1

Essentials of
Geometry
1.1 Identify Points, Lines, and Planes
1.2 Use Segments and Congruence
1.3 Use Midpoint and Distance Formulas
1.4 Measure and Classify Angles
1.5 Describe Angle Pair Relationships
1.6 Classify Polygons
1.7 Find Perimeter, Circumference, and Area

Before
In previous courses, you learned the following skills, which youll use in
Chapter 1: finding measures, evaluating expressions, and solving equations.

Prerequisite Skills
VOCABULARY CHECK
Copy and complete the statement.
1. The distance around a rectangle is called its ? , and the distance around

a circle is called its ? .

2. The number of square units covered by a figure is called its ? .

SKILLS AND ALGEBRA CHECK

Evaluate the expression. (Review p. 870 for 1.2, 1.3, 1.7.)
3. 4 2 6

4. 3 2 11

5. 24 1 5

6. 28 2 10

Evaluate the expression when x 5 2. (Review p. 870 for 1.31.6.)

7. 5x

8. 20 2 8x

9. 218 1 3x

10. 25x 2 4 1 2x

Solve the equation. (Review p. 875 for 1.21.7.)

11. 274 5 22z

12. 8x 1 12 5 60

13. 2y 2 5 1 7y 5 232

14. 6p 1 11 1 3p 5 27

15. 8m 2 5 5 25 2 2m

16. 22n 1 18 5 5n 2 24

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Now
In Chapter 1, you will apply the big ideas listed below and reviewed in the
Chapter Summary on page 59. You will also use the key vocabulary listed below.

Big Ideas
1 Describing geometric figures
2 Measuring geometric figures
3 Understanding equality and congruence
KEY VOCABULARY
undefined terms, p. 2
point, line, plane

congruent segments, p. 11

linear pair, p. 37

midpoint, p. 15

vertical angles, p. 37

defined terms, p. 3

segment bisector, p. 15

polygon, p. 42

line segment, endpoints,

p. 3

acute, right, obtuse,

straight angles, p. 25

convex, concave, p. 42

ray, opposite rays, p. 3

congruent angles, p. 26

postulate, axiom, p. 9

angle bisector, p. 28

equilateral, equiangular,
regular, p. 43

n-gon, p. 43

Why?
Geometric figures can be used to represent real-world situations. For
example, you can show a climbers position along a stretched rope by a point
on a line segment.

Geometry
The animation illustrated below for Exercise 35 on page 14 helps you answer
this question: How far must a climber descend to reach the bottom of a cliff?

!#

!"

"

Your goal is to find the distance from a

climbers position to the bottom of a cliff.

Use the given information to enter a

distance. Then check your answer.

Geometry at classzone.com
Other animations for Chapter 1: pages 3, 21, 25, 43, and 52

1.1
Before

Identify Points, Lines,

and Planes
You studied basic concepts of geometry.

Now

You will name and sketch geometric figures.

Why

So you can use geometry terms in the real world, as in Ex. 13.

Key Vocabulary
undefined terms
point, line, plane
collinear points
coplanar points
defined terms
line segment
endpoints
ray
opposite rays
intersection

In the diagram of
a football field, the
positions of players are
represented by points.
The yard lines suggest
lines, and the flat surface
of the playing field can
be thought of as a plane.

In geometry, the words point, line, and plane are undefined terms.
These words do not have formal definitions, but there is agreement about
what they mean.

For Your Notebook

KEY CONCEPT
TAKE NOTES
When you write new
concepts and yellowhighlighted vocabulary
in your notebook,
be sure to copy all
associated diagrams.

Undefined Terms
A

Point A point has no dimension. It is

represented by a dot.
Line A line has one dimension. It is

represented by a line with two arrowheads,

but it extends without end.
Through any two points, there is exactly one
line. You can use any two points on a line
to name it.

point A

l
A
B
]
line l, line AB (AB ),
]
or line BA (BA )

Plane A plane has two dimensions. It is

represented by a shape that looks like a floor

or a wall, but it extends without end.
Through any three points not on the same
line, there is exactly one plane. You can use
three points that are not all on the same line
to name a plane.

A
B

M
C

plane M or plane ABC

Collinear points are points that lie on the same line. Coplanar points are
points that lie in the same plane.

Chapter 1 Essentials of Geometry

EXAMPLE 1

Name points, lines, and planes

]

VISUAL REASONING

a. Give two other names for PQ and for plane R.

There is a line through

points S and Q that
is not shown in the
diagram. Try to imagine
what plane SPQ would
look like if it were
shown.

b. Name three points that are collinear.

n
P

Name four points that are coplanar.

Solution

]
]
a. Other names for PQ are QP and line n.
Other names for plane R are plane SVT
and plane PTV.

b. Points S, P, and T lie on the same line, so they are collinear. Points S, P, T,

and V lie in the same plane, so they are coplanar.

