1384699352

NON AQUEOUS
SOLVENTS
Mn(II)
Mn(VI)
Mn(VII)
INTRODUCTION :inorganic nonaqueous solvent is a

solvent other than water, that is not an
organic compound. examples are liquid
ammonia, liquid sulfur dioxide, sulfuryl
chloride and sulfurychloride fluridef,
phosphoryl chloride, dinitrogen tetroxide,
antimony trichloride, bromine
pentafluoride, hydrogen fluoride, pure
sulfuric acid and other inorganic acids.
These solvents are used in chemical
research and industry for reactions.
An
QUESTION
Is non aqueous solvent ?

A. NH3
B.Liquid SO2
C.HF
D.All
CLASSIFICATION OF
SOLVENTS
Classification of solvents based on proton.

Classification of solvents based on polar and
non-polar solvents.
Classification of solvents on Aqueous and
nonaqueous solvents
TYPES OF NON AQUEOUS

SOLVENTS:
1)PROTONIC AND NON PROTONIC
SOLVENTS
THE SOLVENTS FROM WHICH PROTONS CAN BE DERIVED

ARE CALLED PROTONIC SOLVENTS. eg. WATER,SULPHURIC
ACID.
THE SOLVENTS FROM WHICH PROTONS CAN NOTBE
DERIVED ARE CALLED NON PROTONIC SOLVENTS.eg.
LIQUID SULPHUR DIOXIDE,BENZENE,CHLOROFORM.
Protic
or protonic solvents :-
2NH NH+ (ammonium) + NH (amide)

3HF HF+ + HF- (hydrogen difluoride)
2HSO HSO+ + HSO (A)Acidic
or protogenic solvents.
HSO,HCL,CHCOOH,HCN.
(B)
Basic or protophilic solvents.

NH, NH.
Aprotic
or non- protonic solvents:-
CH,CHCl,CCl,SO.
NO NO+ (nitrosonium) + NO (nitrate)

2SbCl SbCl+ (dichloroantimonium) + SbCl(tetrachloroantimonate)
POCl POCl+ + POCl-
2 . ACIDIC ,BASIC OR AMPHIPROTIC SOLVENTS: THE SOLVENTS WHICH HAVE A TENDENCY TO

DONATE PROTONS ARE ACIDIC IN NATURE AND
ARE CALLED ACIDIC SOLVENTS .eg.acetic acid ,HF.
THE SOLVENTS WHICH HAVE STRONG TENDENCY
TO ACCEPT PROTONS ARE BASIC IN NATURE AND
ARE CALLED BASIC OR PROTOPHILIC
SOLVENTS.eg.LIQUID NH,CHN(PYRIDINE) etc.
THE SOLVENTS WHICH NEITHER HAVE
TENDENCY TO GAIN NOR TO LOSE PROTONS ARE
CALLED AMPHIPROTIC OR AMPHOTERIC
SOLVENTS.eg.HO,CHOH, etc.
3.IONISING AND NON IONISING

SOLVENTS: THE SOLVENTS WHICH ARE CAPABLE
OF UNDERGOING SELF
IONISATION(AUTO-IONISATION)ARE
CALLED IONISING
SOLVENTS.eg.HO,NH,SO, etc.
THE SOLVENTS WHICH DO NOT
IONISE AT ALL
ARE CALLED NON-IONISING
SOLVENTS.eg.
4.CO-ORDINATING AND NON COORDINATING SOLVENTS : THE SOLVENTS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF
COORDINATING WITH THE METAL IONS OR

ANIONS OF THE SOLUTE ARE CALLED COORDINATING SOLVENTS.
FOR eg.NH,SO,DMSO, DMF etc.
ON THE OTHER HAND,THE SOLVENTS WHICH
ARE NOT CAPABLE OF CO-ORDINATING WITH
THE METAL IONS ARE
OF SOLUTE ARE CALLED NON COORDINATING SOLVENTS.
FOR eg.CCL, SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
QUESTION:Which of the following are Amphiprotic solvents?

