CHAPTER 11 - AC POWER ANALYSIS List of topies for this chapter Instantaneous and Average Power Maximum Average Power Transfer Effective or RMS Value ‘Apparent Power and Power Factor ‘Complex Power Conservation of AC Power Power Factor Correction Applications —_!...:.::: "> INSTANTANEOUS AND AVERAGE POWER Problem 11.1 [11.3] _Refer to the circuit depicted in Figure 11.1. Find the average power absorbed by each element. e AW AW. 10 cos(2t+ 30°) V 0.25 F “0000, = Figure 11.1 10cos(2t+30°) —> 10230°, 1H —> joL 0.25F —> 1 42 22 bh 10230° V Ra ARR 189(2x2 = 2) _ j2 || (2-j2)= 7 24j2 10230° = Faas p ~PSSIALL S65 2 1, =51-il 5812101.565° Py .936.56.565° For the source, wd S= VI" = 5(10230°\1.5812-11.565°) $ =7.905A8.43° = 75+ j2.5 ‘The average power supplied by the source = 7.5 W For the 4-0 resistor, the average power absorbed is (1.581)7(4)=5W For the inductor, 7 2 1 aes . S= pI, Zs, = 7(2.236)*(i2) = js The average power absorbed by the inductor = 0 W For the 2-0 resistor, the average power absorbed Yop, it 4 ah} R 70.581)*(2)=2.5 W P= For the capacitor, 1 s=4|1,['2, = F4.580°¢)2) 2.5 2 The average power absorbed by the capacitor = 0 W 5 W ‘The average power sup; by the source ‘The average power absorbed by the 4-0 resistor = 5 W ‘The average power absorbed by the inductor “The average power absorbed by the 2-0 resistor = 2.5 W ow ‘The average power absorbed by the capacitor 190Problem 11.2 ‘The load for the following circuit is given by the 5 ohm resistor and the 0.02297 Henry inductor. In addition, v(t) = 200 sin(377t) volts. Determine the average power delivered to the load. iat) ah = 200/V2 0.0297 g 58.660 g Using the frequeney domain circuit on the right, we can solve for I 1 = 141.4(10260°) -141.4 + (5 +j8.660)I = 0. Which leads to, Pavg = [IR = (14.14)? x 5 = 200x5 = 1000 watts. = 14.142-60° amps, But power delivered to the load is equal to, + 4 MAXIMUM AVERAGE POWER TRANSFER Problem 11.3, Given the citcuit in Figure 11.2 and v(t) =200sin(t) volts, calculate the values of Ry, and X for maximum power transfer to Ry, vit) 10Q 65 —W—Tit0 RL Figure 11.2 191This is a straightforward classical maximum power transfer problem. If you remember that for maximum powor transfer, 2, = Zor the value ofthe lad i equal tothe complex conjugate of @ the source impedance. Ry. +JX = 10~j5 Thus the load resistor must be 10 © and the reactance must be capacitive and equal to [1/(5o)] F. What if you do not remember the maximum power transfer theorem? Well, you can usually work it out just by looking at what you have. It seems reasonable to cancel whatever source reactance there is. Then if the source resistance is either zero or infinity, there is no power transfer. The only thing that makes sense is that the load resistance must equal the source resistance. Problem 11.4 [11.15] Find the value of Z,, in the circuit of Figure 11.3 for maximum. power transfer. aS sozory 802 AW AW 402 j202 3 520° A oan @ Figure 113 We find Z.y, at terminals a-b as shown in the figure below. 80 Zo, = 120 +40] 40+ 80 || (110) = 520+ 20+ Dry = 21.23 j10.154 Ly, = Zp, = 21.23 - j10.159 192me e EFFECTIVE OR RMS VALUE Problem 11.5 Calculate the RMS value of the signal shown in Figure 11.4. The curve can be represented by the function V, sin(wt) +V, A 2ve + Figure 11.4 Since the value of the voltage, v(t), can be expressed as Vp[sin(«t) + 1], we can ignore the value of Vp in our calculations. The true value of the rms voltage will be what we obtain times Vp. ‘Also, since the value of the rms voltage is independent of w, we will let T = 1, which means that o = e e 5 z fF vcorar= f tsin2m +1P-at = fltsin? 