Basic Considerations

in Design

EXAMPLE-1: BASIC CONSIDERATION IN DESIGN

AN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM IS TO BE
DESIGNED FOR THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING.
THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING IS TO BE
MAINTAINED AT A TEMPERATURE OF 22+/- 50 C.
THE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE CAN GO AS HIGH
AS 380 C. THE RATE OF HEAT DISSIPATION IN
THE HOUSE IS GIVEN AS 2.0KW. THE LOCATION,
GEOMETRY AND DIMENSIONS OF BUILDING ARE
GIVEN. FORMULATE THE DESIGN PROBLEM AND
GIVE THE PROBLEM STATEMENT.

SUMMERY OF PROBLEM
STATMENT

1.
2.
2.
3.

GIVEN QUNTITIES
REQUIREMENT
CONSTRAINTS
DESIGN VARIABLES

GIVEN QUANTITIES
BUILDING LOCATION, GEOMATRY,
DIMENSION
MAXIMUM AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
RATE OF HEAT DISSIPATION INSIDE
HOUSE: 2 KW

REQUIREMENTS
LOWEST
TEMPERATURE
INSIDE
BUILDING: 17 DEGREE
HIGHEST TEMPERATURE INSIDE THE
BUILDING: 27 DEGREE
RATE OF COOLING IS ALSO REQUIRED
THERMOSTAT CONTROL SYSTEM TO
CONTROL THE SYSTEM TEMPERATURE
(CUT OFF CONDITION)

CONSTARINTS
SIZE
VOLUME
WEIGHT
COST
MAXIMUM FLOW CIRCULATION RATE IN
HOUSE
USE OF CFC REFERIGERENT DUE TO
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS.

DESIGN VARIABLES
COMPONENTS OF AIR
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
EVAPORATOR
COMPRESSOR
CONDENSER
THERMOSTATIC VALVE
REFERIGERENT TYPE

SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE
AMBIENT THERMAL LOAD
A: ABSORBED SOLAR FLUX
B: CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSPORT
FROM AIR
WHICH DEPENDS UPON:
1: BUILDING GEOMATRY
2: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

 DETERMINE
THE
TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HOUSE AND
AMBIENT CONDITIONS.
DETERMINE THE OVERALL SURFACE
AREA OF BUILDING.
DETERMINE
THE
OVERALL
HEAT
TRASNFER COFFICIENT FROM THERMAL
RESISTANCE EQUATION.
DETERMINE THE TOTAL THERMAL LOAD
Q AS
Q = H X A X T
H=
OVERALL
HEAT
TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT

 NOW RATE OF HEAT REMOVAL MUST

GREATER
THAN
THE
RATE
HEAT
DISSIPATION INSIDE THE HOUSE DUE TO
SOLAR FLUX + CONVECTIVE HEAT
TRANSFER DUE TO THE AIR.
S = THERMAL CAPACITY OF BUILDING
WHICH IS EQUAL TO PRODUCT OF MASS
FLOW
RATE OF CIRCULATING AIR AND
SPECIFIC HEAT OF AIR. THEN AVERAGE
TEMPERATUE IS GOVERNED BY

ACCEPTABLE DESIGN
CONDITION
NOW FROM ALL THESE DISCUSSION
ACCEPTABLE DESIGN CONDITIONS
ARE OBTAINED BUT NOT THE
OPTIMIZED ONE.
HENCE AN ACCEPTABLE DESIGN OF
AIR
CONDITIONER
CAN
BE
CREATED.

Thermal systems that are governed by

Fluid flow,
Thermodynamics,
Heat and Mass Transfer.
The interaction between the various
components and sub systems that constitute
a given system is an important element in the
design because the emphasis is on the
overall system.
With the basic knowledge of Design, Analysis
and Synthesis next step is to understand the
basic consideration in Design Process.

FORMULATION OF DESIGN PROBLEM

1.
2.
2.
3.

