7.

CIRCULAR MEASURE
1. RADIAN
1.1 Converting Measurements in Radians to Degrees and Vice Versa

S
r
where S is the length of the arc AB,
r is the radius of the circle, and
is the angle subtended at the centre O by the arc AB.
Definition: rad =

For the full circle, the circumference is 2r and the angle is 360o.
2r
Therefore, =
.
r
= 2 rad
Hence, 2 rad = 360o => rad = 180o

For each of the following measurement in degree, change it to radian.

A
Example: 25.8o
(a) 30o =
Since 180o = rad

25.8 = 25.8
180
= 0.4504 rad

2 5 .8
O

[0.5237 rad]
(b) 45o =

(c) 81.5o =

[0.7855 rad]
(d) 122.8o =

[1.423 rad]
(e) 154o 20 =

[2.144 rad]
(f) 225o 36 =

[2.694 rad]
(g) -50o =

[3.938 rad]

103

[-0.02773 rad]

For each of the following measurement in radian, change it to degree.

Example: 0.75 rad
(a) 0.6 rad =
Q
Since rad = 180o
P
180
0.75 rad = 0.75
0 .7 5 ra d

= 42.97

Always use = 3.142

[34.37o]
(b) 1.54 rad =

(c)

18
rad =
5

[88.22o]

[206.24o]
(e) 1.2 rad =

3
(d) 2 rad =
7

[216o]

[139.13o]
(f)

(g) -0.25 rad =

rad =
3

[-14.32o]

[60o]
(i) (1 + ) rad =

1
(h) - 2 rad =
3

[-133.67o]

104

[237.29o]

2. ARC LENGTH OF A CIRCLE

S
=> S = r
r
For each of the following, find the length of the arc S given the values of r and .
P
Example:
(a) r = 20 cm and = 0.6 rad
10
cm
r = 10 cm and = 1.5 rad
Since S = r
= 10 1.5
S 1 .5 ra d O
= 15 cm

2.1 Arc Length, Radius and Angle

[12 cm]

(c) r = 30 cm and =
rad
6

(b) r = 15 cm and = 1.4 rad

[21 cm]
o

[15.71 cm]
(e) r = 1.5 m and = 82.8o

(d) r = 10 cm and = 60

[10.47 cm]

[2.168 m]

4.5 cm

For each of the following, calculate the length of the radius r given the values of S and .
A
Example:
(a) S = 9 cm and = 1.5 rad
S = 4.5 cm and = 1.5 rad
r
Since S = r
4.5 = 1.5r
O 1 .5 r a d
4.5
r=
1.5
= 3 cm

[6 cm]

(c) S = 9 m and = 30o

(b) S = 4.5 cm and = 1.8 rad

[2.5 cm]

[17.19 m]

(e) S = 10 cm and =
rad
8

(d) S = 15 cm and = 32.8o

[26.20 cm]

105

[25.46 cm]

10 cm

5c

For each of the following, find the angle in radian given the values of r and S.
A
Example:
(a) r = 9 cm and S = 36 cm
r = 5 cm and S = 10 cm
Since S = r
10 = 5
O
10
=
5
= 2 rad

(b) r = 7 cm and S = 5.6 cm

[4 rad]

(c) r = 20 cm and S = 0.7 m

[0.8 rad]
(d) r = 1.2 cm and S = 20 cm

[3.5 rad]
(e) r = 3.5 cm and S = 112 cm

2
[16 cm]
3

[32 cm]

20 cm

For each of the following, find the angle

A in degree given the values of r and S.
Example:
(a) r = 10 cm and S = 6 cm
r = 8 cm and S = 20 cm
Since S = r
20 = 8

O
20
=
rad
8
180
= 2.5
B

o
= 143.22
(b) r = 5 cm and S = 5.4 cm
(c) r = 5.6 cm and S = 12 cm

8 cm

[57.29o]
(d) r = 7.15 cm and S = 0.28 m

[34.37o]

[122.76o]
(e) r = 5.6 cm and S = 3 cm

[224.34o]

106

[96.43o]

3. AREA OF SECTOR
3.1 Area of Sector, Radius and Angle

Area of a circle, A = r2

r 2
360
rad
=
r 2
2 rad
1
A = r2, must be in radian.
2

Area for a sector OPQ of angle o, A =

Converting to radian,

r
Q

3c

For each of the following, find the area of the sector A given the values of r and .
Example:
(a) r = 5 cm and = 0.8 rad
P
r = 3 cm and = 1.8 rad
1
Since A = r 2
2
1 2
O 1 .8 ra d
= 3 1.8
2
= 8.1 cm2

3c

[10 cm2]

(b) r = 2.11 cm and = 1.78 rad

(c) r = 2.7 cm and = 1

2
rad
3

[3.962 cm2]
(d) r = 12 mm and =

4
rad
5

[6.075 cm2]
o

(e) r = 1.5 m and = 122.8

[2.411 m2]

[180.98 mm2]
(f) r =

(g) r = 13.2 cm and = 67.2o

3
m and = 85o
5

[0.2671 m2]