20) + 28in(2nt) + Nat = (222A arvor far=| 4 anti) sf Lites 2 or eee Vins = VES = 1.2247V, Problem 11.6 Calculate the RMS value of the signal shown in Figure 11.5. ‘The curve can be represented by the function Vy sin(ct), (please note, this is often referred to as the full wave, rectified sine wave), Ve Figure 11.5 193,We can use the same approach that we used in problem 11.5. In this case, «stays the same but now T = 0.5 sec. stcos(4nt) ,_ ee at = seen” \ > sin? (mt) dt = PP sin? ont), o 05 = 3s | =0.5 or Vn; = 0.707V, which is to be expected since the rms value is taken by squaring the value of a signal. Squaring either wave produces the same result. Problem 11.7 Calculate the RMS value of the signal shown in Figure 11.6, Vp Figure 11.6 Again, the same approach is used. Vin =1[ {sin @xnars [oat] = (eee) a ft Vv 2 2 = (0.5)2-0 = 0.25 thus, Vax = ¥0.25V, = 0.5V, ‘ Problem 11.8 11.21] Find the effective value of the voltage waveform in Figure 11.7. vO A 10 Figure 11.7 e 1943 0 jol = j(2n)(50)(0.5) = j157.08 Z=R+jX, = 30+ j157.08 195(210)? ‘Apparent power = | S]= on =275.6VA 157. pf =cos0= etn (28). c05(79.19°) .1876 (lagging) pf = + COMPLEX POWER Problem 11.11 /1/.35] Determine the complex power for the following cases: @ = 269 W, Q=150 VAR (capacitive) (>) Q=2000 VAR, pf =0.9 (leading) (©) $= 600 VA, Q=450 VAR (inductive) (Vins = 220 V, P=1KW, |Z|= 40.0 (inductive) (@) $= P~jQ=269-j150 VA (0) pf =cos0=0.9 —> 9=25.84° 2000 sind ~ sin(25.84°) Q=Ssind@ —> = 4588.31 P =Scos0 = 4129.48 $= 4129- j2000 VA Ssi i 450 © — Q=8sin0 —> sind= 3 =F =0.75 0= 48.59, pf = 0.6614 P = Scos0 = (600)(06614) = 396.86 S= 396.94 j450 VA 196e » sal¥i_@20r_, @ “TzZ| 49 7 1210 Sq P=Scos@ —> cos! 0=34.26° Q=Ssin0 = 681.25 S$ = 1000 + j681.2 VA CONSERVATION OF AC POWER Problem 11.12 [11.43] Obtain the power delivered to the 10-k2 resistor in the circuit of Figure 11.9. 5002 1, 32 j1kQ @ {000 yo 4kQ 0.2.20° Vrms LY = 10Ka Figure 11.9 8mA 0=50.19° pf =cos0 = 0.6402 : [Mise 020), . (b) = 22" = @lo- iI 29> 12+ j354.09 ‘The average power absorbed = P = Re(S) = 295.1 W (©) For unity power factor, 8, = 0°, which implies that the reactive power due tothe capacitor is Q, = 354.09 vel Bu Qa a= 2Q. _(2)(354.09) = OVE” Gm6oyd20y ~ 04 HE e 200 CV?°.___—_ >-_____4 APPLICATIONS Problem 11.17 [17.63] The kilowatt-hour-meter of a home is read once a month. Fora particular month, the previous and present readings are as follows Previous reading: 3246 kWh 4017 kWh Calculate the electricity bill for that month based on the following residential rate schedule: Base monthly charge: $12.00 First 100 kWh per month at 16 cents/kWh ‘Next 200 kWh per month at 10 cents/kWh Over 300 kWh pet month at 6 cents/kWh kWh consumed = 4017-3246 = 771 kWh. ‘The electricity bill is calculated as follows : (a) Base charge = $12 (b) First 100 kWh at $0.16 per kWh $16 () ‘Next 200 kWh at $0.10 per kWh = $20 e (The remaining energy (771 — 300) = 471 kWh at $0.06 per kWh = $28.26. ‘Adding (a) to (d) gives a total of $76.26 201