GIVEN QUANTITIES
REQUIREMENT
CONSTRAINTS
DESIGN VARIABLES

WHAT WE SEE BASICALLIY IN DESIGN

FORMULATION?
WHAT IS REQUIRED OF THE SYSTEM?
WHAT PARAMETERS CAN BE FIXED?
WHAT PARAMETERS CAN BE VARIED?
DESIGN MUST MEET :
REQUIREMENTS
CONSTRAINTS OF SAFETY,
ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMIC,
MATERIAL AND OTHER
CONSIDERATIONS.

GIVEN QUANTITY: EXAMPLE

DESIGN OF COOLING SYSTEM OR ARRANGEMENT
IN AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE
IT CONSISTS OF:
HEAT DISSIPATED BY EACH COMPONENT
MAXIMUM AND MININMUM WORKING
TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS ON
CIRCUIT BOARD
GEOMATRY OR DIMENSIONS OF BOARD
SIZE OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENT
NUMBER OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
NUMBER OF BOARDS

REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS

REQUIREMENT:
DESIRED FUNCTION OR TASK TO BE PERFORMED
CHARATERISTICS OF ACCEPTABLE DESIGN:
SATISFY THAT REQUIREMENT
HOW IT IS REPRESENTED?
QUANTITATIVELY OR QUALITATIVELY
NOTE:-FIRST SATISFY CRITICAL REQUIREMENT THEN
FOCUS UPON LESS IMPORTANT ONE BY ONE WITHIN
THE DOMAIN OF LIMITATIONS.
SPECIFICATION:
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE CONSUMER
AND DESIGNER ABOUT THE PERFORMANCE
CHARACTERISTICS, WEIGHT, SIZE, SAFETY FEATURES .

EXAMPLE OF
SPECIFICATIONS
HEAT EXCHANGER:
HEAT TRANSFER RATE AND
PRESSURE DROP FOR GIVEN FLUID
AND DIMENSIONS.
WATER CHILLING SYSTEM:
LOWEST POSSIBLE TEMPERATURE
WATER FLOW RATE
POWER CONSUMPTION

CONSTRAINTS: TYPE 1
GENERALY ARISES DUE TO MATERIAL,
WEIGHT, COST SPACE ETC.
MAX PRESSURE RISE IN A THERMAL
SYSTEM
IS
CONSTRAINED
BY
STRENGTH
OF
MATERIAL
AT
OPERATING TEMPERATURE LEVELS.
MAX
TEMPERATURE
RISE
CONSTRAINED TO 100 DEGREE IN
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES.
CONSTRAINTS
DETERMINE
BOUNDARIES OF DOMAIN OVER

CONSTRAINTS: TYPE-2

MASS CONSERVATION
MOMENTUM CONSERVATION
ENERGY CONSERVATION
SPEED OF WITHDRWAL OF 2D HOT FLAT PLATE
IN ROLLING PROCESS.
MASS FLOW RATE IS SAME M1=M2 WHICH IS
U1 X A1 = U2 X A2 ( A= AREA OF
CROSSESCTION)
DENSITY AND WIDHT OF PLATE IS CONSTANT
CHANGE REQUIRED IN THICKNESS FROM W1 TO W2
COORESPONDING SPEED OF WITHDRAWAL GETS FIXED
THUS THE ROLLER SPEED ALSO GETS FIXED AND
CONSTRAINTS ON SPEED OF ROLLER AUTOMATICALLY
GETS IMPOSED.

ADDITIONAL CONSTRAINTS
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN CHEMICAL OR
NUCLEAR PLANTS
SAFETY ISSUES IN CHEMICAL OR NUCLEAR
PLANTS
WASTE ISSUES IN
CHEMICAL OR NUCLEAR
PLANT
BOILER SAFETY:
AT LOW WATER LEVEL IN BOILER FUSIBLE PLUG
IS USED TO EXTINGUISH FIRE IN COMBUSTION
CHAMBER TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO BOILER.
SIMILARLY IN NUCLEAR FACILITIES IN CASE OF
EXCESSIVE RISE IN HEAT FLUX ; SYSTEM GETS
SHUT DOWN.

