Antiquities and Islamic Works of Art Including Western Asiatic Cylinder Seals and Antiquities from the Erlenmeyer Collection (212) 606-7328 fax (212) 606-7581 SOTHEBY'SMAY/JUNE 1998 page 30 page a0 VOLUME 9 NUMBER 3 Gifts of the Nile: Ancient Egyptian Faience The first major international exhibition Horence Dunn Friedman Scrolls from the Dead Sea An important new exhibition at Glasgow Museums in Scotland Simon R. Eccles Artisans of Ancient Rome: Production into Art An exhibition at the Newark Museum Susan H. Auth Glyptic Art of the Ancient Near East - Part I: A ‘must see’ exhibition at the Morgan Library, New York Jerome M, Eisenberg Ancient Art in Worcester Art Museum: Highlights and history of an outstanding ancient art collection Christine Kondoleon 25 33 3 8 Kemet: Exploring the Origins of Egyptian Civilisation An exhibition in Ravenna, Italy alu Luisa Patan’ 4 2 Carmona in Andalusia Ongoing excavations in one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Europe Filippo Salviatt (_“MNALo}--_—_———— SPECIAL MUSEUM EXHIBITIONS FOUNDER, EDHTORIN, ‘unis n Jer: ristnberg, PD CONSULTING EDITOR Peter Clayton, PSA ASSOCIATE EDITOR Sophia Wilberforce EDITORIAL, ASSISTANT. [adano de Marsillac ASSOCIATE, PUBLISHER Emma Beatty EDITORIAL Donald nw erBea, orf ac Pig, ‘CORRESPONDENTS Chustoper Foe, Corea Sean Ringley, frat sath oor, DIK. Fal Arman Stephen CRs, 1 Filippo Salvia, Rome Paid in gn Fe (019) 498 2500 fam 0171) 4911595, 2 News 55 Book Reviews: 53. Numismatic News 60. Calendar "IN FORTHCOMING ISSUES 7 « Finds in the Tomb of the Sons of Ramesses II (KVS) * Coin Forgeries from Bulgaria * New Ancient and Islamic Galleries at the Louvre * Ancestors of the Incas MINERVA 1— News = ANNOUNCEMENT OVER LIFE-SIZE TRAJAN [ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION In 1994 we increased the size of SCULPTURE FOUND issu) Minera for 8 pages £096 ages Um £18; Europe £20 Rest of world in 1996, to 64 pages. Now, begin: hah Air £27/0S844; Surface £20/US533 ning with the July/August issue, Minerva willbe enlarged to 72 pages ~ again, without increasing the sub- scription of cover prices. Our read- rs will also note that with the current issue we have an additional tight pages in colour ~ and com mencing with the next issue we shall featuce a regular section on classical coins, Published bi-monthly. Send subscriptions to either the London or New York offices below. ADVERTISEMENT SALES (Worldwide except 0S) ‘Emma Beatty, 14 Old Bond street, London, W1X SDB, Tel: (0171) 498 2590 Fax: (0171) 491 1595 ws, Suzanne Verdugo, Sulte 20, 153 Fast 57th St, ‘New York, NY 10022. Tel: 212) 355 2033 Fax: (212) 688 0412 NEWS FROM EGYPT Royal pyramids opened at Giza Three royal pyramids dedicated by Khufu (Cheops), (c. 2589-2566 BC, the 4th Dynasty builder of the Great Pyras mid) to his wives, Hetepheres, Meritt- Isand Henutsen, are open to the public {or the fist time. Located to the east of the pyramid of Khu, they are quite small —each less than ten mettes in A remarkable, larger than life-size, Lager than ‘TRADE DISTRIBUTION beght. The barewalle funeraty chasn- marble head ofthe emperor Trajan Msi marble United Kingdom: bers can only be reached by a steep (AD 98-117) has been discovered by gyda, USM Distribution, ramp. The excavation of the deep shalt archaeologist Dimitris Pandermalis at 86 Newman Stee, tomb nearby in 1925 of Khufu's the site of the ancient city of Dion, London WP SLD: mother, Hetepheres, reveled extraordi- some 40 miles to the south-west of Tals (0171) 396 8000 ally fine furniture and furnishings. Salonika. The 14-inch high head Fax: (0171) 396 8002 The Third Pyramid at Giza, that of shows Trajan with his usual close set Menkaure (Mycerinus), ¢. 2532-2504 fringe of hair on his forehead above 1G, the grandson of Khufu, was finally which he wears a deeply carved laurel US & Canada Distieor, Toronto reopened following a yeat of restora: wieath with bernie. In the centre of Pgypt & the Near ast: tion and conservation, including the the weeath is a small facing bust of “American University in Cairo Press, installation of a ventilation system. In Zeus, chief of the gods. His head on Cairo, Egypt Addition, the tombs of the son of the wreath seems quite appropriate Menkaure and of nine nobles were since the city of Dion is located just ‘pened to tours forthe fist ime. behind Mount Olympus, at under : ” 10,000 feet the legendary home of the Piste in Ena by Papyrus scrolls found in the West. _“Tweive Gods of Mount Olympus simpson Drewett, en eert en The head was found beside the Richmong, Surey ‘find of about two thousand papyrus main paved road in Dion, bot of the Scroll dating from the Hellenistic and body ofthe statue there no taace at aS STE Roman periods, uncovered by Cana- present, Presumably the honorific sony bead stored neta San archavoleghsts In the Wastern Statue stood, along wih other, Marks Sper ay any oping, cong orate without ‘her the poe ween ermion of the Fiblsedor a icence permit ested conying said byte Copeght Licensing Desert, was recently announced by Ing the main road, as can be seen In Gaballah Ali Gaballah, Chairman of some of the major cities of Asia Minor the Supreme Council of Antiquities. such as Ephesus, The head isin excel ‘They are a mixture of religious docu: lent condition overall, showing the ments, marriage contracts, and busi- deep nasal side lines familiar from "Remy 38 Aled Pee ness contracts, Dr