Maths Summer Vacation Assignment

Package Solution
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES
1.

Fundamental Relations between the Trigonometrical ratios of an angle

sin2 + cos2 = 1 or sin2 =1 cos2 or cos2 = 1 sin2

1 + tan2 = sec2 or sec2 tan2 = 1

1 + cot2 = cosec2 or cosec2 cot2 = 1

sin
cos
and cot
tan =

cos
sin
sin . cosec = tan . cot = cos . sec = 1

cot

1 cot 2
2
,
cos
ec

cot

,
sec

1 cot 2
1 cot 2
cot
Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles
An angle made up of the algebraic sum of two or more angles is called compound angle.
Some formulae and results regarding compound angles:
sin (A + B) = sin A cosB + cosA sinB

sin(A B) = sinA cosB cos A sinB

cos (A + B) = cosA cos B sinA sin B

cos(A B) = cosA cosB + sin A sin B.

sin

2.

3.

, cos

tan A tan B
1 tan A
tan(A + B) = 1 tan A tan B , tan (45 + A) = 1 tan A

tan A tan B
tan(AB) = 1 tan A tan B ,

cot A cot B 1
cot A cot B 1
cot (A + B) = cot A cot B , cot (A B) = cot B cot A

sin(A + B) sin(A B) = sin2A sin2B = cos2B cos2A

cos(A + B) cos(A B) = cos2A sin2B = cos2B sin2A.

tan A tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C

tan (A + B + C) = 1 tan A tan B tan B tan C tan C tan A

1 tan A
tan (45 A) = 1 tan A

Trigonometric Ratios of Multiples of an angle

2 tan A
1 tan 2 A

sin2A = 2sinA cosA =

cos2A = cos2 A sin2A = 1 2 sin2A = 2 cos2A1 =

1 tan 2 A
,
1 tan 2 A

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1 + cos2A = 2cos2A, 1 cos2A = 2sin2A

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2 tan A
1 tan 2 A
sin3A = 3sinA 4sin3A = 4sin(60 A) sinA sin(60 + A)
cos3A = 4 cos3A 3cosA = 4cos(60A) cosA(cos60+A)

tan2A

3 tan A tan 3 A
= tan(60A) tanA tan(60+A)

1 3 tan 2 A
Product of sines/cosines in term of sums
2 sinA cosB = sin (A + B) + sin (A B)
2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) sin (A B)
2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
2 sin A sin B = cos (A B) cos (A + B)
Sum of sines/cosines in term of products
tan 3A

4.

5.

sinC + sinD = 2sin

CD
CD
cos
2
2

cosC + cosD = 2cos

tanA + tanB =

sinC sinD = 2 cos

CD
CD
cos
2
2

cosC cosD = 2sin

cot A tan A 2cosec2 A

Maximum and minimum values of acos + bsin

7.

CD
CD
sin
2
2

sin (A B)
sin (A B)
, tanA tanB =
cos A cos B
cos A cos B

cot A tan A 2cot 2 A

6.

CD
CD
sin
2
2

a 2 b 2 a cos b sin a 2 b 2

Hence the maximum value = a 2 b 2 and minimum value is a 2 b 2 .

Trigonometric Ratio of Submultiple of an Angle

| sin

A
A
cos | 1 sin A
2
2

or sin

| sin

A
3

A
A
ve, if 2 n 2n
cos 1 sin A
4 2
4
2
2
ve, otherwise

A
A
cos | 1 sin A
2
2

A
A

or sin cos
2
2

tan

A tan 2 A 1 1

2
tan A

A
5

2n
ve, if 2n
1 sin A
4
2
4

ve, otherwise

|a cosA + bsinA|

a 2 b2

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Also cosA sinA = 2 sin A = 2 cos A

4

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8.

9.

Conditional Identities : If A + B + C = , then

sin (B + C) = sinA, cosB = cos (C + A)

cos (A + B) = cosC, sinC = sin(A + B)

tan (C + A) = tanB, cotA = cot(B + C)

cos

AB
C
C
AB
sin , cos sin
2
2
2
2

sin

CA
B
A
BC
cos , sin cos
2
2
2
2

tan

BC
A
B
CA
cot , tan cot
2
2
2
2

Some important identities:

If A, B, C are angles of a triangle (or A + B + C = ):

tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC

cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA = 1

tan

A
B
B
C
C
A
tan + tan tan + tan tan 1
2
2
2
2
2
2

cot

A
B
C
A
B
C
cot cot cot cot cot
2
2
2
2
2
2

sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC

cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 4cosA cosB cosC

sinA + sinB + sinC = 4cos

cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + 4 sin

A
B
C
cos cos
2
2
2

A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2

Two Simple Trigonometrical Series

n
2 (n 1)
sin
sin
2
2

sin + sin( )+sin ( 2 ) + ... + sin{ (n 1) }=

sin
2

n
2 (n 1)
cos
sin
2
2

cos +cos( )+cos( 2 )+ ... +cos{ ( n 1) }=

sin
2

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1. (a)

1 cos 2 x 1 cos(120 2 x)
cos 2 x cos 2 x cos x cos x

cos x cos(60 x)
2
2
3

2 cos(120 2 x) cos 2 x 2cos(60 x)cos x

2

2 2 cos(60 2 x ) cos 60 (cos(60 2 x ) cos 60)

2

2 cos(60 2 x) cos(60 2 x) cos 60

isindependentofx
2

2. (b)

1 2(2sin 70 sin10) 1 2(cos 60 cos80)

2sin10
2sin10

3.(d)

(a) A B C 180 A B 180 C

1
1 2 2cos(90 10)
0 2sin10
2

1
2sin10
2sin10

tan A tan B
tan(180 C )
1 tan A tan B

tan A tan B
tan C tan A tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C
1 tan A tan B

tan A tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C

(b) ( a b) 2

c 2 5ab a 2 b 2 c 2 3ab

a2 b2 c2 3
3
cos C whichisnotpossible.
2ab
2
2

(c) sin A : sin B : sin C 2 : 3 : 7 a : b : c 2 : 3 : 7 a 2k , b 3k , c 7 k

since c a b then a : b : c 2 : 3: 7 isnotpossible
(d) cos A cos B sin A sin B

3
3
cos (A B) =
A B = 6 and
2
2

cos A cos B sin A sin B 0 cos (A + B) = 0 A + B =

Both imply that A = 60, B = 30.Hence such a triangle is possible

1
4
cos 20 sin 20
2
2
3
1
2( 3 cos 20 sin 20)

3 cos ec 200 sec 200

sin 20 cos 20
2sin 20 cos 20
sin 40

4. (c)

4 cos30 cos 20 sin 30 sin 20 4cos(30 20)

4
sin(90 50)
cos 50

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1
120
16
cos
cos8 2 cos8 cos8 0
2
2
2

5. (a)

cos 68 cos52 cos(180 8) 2 cos

6. (c)

2 sin cos sin sin sin( ) 2sin cos sin sin (sin cos cos sin )
Dividingby sin sin sin bothsideweget 2cot cot cot

2
1
1

tan tan tan

i.e. tan , tan and tan areinH.P..

..