DESIGN VARIABLES
QUANTITIES THAT MAY BE VARIED TO
SATISFY GIVEN REQUIREMENTS.
HARDWARE FEATURES: MATERIALS,
GEOMATRICAL CONFIGURATIONS,
DIMENSIONS ETC ARE DIFFICULT TO VARY &
IMPLEMENT TO LARGE EXTENT.
OPERATING CONDITIONS: QUANTITIES
WHICH CAN BE VARIED EASILY WITHOUT
ALTERING
HARDWARE
SUCH
AS
TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, FLOW RATE,
SPEED, POWER INPUT THOUGH THE RANGE
IS FIXED BY THE HARDWARE REQUIREMENT.

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN: GENERAL DEFINITION

BASIC IDEA FOR EXECUTING A

PROCESS OR DESIGNING A
SYSTEM
TO
SATISFY
REQUIREMENT
AND
CONSTRAINTS.
ANY
NEW
APPROACH
DEVELOPED OUT OF EXISTING
APPROACH.
MODIFICATION
IN
FUEL
INJECTION SYSTEM

EXAMPLE OF AVAILABILITY OF DIFFERENT

CONCEPTS

COAL TRANSPORT FROM LOADING DOCK TO

BLAST FURNACE SITE AT STEEL POWER PLANT.
WAYS TO EXECUTE IT:
TRUCK, TRAIN, CONVEYER BELT, PIPE, CARTS ETC.
EACH OF THIS REPRESENTS DIFFERENT CONCEPT
OF TRANSPORTATION
BUT CHOICE IS GUIDED BY DISTANCE OVER
WHICH COAL IS TO BE TRANSPORTATED, FORAM
OF COAL, RATE OF COAL FEEDING .
FOR SMALL PLANTS AND SMALL DISTANCE
TRUCKS OR CARTS
FOR BIG PLANT LONG DISTANCE TRAINS ARE
SUITABLE.

 CONCEPT MUST BE EXAMINED FOR

ITS
FRUITFULNESS,
TECHNICAL
FEASIBILITY AND MUST CONFORM TO
LAWS OF SCIENCE.
CONCEPT
ARE
DERIVED
FROM
EXPERIENCE NOT FROM SET OF
RULES.
TECHNIQUES:
BRAINSTORMING,
DESIGN CONTESTS, ALTERNATIVE
APPROACHES.

MODIFICATION IN DESIGN OF EXISTING

SYSTEM
RANKINE CYCLE IS USED IN STEAM
POWER PLANTS AND OVERALL
IMPROVEMENT IN ITS EFFICIENCY LED
TO MANY MODIFICATIONS.
SUPERHEATING THE VAPOUR
THROUGH THE BOILER.
REHEATING THE STEAM PASSING
THROUGH THE BOILER
REGENERATIVE HEATING OF WORKING
FLUID.

STEPS IN DESIGNING
PROCESS
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

INITIAL DESIGN
APPROXIMATIONS AND SIMPLIFICATIONS
MUST OBEY LAWS OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES
MODELING AND SIMULATION IN VIRTUAL
ENVIRONMENT
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT DESIGNS
OBTAINING ACCEPTABLE DESIGN
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION
EVALUATION UNDER OFF DESIGN CONDITIONS.
AUTOMATION AND CONTROL
COMMUNICATING FINAL DESIGN
PATENTING, COPYRIGHTING, LICENCING,
REGISTRATION, TRADEMARKING ETC.

NEXT WEEK TASK

HEAT EXCHANGER NUMERICAL.
SAFETY, AUTOMATION AND
CONTROL.
DESIGN COMMUNICATION CHART
AND METHODS.
PATENTING, COPYRIGHTING,
LICENCING, TRADEMARKING,
REGISTRATION OF PRODUCT.
MATERIAL SELECTION NUMERICAL.