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ch6 Radiansarcssectors

maths igcse

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305 views17 pages

ch6 Radiansarcssectors

maths igcse

Uploaded by

Damien Leong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Radians, Arcs and Sectors The practical unit of measurement for angles is the degree (°) which is @ th of a com- plete revolution. The number 360 comes from Babylonian times but it is an arbitrary choice. There is another system of measurement called circular or radian measure which is more suitable for further mathematics, particularly in Calculus. This system does not depend on the choice of any particular number. RADIAN MEASURE Fig 618 In a circle of radius r, centre O, we take an “<8 arc AB also of length r (Fig. 6.1a). Then the angle AOB is the unit of radian r r measurement, one radian, In Fig. 6.1b, for example, arc PQ= 41 s0 2POQ = 4 radian. If arc PR = 2r, then ° r A POR is 2 radians, and so on. If the arc is kr then the angle subtended is & radians. Note that the size of | radian does not depend on the length of r or on any arbitrary number. So we define 1 radian thus: One radian is the angle made by an arc of length equal to the radius. @ radians is sometimes written @ rad or 6" or 6° but normally justas 8, So we write sin 9 meaning sin (0 radians). If degree measure is used, the degree symbol ¢ must be written. Now the circumference of a circle of radius r has length 2m (Fig.6.2). nr Fig. 6.2 So a complete revolution is 21 radians = 360°. Therefore mrad = 180° Hence 5 rad = 90°, § rad = 45°, etc. xrad =( 482°) and x° = 235 rad, As mrad = 180°, then 1 rad = (482) = 57.3%. This value cannot be found exactly as 7 is an irrational number. Usually radian measures are left as multiples of m, for example 3m. Tables or calculators may be used if necessary for conversion. When we use a calculator to work with trigonometrical ratios (sine, cosine and tangent) involving radi- ans, it is convenient to put the calculator in the ‘radian’ mode. The input and output of angles will then be in radians. Example 1 Convert (a) 36° to radian measure and (b)°¥ to degree measure. (a) 180° = mrad so 36° = 795 x 36 = F rad. (b) mrad = 180° so %F rad = 3 x 1 = 150°. M2 Example 2 Find the value of (a) sin 0.4 (b) tan 1.5. Put the calculator in ‘radian’ mode and key in the appropriate function. (a) sin 0.4 (by tan 1.5 Example 3 Find the value of {in radians) for 0 € O< 5 if (a} cos 8= 0.5 (bj tan 8 = 0.5 Again put the calculator in the ‘radian” mode. (a) cos 8 = 0.5 = cos! 0,5 = 1.05 rad 05 8 = tarr! 0.5 = 0.46 rad Exercise 6.1 (Answers on page 619.) 1 Convert the following radians to degree measure: (a) § ) 7% # (d) 4n (e) E ) § (s) ty) UE i) @% (k) 2 2 Convert the following to radian measure as a multiple of m: (a) 30° (b) 135° (c) 270° (d) 540° (e) 105° (f) 40° (g) 200° (hy 225° (i) 400° G) 75° 3 Find the value of (@) sin (b) cos$ (©) tan F(A) cos F z 2 (e) sin (f) sin 2 (g) cos 0.5 4 Find the value of 6 (in radians) for 0 <6 < 3 if (a) sin@=0.5 (b) cos 6 = 0.6 (©) tanO=15 (d) cos 8 = 0.25 5 Find the value of 6 — sin @ if @ = 0.75 rad. 6 Using a calculator, investigate the value of “4° when @ is small, (Take @ = 0.5, 0.3, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01 for example). 113 LENGTH OF AN ARC In Fig.6.3, the arc AB is of length s ina circle with centre O Fig. 6.3 and radius r, The arc subtends an angle of ® radians ( Fig.6.13 Example 10 A sector of a circle has radius r and angle @. Find the value of @ correct to 3 significant figures if.the perimeter of the sector equals half the circumference of| the circle. ‘ ‘The perimeter of the sector= r +r + 78 = r(2 + 6). Then r(2 + 0) = nr and 2 + @ =n giving @ = m— 2 = 1.14 rad. Example 11 A sector of angle 0 in a circle of radius r cm has an area of 5 cm’ and its perimeter is 9 cm. Find the values of r and @. Area = 476 = 5 so 78 = 10 @ Perimeter = r+r+rO=2r+r0=9 We solve these two equations. From (i), @= 49. Substitute in (ii), 2r +r 42 = 9 which gives 2° + 10 = 9r or 2r? - 97 + 10 =0. Hence (2r — 5)(r - 2) = 0 and r = 2! or 2 cm. From (i), the corresponding values of @ are 1.6 or 2.5 rad. Exercise 6.2 (Answers on page 619.) Where the answer is not exact, 3-figure accuracy is sufficient. 1 The length of an arc in a circle of radius 5 cm is 6 cm. Find the angle subtended at the centre. 