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GUIDED PRACTICE

at classzone.com

for Example 1

1. Use the diagram in Example 1. Give two other names for ST . Name a point

that is not coplanar with points Q, S, and T.

DEFINED TERMS In geometry, terms that can be described using known

words such as point or line are called defined terms.

For Your Notebook

KEY CONCEPT
Defined Terms: Segments and Rays
]
Line AB (written as AB ) and points A and B are
used here to define the terms below.

line

segment

Segment The line segment AB, or segment AB,

(written as }
AB) consists of the endpoints A and
]
B and all points on AB that are between A and B.
AB can also be named }
BA.
Note that }

]
]
endpoint A and all points on AB that lie on the

endpoint

endpoint

ray

Ray The ray AB (written as AB ) consists of the

same side of A as B.
]
]
Note that AB and BA are different rays.

endpoint
A

B
endpoint

]
]
If point C lies on AB between A and B, then CA
]
and CB are opposite rays.

Segments and rays are collinear if they lie on the same line. So, opposite rays
are collinear. Lines, segments, and rays are coplanar if they lie in the
same plane.
1.1 Identify Points, Lines, and Planes

EXAMPLE 2

Name segments, rays, and opposite rays

a. Give another name for }

GH.

E
G

b. Name all rays with endpoint J. Which

of these rays are opposite rays?

AVOID ERRORS
]
In Example 2, JG and
]
JF have a common
endpoint, but are not
collinear. So they are
not opposite rays.

Solution
GH is }
HG.
a. Another name for }

] ] ]
]
]
]
]
]
with endpoint J are JE and JF , and JG and JH .

b. The rays with endpoint J are JE , JG , JF , and JH . The pairs of opposite rays

GUIDED PRACTICE

for Example 2

Use the diagram in Example 2.

2. Give another name for }
EF.

3. Are HJ and JH the same ray? Are HJ and HG the same ray? Explain.

INTERSECTIONS Two or more geometric figures intersect if they have one or

more points in common. The intersection of the figures is the set of points
the figures have in common. Some examples of intersections are
shown below.

The intersection of two

different lines is a point.

EXAMPLE 3

The intersection of two

different planes is a line.

Sketch intersections of lines and planes

a. Sketch a plane and a line that is in the plane.

b. Sketch a plane and a line that does not intersect the plane.
c. Sketch a plane and a line that intersects the plane at a point.

Solution
a.

b.

Chapter 1 Essentials of Geometry

c.
*

EXAMPLE 4

Sketch intersections of planes

Sketch two planes that intersect in a line.

Solution

STEP 1 Draw a vertical plane. Shade the

plane.

STEP 2 Draw a second plane that is

horizontal. Shade this plane a
different color. Use dashed lines to
show where one plane is hidden.

STEP 3 Draw the line of intersection.

GUIDED PRACTICE

for Examples 3 and 4

4. Sketch two different lines that intersect a

plane at the same point.

Use the diagram at the right.

]

5. Name the intersection of PQ and line k.

6. Name the intersection of plane A and plane B.

7. Name the intersection of line k and plane A.

1.1

EXERCISES

HOMEWORK
KEY

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 15, 19, and 43

5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Exs. 2, 7, 13, 16, and 43

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Write in words what each of the following symbols means.
a. Q
2.

EXAMPLE 1
on p. 3
for Exs. 37

b. }
MN

c. ST

d. FG

WRITING Compare collinear points and coplanar points. Are collinear

points also coplanar? Are coplanar points also collinear? Explain.

NAMING POINTS, LINES, AND PLANES In Exercises 37, use the diagram.

3. Give two other names for WQ .

4. Give another name for plane V.

5. Name three points that are collinear. Then name a

fourth point that is not collinear with these three points.

6. Name a point that is not coplanar with R, S, and T.
7.

S
T

WRITING Is point W coplanar with points Q and R? Explain.

1.1 Identify Points, Lines, and Planes

EXAMPLE 2
on p. 4
for Exs. 813

NAMING SEGMENTS AND RAYS In Exercises 812, use the diagram.

s

ZY ?
8. What is another name for }

9. Name all rays with endpoint V.

10. Name two pairs of opposite rays.

11. Give another name for WV .

12. ERROR ANALYSIS A student says that VW and VZ are opposite rays

because they have the same endpoint. Describe the error.

13.

MULTIPLE CHOICE Which statement

about the diagram at the right is true?

A A, B, and C are collinear.

B C, D, E, and G are coplanar.
]
C B lies on GE .
]
]
D EF and ED are opposite rays.

EXAMPLES
3 and 4
on pp. 45
for Exs. 1423

SKETCHING INTERSECTIONS Sketch the figure described.