7. (a)

sin( ) 1 cos 2 1

9 4

25 5
2

sin 1 cos 2 1

16 3
0
25 5

Now sin 2

sin sin cos cos sin

4 4 3 3 16 9

1
5 5 5 5 25 25

8.(c)

1 tan12
tan 45 tan12
cos120 sin 120 sin 147 0

tan(180

33

tan 33

1 tan 45 tan12
cos120 sin 120 cos 147 0 1 1.tan12
tan(45 12) tan 33 tan 33 tan 33 0

9.(a)

sin 600 cos 330 cos120 sin150

sin(360 240) cos(360 30) cos(180 60)sin(180 30)

sin 240 cos30 cos 60 sin 30

cos(360 ) cos ,cos(180 ) cos , sin(180 ) sin

sin(180 60) cos 30 cos 60 sin 30

sin 60 cos30 cos 60 sin 30 sin(180 ) sin

sin(60 30) 1
10.(c)

Given x sin y cos ..........(i)and x sin (sin 2 )

y cos (cos 2 ) sin cos

x sin (sin 2 ) x sin (cos 2 ) sin cos by(i)

x sin 1 sin cos x cos ....(ii)

Nowby(i)and(ii)weget cos sin y cos y sin ...(iii)

y 2 cos 2 sin 2 1

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Soby(ii)and(iii)weget x 2

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TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Useful cases of general solutions (where n Z )
1.

(i) sin 0 n

(ii) cos 0 (2n 1) / 2

2.

(i) sin 1 2n ( / 2)

and

sin 1 2n ( / 2)

(ii) cos 1 2n

and

cos 1 (2n 1)

(i) sin sin or cosec cosec

n ( 1) n

(ii) cos cos or sec sec

2n

(iii) tan tan or cot cot

4.

Forall: trig 2 trig 2

5.

Theequationsoftype

acos b sin c

cos cos

where

3.

a
2

a b

(iii) tan 0 n

aresolvedbytransformingthemto

cos ,

b
2

a b

sin and

c
2

a b2

cos

2n
2n
whichimpliesthatsolutionexistsifandonlyif a 2 b 2 c a 2 b 2
Useful hints for solving trigonometric equations:
1.

Factorizetheequationusingtrigonometricformulaeandidentities.Eachfactorgivesapartofsolution.

2.

Nevercancelacommonfactorcontaining ' ' fromthetwosidesofanequation.

1
,
2

Forexample,considertheequation tan 2 sin .Ifwedividebothsidesby sin ,weget cos

whichisclearlynotequivalenttothegivenequationasthesolutionsobtainedby sin 0 arelost.Thus,

insteadofdividinganequationbyacommongfactor,takethisfactoroutasacommonfactorfromallterms
oftheequation.
3.

Squaringshouldbeavoidedasfaraspossible.Ifsquaringisdone,checkforextrasolutions.
Forexample,considertheequation sin cos 1
Onsquaring,weget
1 sin 2 1 or sin 2 0

n
, n 0, 1, 2,...
2

3
donotsatisfythegivenequation,So,wegetextrasolutions.Thus,ifsquaringis
2
must,verifyeachofthesolutions.

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Clearly, and

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2. (b)

2
2
2
2
sin 4 x 2 2sin 2 x a 2 0 (sin x) 2(sin x) (a 2) 0

sin 2 x

2 4 4(a 2 2)
1 3 a 2 .Now 0 1 3 a 2 1
2

1 3 a 2 2 1 3 a 2 4 1 a 2 3 4 2 a 2 1

0 a2 2 2 a 2
3. (a)

sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 1, cos

1
6
6
6
6

2n

4.(a)

5

5
2n 2 2n & 2n
6
2 6
6

&

& 2n

5
7 13 19
7 19
,
,
,........ &
,
,
6
6 6
6
6
6 6

7 19
7
,
,........ 2n
6 6
6

x 2 4 x 10 ( x 2) 2 6 i.e.minimumvalueof x 2 4 x 10 is 6
andmax.valueof 3sin x 4cos x is

32 42 5

i.e.graphof 3sin x 4cos x notintersectwith x 2 4 x 10 i.e.nosolution

5. (a)

1 cos 2 cos 4

13
13
13
1 cos 2 (1 cos 2 )
1 sin 2 cos 2
16
16
16
2

3
13 3
3

sin cos 1
(2sin cos ) 2 sin 2 2
2 n
16 16
4
6
2
2

9. (b)

1 cos 2 x sin xy 1 cos 2 x sin xy 2 cos 2 x 1 & sin xy 1

3
3
x n 0 & xy 2n 2 x n , y 2 2n

10. (b) 8sin x cos x cos 2 x cos 4 x sin 6 x (sin x 0)

x (2n 1)

14

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cos 7 x 0 7 x (2n 1)

sin8x sin 6 x 0 2cos 7 x sin x 0

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QUADRATIC EQUATION
2

Theequation ax bx c 0 where a 0, and a, b, c C (Complexnumbers)iscalled

1.

aquadraticequation.Itsrootsare x
2.

If

and

b b 2 4ac
2a

are the roots of a quadratic equation, then

(a)

Sumoftheroots, b / a

(b)

Productofroots, c / a

(c)

Differenceoftheroots, | | |

D /a|

( ) 2

(d)

Ifrootsareintheratiom:nthen

(d)

Equationformedbysuchgivenrootsis

x x 0

or, x

( m n) 2
mn

x 0

x 2 -(Sumofroots)x+(Productofroots)=0
2

Nature of roots of ax bx c 0 based on its Discriminant D = b 4ac :

3.

Ifa,b,c R(Realnumbers)
(i)

D>0 rootsarerealanddistinct.
D 0 rootsarereal(maybeequalorunequal)
D=0 rootsarerealandidentical.
D<0 rootsarenonrealcomplex(imaginary)conjugateseg.2+3i,2-3i.

FurtherIfa,b,c Q(Rationalnumbers)
(i)

Disaperfectsquare rootsarerational.

(ii)

Disnotaperfectsquare rootsareirrationalconjugateseg.2+

3 ,2- 3 .

Nature of roots of ax bx c 0 based on the sign of a, b, and c:

4.

whenthesignofbmatcheswiththoseofaandc,bothrootsarenegative.
whenthesignofbmatcheswiththatofconly,positiverootisgreaterinmagnitude.

Natureofroots
One+ve,one-ve
Both+veroots
Both-veroots
5.

(a)

Discriminant
D>0
D>0
D>0

Sumofroots Productofroots

c/a<0
.-b/a>0
c/a>0
.-b/a<0
c/a>0

Condition for one common rootoftwoquadraticequationssay

a1 x 2 b1 x c 0 and a2 x 2 b2 x c2 0
Letthecommonrootbe ,then a1 2 b1 c1 0 and a2 2 b2 c2 0
Solvingthembycrossmultiplication,

c1a2 c2 a1

1
a1b2 a2 b1

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b1c2 b2 c1

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b1c2 b2 c1 c1a2 c2 a1
Thecommonrootis c a c a a b a b
1 2
2 1
1 2
2 1

(b)

Condition for both common rootsoftwoquadraticequations ai x

whichisalsotherequiredcondition.
2

bi x ci 0 i 1, 2 is

a1 b1 c1

a2 b2 c2
Sign of the quadratic expression ax 2 bx c
(a)
IfD<0then

6.

