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Unit 4 Software

This document discusses different types of software including application software, system software, programming languages, and compilers/interpreters. It provides details on: 1) Application software for specific tasks and system software that controls computer operations and allows applications to run. 2) Low-level languages of machine language and assembly that are closer to hardware, and high-level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, and BASIC that are easier for humans. 3) Compilers that translate entire high-level programs to machine code before execution, while interpreters translate and execute one line at a time.

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102 views16 pages

Unit 4 Software

This document discusses different types of software including application software, system software, programming languages, and compilers/interpreters. It provides details on: 1) Application software for specific tasks and system software that controls computer operations and allows applications to run. 2) Low-level languages of machine language and assembly that are closer to hardware, and high-level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, and BASIC that are easier for humans. 3) Compilers that translate entire high-level programs to machine code before execution, while interpreters translate and execute one line at a time.

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UNIT 4:

SOFTWARE
Assembly and Machine Language
Compilers and Translators
Programming Languages
Operating Systems
Application Software
1

4-1 Hardware
Hardware

is the machine itself


and its various individual
equipment.
It includes all mechanical,
electronic and magnetic
devices such as monitor,
printer, electronic circuit,
floppy and hard disk.
2

Software 4-2

Software refers to the set of


computer
programs, which are used

in applications and operating


systems.
It is the collection of programs,
which increase the capabilities of the
hardware.
Software guides the computer at
every step where to start and stop
during a particular job.
The process of software development
is called programming.
3

SOFTWARE TYPES 4-3


1- Application Software :
Application

Software is a set of
programs for a specific
application.
Application software is useful for
word processing, accounting,
producing statistical report,
Graphics, Excel and Data Base.
programming languages COBOL,
FORTRAN, C++, VB, VC, Java
4

2- System Software:

When you switch on the computer


the programs written in ROM is
executed which activates different
units of your computer and makes it
ready for you to work.
This set of programs can be called
system software.
System software are general
programs designed for performing
tasks such as controlling all
operations required to move data
into and out of the computer
System Software allows application
packages to be run on the computer.

Computer

manufactures build and


supply this system software with
the computer system.
DOS, UNIX and WINDOWS are
some of the widely used operating
system software.
Out of these UNIX is a multi-user
operating system whereas DOS
and WINDOWS are PC-based.
We will discuss in details DOS and
WINDOWS in the next section.
6

programming 4-4
programming languages specially
languages
developed so that you could pass your

data and instructions to the computer to


do specific job
There are two major types of
programming languages, Low Level
Languages and High Level Languages
Low Level languages are further divided
in to Machine language and Assembly
language
High Level Languages are, for scientific
application FORTRAN and C languages
are used. On the other hand COBOL is
used for business applications.
7

4-5 Machine Language


Machine

Language is the only


language that is directly
understood by the computer. It
does not needs any translator
program
The only advantage is that
program of machine language run
very fast
8

Assembly 4-6
Language

It

is the first step to improve the


programming structure. You should
know that computer can handle numbers
and letter.
The set of symbols and letters forms the
Assembly Language and a translator
program is required to translate the
Assembly Language to machine language
This translator program is called
`Assembler
9

Advantages:

Assembly Language is easier to


understand and saves a lot of time and
effort.
It is easier to correct errors and modify
program instructions.
Assembly Language has the same
efficiency of execution as the machine
level language

Disadvantages:

Assembly language is machine


dependent. A program written for one
computer might not run in other
computers with different hardware
configuration.

10

HIGH LEVEL 4-7


LANGUAGES
assembly

and machine level


languages require deep knowledge
of computer hardware where as in
higher language you have to know
only the instructions in English
words and logic of the problem.
Higher level languages are simple
languages that use English and
mathematical symbols like +, -, %, /
etc. for its program construction

11

Any

higher level language has to be


converted to machine language for the
computer to understand
For example COBOL (Common Business
Oriented Language), FORTRAN (Formula
Translation) and BASIC (Beginners Allpurpose Symbolic Instruction Code) are
high level languages
Advantages

of High Level Languages

Higher

level languages have a major


advantage over machine and assembly
languages that higher level languages
are easy to learn and use (similar to the
languages used by us in our day to day
life.
12

Compiler 4-8
Compiler

:It is a program
translator that translates the
instruction of a higher level
language to machine language.
It is called compiler because it
compiles machine language
instructions for every program
instructions of higher level
language.
13

Thus

compiler is a program translator


like assembler but more sophisticated.
It scans the entire program first and
then translates it into machine code.
The programs written by the
programmer in higher level language
is called source program. After this
program is converted to machine
languages by the compiler it is called
object program
A compiler can translate only those
source programs, which have been
written, in that language
14

Interpreter 4-9
An

interpreter is another type of


program translator used for
translating higher level language into
machine language.
It takes one statement of higher level
languages, translate it into machine
language and immediately execute it.
Translation and execution are carried
out for each statement.
It differs from compiler, which
translate the entire source program
into machine code and

15

The

advantage of interpreter compared


to compiler is its fast response to
changes in source program
do not require large memory in
computer.
The disadvantage of interpreter is that
it is time consuming method because
each time a statement in a program is
executed then it is first translated.
Thus compiled machine language
program runs much faster than an
interpreted program.
16

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