1 H2SO4
2 HCl
3 H2O
4 CHCl3
QUESTION:Which of the following are example of protonic

solvent?
1 HCN
2 CHCl3
3 SO2
4 CCl4
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
SOLVENTS:Melting point and boiling point.
Dielectric constant.
Viscosity.
o Dipole moment.
o Heat of fusion & Heat of vaporisation.
V(V)
Cr(VI)
Mn(VII)
LIQUID AMMONIA as an nonaqueous solvent:PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES:-
FREEZING POINT:-77.7
BOILING POINT:-33.38
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT:- 22.0 at -33.5
LIQUID RANGE:-77 to -33

HEAT OF FUSION:0.018 kj
mol
HEAT OF VAPORISATION:- 23.6 kj mol
SELF IONISABLE IN NATURE
WHY AMMONIA ACTS AS A

BETTER SOLVENT
THAN WATER:POOR CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY
SPECIFIC HEAT OF AMMONIA IS GREATER
THAN
WATER
LESS VISCOUS THAN WATER
HIGH CRITICAL TEMPERATURE AND
PRESSURE
LESS ASSOCIATED THAN WATER(DUE TO
LESSER
CHEMICAL REACTION
Acid base reaction.
Precipitation reaction.
Redox reaction.
Solvation reaction.
REACTIONS IN LIQUID AMMONIA

1)ACID BASE REACTIONS:
LIQUID AMMONIA IONISES AS:2NHNH + NH

FOR eg. KNH K +NH
PROTOLYSIS REACTION:-
Certain Compounds like UREA which are incapable of

donating pprotons to water can readily donate proton to
ammonia in liquid amonia .
NH
NH
\
C = O + NH
\
C = O + NH
NH
NH
2) ACID BASE NEUTRALISATION

REACTION:
NEUTRALISATION OF AN ACID AND BASE IN

LIQUID AMMONIA INVOLVES COMBINATION OF
NH ION(FROM ACID) AND NH ION(FROM
BASE):- NHCI + KNH KCI +2NH
ACID
BASE
NH + NH 2NH
AS AN ACID:- Zn(OH) + KOH KZn(NH)
AS A BASE:- Zn(NH) +2NHCI ZnCI + 4NH
3) PRECIPITATION REACTIONS:PRECIPITATION REACTIONS INVOLVE

DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION BECAUSE OF
THE DIFFERENCES IN SOLUBILITIES.
SILVER CHLORIDE PRECIPITATED IN
AQUEOUS SOLUTION AS:- KCl +AgNO AgCl
+ KNO
WHITE PPT OF BaCl IS PRODUCED WHEN
SILVER CHLORIDE AND LIQ. AMMONIA
BROUGHT TOGETHER :- 2AgCl+ Ba(NO)
BaCl (ppt)+ 2AgNO
4) AMMONOLYSIS REACTION:THE SOLVOLYSIS REACTIONS IN LIQUID

AMMONIA ARE CALLED AMMONOLYSIS OR
AMMONOLYTIC REACTIONS.
FOR eg.HYDROLYSIS OF SiCl OCCURS AS: SiCl +4HO Si(OH)
(Silicic acid)
ORGANIC HALIDES UNDERGO SLOW
AMMONOLYSIS REACTION TO FORM
AMMINES :RX + 2NH RNH + NHX
(Primary amines)
5) SOLUTIONS IN LIQUID AMMONIA:THE MOST STRIKING PROPERTY OF LIQUID

AMMMONIA IS ITS ABILITY TO DISSOLVE
ALKALI METALS.THE RESULTING SOLUTIONS
ARE BLUE AND GOOD ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTORS.
WHEN ALKALI METALS ARE DISSOLVED IN
LIQUID AMMONIA THEY IONISE TO GIVE METAL
IONS AND VALENCE ELECTRONS AS: Na Na + e
Both alkali metal and electron become solvated
by ammonia molecules.
Na + xNH [ Na(NH)x]
(ammoniated cation)
e + yNH [ e(NH)y]
(amnoniated electron )
THE COMPLETE REACTION MAY BE WRITTEN AS:Na [ Na (NH)x] + [ e (NH)y]
THE AMMONIATED ELECTRONS ARE
RESPONSIBLE FOR BLUE COLOUR OF
SOLUTION.
LIQUID SULPHUR DIOXIDE :IT IS A NON PROTONIC SOLVENT OR APROTIC

