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U5lecture 5

The document discusses the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator. It begins by introducing MHD generators and their history. It then covers the Lorentz force law and Faraday's law which are the bases of MHD generation. The principles, construction and working of the MHD generator are explained, involving combusting a fluid to create ionized plasma that passes through a magnetic field to generate current. Advantages include high efficiency and reliability while disadvantages include high operating temperatures. Applications include powering submarines, aircraft and industrial power plants.

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Kiran Kumar
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40 views17 pages

U5lecture 5

The document discusses the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator. It begins by introducing MHD generators and their history. It then covers the Lorentz force law and Faraday's law which are the bases of MHD generation. The principles, construction and working of the MHD generator are explained, involving combusting a fluid to create ionized plasma that passes through a magnetic field to generate current. Advantages include high efficiency and reliability while disadvantages include high operating temperatures. Applications include powering submarines, aircraft and industrial power plants.

Uploaded by

Kiran Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PH0101 UNIT-5 LECTURE 5

Introduction
Lorentz force law
Fradays law
Principle, construction and working of
Magneto hydrodynamic generator (MHD)
Advantages, disadvantages and applications

PH 0101 Unit-5
e -5

Lectur

1.
Introduction
The Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) generator is
a device that converts thermal energy of a fuel
into electrical energy.
In 1932, Michael Faraday, demonstrated the experiments
that there is an electromagnetic induction in a current carrying
conductor moving the earth magnetic field.
In 1938, U.S scientist Bela Karlovitz is the first one developed
the Magneto hydrodynamic
generator.
In India, the MHD generator program is undergoing in
Thiruchirappalli in collaboration with Bharat heavy
electrical
limited (BHEL).
PH 0101 Unit-5
e -5

Lectur

The meaning of MagnetoHydro Dynamics

PH 0101 Unit-5
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Lectur

2. Lorentz force law


The Lorentz force law is the basis for the Magnetohydrodynamic
generator
The lorentz force law states that the charged particle
expreinec a force when is moving in the electromagnetic
field. This force can be explained as
F= Q (v xB)
Where,

F is the force acting on charged particl.


Q is the charge of the particle
V is the velocity of particle
B is the magnetic induction
PH 0101 Unit-5
e -5

Lectur

3. Fradays law
When a charged partcile moving in a magnetic field, it
expreience the retarding foce as well as produce voltage.
This is the basis of Faradays law.

S
Hot gaseous
conductor

Output current

PH 0101 Unit-5
e -5

Lectur

4.
Principle, construction and working of
Magneto hydrodynamic generator (MHD)
Principle

The principle of Magnetohydrodynamic generator is


based on Lorenz law and faraday's law.

In this system, the hot ionized gaseous conductor


(working fluid) is passed into the high magnetic field and
thereby the current is produced. By placing
suitable
electrodes (Anode and cathode) inside the chamber,
the output load is taken through the
external circuit.

PH 0101 Unit-5
e -5

Lectur

PH 0101 Unit-5
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Lectur

Construction
Thermal resistance sealing
Water cooler

Working
fluid
Inlet

combustion

Chamber

Magnet

S
Electrode
Ionized Gas

Load
V output

N
Stream
out
Nozzle
PH 0101 Unit-5
e -5

Lectur

MHD generator consist of a Combusion chamber and


generator chamber.
The fliud conductor is passed into the combusion
where they are ionized at very high temperature.

chamber

There is a nozzel through which the ionized gas pass


into the generator chamber.
The generator chamber consist of powerful magnet
and a number of oppositely located electrode pair is inserted
in the channel to conduct the electrical current generated to an
external load.
Both combusion chamber and generator chamber are
suurounded by a heat resistance material and water
cooler
PH 0101 Unit-5
e -5

Lectur

Working

The gaseous (fluid) conductor is passed into the


combustion chamber through inlet.
By using a fuel like oil (or) natural gas (or) coal, the
fluid conductor is heated to a plasma state and hence it
is ionized.
The temperature in the combustion chamber is around
2000K to 2400K.

The heat generated in the combustion chamber


removes the outermost electrons in the fluid conductor.

Therefore, the gas particle acquires the charge


PH 0101 Unit-5
e -5

Lectur

10

The charged gas particles with high velocity enters into


the generator chamber via nozzle.
The positive and negative charge moves to corresponding
electrodes (anode and Cathode) and constitute the current.
In generator chamber, based principles of Faradays
law, the high velocity ionized conducting gas particles
experience the magnetic filed at right angles to their motion
of direction and hence the potential (current) is
produced.
The direction of current (Potential) is perpendicular to both
the
direction of moving gas particle and to the magnetic
field.
PH 0101 Unit-5
e -5

Lectur

11

The diagram shows the


direction of charged
particle, magnetic field
and the current produced

Potential (E)

90

All three field are


perpendicular to
each
other

Ionized gas (Q)


90
Magnetic field (B)

PH 0101 Unit-5
e -5

Lectur

12

The electrodes are connected to an external circuit to get a


load output.
The current produced in the MHD generator are direct
current (DC)
This DC current can be converted into alternative current
(AC) using an inverter attached with the external circuit.
In MHD generator, the seeding materials such as
potassium and cesium are used to reduce the ionization
temperature.
These seeds are mixed with fuel material such as natural
gas and coal.
PH 0101 Unit-5
e -5

Lectur

13

The overall efficiency of MHD generators are about 50


to 60 %.
The electrode are made generally using high
temperature ceramic materials such as carbides (SiC,
ZrC, MbC), bromides (ZrB2, TiB2, LaB2) and silicides
and MOSi2 ).

PH 0101 Unit-5
e -5

Lectur

(WS

14

5.

Advantages, disadvantages and applications

Advantages
1.

The on and off time is about second.

2.

There are no moving parts, it is very reliable to use.

3.

The MHD generator has high thermal efficiency

4.

It is a direct conversion device.

5.

They have a better fuel utilization

6.

It can produce large amount of power

7.

The size of the pant is small


PH 0101 Unit-5
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Lectur

15

Disadvantages
1. They need high pure superconductor.
2. Working temperature is very high as about 200K to 2400K.
3. The loss of power if very high
4. The components get high corrosion due to high working
temperature.

PH 0101 Unit-5
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Lectur

16

Application
The MHD generators are used to power submarines and
aircrafts.

Electrical power production for domestic applications


They are used in a pulsed detonation rocket engine
(PDRE) for space application
They can be used as power plants in industry and
uninterrupted power supply
system

PH 0101 Unit-5
e -5

Lectur

17

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