Gabllah slated that portraits of Trajan. The nose and Tonon, WIE TDP It was the most important find of lower chin have some damage, being papyrus of the Graeco-Roman period the normal places that are the fst (0 sss ens7 78 in Several decades. suffer when a statue falls oF is top- pled. It is rather a miracle that the ons inca nncsioo The oldest embalmed mummy head has survived, et alone in such a Notte ‘The discovery of the oldest embalmed relatively good condition. The pre- mummy, belonging to Id Mc. 2180 sumption must be that the missing Secon cas poe pid South Hackensack BC, presating all others by about one body of the statue, no doubt repre: 10s Pema, plas send change of sts to oy Mal Intention cio Yelowson aeration 87 Huens ‘Cour Hacer, 67601 thousand years, was reported in the senting Trajan in military dress (like journal Nature. Unearthed in 1914, he so many of his surviving full length ‘was the ‘Secretary general’ of the pine statues), was destroyed, probably ‘wood trade office. German scientists being butnt in. kiln to provide lime The pablo era se arty Delieve that his leh was fist removed ‘Rter A Clayton sett nth ns pd and that he was then embalmed in ee amen "we meth apy oft pane Solution of salt and pine resin. Jerome M, Blsenbers Ph.D, MINERVA 2 ee CSCCSCSstCCCsitidéa.__t#d. .4aeeeee..__Ddeawk 5.98 ‘THE SHAFT TOMB OF IUFAA AT ABUSIR. OPENED AFTER 2,600 YEARS The recent discovery of the tomb of Tua, lector priest and controller of ‘the palace, has been one of the high- lights of exploratory work carried out at Abusir by the archacological mission of the Czech Institute of Egyptology since 1995. The shaft leading to the tomb (14 metres square in surface area) plunges down some 25 metres below the desert floor. At the bottom of this shaft there is a small, sturdy burial cham ber of large white limestone blocks with a vaulted roof, also of lime stone, The tomb had clearly not been entered since It was sealed in the 26th Dynasty, some twenty-five centuries ago. The value of this dis covery is further enhanced by the fact that it has been more than fifty yyeats since a similar intact burial of tis type has been discovered. Excavation News Inside the intact tomb there was an enormous white lImestone sar- ‘cophagus, also intact. Around its base, land in the narrow aperture between the sarcophagus and the tomb was found a complete set of burial equip- ment, including a full set of 408 faience ushabuls, four canopie vessels with human-headed lids (plus an enigmatic fifth eanopie vessel, much bigger in size than the others), wooden furniture, stone vessels of various sizes, scrolls of papysi and considerable quantity of pottery, ‘muuch of It consisting of imports from the Aegean. This pottery was one of the eronological clues that provided fn idea about the approximate date forthe burial of laa, The walls of the tomb and the sar- cophagus itself are of great interest as they are covered with hieroglyphs ~ MINERVA 3 many of exquisite beauty ~ which repeat the spells and invocation prayels of the ancient Pyramid Texts. There are also extracts from later rell- gious texts, induding the Book of the Dead, Vignettes accompanying the texts are also of excellent quality. Until the end of February 1998, the sarcophagus was left unopened ‘because conditions in the shaft were quite dangerous. The huge shaft and Its two sinall side shafts are cut from tafla, the hard, unstable clay that lies under the desert sand. It was neces. Sary to build a strong protective roof for the tomb below, to prevent the tafla from collapsing and destroying the tomb, ‘A protective casing for the whole tomb was designed by a Caech atch tect with practical assistance from experienced Egyptian engineers and workmen. Above the tomb now stands a gable roof made of reinforced Concrete that will protect it from any foreseeable disastet from above. A compact wooden staircase has been. Dbullt In the southern shaft for access to the tomb, while the smaller, west- ‘en side shaft has been opened to pro vide good ventilation. This will also help protect the tomb from future deterioration caused by humidity. The gaping shaft above the gable roof has how been partly filled with sand — again, for safety reasons, ‘With the tomb thus protected, work commenced on recording the wall inscriptions and on conducting the engineering works necessary for the opening of the sarcophagus. The reliefs were first covered with foam, then with plywood sheets for protec- tion, and the spaces between the walls and’ the sarcophagus were filled with sand so that no damage could be lone tothe precious relics The lid of the sarcophagus was ralsed by means of jacks. This was very difficult work and was done extiemely cautiously. After this was done the massive wooden beams were Inserted beneath the lid to suppost it, The lid was then slid to the north aiong these beams, and will ulti ‘mately rest on the northem platform ‘hat has been builtin the tomb. The limestone block of the chest contained an anthropoid recess in its central portion, and in thls, under a scattering of earth, an inner coffin made of black-green stone (slate?) could be glimpsed. Around the top of the recess there are coloured hiero. slyphic texts, When the inner coffin was opened, it revealed a wooden anthropoid; a very badly preserved coffin with the mummy of Tufaa. The ‘mummy was unwrapped and invest gated by an anthropologist, In