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Substation Basics

The document discusses the functions and equipment of electrical substations. It describes how substations transform voltage from transmission lines to local distribution networks, allow for switching of connections, and monitor power flows. Key equipment explained includes transformers, circuit breakers, disconnectors, current and potential transformers, surge arresters, and gas insulated switchgear. Effects of short-circuits such as vibration, arcing, and heating are also covered.

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AhmedEEE
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112 views16 pages

Substation Basics

The document discusses the functions and equipment of electrical substations. It describes how substations transform voltage from transmission lines to local distribution networks, allow for switching of connections, and monitor power flows. Key equipment explained includes transformers, circuit breakers, disconnectors, current and potential transformers, surge arresters, and gas insulated switchgear. Effects of short-circuits such as vibration, arcing, and heating are also covered.

Uploaded by

AhmedEEE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Source: Lakervi & H

Holmes

The substation

Olof Samuelsson

Outline

The substation
Substation equipment
Overhead lines

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

From generator to customer

Generation
|
Transmission
|
Distribution
|
Consumption

Source: vattenfall.se

stra mottagningsstationen, Lund


At the city limit

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

Substation functions
Voltage transformation (reduction)
Power transformer
Connection point for local networks
Switchyard for network configuration
Bus bars,
bars circuit breakers,
breakers disconnectors
Monitoring point for control center
Potential and current transformers
Fuses and other protection

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

Substation equipment symbols


ENGLISH
Busbar
Generator
Two-wdg
Two
wdg transformer
Line
Circuit breaker
Disconnector
Surge arrester
Current transformer
Potential transformer

SVENSKA
Samlingsskena
g
Transformator
Ledning
Effektbrytare
Frnskiljare
Ventilavledare
Strmtransformator
Spnningstransformator

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

Layout

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

Circuit breaker
S d USA
Sweden

Sourcee:ABB

Open Closed

Interrupts large current


Several kA
Short-circuit current
Hidden contacts
Control
Protection systems
Manual remote
Design challenge
Speed and current

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

Disconnector / Isolator
Interrupts small current
Load current
Visible interruption
Manual control or motorized
Design challenge: Weather

Sweden USA
Open Closed

Open
p

Closed

Source: Nicklasson
Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

Disconnecting circuit breaker


Combines breaker and disconnector
More reliable and compact

Lindome 400 kV station


Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

Current transformer

B
Source:ABB

Reduces current
Typically 1000/2 A
Current monitored
Control center
Protection equipment
P, Q transducers

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

10

Sou
urce:ABB

Voltage/potential transformer

Reduces voltage
Typically x kV/110 V
Voltage monitored
Control center
Protection equipment
P, Q transducers
Al C voltage
lt
di
id
Also
divider

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

11

Surge / lightning arrester

O
Overvoltage
lt
trap
t
Alternative to air gap
Nonlinear resistance
Short-circuits high
voltages
o tages to ground
g ou d

Source: ABB
Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

12

GIS - Gas Isolated Switchgear


SF6

Air

Source: Lakervi

SF6 gas
g
Isolates much better than air - reduces size
Greenhouse gas
Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

13

Source: Nicklasson

Transmission towers

400 kV

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

750 kV

Substation

14

Insulator disks

Voltage level
Source:Glover & Sarma

Flashover distance

Number of disks

Air humidity
y
Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

15

Effects of short-circuit current


Vibration due to magnetic forces
Parallel conductors are attracted (F=Bil)
Arc
Compare with welding
g from current and arc
Heating
Fire and explosion
See http://205.243.100.155/frames/longarc.htm

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

16

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