(i) ax 2

bx c 0 forall x R whena>0

(ii) ax 2 bx c 0 forall x R whena<0

(b)

IfD>0,signschemeofy=ax2+bx+cwillbeasfollows( , arerootsof ax 2 bx c 0 )
Sameasa

Oppositeinsignasthatofa

Sameasa

Theaboveresultcanbeunderstoodbythedifferentpossiblediagramsof

y ax 2 bx c ,(shownbelow).Theportionofthecurveabovethex-axisispositiveandthatbelowthexaxisisnegative
Y
O

(a)

a 0, D 0
Y

a 0, D 0

(e)

(c)

a 0, D 0

7.

(b)
a 0, D 0

(d)

a 0, D 0

(f)

a 0, D 0

Maximum and Minimum value of a quadratic expression:Fromtheabovefigureitisclearthat,

(a)

Ifa>0,theny= ax 2 bx c hasaminimumvalue.Itoccursatturningpoint(vertex)ofthe
2

b
4ac b
D
,y

.Thereisnomaximumvalue.
2a
4a
4a
Ifa<0,then y ax 2 bx c hasamaximumvalue.Italsooccursatturningpointofthecurve
parabolaforwhich x

(b)

b D
,
.Thereisnominimumvalue.
2a 4 a

whichis
8.

Useful conditions based on location of roots :

(a)
(b)
(c)

Conditionthatbothrootsoff(x)=ax2+bx+c=0willbegreaterthananumberdis
D>0,d<-b/2aanda.f(d)>0
Conditionthatbothrootsoff(x)=ax2+bx+c=0willbelessthananumbereis
D>0,e>-b/2a,a.f(e)>0
2

Conditionthatanumbergliesbetweentherootsoff(x)= ax bx c 0 is

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D>0,a.f(g)<0

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(d)

Conditionthatexactlyoneoftherootsliesinthegiveninterval(k1,k2)is
D>0,f(k1).f(k2)<0

(e)
9.

Ifsumofcoefficientsi.e.a+b+c=0,thenonerootof ax 2 bx c 0 is1.

Equation of more than two degrees :(a)

If , , betherootsof ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0 then

a ; a ; a
(b)

If , , , betherootsof ax 4 bx 3 cx 2 dx c 0 then
b
c
d
e
; ; ;
a
a
a
a

(c)

Forapolynomialequation: a0 x n a1 x n 1 a2 x n 2 ....an 0 a 0
Sumofroots= -

10.

Repeated roots:-If isntimesrepeatedrootofapolymialequationp(x)=0,then p x x f x .

Hence,

11.

n Constant term
Coeff.of x n-1
;
;
-1
n Productofroots=
Coeff. of x n
Coeff of x

p 0 , p '' 0..... , p n 1 0 .

Sign schemeofapolynomialfunctionorrationalfunction.
2

x a x b
Leta<b<c<dandsuppose y
x c x d

or,y=(x-a)(x-b)2(x-c)(x-d)

(i)(x-b)2neverdisturbsthesignofyasitisalwayspositive(exceptatx=b).
(ii)y>0 x (a,b) (b,c) (d, )
(iii)y<0 x (- ,a) (c,d)
Now,weconcisetheabovediscussioninfollowingsteps:
Step I : Selectthefactorwhichdisturbsthesignofyandfindthevalueatwhichtheybecomezero.(here,(xa),(x-c),(x-d)disturbthesignandbecomezeroatx=a,c,d)
Step II :Showthesevaluesonanumberline

d
Step III :Checkthesignofyforaspecificintervalandsignofsubsequentintervalsoccursalternately.
Hereforx>d,yis+vehenceSIGNSCHEMEofywillbeasfollows:

ve

vc

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(Notethatatb(i.e.atapointbetweenaandc,y=0whichisneither+venor-veandbecarefulaboutitwhile
writingthefinalanswer)

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1. (a) Let

f ( x) ax 2 bx c ,4a+2b+c=0 f (2) 0 .Also

for
2. (b)

Let

b
0 sumofroots 0
a

2 weget 2 i.e.boththerootsarereal.

f ( x) ax 2 bx 6 then f (0) 0 .Since f ( x ) 0 hasnodistinctrealrootsthen

f (2) 0 4a 2b 6 2a b 3 thentheleastvalueof2a+bis3.
3. (b)

b b 2 4ac .Now b
0 , b 2 4ac b b b 2 4ac 0 and
x
a
2a
b 2 4ac maybe 0 or 0 thenrootsarewithnegativerealparts.

4. (a)

a1 b, c areofsamesignthen

b
c
0, 0 0, 0 & b 2 4ac 0 thenboththeroots
a
a

arepositive,ifbothC1andC2aresatisfied.
5. (c)

b 2 4ac (n 1) 2 4n(n 2) n 2 2n 1 4n 2 8n 3n 2 6n 1
1 3(n 2 2n) 4 3(n 1) 2 isperfectsquarefor n 2, 1,0 .

6. (b)

Sincea,b,caredistinctthen a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca

1
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 0 then
2

a3+b3+c3=3abc a b c 0 .Alsosincerootsofequation cx 2 ax b 0 areequalthenrootofthe

quadraticequationis1.
7. (d)

2 5 5 1 2 5 4 0 ( 1)( 4) 0 1 4

2 2 3 4 1 2 2 3 5 0 ( 1) 0 1
2
2
By(i)&(ii)1

.......(ii)

5
2
2
2
.Now D 5 5 4 2 3 4 .Nowfor
2

2 2 3 4, b 2 4ac 9 32 0 then 2 2 3 4 0 D 0 for 1

10.(c)

5
5
.So, 1,
2
2

x 2 y y 2 x x 2 y 2 x y 0 .Now 4 4 y 2 0 y 2 1 0 1 y 1
2

1 9
9

Now y y 2 y i.e. y ,0
2 4
4

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COMPLEX NUMBER
Definition of a complex number :Anumberoftheform z x iy ,where x, y R and i 2 1 is

1.

calledacomplexnumber.

x Re( z ) ,iscalledrealpartofzand y Im( z ) ,iscalledimaginarypartofz.

z x iy iscalled
(a)realif y 0

(b)imaginaryif y 0

(c)purelyimaginaryif x 0

Onthisbasis0isarealandpurelyimaginarynumberaswell.

2.

Equalityoftwocomplexnumber:

3.

(a)

x iy a ib x a and y b i.e.realandimaginarypartsareseparatelyequal.

(b)

Inequalitydoesnotholdinacomplexplane.i.e. 3 4i 2 3i hasnosense.

Representation of complex number:

(a)Algebraicform: z

x iy .

(b)Orderedpairform:z=(x,y).zisalsorepresentedonaplaneasa
point(x,y).Itsrealpartisshownonthex-axis(realaxis)andimaginary
part on the y-axis (imaginary axis).This plane is known as Complex
planeorArgandplaneorGaussianplane.
(C)Polarformortrigonometricform :z=r(cos +isin )wherer=|z|

P x , y

Realaxis

and =argz.
(e)EulerorExponential: z re

4.

Three basic termsofacomplexnumber

(a)

Modulus:If z

x iy, itsmodulus,isdenotedby r | z | x 2 y 2 0

Geometrically,itisthedistanceofpointzfromtheorigin.
(b)

Argument (or amplitude):

Geometrically,itisanglemadebythelinejoiningtheorigintothepointz(x,y),withx-axis.
Ifz=x+iy,then

(c)

arg( z ) tan 1 y / x

(zbeinginfirstquadrant)

arg( z ) tan 1 y / x

(zbeinginsecondquadrant)

arg( z ) tan 1 y / x

(zbeinginthirdquadrant)

arg( z ) tan 1 y / x

(zbeinginfourthquadrant)

Conjugateofacomplexnumber:Ifz=x+iy,thenitsconjugateisdenotedby z

x iy .