the course of unwrapping, some amulets, ‘which were often placed in ancient| Excavation News — +_-. Egyptian mommy wrappings, were who holds an important position in discovered. In addition, thin golden the art of ancient Cypriot sculpture. ‘It SWISS AID FOR fos were fond on the tips ofthe fin. isthe ind ofa iftitne’ Andtes Geoe HUNGARIAN MUSEUM ge and toes ofthe marty. Prlimi~ des, chief conservator at the Ani nary examination seems to indicate ulties Department said. "This would that lufoa died at the age of about — definitely not bein Cyprus hed It been 25-30 years discovered last century, but in a for- The importance ofthis find cannot egn museum. I believe the statues be underestimated, Although no pres have been made in Cypres, the stone ious items were present in the tomb, is very characteristic ofthe island Had the most valuable aspect of the dis- they been found by the early Chri covery is the information gained tans they would, es idols, have been regarding burlal practices and reli- destroyed, others may have ground gious beliefs in the early Persian down the faces and used them as perlod of Fayptian history as this Is balding mateal’ something about which very litle During the yearong cleaning, fx isknown. Ing and stabilising process faint red Meanwhile, the Czech Institute of and blue colours from paint used on Fgyptology and the Supreme Council puts of the statues were revealed. ‘As of Antiquities in Fyypt, in close asso- fer as we Know these limestone statues ciation with the members of the are unique in ther style and size and Saqgara Inspectorate, have already probably belong to the royal tombs of made preparations for the atrval of to other, as yet unknown tombs, tourists who wish to examine this recently vetived Cyprus Antiquities Important and interesting site for Department director Dr Demos Chil themselves, tou said. The lions, one missing an eae Iivomir Kei and anther found in theeepleces, are Couch instinute of Fyptolgy in a crouching position with thete ‘cet bared and tongue sticking out, while the open-winged sphinxes ane identical to those found in Faypt- “The Antiquities Deparment i sj RESTORED EGYPTIAN tematically reexcavating the site at ‘The Swiss government, together with Fig. ead of Tamassos, once the location of ancient a cultural group based im Geneva, is Marcas Auelis LION AND SPHINX aphrodite and Apolio temples, to this year helping one of the emerging STATUES ascertain the reason for the presence of democracies of Hastern Europe, Hume the statues and find out if there is a gary, to preserve It cultural hertage FROM ROYAL TOMB taicd tomb area at the royal city, and, by extension, to forge its modern _ NOW GO ON DISPLAY beyond the two known sanctuaries, national identity anew fist excavated by the German atchae- The beginning of this Swiss-Hun- es ——— Diogist Max Ohnefalsch Richter in the garian cultural axis goes back to 1993 early 1890s. When Professor Jsnos Gydrgy Szilgyl, Four splendid lions and two sphinxes 5. CInistpher Follett the then Curator of Greek and Roman dating back to the period of Egyptian eet “Antiquities at the Museum of Fine Arts tule tn Cyprus in the th century BC, in Budapest, and a scholar whose “uncarthed! lst yearby Cyplotarchae- major achievement has been an Dlogists working in the tombs of the dimportant contribution tothe study of kings at Tamastos in the foothills of Firusco-Corinthlan pottery, mae an the Troodos mountains, are nove on approach to the Assocation Hellas display at the Cyprus Museum In and Roma of Geneva, of which he I Nicosia, after undergoing cleaning and a patron restoration. Archaeologists from the This association, founded in 1983, Gypmas Antiquities Department acc has as ils principal alm the entich- dentally stumbled on the sx oversized tment and completion of the Greek, Tmestone statues in late January 1997, Euscan and Roman collections ofthe while carving out malntenance work Museum of Art and History of Geneva, fon the tomb site a Tarnasos, capital by depositing there the acquisitions Gt one of Cyprus eleven ancient Hing made by, othe git gverto i thus doms and a major copper production festering an appreciation of the ats of fnd smelting eenre, near the modern anclent Greece and lay. village of Polltiko, 20 km south Since its inception, the Association of Neos has been led by Mr Ovverier Reverdin, The finds were in neat immaculate formerly Prfewor of Grek a the Une condition, dating back to 565-545 BC, versity of Geneva; the Association when Cyprus came under the occupo committee Includes Mr Jacques ton of Egyptian King Amasis 1 (570 CChamay, Curator of the Archaeology 525 BC) following the defeat of a Department at the Geneva Museuts, Cypro-Phoeniclan fleet by his prede- and others with backgrounds in the cesor King Hopha, The creator of the atl, polities and finance statues i Delieved to have been Well syyptian tam (top) and spins (above). the ftst ten years of is activity, known Cypriot sculptor called ikon, Phatox Cyprus guia partment, Hellas and Roma deposited over 200 MINERVA 4: hrepecplife. ajesinmemscun and ganord fee i aoe unl kona Toe Thus it was that hen Professor S2ila ay approached the Association with regard to a special project, hls request ‘met with a sympathetic reception. In 1974 an extremely fine bronze head of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius (AD 161 180) had come to light in the ruins of a