SOLVENT BECAUSE IT DOES NOT CONTAIN ANY
HYDROGEN ATOM.
IT IS ALSPO ONE OF THE IMPORTANT NON
AQUEOUS SOLVENT AND WIDELY USED IN
INDUSTRY.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUID SO : FREEZING POINT :-75.46
BOILING POIN T :-10.02
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT:- 17.40
REACTIONS IN LIQUID SO :1) ACID BASE RACTION :Liquid SO undergo auto ionisation as :
2SO SO + SO
Acid Base or Neutralisation reaction in liquid SO may
be given as:SOCl + CsSO 2CsCl + 2SO
(ACID) (BASE)
2) SOLVOLYTIC REACTIONS : Solvolytic
reactions in liquid SO are

not so common as hey are in
other solvents such as NH.
Certain covalent halides such as
PCl ,PBr, WCl under go
solvolysis in liquid SO in sealed
tubes.
PCl + SO (liq) POCl + SOCl
PBr + SO(liq) POBr + SOBr
WCl +SO (liq) WOCl + SOCl
3) PRECIPITATION REACTIONS :
Precipitation of several insoluble compounds in

liq. Sulphur dioxide can be carried out by
treating with soluble compound in SO.
SbCl + 3LiI SbI + 3LiCl
AlCl + 3NaI 3NaCl + AlI
4) REDOX REACTIONS :
Liq. Sulphur dioxide does show any marked

reducing or oxidising property. It simply act as a
medium for certain redox reactions.
6KI + 3SbCl 2K[SbCl] + SbCl + 3I

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NON AQUEOUS

INTRODUCTION :inorganic nonaqueous solvent is a

Is non aqueous solvent ?

Classification of solvents based on proton.

TYPES OF NON AQUEOUS

THE SOLVENTS FROM WHICH PROTONS CAN BE DERIVED

LIQUID SULPHUR DIOXIDE,BENZENE,CHLOROFORM.

2NH NH+ (ammonium) + NH (amide)

Basic or protophilic solvents.

or non- protonic solvents:-

NO NO+ (nitrosonium) + NO (nitrate)

2 . ACIDIC ,BASIC OR AMPHIPROTIC SOLVENTS: THE SOLVENTS WHICH HAVE A TENDENCY TO

3.IONISING AND NON IONISING

COORDINATING WITH THE METAL IONS OR

QUESTION:Which of the following are Amphiprotic solvents?

QUESTION:Which of the following are example of protonic

LIQUID AMMONIA as an nonaqueous solvent:PHYSICAL

LIQUID RANGE:-77 to -33

WHY AMMONIA ACTS AS A

REACTIONS IN LIQUID AMMONIA

LIQUID AMMONIA IONISES AS:2NHNH + NH

Certain Compounds like UREA which are incapable of

2) ACID BASE NEUTRALISATION

NEUTRALISATION OF AN ACID AND BASE IN

3) PRECIPITATION REACTIONS:PRECIPITATION REACTIONS INVOLVE

4) AMMONOLYSIS REACTION:THE SOLVOLYSIS REACTIONS IN LIQUID

5) SOLUTIONS IN LIQUID AMMONIA:THE MOST STRIKING PROPERTY OF LIQUID

LIQUID SULPHUR DIOXIDE :IT IS A NON PROTONIC SOLVENT OR APROTIC

2) SOLVOLYTIC REACTIONS : Solvolytic

reactions in liquid SO are

Precipitation of several insoluble compounds in

Liq. Sulphur dioxide does show any marked

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