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Geometrically,itisthereflectionofpointzwithrespecttox-axis.

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5.

Properties of modulus, argument and conjugate :i. | z1 z2

| | z1 || z2 | ;

| z || z |

z
z1
1
z2
z2

ii.TriangularInequalities:

|| z1 | | z2 ||| z1 z2 || z1 | | z2 | and || z1 | | z2 ||| z1 z2 || z1 | | z2 |

Note:

Equalities | z1 z2

| | z1 | | z2 | and | z1 z2 | | z1 | | z2 | holdifandonlyif z1 and z2 are

collinearandareonthesamesideoftheorigin.

iii. | z | | z |, z z ;

iv. Re( z )
If z

zz
;
2

z1 z2 z1 z2 ;
Im( z )

z1 z2 z1 z2 ;

zz
;
2i

| z | Re z | z | ;

| z |2

| z | Im z | z |

|2 | z1 |2 | z2 |2 2 | z1 || z2 | cos arg z1 arg z2

z1 z2 arg z1 arg z2 ;

arg z n n arg z ;

vii. arg z arg z ;

6.

zz

z , thenthecomplexnumberisreal.If z z , thenitisimaginary..

v. | z1 z2 |2 | z1 |2 | z2 |2 2 Re( z1 z2 ) or | z1 z2
vi. arg

z1 z1
z z ;
2
2

arg

z1 / z2 arg z1 arg z2

arg kz arg z if k 0 and arg kz arg z if k 0

Cube roots of unity :

(a)Solving x 3 1 ,weget: x 1,

1 3i 1 3i
2
,
;calledcuberootofunity,denotedby 1, & .
2
2

(b)Propertiesofcuberootsofunity
i.Theirsumi.e. 1 2 0 andtheirproducti.e. 3 1
ii.Ifwesquareoneofthecomplexcuberootofunity,wegettheother.
iii.Theirmodulusi.e. | || 2

7.

| 1 ;theirargumentsare0, 2 / 3 and 2 / 3 .

iv. 1 n 2 n 3 or0accordingasnisamultipleof3ornot.
vCuberootsofunityareverticesofanequilateraltrainglewhichisinscribedinacircleofunitradius
withcentreatorigin.
De Moivres Theorem :Tofindrationalpowersofacomplexnumber(Polarformismust)
(a)Ifnisanintegerthen (cos

i sin )n cos n i sin n

1/ n

(b)Ifnisanintegerthen (cos i sin )

8.

cos

2 k
2 k
i sin
wherek=0,1,2,......,n-1.
n
n

Eulers theorem : cos i sin ei ,

Hence,wehave
(a) (cos A i sin A)(cos B i sin B ) /(cos C i sin C ) cos A B C i sin A B C

1
cos i sin
cos i sin

G YA

mv

(b)

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13

9.

nth roots of unity :

i

i.Ifweconsider e n ,thennthrootsare 1, , 2 , 3 ,......., n 1 .

SonthrootsofunityareinG.P. ii. Sum of n roots of unity = 0 , and
Productofnrootsofunity= ( 1) n1

e (2 / n )
(1, 0)

(1, 0)

n 1

Sumofnthrootsofacomplexnumberz0 =0;
Productofthenthrootsofz0=(-1)n+1z0
iii.Modulusofeachofnroots=1;theirargument

10.

0, 2 / n, 4 / n,......,[2( n 1) / n ] areinA.P..
iv.Thesenrootsofunitylieonaunitcircleasverticesofaregularpolygonofnsides.
Square roots of a complex number
1/ 2

(i) x0 iy0

(ii) ro cos o
11.

x iy x 2 y 2 x0 , 2 xy y0 .Solveforxandy..

i sin o

1/ 2

ro 2 cos o i sin o .
2
2

Here,use tan( / 2) (1 cos ) / sin ;

Geometrical relations
(a)If z1 and z2 aretwocomplexnumbers,thenthecomplexnumber z

nz1 mz2
dividesthejoinof z1
mn

and z2 intheratio m : n .
(b)

z-z1 z-z 2 isequationofperpendicularbisectoroflinejoiningthepoints z1 andz2.

(c)DifferentformsofEquationofacircleare
i. | z z0

| r , representsacirclewithradiusrandcentre z0 .

ii. z z az az b 0 ,(wherebisarealnumber),representsacirclewithcentre-aandradius

a b

z z1
( ) representsarcofacirclethroughz1andz2.
z

z
2

iii. arg
iv.

z-z1 k z-z 2 (if k 1) isalsoacircle.Endsofdiameter(k:1)andcenter(-k2:1).

(d)Thetrianglewhoseverticesarerepresentedby z1 , z2 , z3 isequilateralifandonlyif

1
1
1

0 or z12 z2 2 z32 z1 z2 z2 z3 z3 z1
z2 z3 z3 z1 z1 z2
12.

Concept of rotation :
(a)Complex number zei isobtained byrotating Oz with anangle in
anticlockwisedirection.Itfollowsdirectlyfromthegeometricalmeaningof
multiplicationoftwocomplexnumber.
(b)Ingeneral,wehave

z1

z2

G YA

mv

z3 z1 z3 z1

cos i sin
z2 z1 z2 z1

z3

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14

1.(a)

50

1 i

canbewrittenas

Hencerealpartof 1 i

2. (b)

50

2 25

2 25

1 i 1 2i i

25

2i 225 i 25 225 i 0 225 i .

z 2 z (5 5i ) 0 z

1 1 4(5 5i ) 1 21 20i

. Now 21 20i 25 4 20i

2(1)
2

52 2i 2 5 2i

(5 2i)

then z

1 (5 2i ) 6 2i
4 2i
or

3i
2
2
2

or 2 i .Thentheproductoftherealpartoftherootsofz2z=55iis(6).
3.(c)

2
2
z 2 z 0 x iy x iy 0 (if z x iy ) x y 2 xyi x iy 0
2
2
x y x 2 xy y i 0 .Byequalityofcomplexno. x2 y2 x 0 ....(1)

and 2 xy

y 0 y 2 x 1 0 y 0 or x

Put y 0 in(1)weget x 2

1
.
2

x 0 x( x 1) 0 x 0, 1

1
1
1
2
in(1)weget y 0 i.e. y 2 1 whichisnotposiblesince y isreal.
2
4
2
4
hence, z 0 0 and 1 0i i.e.numberofsolutionsis2.
andput x

4.(c)

Givenequation x 2
Given 2

( p iq ) x 3i 0 .If & aretherootsthen p iq & 3i .

2

2 8 2 8 ( p iq ) 2 6i 8 p 2 q 2 i (2 pq 6) 8

comparingreal&imaginaryparts,

p 2 q 2 8 & pq 3 .Onsolvingweget p 3 & q 1

or p 3 & q 1
5.(a)

Itisgiventhatforacomplexno. z
then

x iy

- x + y =1
x + y =1

Re z Im z 1 represents x y 1

whichistheequationofsquare.
x - y =1

- x - y =1

6.(c)

3 4 i 25 3 4 i 3 4 i
25
25

3 4i 3 4i 3 4i
9 16
Nowbyfigureweseethatoppositeanglesaresupplementary.
Henceitisacyclicquadrilateral.