Roman military camp on the right bank of the Danube, near the modern Hungarian town of Pécs (Minerva, July/Aug 1996, p.2) Fig 1). It had not been possible to restore it adequately, hhence the request forthe services of Swiss restorer. ‘The request was granted, and the restored bronze was put on display in Pécs, Budapest, Avanches and Geneva, together with a bust of the emperor in gold, found in 1939 at Avenches (ancient Aventicum) in the Swiss can- tom of Vaud. The great success of this initiative led Hellas and Roma to develop a fur- ther idea ~ that of setting up In As part of Rome’s continuing pro- ‘The substantial walls of Rome seen Budapest a specialised laboratory fo: gramme of cleaning and restoting today, with particularly fine stretches the restoration of archaeological many of her monuments for the mil- on the south, date from the rebuild objects in metal, of which Hungary’s lennium new finds are belng made, ing under the emperor Aurelian in the long history of human occupation has mainly by aceident. Recently, whilst 3rd century AD. Buildings that can be left'a rich patrimony, but whieh has clearing a Crypteporticus, an under- made out within the fresco city wall never been properly conserved due fo ground passage, in the Domus Aurea, are a semi-circular theatre, and lack of trained personnel, equipment the Golden House of Neto, a remark: palaces topped with golden statues and funding able find has been made. Italian free- ‘There is a degree of controversy ‘An approach was made to the cen- lance archaeologist Elisabetta over whether the fresco actually repre- tral government of Switzerland in Carnabuci made the discovery under sents Rome itself or is a caprccio, an Hern: the authorities readily made a public park, the Colle Opplo, In Imaginary city. Dating is also open to available the sum of 150,000 Swiss front of the Colosseum and between argument, whether the fresco is of the francs for the purchase and installa- itand the Porum and Baths of Trajan, Ist century BC or through perhaps tion in Budapest of the most up-to. The public entrance to parts of into the 2nd century AD. Should it be Gate equipment, while Hellas and Nero's Golden House is in front of the of the Ist century AD, flights of fancy Romi set about raising 100,000 Swiss Colosseum, the passages and rooms have suggested that it might represent francs for a three-month intensive _ going back under the hill. This lav- the Rome that was destroyed by dis course in metal conservation for a spe-shly decorated Neronian structure astrous fire in AD 64 during the reign cially selected Hungarian restorer, was partly demolished when the of Nero, when, legend has it, the directed by the Swiss expert Colosseum was built under the Fla- emperor ‘fiddled’ whilst Rome buent, who restored the bronze head of Mar- vian emperor and also subsequently ot, mote accurately, played his lyre (a ces Aurelius, lunder Tiajan, who followed the short representation of which occurs as a “The official inauguration of the lab- two-year reign of Nerva, successor 1o reverse type on some of Nero's copper ‘oratory took place on 25 April in the — Domitian, last of the Flavian dynasty. coins). presence of representatives of the Remarkable coloured frescoes deco. Conservation problems are the Swiss and Hungarian governments, rated the walls of the Domus Aurea, biggest worxy of archaeologists at the land the members of Hellas and Roma. including tramp daell effects, and moment, There are still, apparently, Its very much hoped that this exam- when some of the corridors were moze remains of the fresco beyond ple of disinterested generosity on the rediscovered in the Renaissance they the lage 3 x 2 metre section exposed. part of a prosperous Western Euro: were to influence painters such as ‘The whole is quite fragile and the pean nation towards a less well-off Raphael in thele subjects fresco technique would have involved Country of Eastern Europe will be ‘The new find was revealed when a the artist working rapidly in wet plas- ‘emulated by others, layer of thick mud fell away from the ter (ike the Sistine Chapel). Questions Perhaps the Swiss initiative will sutface of a brick wall, On the wall, to be addressed include: should ‘usher in an era of enlightened cultural still quite fresh in colous, was a fiesco attempts be made to conserve and aid towards countries whase main showing a bird's eye view of a sub- preserve the fresco in situ, or should it efforts must be dizected towards social stantial walled city. There is a broad be removed to @ museum for display land economic reconstsuction. Marcus river which Is crossed by a bridge, for- in controlled atmospheric conditions. Aurelius himself, who endured long tified at both ends with towers, and Whichever course is followed, there Is land arduous campaigns in the terri- towers line the wall. It has been sug: no doubt that a large financial com. tory of modern Hungary, would surely gested that this wall may be the Ser- mitment is involved and there will be approve of such humane and peace- vian Wall that dates fom the 6th clamout for more details, pictures and able projects Century BC and was rebuilt In the assessment to be made available of nue Gollan, Dept of Classics & early Ath century. Very litle of this this remarkable and totaly unex Xa (6.5.48) Arcint isty Pe Universi of eins today sve fora stetch cose pected fn ‘ecland soon by Rome's Terminl