118 2 An arc of length 5 cm is drawn with radius 3 cm. What angle does it subtend at the centre? 3 The area of a sector of a circle is 9 cm’. If its radius is 6 cm find the angle of the sector and the length of its arc. 4 The area of a sector of a circle is 15 cm? and the length of its arc is 3 cm. Calculate (a) the radius of the sector and (b) its angle. 5 Find the missing values in the following table for sectors: Radius | 2 of sector | Length of arc | Area of sector cm) (radians) (cm) (cm?) (a) 4 13 (b) 08 8 ©) 8 16 d) 3 18 e 04 72 6 A sector of a circle of radius 4 cm has an angle of 1.2 radians. Calculate (a) the area of the sector, (b) its perimeter. 7 In Fig. 6.14, DOBC is a semicircle, centre O and radius 6 cm. AC is perpendicular to DOB where AB is 2.cm. Calculate (a) the length of AC, (b) 4COA in radians and (c) the perimeter of the shaded region. (d) Express the area of the shaded region as a percentage of the area of the semicircle. Fig. 6.14 8 If the area of a sector is 6.4 cm* and its angle is 0.8 radians, calculaie the radius of the sector. 9 A chord AB is 8 cm long ina circle of radius 5 cm. Calculate (a) the angle it subtends at the centre of the circle, (b) the length of the shorter arc AB. 119 10 The perimeter of a sector is 128 cm and its area is 960 cm?. Find the possible values of the radius of the sector and its angle. 11 A wheel of radius 0.6 m rotates on its axis at a tate of 4.5 radians per second. Calculate the speed with which a point on its rim is moving. 12 A disc is rotating at 33} revolutions per minute. (a) At what rate, in radians per second, is it rotating? (b) At what speed, in metres per second, is a point on the rim moving, if the radius of the disc is 15 cm? 13 Fig.6.15 shows a cross-section through a tunnel, which is part of a circle of radius 5 m. The width AB of the floor is 8 m. Calculate (a) the angle subtended at the centre of the circle by the chord AB, (b) the length of the arc ACB, Fig. 6.15 A am B 14 Fig.6.16 represents the action of a windscreen wiper of a car, It rotates about O and travels from AB to A"B’and back. Calculate (a) the area AA’B’B swept clear, (b) the perimeter of this area, A a wor bx BNA “F ore Fig. 6.16 ° 15 A cylindrical barrel floats in water (Fig. 6.17). The diameter of the barrel is 120 cm and its highest point P is 80 cm above the water level AB. (a) Calculate ZAOB in radians, where O is the centre of the circular face. (b) What fraction of the volume of the barrel is below the water line? 16 17 18 80cm Fig. 6.17 In a circle centre O, AOB and COD are two concentric sectors as shown in Fig.6.18. The lengths of the arcs AB and DC are 2.8 cm and 2 cm respectively and AD = 2 cm. Calculate (a) the length of OC, (b) ZAOB in radians, (c) the area of ABCD. 2em, 28cm Fig. 6.18 ° gc 8 In Fig.6.19, the chord AB, of length 8 cm, is parallel to the diameter DOC of the semicircle with centre O and radius 5 cm. Calculate (a) ZAOB in radians, —E Fig. 6.19 (b) the area of the segment ABE, (c) what fraction the area of the segment ABE is of the area of the semicircle. QO 5em ‘A wheel of radius 20 em rolls without slipping on level ground. A point P on the rim is in the position P, at the start (Fig.6.20). When the centre of the wheel has moved through 50 cm, P is now in the position P,. Calculate the angle (in radians) through which the wheel has tumed. Sy P, 50, vas Fig. 6.20 P 121 19 A piece of wire, 10 cm long, is formed into the shape of a sector of a circle of radius + cm and angle @ radians. (a) Show that @= 12=2 (b) Show also that the area A cm? of the sector is given by A = Sr - r°. (c) If 4A <6 and 0 <3, find the limits within which r must lie. 20 In Fig.6.21, O is the centre of the circle containing the sector OAB. DC is a parallel arc and BC = 3 cm. Fig. 6.21 If OC = rem and ZAOB = @ rad, show that om (a) the shaded area = $ (6r + 9) cm*, iC (b) the perimeter of the shaded area equals 6 + 0(2r + 3) cm. (c) Given that the shaded area is three-quarters of the area of the sector OAB, calculate the value of r. (d) If, however, the total perimeter of the shaded area equals the total perimeter of the sector OAB, find the value of 0. SUMMARY I radian is the angle subtended by an arc of length equal to the radius. Trad = 180° Length s of an arc of radius r subtending an angle @ is s = r@ (0 in radians). Area A of a sector of radius r and angle @ is A = 1,29 (6 in radians) REVISION EXERCISE 6 (Answers on page 620.) Where the answer is not exact, 3-figure accuracy is sufficient, A 1 In Fig.6.22, ADB is a semicircle with centre O and radius 20 em, DC is perpendicular to AB where C is the midpoint of OB. Calculate D Fg. 022 (@) ZDOC in radians, (b) the area of the shaded region. A 20cm O C B Fig. 6.22 122 2 Fig.6.23 shows a circle, centre O, radius 10 cm. The tangent to the circle at A meets OB produced at T. Given that the area of the triangle OAT is 60 cm? calculate the area of the sector OAB. ©) A T Fig. 6.23 3 In Fig.6.24, O is the centre of the sector OAB. CD is another arc, with centre O and radius r cm. DB = 2 cm. If the area of ABDC is one-third the area of the sector OCD, find the value of r, A Fig. 6.24 ° D2cm B 4 In Fig.6.25, ADC is an arc of a circle, centre O, radius r and ZAOC = 26 radians. ABC is a semicircle on AC as diameter. Show that AC = 2r sin 0. Find expressions, in terms of r and @, for the areas of (i) the sector OADC, (ii) the segment ADC, iii) the shaded region, © Fig. 6.25 5 OBDis a sector of a circle with centre O and radius 6 cm. ZBOD = % A is a point on OB where OA = 2 cm and C is a point on OD such that OC = 4 cm. Find the area of the region bounded by BA, AC, CD and the arc BD. 123 6 Fig.6.26 shows a circle, centre O, radius 5 cm and two tangents TA and TB, each of length 8 em. Calculate G) ZAOB, Gii)_ the length of the arc APB, (iii) the area of the shaded region. © Fig. 6.26 7 Fig.6.27 shows part of a circle centre O of radius 6 cm. (i) Calculate the area of sector BOC when @ = 0.8 radians. (ii) Find the value of @ in radians for which the arc length BC is equal to the sum of the arc length CA and the diameter AB. (C) c Fig. 6.27 A oO B 8 In Fig.6.28, OAB is an equilateral triangle of side 10 cm, The are ADB is drawn with centre ©, A semicircle is drawn on AB as diameter. Find the area of the shaded region. Fig.6.28 9 Fig.6.29 shows the circular cross-section of a uniform log of radius 40 cm floating in water. The points A and B are on the surface and the highest point X is 8 cm above the surface. Show that ZAOB is approximately 1.29 radians. Calculate (i). the length of the arc AXB, (ii) the area of the cross-section below the surface, (iii) the percentage of the volume of the log below the:surface. (Cc) 124 Fig.6.29 10 Fig.6.30 shows two arcs, AB and CD, of concentric circles, centre O. The radii OA and OC are 11 cm and 14 cm respectively and ZAOB = 6 radians. Express in terms of @ the area of (i) sector AOB, (ii) the shaded region ABCD. Given that the area of the shaded region ABCD is 30 cm’, calculate (iii) the value of 8, (iv) the perimeter of the shaded region ABCD. (C) 11 Fig. 6.31 shows a semi-circle ABC, with centre O and radius 4 m, such that angle BOC = 90°. Given that CD is an arc of a circle, centre B, calculate (a) the length of the are CD, (b) the area of the shaded region. (c) c Fig. 6.31 A DO _ B 125 12 In Fig.6.32, ABCD is a square of side 4 cm. Equal arcs AE and EB are drawn with radius 4 cm and centres B and A respectively. Calculate the area of the shaded region. D c Fig. 6.32 A 4om 5 13 The two circles in Fig.6.33 have centres A and B and radii 5 cm and 12 cm respectively. AB = 13 cm. Calculate the area of the shaded region. 1 i 1 I Fig. 6.33 P13 cmt 14 A sector of a circle radius r has a total perimeter of 12 cm. If its area is A cm’, show that A = Gr —7°. Hence find the value of r for which A is a maximum and the corre- sponding value of the angle of the sector in radians. 15 In Fig.6.34, the sector OAB has centre O and radius 6 cm and ZAOB = i radians. OC is the bisector of ZAOB and P is the midpoint of OC. An arc DE of a circle i: drawn with centre P to mect OA and OB at D and E respectively. (a) Find the size of ZOPD. (b) Calculate the area of the shaded region. Fig. 6.34 126 16 In Fig.6.35, ABCD is a rhombus of side x and ZA = @ radians. Arcs each of radius } are drawn with centres A, B, C and D, If the shaded area is half the area of the thombus, show that sin @ = 2 and find the two possible values of @. Fig. 6.35 17 A,B and C are three points in that order on the circumference of a circle radius 5 cm. The chords AB and BC have lengths 8 cm and 4. cm respectively. Find the ratio of the areas of the minor segments on AB and BC. 127

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