14. Three lines that lie in a plane and intersect at one point
15. One line that lies in a plane, and one line that does not lie in the plane
16.

MULTIPLE CHOICE Line AB and line CD intersect at point E. Which of

the following are opposite rays?

]
] and DE
] B CE
]
A EC and ED

]
]
C AB and BA

]
]
D AE and BE

READING DIAGRAMS In Exercises 1722, use the diagram at the right.

17. Name the intersection of PR and HR .

18. Name the intersection of plane EFG and plane FGS.

19. Name the intersection of plane PQS and plane HGS.

20. Are points P, Q, and F collinear? Are they coplanar?

21. Are points P and G collinear? Are they coplanar?

22. Name three planes that intersect at point E.

23. SKETCHING PLANES Sketch plane J intersecting plane K. Then draw

a line l on plane J that intersects plane K at a single point.

A

24. NAMING RAYS Name 10 different rays in the diagram at

the right. Then name 2 pairs of opposite rays.

C

25. SKETCHING Draw three noncollinear points J, K, and L.

]
Sketch }
JK and add a point M on }
JK. Then sketch ML .

26. SKETCHING Draw two points P and Q. Then sketch PQ . Add a point R on

the ray so that Q is between P and R.

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS

5 STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTICE

REVIEW
ALGEBRA

ALGEBRA In Exercises 2732, you are given an equation of a line and a

point. Use substitution to determine whether the point is on the line.

For help with

equations of
lines, see
p. 878.

27. y 5 x 2 4; A(5, 1)

28. y 5 x 1 1; A(1, 0)

29. y 5 3x 1 4; A(7, 1)

30. y 5 4x 1 2; A(1, 6)

31. y 5 3x 2 2; A(21, 25)

32. y 5 22x 1 8; A(24, 0)

GRAPHING Graph the inequality on a number line. Tell whether the graph

is a segment, a ray or rays, a point, or a line.

33. x 3

34. x 24

35. 27 x 4

36. x 5 or x 22

37. x 21 or x 5

38. x 0

39. CHALLENGE Tell whether each of the following situations involving

three planes is possible. If a situation is possible, make a sketch.

a. None of the three planes intersect.
b. The three planes intersect in one line.
c. The three planes intersect in one point.
d. Two planes do not intersect. The third plane intersects the other two.
e. Exactly two planes intersect. The third plane does not intersect the

other two.

PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 3

EVERYDAY INTERSECTIONS What kind of geometric intersection does the

on p. 4
for Exs. 4042

photograph suggest?
40.

43.

41.

42.

SHORT RESPONSE Explain why a four-legged table may rock from side
to side even if the floor is level. Would a three-legged table on the same
level floor rock from side to side? Why or why not?

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44. SURVEYING A surveying instrument is placed on a

tripod. The tripod has three legs whose lengths can

be adjusted.
a. When the tripod is sitting on a level surface, are the

tips of the legs coplanar?

b. Suppose the tripod is used on a sloping surface.

The length of each leg is adjusted so that the base

of the surveying instrument is level with the horizon.
Are the tips of the legs coplanar? Explain.
GPS
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1.1 Identify Points, Lines, and Planes

45. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM In a perspective drawing, lines that do not

intersect in real life are represented by lines that appear to intersect at

a point far away on the horizon. This point is called a vanishing point.
The diagram shows a drawing of a house with two vanishing points.
#

7
"
$

&

a. Trace the black line segments in the drawing. Using lightly dashed

lines, join points A and B to the vanishing point W. Join points E and
F to the vanishing point V.
]
]
b. Label the intersection of EV and AW as G. Label the intersection of
]
]
FV and BW as H.
c. Using heavy dashed lines, draw the hidden edges of the house:

}}
AG,
EG, }
BH, }
FH, and }
GH.

46. CHALLENGE Each street in a particular town intersects every existing

street exactly one time. Only two streets pass through each intersection.


TUSFFUT


TUSFFUT


TUSFFUT

a. A traffic light is needed at each intersection. How many traffic lights

are needed if there are 5 streets in the town? 6 streets?

b. Describe a pattern you can use to find the number of additional

traffic lights that are needed each time a street is added to the town.

MIXED REVIEW
Find the difference. (p. 869)
47. 215 2 9

48. 6 2 10

49. 225 2 (212)

50. 13 2 20

51. 16 2 (24)

52. 25 2 15

PREVIEW

Evaluate the expression. (p. 870)

Prepare for
Lesson 1.2
in Exs. 5358.

53. 5 p 22 1 1

54. 28 1 7 2 6

55. 27 p 8 2 10

Plot the point in a coordinate plane. (p. 878)

56. A(2, 4)

57. B(23, 6)

58. E(6, 7.5)

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