Rallvay station Peter. Clayton MINERVA 5'O NEW MUSEUMS OF CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY OPEN IN ROME Sculptures fiom the Capitoline Museums displayed at the Centrale Montemartini, ana sculptures from the Museo Nazionale Romano moved tothe Palazzo Altemps The Capitoline museums in the Palazzo del Conservator! in Rome ace under restoration and will only reopen in the year 2000. Meanwhile the problem of what to do with their collection of masterpieces of classical sculptures waiting to be relioused on the Capitol has been solved relatively simply and with panache. With 2 praiseworthy Teap of imagination the city authorities have made available a hhew magnificent exhibition space for ancient Roman art: this is the Cen= trale Montemacrtini, an elegant turn- of-the-century electric power plant and now the temporary home of the Capitoline museums. The chaiew may seem Incongeuous bbut the Soprintendenze Archacolog- iea and its architect Francesco Ste fanori are to be praised for their choice of setting and the taste of its furnishings: simple and elegant back- drops and plinths painted in neoela sical style in pale green and bright Dike, The Centrale is located on the Ossian way near the matble-clad Ist century pyramidal tomb of Galus Cestius, the Monte Testaccio hill and the Basilica of St Paul's outsige the Aurelian walls, Pig 1. General view ofthe muscu I the foregromd a arbi statue of 8 sus, perhaps Poy. towel inthe are of the Hort Variant (1928); Rome, art Pista by Filippo Salat Pig Hedin. 52 tp oh. “The fyi vase ‘vith cobra ad ‘he basher ied uit roses indicate That the goddess is epresenied as Isis. Aipirtet con Art Centre ACEA. 3, Courtyard of ‘neues Samat Atop oe tiie ie ces, fourth ‘onin ‘nina. The gigantic ste! grey wheels of the steam engines and the nuts and bolts of the ge diesel machinery and tus- bines act as a perfect foil for the smoothness and whiteness of the das- sical sculptures (Fig 1) and the contrast isso starting that one looks with fresh eyes at familiar masterpieces such as the Exquiline Venus (Fig 2), In addition to well known sculp- tures there ison view the atchacologi- cal material found during excavations undertaken last century and at the beginning of this century which have been Kept in storage for years Amongst it are the 4th century AD. mosaics from S. Bibiana in Rome. Als, ‘the original Sth century BC Greek stat. ues of the pediment of the temple of Apollo Sosiano, 18m long, are reassem- bled for the first time since they were dug up. Many of the artefacts have They are shown together with the been restored and cleaned and, as a Ludovisi and other collections of consequence, some of the attributions Greek, Roman and Egyptian art so as have changed. A number of portraits to recreate the atmosphere of a pth hhave been identified as in the case of vate gallery of the T6th and 17th cen- the marble portrait of a pious priestess tury. Among. the outstanding found on the Celian Hill which we masterpieces pride of place i given to now know represents Agrippina Minor. to the ‘Ludovisi Throne’, the subject Masterpieces of Roman sculptures of many recent debates amongst from the Museo Nazionale, and stat- scholars (see Minera July/August, and ues not seen for a long time, belong- November/December 1996) and the ing to the famous Ludovisi collection “Torelt Brancacci’, an Egyptian dior formerly in the magnificent villa ite sculpture of the bull god Apis Ludovisi-Boncompagni, are now from the temple of Isis on the housed in the restored Palazzo Esquiline Hil Altemps not far from their original There are recently published location In the Villa Ludovisi, The excellent catalogues by Electra for Renaissance Palazzo Altemps (Fig 3) both museums, and a splendid book builtin a superb location a the back in English and Italian on Roman, of Piazza Navona (in Roman times a palaces and thei collections of stadium) with is magaificent baroque ancient art: Palaces of Rome, by F fountains, was used asa residence and enzi, C. Vincent and R, Schezen, as.a gallery to accommodate the out Arsenale Bditrice, Venice 1997, with Manding collection of Cardinal _ particularly evocative illustrations ‘Altemps’ ancient sculptures and his that convey the extraordinary rich- library. The sculptures were event ness and sophistication of aristo- ally dispersed by the catdinal’s helts cratic collections in Rome very bbutixteen of them are back where effectively ‘were originally locate. ea 8.5.48 Parle Lisa Pato MINERVA 6‘TOMB II AT VERGINA REATTRIBUTED AS THE BURIAL PLACE OF PHILIP IIL Clga Plaga a highly eespected pro: Line doing of fessor of Greek sculpture at Athens: Een Univesity, has apparently contimed 2M Tom Dr yl Letimaties suggestion that (eater the occupants of Tomb ihst Vergina, Mendon, Gresce, were Philip Arbidaeus, the engin he Road halcbrother and succesor of alexane Tomb and the der the Great, nd his wife Aden ary Ame, dic, rather than Alexander’ father, heatiwtion Mhlip land his wife Cleopata. The above were aed latter attribution was put forth by by Minerva and DrManols Andronicus, the excavator py US ‘of Vergina, but was not accepted uni- versally by scholars In a paper presented on 1 April at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, Professor Palagla noted that following the death of Alexander, ‘a series of monuments depicting Alexander and his Companions ~ his generals ~ were produced