7.(d)

Foracomplexno. z itisgiventhat z 3

(3,4)

2 5

(1,0) (1,0)

(3,4)

2 5

z (i).Takiingmodulusofbothsidesweget z z

2
z z 1 0 (| z || z |) z 0 or z 1 z 0 or zz 1 z 0 or z 4 1 by(i)

z 0; z 1, z i .Henceno.ofrootsare5.

G YA

mv

Hence

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15

8.(c)

Let F is x iy thenreciprocalof F is

1
x iy
2
i.e.reciprocalnumberiscanjugateandits
x iy x y 2

modulusislessthen1sincemodulusof F isgreaterthan1i.e. C isrequirednumber..

9.(a)

wehave,

z 5i
1 | z 5i || z ( 5i ) | z isequidistantfrom5i&-5i
z 5i

z liesontheperpendicularbisectoroflinesegmentjoining (0,5) & (0, 5) i.e. x -axis

10. (c) | z1 z 2 |2 | z1 |2 | z2 |2 | z1 || z2 |

| z1 |2 | z2 |2 2 | z1 || z2 | cos(1 2 ) | z1 |2 | z2 |2 2 | z1 || z2 |

G YA

mv

cos(1 2 ) 1 1 2 0 1 2 i.e.Argz1Argz2 =0

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16

STRAIGHT LINE
CoordinateSystems: CartesianandPolarSystems

1.

(a)x=rcos ,y=rsin
(b) r 2

P x, y or r ,

x 2 y 2 , =tan-1(y/x)

(c) x coordinate is also called abscissa and y coordinate is called

ordinate.

x2 x1

y1 y 2

2.

Distancebetweentwopoints(x1,y1)and(x2,y2)is

3.

Section Formula:IfapointPdividesthelinesegmentjoiningpoints(x1,y1)and(x2,y2)intheratio

mx2 nx1 my2 ny1

,
(a)m:ninternally,then P

mn
mn
P1
mx2 nx1 my2 ny1
,
(b)m:nexternally,then P

mn
mn

P ( x, y )
n

x1 x2 y1 y2
,
(c)IfPisthemidpoint,then P

2
2

P2

(d)Theratioinwhichstraightline ax by c 0 dividesthelinesegmentjoiningthepoints

x2 , y2 is=

x1 , y1 and

ax1 by1 c
ax by c .Thus,points(x1,y1)and(x2,y2)areonthesameside(oroppositesides)of
2

theline ax by c 0 accordingas ax1 by1 c and ax2 by2 c havesamesign(oroppositesign).

4.

(a)Area of a trianglewhoseverticesare(x1,y1),(x1,y2)and(x3,y3)is
x

1
1
1
1 x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3
x2 y 2 1

2 x2 y2 x3 y3 x1 y1 = 2 x y 1
3
3

(b)Area of a polygonwhoseconsecutiveverticesare(xi,yi)(i=1,2,3,...n)is

1
2

x1
x2

y1 x2

y2 x3

y2
xn 1
......
y3
xn

yn 1 xn

yn
x1

yn
y1

G YA

mv

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17

5.

Ax1 , y1

(a)Centroid:Thepoint(G)wheremediansofthetrianglemeet.
Wemustnotethat
(i)

AG BG CG 2

GD GE GF 1

(ii)

x x x3 y1 y2 y3
G 1 2
,

3
3

(b)Incentre:isthepoint(I)whereinternalbisectorsoftheanglesmeet.
Wemustnotethat
(i)

BD AB c

etc.
DC AC b

(ii)

ax bx2 cx3 ay1 by2 cy3

I 1
,
abc
a b c

x2 , y2

E
C

x3 , y3

(c)Excentres :arepointswhereanglebisectorsofoneinternaland
twoexternalanglesmeet.

ax1 bx2 cx3 ay1 by2 cy3

,
ExcentreoppositetoA
etc.
a b c
a b c
(d)Circumcentre :ThePoint(O)whereperpendicularbisectorof thesidesof
thetrianglemeet.Itiscentreofthecirclepassingthroughthevertices.
(i)AO=BO=CO=R,calledcircumradius
(ii) BOD COD A
(iii)SlopeofODxSlopeofBC=-1etc.

A x1 , y1

(e)Orthocentre :isthepoint(P)wherealtitudesofthetrianglemeet.
Wemustnotethat:
SlopeofADxSlopeofBC=-1etc.

x2 , y2

F
P

x3 , y3

C
D
B
Properties of centres:
(a)
Inanequilaterialtriangle,thefourcentres(centroid,incentre,circumcentreandorthocentre)are
coincident.

6.

(b)

0
InarightangledtriangleABC A 90 orthocentreisatAandcircumcentreisthemidpointof

(c)
(d)

hypotenuseBC.
LinesjoiningthecentroidandverticesofatriangleABC,dividethetriangleintothreeequalareas.
Orthocentre(P)centroid(G)andcircumcentre(O)ofatrianglearecollinearand

also,

AP PG AG

OD GO GD 1

O
B

7.

G
D

Slope of a line segment:Ifalinemakesanangle withx-axisinanticlockwisedirection,then tan is

calledslopeoftheline.Itisgenerallydenotedbym.

Insteadofx-axis,ifthelinemakesanangle withpositivedirectionofy-axis,thenslope= tan

2

G YA

mv

y2 y1
Slopeofalinejoiningthepoints(x1,y1)and(x2,y2)is= x x .
2
1

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18

8.

Collinearity of points A, B, and C:

(a)SlopeofAB=SlopeofBC(=SlopeofCA)
(b)AreaoftriangleABC=0
(c)AdividesBCinsomeratio,i.e.Sectionformulaholds.
(d)SumoftwoofAB,BC,andACisequaltothethird.

C
Locus :Ifapointmovessuchthatitfollowssome(geometrical)condition,thenthepathtracedoutbythe
pointiscalleditslocus,andmathematicalrelationthusobtainediscalledequationofthelocus.
Itisgenerallyanequationconnectingthecoordinates(xandy)ofthepointandthegivenconstants.

9.

10.

Trasformation of Coordinate System:

Generalequationsoftransformationofcoordinatesystem:Onshiftingoforigintopoint(h,k)androtationof
axesbyanangle ,theoldcoordinates(x,y)andnewcoordinates(x,y)ofapointarerelatedby:

x x 'cos y 'sin h
x x' h
y x 'sin y 'cos k ;whichbecome y y ' k incaseofonlytranslationofaxes(i.e.norotation)
11.

Various useful forms of a straight line: Equationofastraightlinewhichis

(a)

y=c
x=c

(b)
(c)
(d)

Paralleltox-axisis
Paralleltoy-axisis
Eq.ofx-axis:y=0;andthatofy-axis:x=0.
Passingthroughorigin,havingslopem,is
Havingslopemandinterceptony-axiscis
Havingslopemandpassingthrough(x1,y1)is

(e)

Passingthroughpoints(x1,y1)and(x2,y2)is

y y1

(f)

Havinginterceptsaandbontheaxesrespectivelyis

x y
1
a b

(g)

If length of perpendicular from the origin to a line is p and the

perpendicularline(OP)makesanangle withthepositive

(h)

(aconstant)
(aconstant)

y=mx
y=mx+c
y-mx=y1-mx1

y2 y1
x2 x1

x x1

directionofx-axis,thentheequationofthestraightline(AB)is

x cos y sin p

Distanceformorparamatricformofastraightlineis

x x1 y y1

r
cos
sin

Apointatadistancerfromthepoint(x1,y1)onthe
straightlinecanbetakenas x, y r cos x1 , r sin y1
(i)

Equationsofstraightlines(PAandPBinthefigure)passing
throughthepoint(x1,y1)andmakinanangle withthe
y y1 tan x x1

straightlineofslopem tan are

For11(h)

For11(i)

G YA

mv

For11(g)

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19

c
12.

