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Java Package1

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8 views

Java Package1

ssad

Uploaded by

Er Umesh Thoriya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Packages and

Class path

What are Packages?

A package is a grouping of related types providing


access protection and name space management

Note that types refers to classes, interfaces,


enumerations, and annotation types.

Types are often referred to simply as classes and


interfaces since enumerations and annotation types are
special kinds of classes and interfaces, respectively, so
types are often referred to simply as classes and
interfaces.

Benefits of Packaging

You and other programmers can easily determine that


these classes and interfaces are related.
You and other programmers know where to find
classes and interfaces that can provide graphicsrelated functions.
The names of your classes and interfaces won't conflict
with the names in other packages because the
package creates a new namespace.
You can allow classes within the package to have
unrestricted access to one another yet still restrict
access for types outside the package.
3

Creating a Package
4

Creating a Package

To create a package, you choose a name for the


package and put a package statement with that name
at the top of every source file that contains the types
(classes, interfaces, enumerations, and annotation
types) that you want to include in the package
If you do not use a package statement, your type ends
up in an unnamed package

Use an unnamed package only for small or temporary


applications

Placing a Class in a Package

To place a class in a package, we write the following as


the first line of the code (except comments)
package <packageName>;
package myownpackage;

Example Package

Suppose you write a group of classes that represent


graphic objects, such as circles, rectangles, lines, and
points
You also write an interface, Draggable, that classes
implement if they can be dragged with the mouse
//in the Draggable.java file
public interface Draggable {}
//in the Graphic.java file
public abstract class Graphic {}
//in the Circle.java file
public class Circle extends Graphic implements Draggable {}
//in the Rectangle.java file
public class Rectangle extends Graphic implements Draggable { }
//in the Point.java file
public class Point extends Graphic implements Draggable {}
//in the Line.java file
public class Line extends Graphic implements Draggable {}

Example: Placing StudentRecord


class in SchoolClasses pacakge
package SchoolClasses;
public class StudentRecord {
private String

name;

private String

address;

private int

age;

Importing and Using


classes from other
Packages
9

Using Classes from Other


Packages

To use a public package member (classes and


interfaces) from outside its package, you must do one
of the following

Import the package member using import statement

Import the member's entire package using import


statement

Refer to the member by its fully qualified name (without


using import statement)

10

Importing Packages

To be able to use classes outside of the package you are


currently working in, you need to import the package of
those classes.
By default, all your Java programs import the java.lang.*
package, that is why you can use classes like String and
Integers inside the program even though you haven't
imported any packages.
The syntax for importing packages is as follows:
import <nameOfPackage>;

11

Example: Importing a Class or a


Package
// Importing a class
import java.util.Date;
// Importing all classes in the
// java.util package
import java.util.*;

12

Using Classes of other packages


via fully qualified path
public static void main(String[] args) {
java.util.Date x = new java.util.Date();
}

13

Package & Directory Structure

Packages can also be nested. In this case, the Java


interpreter expects the directory structure containing
the executable classes to match the package hierarchy.
There should have same directory structure,
./myowndir/myownsubdir/myownpackage directory for
the following package statement
package myowndir.myownsubdir.myownpackage;

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Managing Sources
& Class files
15

Managing Source and Class Files

Create a *.java file for the class you want to create


// in the Rectangle.java file
package graphics;
public class Rectangle() {
...
}

Place the source file in a directory whose name reflects


the name of the package to which the class belongs

.....\graphics\Rectangle.java

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Directory Structure of Java Source


Files

The qualified name of the class file and the path name
to the Java source file are parallel
Like the .java source files, the compiled .class files
should be in a series of directories that reflect the
package name
Example
class name:

graphics.Rectangle

pathname to source file: graphics/Rectangle.java


pathname to the class file: graphics/Rectangle.class

17

Directory Structure of Java Source


Files

However, the path to the .class files does not have to


be the same as the path to the .java source files. You
can arrange your source and class directories
separately, as:
<path_one>\sources\com\example\graphics\Rectangle.java
<path_two>\classes\com\example\graphics\Rectangle.class

By doing this, you can give the classes directory to


other programmers without revealing your sources
You also need to manage source and class files in this
manner so that the compiler and the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM) can find all the types your program
uses
18

Class path
19

What is a class path?

It is a set of directories where Java class files are


located
Java runtime searches for class files in the directories
specified in the class path in the order specified

20

Setting the CLASSPATH

Now, suppose we place the package schoolClasses


under the C:\ directory.
We need to set the classpath to point to that directory
so that when we try to run it, the JVM will be able to see
where our classes are stored.
Before we discuss how to set the classpath, let us take
a look at an example on what will happen if we don't set
the classpath.
21

Setting the CLASSPATH

Suppose we compile and then run the StudentRecord


class we wrote in the last section,

C:\schoolClasses>javac StudentRecord.java
C:\schoolClasses>java StudentRecord
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: StudentRecord
(wrong name: schoolClasses/StudentRecord)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(Unknown Source)
at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(Unknown Source)
at java.net.URLClassLoader.defineClass(Unknown Source)
at java.net.URLClassLoader.access$100(Unknown Source)
at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(Unknown Source)
at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)
at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(Unknown Source)
at sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader.loadClass(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClassInternal(Unknown Source)
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Setting the CLASSPATH

To set the classpath in Windows, we type this at the


command prompt,
C:\schoolClasses> set classpath=C:\

assuming C:\ is the directory in which we have placed the


packages meaning there is a directory C:\schoolClasses
and there is a C:\schoolClasses\StudentRecord.class

After setting the classpath, we can now run our


program anywhere by typing,
C:\schoolClasses> java
schoolClasses.StudentRecord
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Setting the CLASSPATH

For Unix base systems, suppose we have our classes


in the directory /usr/local/myClasses, we write,
export classpath=/usr/local/myClasses

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Setting the CLASSPATH

Take note that you can set the classpath anywhere.


You can also set more than one classpath, we just
have to separate them by ;(for windows) and : (for Unix
based systems). For example,
set classpath=C:\myClasses;D:\;E:\MyPrograms\Java

and for Unix based systems,


export classpath=/usr/local/java:/usr/myClasses

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