on the Greek mainland. The first to appear, previous to those, was the funeral pyte at Babylon of Hephaistion, his childhood boyfriend, Companion, and presumed heir ~ for he married ‘Alexander's sister-in-law in 324 BC. Hephaistion died just eight months before the unexpected death of Alexander at Babylon in 323 BC. ‘The third frieze of the pyre, as described by Diodorus, depicted a royal lion hunt, Such a hunt of wild animals would take place in a game Preserve, in the tradition of the Per- sian Empire, and was unknown In Greek monuments before Alexander's conquest of Asia In Archaic and Clas- sical Greck art the conquest ofthe lion was confined to the depiction of Her akles subduing the Nemean lion. Dr “Andronicus also found the remnants of a pyre at Vergina along with a gold wreath and small ivory ‘porteaits’ (though these heads were usually dec ‘orative elements on wooden funerary couches rather than actual portealts). Most probably during Alexander's Dr Palagia suggests that the fresco lifetime the royal hunt was consid- depicts a lion hunt set in a large game red just a sport, but after his death it park and that the principal particl- apparently acquired a symbolic mean pants ate Alexander on horseback, ing: those Companions who hunted wearing a wreath and a royal purple with him would also share in his chiton, positioned between the two empite following his death. The _ trees and apart from the principal famed floor mosuie at Pella depicting group ~ identified as such by two Macedonians hunting a lion on Dr Andronikos ~ and a second horse foot, as well as @ colossal bronze man, bearded, in royal dress, and ‘group commissioned by Craterus at about to spear the lion = Philip I Delphi, commemorates one of rather than Philip II. She proposes ‘Alexander's Companions coming to that the figure wearing a purple Kausia his rescue during a ion hunt in Syria. (cap) and chlamys, standing between ‘The so-called Alexander sarcophagus Alexander and the lion, might be from Sidon depicts another lion hunt Cassander, the champion of Philip IL, and probably belonged to Abdalony- who is known to have commissioned ‘mus, who Was appointed as the last the tomb of Philip and Adea Eurydice King of Sidon by Alexander following in 316 BC, a few months after their the Battle of Issus. assassination by Olympias, Alexan- In the {resco on the facade of —der’s mother. A royal hunt in which Tomb II at Vergina, generally Alexander and Philip Il participated accepted as a royal burial, with its took place in Babylon in 323 BC, ‘many gold and silver objects, another shortly after the arrival of Cassander lion hunt is depicted (se line drawing and his brothers. above). Professor Palagia suggests that Tomb II] at Vergina, that of an the mature man and the young adolescent boy, is generally thought, ‘woman buried there are Philip IIL to contain the remains of Alexander ‘Arthidaeus and Adea Buryéice rather IV, the son of Alexander, who shared ‘than Alexander's father and his wife. the throne with the feeble-minded ‘While both couples were about the Philip Il, since none of his Compan- same ages, perhaps 46 and 20 years of ions had enough power to assume age, the large amount of precious rule, Thus Dr Palagla’s reattributlon of metals in the tomb would not have Tomb i's occupants and her accom- been available in Macedonia before panying scenario fit neatly into place Alexander's conquest. Also, the only We are pleased to announce that a datable objects found were Attic pot- more complete account will be pre tery salt cellars, which are known sented by Dr Palagio ina forthcoming, ‘nly from. 320-280 BC. issue of Minera Terme M. Eisenberg, PLD. CORRIGENDA: FORGERIES OF GREEK VASES Several erors evaded our proof reader inthe last issue, in which we published Dr Dietrich vor Bother arian Forgeres of Greck Vases’ 2.8, line 30 ‘flr Dour’ should read ‘after hs 9, Bg 38: the illustration is reversed. P.14, ig 15: nvitatio should ead ‘vention’ D.AS, Fg 7A: ‘of two should read ‘on two P.17, column 8, line 9 “Spanning neary 50 years" should read ‘spanning over 50 years.” MINERVA 7— Ancient Egyptian Faience |____—_—— GIFTS OF THE NILE: ANCIENT EGYPTIAN FAIENCE The first major international exhibition of Egyptian faience is described by the organiser and curator, Florence Dunn Friedman or any lover of ancient ceramics, Gifts of the Nile offers a unique and exciting opportunity to enjoy more than 260 Egyptian faience works from over 30 public and private col lections in the US and Europe. These lushiy glazed teeasuces ~ animal and hhuman sculptures, vessels, jeweller and ritual and tomb objects — repre sent some of Egypt's finest small scale masterpieces from the late predynastic to Roman times, includ: Ing the Metropolitan Museum of An's sphinx of Amenhotep Ill (Fig 1) fr the Museum of Att, Rhode Island Schoo! of Desiga’s (RISD) sistrum (Fig 2). Glazed in a variety of colours, the palette ranges from saturated 10 matte tones, typically in copper hoased blues and greens, but also in reds, yellows, and rich cobalt blues and apple-greens. Not only a feast for . the exes, these works from she 50-4 4. amenatep Ia Spins (Provence omy. New Kingdom, 18th Dasty,c.1$70-1298 RC. Faience. called personal arts are a largely ‘i saein’Mettpottan Mest of re New Tank Purchase Lite Acheson Wace Gye, 19PR, 1038 a | untapped source for studying Egype. ‘ExCotections Howard Carter, Cranbrook