General equationofastraightlineisax+by+c=0.Itsslope=-a/b,anditsdistancefromorigin=

13.

m m1
Angle between two straight lines:whoseslopesarem1andm2is, tan 1 2
1 m1m2

a2 b2

Acuteandobtuseanglebetweenthemare tan

m2 m1
1 m2 m1
and tan
respectively..
1 m1m2
1 m1m2

Ifonelineisparalleltoy-axisandslopeoftheotherlineismthenanglebetweenthemis
14.

15.

tan 1 m

Parallelism and Perpendicularity:Twostraightliney=m1x+c1andy=m2x+c2are

(a)
parallelifm1=m2
slopesareequal

(b)
perpendicularifm1m2=-1i.e.
productofslopes=-1.

Ifaix+biy+ci=0(i=1,2)aretwolinesand

a1 b1
(a) a b
2
2

linesareintersecting.

a1 b1 c1
(c) a b c linesarecoincident.
2
2
2
16.

a1 b1 c1
(b) a b c
2
2
2

linesareparallel.

(d) a1a2 b1b2 0

linesareperpendicular..

(a)Equationofastraightlineparalleltotheline ax by c 0 canbetakenas ax by k 0 .
(b)Equationofastraightlineperpendiculartotheline ax by c 0 canbetakenas bx ay k 0 .

17.

Perpendicular distanceofpoint(x1,y1)fromtheline ax by c 0 is

ax1 by1 c1
a 2 b2
d c

Distancebetweentwoparallellines ax by c 0 and ax by d 0 is
18.

Concurrency:Threelines Li ai x bi y ci 0 (i=1,2,3)areconcurrentif
(a)
Pointofintersectionofanytwolinessatisfiesthethirdone,or

(b)
19.

a 2 b2

a1

b1

c1

a2

b2

c2 0

a3

b3

c3

Equation of a family of lines(oravariableline)passingthroughthepointofintersectionofthelines

L1=a1x+b1y+c1=0andL2=a2x+b2y+c2=0is L1 L2 0

20.

Equation of bisectorsoftheanglebetweenthestraightlines

a1 x b1 y c1 0 and a2 x b2 y c2 0 are
a1 x b1 y c1
2
1

2
1

a b

a2 x b2 y c2
a22 b22

Ifthesignsof c1 and c2 arekeptsamethenfororigincontaininganglebisector, " " signistaken;andforacute

anglebisector,signoppositetothatof " a1a2 b1b2 '' istaken.

Foot of perpendicular from(x0,y0)tothelineax+by+c=0isgivenby:

x xo y yo axo byo c

.
a
b
a2 b2

G YA

mv

21.

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20

1.

Question incomplete

2. (c)

Slopeof AB

AB

20
1
and
04
2
2

2 0 0 4

2 5
D

then BC 5 .SinceDiscentreofsquare
thenslopeof CD 2 and CD

(0,2) B

45

(2,1)C
40 02
,
coordinateof C is
(2,1)
2
2

Nowequationof CD is

4. (a)

A(4,0)

x 2 y 1

5 coordinateof D is x 3, y 3
1
2
5
5

Slopeof AB

2
2
then tan ABX
1 x
1 x

slopeof BC

3
3
then tan CBX
5 x
5 x

Now

C (5,3)

A(1,2)

X'
B (x,0)

2
3

10 2 x 3 3 x 5 x 13 .Nowslopeof AB
1 x 5 x

2
10
5

13 8
4
1
5

Soequationof AB is 5 x 4 y 13 .
5.(c)

EquationofthemedianthroughAis(px+qy-1) (qx+py-1)=0.Sinceitpassesthrough(p,q)then

6.(b)

p2 q2 1
2
2

2 pq 1 thentheequationofthemedianis(2pq1)(px+qy1)=(p +q 1)(qx+py1).

21 72
,
25 25

Coordinatesofpoint A is (3,0) .Coordinateofpoint B is (0, 4) .Coordinateofpoint P is

Nowslopeof PA is

3 4
72
3
28 4
,slopeof PB is
.Since 1
96
4
21 3
4 3

5
2

G YA

mv

then PA PB then AB isdiameterof PAB i.e.circumradius

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21

7.(a)

Let AB r then equation of lineAB is

x p yq

r x p r cos , y q r sin will lie in

cos sin

ax by c 0 then ap ar cos bq br sin c 0

r

ap bq c
ap bq c
AB
a cos b sin
a cos b sin

8. (a)

Iforiginisshiftedto ( h, k ) thennewcoordinatesof ( x, y ) is ( x h , y k ) .Sothetriangleformedby

thepoints(x1+h,y1+k),(x 2+h,y2+k)and(x 3+h,y3+k)iscongruenttothetriangleformedbythe
points(x1,y1),(x 2,y2)and(x 3,y3)then A A ' .

10.(a)

Equationofbisectorsofangleformedbyk 1uk 2v=0andk 1u+k 2v=0fornonzerorealk 1andk 2are

kuk v
kuk v
2
2
or 1

1
2
2
2
2
2
2 k1u 0 or k 2v 0 u 0, v 0

k1 k2
k

k
k

k
2
2
1
1

k1u k2v

G YA

mv

thenequationofthebisectorsofangleformedbyis uv 0

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22

CIRCLE
1.

Circle islocusofamovingpointsuchthatitsdistancefromafixedpointremainsfixed.
Generalequationofseconddegreeinxandy, ax 2

2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 representsacircleif

a=bandh=0.
2.

Equation of circle in various forms :

2

(i)Central form: x h y k r 2 hascentre(h,k)andradiusr..

2

k2

h2

h, k andtouchingx-axisis

x h y k

circlewithcentre h, k andtouchingy-axisis

x h y k

eg.circlewithcentre

(ii)General equation: x 2 y 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 hascentre(-g,-f)andradius g 2 f 2 c

thecirclewillbearealcircle,pointcircleorimaginarycircledependingonwhether
g 2 f 2 c 0, 0 or 0 ;

thecirclepassesthroughtheoriginif c 0 ;
Lengthoftheinterceptmadebythecircle x 2 y 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 onx-axisis 2 g 2 c andthat
ony-axis 2 f 2 c .
(iii)

Diametric form:Equationofthecirclehaving

x1 , y1 and x2 , y2 asextremitiesofadiameteris

x x1 x x2 y y1 y y2 0
(iv)

A(x1,y1)

Parametric form:
Forcircle x 2 y 2 r 2 :
2

For x h y k r 2 :

x r cos , y r sin
x h r cos , y k r sin

B(x2,y2)

(x,y)

G YA

mv

Parameter issuchthat .

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23

3.

Position of a point w.r.t. a Circle:

(i)

Conditionthatpoint

x1 , y1 liesinside,outsideoronthecircle S x

y 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0

is S1 x12 y12 2 gx1 2 fy1 c 0, 0, 0 respectively..