107

[102.19 cm2]

For each of the following, find the length of the radius r given the values of and A.
Example: = 1.2 rad and A = 15 cm2
(a) = 3 rad and A = 6 cm2
1
Since A = r 2
2
1
15 = r 2 1.2
2
O
15

2
r2 =
r
r
1.2
1 .2 r a d
= 25
P
Q
r = 5 cm
[2 cm]
(b) = 1.4 rad and A = 118.3 cm2

(c) =

rad and A = 3 m2
6

[6 m]

[13 cm]
(e) = 102o and A = 215 cm2

3
(d) = 1 rad and A = 78.25 cm2
7

[15.54 cm]

[109.55 cm]
o

(f) = 65 and A = 78 cm

(g) = 102 and A = 1215 cm

[11.73 cm]

108

[36.94 cm]

5 cm

For each of the following, find the angle in radian given the values of r and A.
(a) r = 2.4 cm and A = 1.44 cm2
3
Example: r = 5 cm and A = 9 cm2
8
1
Since A = r 2
2
3 1 2
O 5 cm
9 = 5
B
8 2

75 2
=
_
8 25
9 83 c m2
3
= rad
A
4
[0.5 rad]
2

(b) r = 8 cm and A = 64 cm

(c) r = 0.6 m and A = 3.24 m

[2 rad]

[18 rad]

4 cm

For each of the following, find the angle in degree given the values of r and A.
Example: r = 4 cm and A = 16 cm2
(a) r = 15 cm and A = 50 cm
1 2
Since A = r
A 4
2
cm
1 2
16 = 4
2
O

16 2
=
2
16 cm
16
= 2 rad
180
= 2
B
3.142
o
= 114.58
[80o]
(b) r = 8 cm and A = 48 cm2

(c) r = 3.2 m and A = 5 m2

[85.93o]

109

[55.95o]

2.2 Perimeter of Segments of a Circle

Example:
For the shaded segment in the given diagram beside, find its perimeter.
The perimeter of the shaded segment is the total length of the arc AB
and the chord AB.
SAB = r
= 10 1.2
= 12 cm
To find the length of the chord AB, consider
A
the triangle OAB in the diagram beside.
1
AB
cm
2
10
=
= sin 0.6 rad
d
10
a
0.6 r
O 0.
1
180
6 r ad
AB = 10 sin(0.6
)
2
3.142
10
=
cm
AB = 2 5.646
= 11.292 cm
perimeter of shaded segment = 12 + 11.292
B
= 23.292 cm

m
10 c

1 .2 ra d
10

cm

B
Note:
The length of the chord

AB = 2r sin
2

3.2 Area of Segments of a Circle

Example:
With reference to the sector in the same diagram beside,
find the area of the shaded segment.

A
m
10 c

The area of the shaded segment is the difference between

O 1 .2 ra d
the area of the sector OAB and the triangle OAB.
1
10
Area of sector OAB = r2
cm
2
1
= 10 2 1.2
2
B
= 60 cm2
To find the area of the triangle OAB,
A
please refer to the diagram beside.
AC is perpendicular to the radius OB.
cm
10
AC
Note:
= sin 1.2 rad
AO
Area of triangle OAB
O 1 .2 ra d
180

1
AC = AO sin 1.2

= r 2 sin
3.142

2
10 C
c
m
1
Area of OAB = OB AC
2
B
1
= OB OA sin 68.75
2
1
= 10 10 0.9320
2
Area of segment
= 46.60 cm 2
1
1
= r 2 r 2 sin
2
2
Area of shaded segment = 60 46.60
1
= 13.40 cm2
= r 2 ( sin )
2

110

For each of the following diagrams, find

(i)
the perimeter and
(ii)
the area of the shaded segment.
(b)

5 cm

6c

0 .5 ra d

0.8 rad

P
6 cm

(a)

5 cm

O
B

[Perimeter = 4.974 cm, Area = 0.2579 cm2]

(c)

[Perimeter = 9.472 cm, Area = 1.489 cm2]

(d)

4 .2 c m

3.8 c

6 0o

1 ra d
O

4.2 cm

3 .8 cm

[Perimeter = 10.19 cm, Area = 1.145 cm2]

111

[Perimeter = 8.599 cm, Area = 4.827 cm2]

1. SPM 2003 Paper 2 Compulsory Question No. 4

The diagram beside shows a sector POQ with centre O

and radius 10 cm. Point R lies on the straight line OP
with condition that OR : OP = 3 : 5. Calculate
(a) the value of in rad,
(b) the area, in cm2 of the shaded region.

[3]
[4]

Q
Answer:
(a) 0.9274 rad (b) 22.37 cm
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2

2. SPM 2004 Paper 1 Compulsory Question No.19

The diagram beside shows a circle with centre O.
Given that the length of the major arc AB is 45.51 cm,
find the length, in cm, of the radius.
(Use = 3.142)

A
O

0.354 rad

[3]
B

Answer:
7.675 cm2
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. SPM 2004 Paper 2 Selective Question No. 9
The diagram beside shows a circle PQRT with centre O
and radius 5 cm. JQK is the tangent to the circle at Q.