Academy, Bloomfield Hill, Michigan, | Jan culture. A multi-author, colour catalogue (Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1998) accompanies the exhibition and offers an interpretative study of the objects and faience as a whole, Tooking at its symbolisin and mean ing, and use and technology in Egyptian and, to a more limited Pig 2. sist, Tate Pero. 26th Dynasty, (6645525 Be: Gay oience. Ws 19cm Museum of Ar hoe tan Soot “opDeston, Prot tence Helen M extent, Nubian, culture, Organised Danforth by the Museum of Art, Rhode Island Accuistiog Pond School of Design, Gifts of the Nile ‘pens at the Cleveland Museum of Att in May, travels to the RISD ‘Museum in late August, and closes at the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth in late January 1999, Full dates and venues appear at the end of this article During research for the catalogue and exhibition we found tha faience was not, a9 $0 often asserted, simply an inexpensive substitute for ran more costly matetias ike terquoise, Tapis or even gold. Rather, it was 4 magical substance whose ascribed Cultural value far outstripped its Fg 3a, object tke this dick cl be ant carved using patter set on op a ‘then fone paste, ws te bow "ihe decnated and sp own Ply 3. mustang fn boty op aed atence sha wth fforese salts forming over the stacesOn fl, ‘hey wil prance ‘pb lane, ‘een In Fl MINERVA 8numble constituents, whic gyptian paste by modern mainly sand, flint or a $ not hold togethe bles = Items that ke clay Ith fea that comprises ov y plastic properties faience. To this was added an alkali at the Egyptians saw in thi like plant ash or natron, some lime, —non-clay, slica-based ceramic round copper, ¢ manifestation of light = faience Its typical blue kiln dull, Falence Dia MINERVA 91 Ancient Egyptian. Faience I 1 pave tt int, rt Dray, ein of ser {2668-2649 BC: Sagara, Sep Pyumd Conples.Fulone ‘eof each tle seein W: acm. Me Smdics of ‘the Pgviany Museu, Cambridge BoA-atant O48 4414; 44175 foi; 4425; 4126, 31; 4494; 4440; 4455 BS. 1938, Fig& me Carnavon Clie (Cleveland and Fort Worth on) Third Intermediate Peo, 22nl Dynasty, 850 BC; sal tbe from Tut Gebel Flow He Th.son. The Metopatian Misc, New Yor. Prchase,LbwendS Hark Gil 8c06 971 ‘scintillating’ like sun-, moon-, and vated examples (Fig 7), they were starlight. Shablis of the Third Inter- probably meant to confer Hathor's mediate Perlod are almost exclusively powers of rebirth on the deceased male of faience, presumably because Similarly, the relief decoration of the of thelr light-giving properties. In a ‘Thicd Intermediate Period lotus chi darkened tomb and underworld ices deplets human and animal lite devoid of sunshine, the shabtis cast in marshy landscapes, alluding not py ya.nee__clated with the sun and moon, Mon their symbolic light on the deceased, _toriver outings butto rebirth themes patra Pay arch partook of fienc’s Ife giving just as pectorals (Fig 8) and other in the primordial marshes, a site of mmiePeial light through epithets such se King protective falence amulets (Fig 6) dawning creation in gyptian S500 BGBadak,Aye'svelmet Rha, “shimmering of imbued the body with the Hight of mptnloey lg) Tomb 5735 Glad (ghorious) appearances; or Yehet rete pomeeetial self, replete “The work of the gods, which one “™SZrgM** —hepern, ‘shimmering of manifesta: with the powers of rebirth, naturally wanted to share on earth and in the (bund. tions’ At what point the life-giving alied ity tie Borddess of fertility Beyond, was filled with telinct. MneMusewm properties of cosmic light were prc and repre, tlathor, Several exca- Hlathor, the Bye of the Sun, is called @FFyptkan” fered onto lence isnot clear et i yet eed atine recietBOr MOUs the Scintilating One ¢Tjehnet), with APM” does not seem to this writer to have ee eee nnette0d of female a masculine form of the word applied coliqeonton, been its original meaning. Rather, is coffins, where, ke similar untxce- to deities like Horus and Thoth, a8s0- “"'UE9250."" blue-green colour, a common maiker MINERVA 10 eee——___—_—— Ancient Egyptian Faience sn many civilisations of fe and lg fenewal, wat probably ts fist reason Baboon otc forbelng, to whieh the notion ot ay, Omarte é Tight was subsequently added. The rim totay tens of thousands of bluegrecn tes €30p.000 Rc Beneath the pyramid-and south “iewhqin Tomb of Doses Sep Pyramid com> FMP plex at Saqgara (Fig ®), for example, ‘were grouped to simulate marshland Fatence 8 cm. The sys of Be Teeds which alluded toa watery "item tinderworld abode of the king. But Masai, Whether these early tiles were also Sambi Understood fo yield a symbole light for the deceased king tn his under world domain Is not cleat for this early period TE likely that falence was ftst developed ay an easy substitute for lapis, the vlole-blue rock from fat distont Aighanistan,. and. for turquotse, anether highly prized min fig 12. New Rim, 18th Dynasty, 1570-1293 We. Fadence. HG em. Private Collection, Figure 13. Pony (det) New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty, 61570-1293 HC. ‘rivate coco. viet ‘aby’ feeding cup. Mite Rigo tate 120-130 1800-1796 nc ish, North Pyra mld Cemetery. Surface, basket 2 “Te Metropotten Maseum of Are, New York. Rogers Fund, 1984 Hea MINERVA 11 ral of about the same colour, found in Sinai by mining. Lapis and turquoise were not close to the Nile, though obviously Sinai was the closer source. This area became