(ii)

ThegreatestandleastdistanceofapointPfromacirclewithcentreCandradiusris PC r and

(iii)

| PC r |
Forapointonthecircle:Equationofthetangentatanypoint(x1,y1)onthecircleS=0isT=0
(where T xx1 yy1 g x x1 f y y1 c ).ThisiscalledasPointformoftangent.

(iv)
(v)

Forapointinsidethecircle:Eq.ofchordofacircleS=0,whosemiddlepointis(x1,y1)isT=S1.
Forapointoutsidethecircle:

(a) LengthoftangentfromapointoutsidethecircletothecircleS=0is S1 .Here,thesquareofthe

lengthoftangent,i.e.S1,iscalledthePowerofthispoint.

1
(b) Anglebetweenthesetangents 2 tan r / S1

(c) IftwotangentsPT1andPT2aredrawnfrompointPtoacircleS=0thentheequationofpairof
tangentsisSS1=T2.
(d) Theequationofchordofcontact(T1T2)oftangentsfromtheoutsidepoint(x1,y1)tothecircleS=0is
T=0;andthelengthofthechordofcontactis

2lr
where r istheradiusofcircleand l isthe
l r2
2

lengthoftangent.

S1

4.

(x1,y1)

Line and a Circle:

(i)Ifthedistanceofcentreofcircle x 2

y 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 withradius r fromtheline lx my n 0

is p then
p r thelineandcirclehavenocommonpoint
p r thelinetouchesthecircle.Thisisconditionoftangency..
p r thelineintersectsthecircleat2distinctpoints,i.e.itisasecant.

p 0 thelineisadiameter..

theinterceptmadebycircleonthisline= 2 r 2 p 2
andtheanglesubtendedbythechordonthecentreofthecircle= 2cos 1 p / r
(ii)Line

y mx c touchesthecircle x 2 y 2 a 2 if c 2 a 2 1 m 2
2

Thus,thetangenthavingslope m tothecircle x h y k a is

am

,k

y k m( x h) a 1 m2 whosepointofcontactis h
1 m2
1 m2
ThisiscalledasSlopeformoftangent.

G YA

mv

(iii)Normalatthepoint(x1,y1)onthecircleS=0isalinepassingthroughitscentre.

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24

6.

System of two Circles (withcentres,C1andC2,distancedapart,andradiusr1andr2)

(i)

donottoucheachother(norlieinside)ifd>r1+r2;theyhave4commontangents.
DirectcommontangentsareintersectingatP1andtransversecommontangentsareintersectingat
P2,asshowninthefigure.

r1
PC
r PC
1 1
1 2 1
PC
r
P2C2
1 2
2

r2

C1

P1

C2

P2

d
(ii)

toucheachotherexternallyifd=r1+r2;andhave3commontangents.

(iii)

intersectattwodistinctpointif|r1-r2|<d<r1+r2andnumbercommontangentis2.
Fortheangleofintersection: cos

r12 r22 d 2
2r1r2

Twocircles x 2 y 2 2 g i x 2 f i y ci 0 ,(i=1,2)cutorthogonallyi.e. 900

if2g1g2+2f1f2=c1+c2

7.

(iv)

toucheachotherinternallyifd=|r1-r2|;andhaveonly1commontangent.

(v)

oneliesinsideotherifd<|r1-r2|.

Radical Axis:Itisthelocusofapointwhichmovessothatthelengthoftangentsdrawnfromittotwocircles
S=0,andS=0,areequal,isgivenbyS-S=0.
Thisissameequationasthatofthecommonchordifthecirclesareintersectingattwopoints,orthatofthe
commontangentifthecirclesaretouching.

8.

Family of the circles:

(i)

EquationofanycirclepassingthroughpointsofintersectionofthecircleS1=0andS2=0is

S1 S2 0 ,where 1
(ii)

EquationofanycirclepassingthroughpointsofintersectionofthecircleS=0andthelineL=0is

S L 0
9.

Other Useful Concepts:

(i)

Director circle:Thelocusofapointfromwhichperpendiculartangentsaredrawntothecirclex2+y2
=r2isx2+y2=2r2.

(ii)

Pole and Polar:TheequationofPolarofpoleP(x1,y1)w.r.t.acircleS=0isT=0.PolarofPoleP

w.r.t.aCircleisthelocusofpointsofintersectionoftangentswhicharedrawnatthepointswherea
variablelinepassingthroughthePolemeetstheCircle.

(iii)

Two lines a1 x b1 y c1 0 , and a2 x b2 y c2 0 cut the coordinate axes in concyclic points if

G YA

mv

a1a2 b1b2 .

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25

1. (b)

Letthecirclebe ( x h) 2

( y k )2 r 2 ....(i)whichtouchesthecirclesexternally

x 2 y 2 a 2 ....(ii), ( x 2a) 2 y 2 (2a) 2 ....(iii)then

2
2
h 2 k 2 r a ......(iv) (h 2a ) k r 2a ....(v)

h 2a

By(v)-(iv)

k 2 h 2 k 2 a 4(h 2 k 2 ) 9a 2 24ah 16h 2

Hencethelocusofcentreis12 x 2 4 y 2
2. (a)

24ax 9a 2 0 or12( x a) 2 4 y 2 3a 2

Equationofacirclepassesthrough(1,0),(0,1)and(0,0)is x 2
Italsopassesthrough(2k,3k)then 13k 2 5k 0 k

3. (c)

60

5
, 0 i.e.fortwovaluesofk.
13

Asfigure, AB BC

r2

r1

y2 x y 0 .

3
r
r1 2 3 1
2
2

90

3 r1 2r2 3 2 2

thentheradiiofc 1andc 2are2& 2 .

Y

4. (b)

Asfigure

h2 b 2 k 2 a 2 h 2 k 2 a 2 b 2

thentheequationofthelocusofthecentreofthecircle
b
b

k 2 + a2

O
8. (c)

passingthroughtheextremitiesofthetworodsisx y=a b.

(h, k )

h2 + b2

k
X

Letequationofcircle S

x 2 y 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 . Nowcommonchordofcircle S 0 &

x 2 y 2 4 0 is 2 gx 2 fy c 4 0 which will pass through (0,0) since S 0 bisect the

circumferencesofthecircle x 2
& x2

y 2 4 0 then c 4 0 c 4 .Alsocommonchordofcircle S 0

y 2 2 x 6 y 1 0 is (2 g 2) x (2 f 6) y c 1 0 which will pass through (1, 3) since

S 0 bisectthecircumferencesofthecirclethen (2 g 2)1 3(2 f 6) 4 1 0 2 g 6 f 15 0 .

Thelocusofthecentreofthecirclewhichbisectsthecircumferencesofthecirclesis

G YA

mv

2 x 6 y 15 0 i.e.astraightline.

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26

9. (b)

BOD 2BAO 2(15) 30 .Now

DO a cos30

3a
a
, BD a sin 30
2
2

1a
2

30

thencoordinatesof B & C are

3a a
3a a
, and
,

2
2 2
2

15

3
a
2

10. (a) Distancebetweencentresis 4 r1 r2 .Hencetheytouch

andcommontangentby S1 S 2

x=0

0 is x 0 i.e. y axis.

