Shivaji, a Hindi television series on Colors TV

channel
Raja ShivChhatrapati, a Marathi television serial by
Nitin Chandrakant Desai

REFERENCES

[5] N. Jayapalan (2001). History of India. Atlantic Publishers

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[7] Jadunath Sarkar (1919). Shivaji and His Times (Second ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co. ISBN
1178011569.
[8] H. S. Sardesai (2002). Shivaji, the great Maratha. Cosmo
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[9] Richard M. Eaton (17 November 2005). A Social History
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[11] Life of Shivaji Maharaj, Founder of the Maratha Empire
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[12] Abraham Eraly (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne:
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[13] Vartak, Malavika (1999). Shivaji Maharaj: growth of a
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[14] Sardesai, H. S. Shivaji, the Great Maratha, Volume 1 By
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[15] Shivaram Shankar Apte (1965). Samarth Ramdas, Life &
Mission. Vora. p. 105.

11

See also

Maratha Kingdom
History of India
Dhar
Deccan Wars

12

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[81] Setumadhava Rao Pagdi (1983). Shivaji. India: National
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[82] Bharat Verma (2008) Indian Armed Forces, Lancer Publishers, ISBN 0-9796174-2-1
[83] Karline McLain (2009). Indias Immortal Comic Books:
Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes. Indiana University Press.
pp. 137. ISBN 978-0-253-22052-3.
[84] G. S Banhatti (1995). Life And Philosophy Of Swami
Vivekananda. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 201. ISBN
978-81-7156-291-6.
[85] Jayasree Mukherjee (1997).
The RamakrishnaVivekananda movement impact on Indian society and
politics (18931922): with special reference to Bengal.
Firma KLM. ISBN 978-81-7102-057-7.
[86] Singh, Shiv Charan (13 May 2006). State to dial NCERT
on history book. The Telegraph, Calcutta, India: 1. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
[87] Karline McLain (2009). Indias Immortal Comic Books:
Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes. Indiana University Press.
pp. 121. ISBN 978-0-253-22052-3.
[88] Donald V. Kurtz (1993). Contradictions and Conict: A
Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India. BRILL. pp. 63. ISBN 978-90-04-09828-2.
[89] Girja Kumar (1997). The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism
and Censorship in India. Har-Anand Publications. pp.
431. ISBN 978-81-241-0525-2.
[90] India seeks to arrest US scholar. BBC News (23 March
2004). Retrieved on 25 September 2013.

15

[91] 'Maratha' activists vandalise Bhandarkar Institute. Arti- [109] INS Shivaji (Engineering Training Establishment) :
cles.timesondia.indiatimes.com (6 January 2004). ReTraining. Indian Navy. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
trieved on 25 September 2013.
[110] Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Indianpost.com. 21 April
1980. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
[92] Supreme Court lifts ban on James Laines book on Shivaji. Articles.timesondia.indiatimes.com (9 July 2010).
[111] Bank notes: RBI considers other noteworthy icons. The
Retrieved on 25 September 2013.
Times of India. 17 June 2012. Retrieved 17 September
2012.
[93] Rakesh Bhatnagar, Rahul Chandawarkar (9 July 2010)
Supreme Court upholds lifting of ban on Shivaji book. [112] Politics over Shivaji statue delays Mumbai airport expanDnaindia.com. Retrieved on 25 September 2013.
sion. Business Standard. 25 June 2011. Retrieved 11
January 2015.
[94] Protests over James Laines book across Mumbai.
News.webindia123.com (10 July 2010). Retrieved on 25
September 2013.
[95] Rahul Chandawarkar (10 July 2010) Hard-liners slam
state, Supreme Court decision on Laines Shivaji book.
Dnaindia.com. Retrieved on 25 September 2013.
[96] V.S. Naipaul (6 April 2011). India: A Wounded Civilization. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 65. ISBN
978-0-307-78934-1. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
[97] Matthew N. Schmalz (2011). Engaging South Asian
Religions: Boundaries, Appropriations, and Resistances.
SUNY Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-4384-3325-7. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
[98] R. D. Pradhan and Madhav Godbole (1999). Debacle to
Revival: Y.B. Chavan as Defence Minister, 196265. Orient Blackswan. p. 46. ISBN 978-81-250-1477-5.
[99] http://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=2903
[100] comments : Modi unveils Shivaji statue at Limbayat.
The Indian Express. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
[101] Karline McLain (11 February 2009). Indias Immortal
Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes. Indiana
University Press. pp. 137. ISBN 978-0-253-22052-3.
Retrieved 26 September 2012.
[102] The Governor of Arunachal Pradesh :: Press Release: Governor dedicates a statue of Shivaji at Tawang.
Arunachalgovernor.nic.in. Retrieved 2015-06-24.

13 Further reading

James Grant Du (1826). A History of the Mahrattas. London: Oxford University Press.
Jyotirao Phule (1869). Chatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosale Yanche Powade (in Marathi).
Jadunath Sarkar (1920). Shivaji and his times. Calcutta: Longmans, Green and Co. ISBN 1-17801156-9.
B. K. Apte (editor) (197475). Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume. Bombay: University of Bombay.
James W. Laine (2003). Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN
978-0-19-514126-9.
Laine, James W. (2011). Resisting My
Attackers; Resisting My Defenders. In
Schmalz, Matthew N.; Gottschalk, Peter.
Engaging South Asian Religions: Boundaries,
Appropriations, and Resistances. Albany:
SUNY Press. pp. 153172. ISBN 978-14384-3323-3. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Raque Zakaria (2003). Communal Rage in Secular
India. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan.

[103] J. J. Singh (21 November 2012). A Soldiers General: An

Autobiography. HarperCollins Publishers. p. 212. ISBN
978-93-5029-515-1.

Vishwas Patil (2006). Sambhaji. Pune: Mehta Publishing House. ISBN 81-7766-651-7.

[104] When Khandu charmed jawans of Maratha Light Infantry in Tawang. Zeenews.india.com. 7 May 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2015.

The hijacking of Shivaji Maharaj by vested interests

by Franois Gautier, Daily News and Analysis, 23
November 2011.

[105] PTI (15 September 2009). News / National : President inaugurates Shivaji memorial building in Delhi. The
Hindu. Retrieved 17 September 2012.

Coronation of Shivaji the great or the producer of the

religious ceremony performed by Gagabhatta for the
consecration of Shivaji as a hindu king

[106] Pune Mirror (16 May 2012). New Shivaji statue faces
protests. Punemirror.in. Retrieved 17 September 2012.

The life of Shivaji Maharaj, Founder of Maratha

Empire

[107] Kalam unveils Shivaji statue. The Hindu. 29 April

2003. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
[108] Firstpost (05 December 2014). Mumbai: It will take
Rs 2,000 cr to make Shivaji statue environment friendly.
Check date values in: |date= (help)

14 External links
Shivaji at DMOZ

16

15

15
15.1

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