L
J

The straight lines JO and KO, intersect with the circle

at P and R respectively. OPQR is a rhombus. JLK is an
arc of the circle with centre O. Calculate
(a) the angle , in terms of ,
(b) the length, in cm, of the arc JLK,
(c) the area, in cm2, of the shaded region.
Answer:

(a)

(b) 20.95 cm

[2]
[4]
[4]

rad
O
T

(c) 61.43 cm2

_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. SPM 2005 Paper 1 Compulsory Question No.18
The diagram beside shows a circle with centre O.
The length of the minor arc AB is 16 cm and the
angle of the major sector AOB is 290o.
Using = 3.142, find
(a) the value of , in radians,
(Give your answer correct to four significant figures.)
(b) the length, in cm, of the radius of the circle.

A
O

[3]

Answer:
(a) 1.222 rad (b) 13.09 cm
_________________________________________________________________________________________

112

5. SPM 2005 Paper 2 Selective Question No. 10

The diagram beside shows a sector POQ of a circle, centre O.

The point A lieson O P, the point B lies on OQ and AB is
perpendicular to OQ. The length of OA = 8 cm and POQ =

radian.
6

It is given that OA : OP = 4 : 7.
(Use = 3.142) Calculate
(a) the length, in cm, of AP,
(b) the perimeter, in cm, of the shaded region,
(c) the area, in cm2, of the shaded region.

[1]
[5]
[4]

8 cm
_ rad
6

Answer:
(a) 6 cm (b) 24.403 cm (c) 37.463 cm2
_________________________________________________________________________________________
A

6. SPM 2006 Paper 1 Compulsory Question No.16

The diagram beside shows sector OAB with centre O and

sector AXY with centre A. Given that OB = 10 cm, AY = 4 cm,
POQ = 1.1 radians and the length of the arc AB = 7 cm, calculate
(a) the value of AOB , in radian,
(b) the area, in cm2, of the shaded region.
[4]

Answer:
(a) 0.7 rad (b) 26.2 cm
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. SPM 2006 Paper 2 Selective Question No. 10
R

The diagram beside shows the plan of a garden. PCQ is a semicircle

with centre O and has a radius of 8 m. RAQ is sector of a circle with
centre A and has a radius of 14 m. Sector COQ is a lawn. The shaded
region is a flower bed and has to be fenced. It is given that AC = 8 m
and POQ = 1.956 radians.
(Use = 3.142) Calculate
(a) the area, in m2, of the lawn,
[2]
(b) the length, in m, of the fence required for fencing
the flower bed,
[4]
(c) the area, in m2, of the flower bed.
[4]

Answer:
(a) 62.592 m2 (b) 38.252 m (c) 14.71 m2
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. SPM 2007 Paper 1 Compulsory Question No. 18
The diagram beside shows a sector BOC of a circle with centre O.
It is given that (AD = 8 cm) AOD = 1.85 radians and
BA = AO = OD = DC = 5 cm. Find
(a) the length, in cm, of the arc BC,
(b) the area, in cm2, of the shaded region.
2

B
C

[4]

1.85 rad

Answer:
(a) 18.5 cm (b) 80.5 cm
_________________________________________________________________________________________

113

9. SPM 2007 Paper 2 Selective Question No. 9

The diagram beside shows a circle, centre O and radius 10 cm
inscribed in a sector APB of a circle, centre P. The straight lines,
AP and BP are tangents to the circle at point Q and R, respectively.
[Use = 3.142] Calculate
(a) the length, in cm, of the arc AB,
(b) the area, in cm2, of the shaded region.

A
10

O
cm

[5]
[5]

60o

P
Answer:
(a) 31.41 cm (b) 88.6 cm2
_________________________________________________________________________________________

10. SPM 2008 Paper 1 Compulsory Question No. 18

The diagram beside shows a circle with centre O and
radius 10 cm. Given that P, Q and R are points such
that OP = PQ and OPR = 90o, find
[Use = 3.142]
(a) QOR, in radians,
(b) the area, in cm2, of the shaded region.

10 cm

=
P

[4]

Answer:
(a) 1.047 (b) 30.72 cm
_________________________________________________________________________________________
11. SPM 2008 Paper 2 Selective Question No. 9
The diagram beside shows two circles. The larger circle has centre X
and rdius 12 cm. The smaller circle has centre Y and radius 8 cm.
The circles touch at point R. The straight line PQ is a common tangent
to the circles at point P and point Q.
[Use = 3.142]
Given that PXR = radian,
(a) show that = 1.37 (to two decimal places),
[2]
(b) calculate the length, in cm, of the minor arc QR,
[3]
(c) calculate the area, in cm2, of the shaded region.
[5]

Q 8 cm

12 cm

Answer:
(b) 14.176 cm (b) 40.616 cm2
_________________________________________________________________________________________

114