C (0,

Othertwodirectcommontangentsintersectat

3(1) 1(3)
3(0) 1(0)
,y
x, y 3,0
3 1
3 1

anditsequationsarefoundas x
and x

3y 3 0

C1
(1,0)

(-3,0)

A (3,0)

B
(0, - 3)

3 y 3 0 .Thesetwotangentsmeetthe

commontanget x 0 at Q (0, 3) and R (0, 3) .Clearly ABC isequilateral.

G YA

mv

Hencecentroidof PQRis(1,0).

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27

PARABOLA
LocusofapointPwhichmovessuchthatitsdistancefromafixedpointS(calledfocus)bearsaconstant
ratioe(calledeccentricity)toitsdistancefromafixedline(calleddirectrix),andwhere e 1

PS=PD,whereDisthefootofperpendicularfromPtothefixedline.
1.

Standard equationofaParabola:

y 2 4ax

(i)Focus,S=(a,0),Vertexis(0,0),Equationofaxis y 0 ,Equationoftangentatvertex x 0 ,Equation

ofdirectrix x a .
(ii)Focalchordofaparabola:Anychordpassingthroughfocusoftheparabola.Latusrectum:Achord
passingthroughfocusperpendiculartotheaxisofparabola.Itsequationisx=a.Lengthoflatusrectum=
4a=4xdistancebetweenfocusandvertex.Endpointsoflatusrectumare L

a, 2a and L ' a, 2a

(iii)Doubleordinate:Achordwhichisperpendiculartotheaxisofparabola.
(iv) Focaldistanceofanypoint P ( x1 , y1 ) : PS | x1 a |

Point x1 , y1 willbeoutside,onorinsidetheparaboladependingonwhether y12 4ax1 ispositive,zeroor

2.

negative.
Parametricequationof y 2

3.

4.

4ax

x at 2 y 2at

Equationoftangentatapoint(at2,2at)

ty x at 2

andEquationofnormal:

y xt 2at at 3

Equationoftangentatapoint(x1,y1):

yy1 2a x x1

Equationoftangentintermsofslopem:

y mx

i.e. T

a
m

G YA

mv

wherethepointofcontact(a/m2,2a/m)

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28

5.

y1
x x1
2a

Equationofnormalat P x1 , y1

y y1

andequationofnormalintermsofslopem:

y mx 2am am3

wherethefootofnormalis(am2,-2am)
Properties of normals
Numberofnormal:y=mx-2am-am3isacubicequationinm.Soingeneralatmostthreenormalscan
passthroughapoint.
Thesumofslopesofthesenormalsiszeroandalsosumoftheordinatesofthefeetofnormaliszero.

6.

7.

Properties of focal chords:

Tangentsattheextremitiesofanyfocalchordintersectatrightanglesonthedirectrix t1t2 1
Other Parabolas:Tosolveproblemsrelatedtoparabolasotherthan y 2

8.

4ax ,wehavetouseconceptss

like shifting of origin etc, e.g. y 4a x is the equation of that parabola whose vertex
is , andwhoseaxisisparalleltox-axis.

4a y istheequationofthatparabolawhosevertexis , andwhoseaxisisparallelto

y-axis.
9.

Other important points:

Pointofintersectionoftangentsatt1andt2is at1t2 , a(t1 t2 )

i.e. (GM,AM)

Pointofintersectionofnormalatt1andt2is{2a a (t12 t2 2 t1t2 ), at1t2 (t 1 t2 )}

Thispointwillbetheparabolaif t1t2 2
Ifthenormalatthepoint(at12,2at1)meetstheparabolaagaininthepoint(at22,2at2),then t2 t1 (2 / t1 )
Equationofpairoftangentsofaparaboladrawnfromagivenpoint(x1,y1)is T 2 SS1 ,Chordofcontact

T 0 ,Polar T 0
Chordofparabolawhosemidpointis(x1,y1)is T S1

G YA

mv

PD SP ST SN , DPT SPT , PSR PKS 900

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29

1. (d)

LengthofsemilatusrectumisH.m.oftwosegmentsofafocalchordthen 2a

2. (c)

Coordiinateof P & Q are at1 , 2at1 and (at22 , 2at2 )

Nowslopeof OP is

2(3)(5)
15
a
35
8
P

2
2 2
2
andslopeof OQ is then . 1
t2
t1 t2
t1

t1t2 4 ....(i)
Nowequationofline PQ is 2 x (t1 t2 ) y at12 (t1 t2 )2at1 2at1t2

Nowby(i) 2x (t1 t2 ) y 8a .Socoordinateofpoint R is (4a,0) i.e. OR

3. (c)

4a .

1
........(i)
m
2
Anytangentto y 2 8( x 2); a 2 is y M ( x 2)
M
Anytangentto

y 2 4( x 1), a 1 is y m( x 1)

buttangentstotheparabolasareperpendiculartoeachotherthen Mm 1 M 1/ m
i.e. y

1
( x 2) 2m ........(ii)
m

Onsubtractingweget 0 m
4. (a)

1
1

x 3 m 0 or x 3 0
m
m

(at12 , 2at1 )

Equationofcircletaking OP asdiameteris

x x at12 y y 2at1 0 x 2 y 2 at12 x 2at1 y 0

1

Similarlyequationofcircletaking OQ asdiameteris

x 2 y 2 at22 x 2at2 y 0

Theequationof OR is a t1 t2

( at22 , 2at2 )

x 2a t t y 0

(t1 t2 ) x 2 y 0 tan

t1 t2
t1 t2 2 tan ..........(i)
2

Nowequationoftangentatpoint ( at12 , 2 at1 ) is yt1 x at12

i.e. tan 1

5.(a)

1
cot t1 .Similarly cot 2 t2 .By(i)weget cot 1 cot 2 2 tan
t1

Ifoneendoffocalchordofparabola y 2

1 2
2
4 x is t , 2t thencoordinatesoftherendis 2 , then
t t
2

4
2
1 2

1 1
t 4 t t
t t
t

G YA

mv

1 2 2

1
lengthoffocualchordis 2 t 2t t
t
t

t
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30

6. (d)

Oneendofnormalchordofparabola y 2

4ax is P(at12 , 2at1 ) thenotherendis

2
2
Q a t1 , 2a t1 .Nowslopeof OP 2 thenslopeof OQ is 2

t1
t1
2

t1

t1
t1

Sincethenormalchordatapoint't1'subtendsarightangleatthevertextherefore

2
2
.
1 4 t12 2 t12 2
2
t1 t
1
t1
8. (d)

Slopeof SP

2t
2t
,slopeof SQ 2
t 1
t 1

since PSQ

tan 45

P ( at , 2at )
.Now

a t 2 1
2at

(a,0)

2t t 2 1

45

22 2
2 1
2

at , 0 a
2

2 1 , 0

4t 4 t
2

2
2
2
t

Normalatpoint 2t , 4t cutparabolaagainat 2 t , 4 t then

2

t
t
2

2
1 t 2 thenendsofnormalare 8, 8 and 18,12 thenslopeofthenormalchordis2.
t
P( at 2 , 2at )

2a
1
( - a , 2at )
2a
tan 300
t 3 M
10. (a) In MDS ,
MDS ,
2at
3
2at
30
thencoordinateof P is

3a a

3a, 2a 3

2a 3

S(a,0)

4a

G YA

mv

Now SP

Q ( at , - 2at )

yt x at 2 ,tangentat Q is yt x at 2

Nowintersectionpontoftangentsis

9. (c)

M ( at , 0 )

t 2 2t 1 0 t
tangentat P is

45

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