sacred to Hathor who gained the epithets ‘Mistress of Turquoise’ and "Mistress of Faience,” as well as ’Mistress of Malachite’, emphasising her associa tion with blue-green materials Indeed, applying a blue-green glaze to a soft easily carved stone called steatite (Fig 10) was a practice that preceded the development of falence In the predynastie era, and soon thereafter Egyptian Blue, another synthetic material like faience, was also invented, again surely for the symbolic import ofits colour, The blue-green colour of Egypt's carliest faience was pethaps frst pro- duced through an unwitting accident bat probably quickly gained associa tion with notions of regeneration and the heavenly realm of the gods, From the late predynastic into the Archaic Period, blue-green falence products that included beads, votives And tiles make elear that these shiny Slazed objects were the focus of a new ceramic industry. And an indus- tuy It was, considering the abundant ‘objects deposited in temple sites, from the Delta to Elephantine in the first two dynasties (Fig 11). This is not to say that other media were not pparsued with zeal: some votives con- tinue to be made in stone, and clay and stone pots are represented abun dantly among tomb goods of the same period, However, falence, unlike clay, had a special attraction: the Egyptians could glaze it. They did not glaze their clay until Roman times, either because they could not (because they did not have the proper technology) or they would not (lron-tich Nile silt clay is dull and would not glaze well even If glazing were attempted). Clay hhad been worked and decorated for thousands of years before falence was developed and has atractive working properties: It absorbs water when wet, so it can be stretched and pulled; and it shrinks when drying, So that removal from a mould is easy, features that are dramatically less apparent with faience. But clay a time-intensive product, requizing soaking, cleaning, mixing with water, adding filler, wedging, and kneading, before itis ready to work, while faience is relatively quick to prepare. With a little training, labourers could probably quickly mix the paste from prepared, on-hand dry ingredients, The silica could be in the form of coarse sand or finely pulverised quartz pebbles (or a com: bination of sources and granular sizes that yielded the most cohesive_Ancient Egyptian Faience — Hig 15. Sudelock from the wi of @ princess. New Kingdon, ond of 180 Dynasty, 2.1230 HC Wood: sss; ne re turquoise glass; te faeces sing wit30em, 04 ig 16. Shabt ofthe Lady Sati. New Kingdom, Later 18th Dynasty, 13501320 Be, posibly from Sagara. Faience 1225 cm. iooktyn Must of Art, Charles Pain Wilbon Fund. 21248, Excolections Dr Henry Abbott New Vork Historical Soclety. Fig 17. Cattc among reeds (Providence ony). New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty, regn of ‘atdenaten, 1449-1334 BC. Amarna: Polyhrome fence. H: 10.8 6m ‘Muse da Louvre, Pais. Alphonse Kalin Bequest 1949. 17357. paste), though brilliant quartz peb. bles provided a more reflective sur- face that is sometimes visible through a break or attachment hole in an object (Figs 12, 13). The copper could have been directly mined by expeditions in Sinai (particularly notable in the reign of Ramesses 1) bout was more likely obtained in the form of copper scraps from nearby metal workshops Tt is Important to remember that quality of execution in faience ~ oF {in any form of Egyptian art ~ did not make an object more symbolically or magically effective, The exquisite works in this exhibition were not ‘more or less efficacio us in protecting the body (like the pectorals) (Fig 8), for warding off harmful forces from one’s baby (like the baby feeder) Fig 14), than a poorly made object. What was significant for magical effectiveness in this world and the next was a clearly fashioned type of object, of a particular symbolic colour, which might be inscribed or decorated in ways that best provided the user with power or protection, But beauty was not a factor in effic cacy, any more than a beautiful wed- ding ring means one is more effectively married than a cheap cing, Nevertheless, in all cultures, then and now, beauty speaks to the heart and enriches the soul, so that those who could afford it often sought finely erafted works of ac MINERVA 12 The best work comes from the craftsmen attached to the royal workshops. One can only guess that creative direction came from those who commissioned the work (like the king, queen or nobility) and the chief designers. Much overlap among workmen from one medium of work: shop to another probably also took place. We can see on some mull media objects how carpenters and faience workers must have co-oper ated, a on the making of an Amarna princess's wig (Fig 15). TInlaying Faience into objects of other media, like the wig, was probably under: stood not only to decorate but to enhance the meaning of the object. Craftsmen skilled in cutting soft materials Like steatite and ivory may also have been available for doing the final tooling on some faience, With the workshop complex discov ered recently at Amarna, it also appears that craftsmen in glass, pot ery and fatence may all Rave been working together or interdepen- ently in the same area ~ areas that must have been hot, dusty and occa sionally dangerous with their pyzotechnic activities, The skill in making falence, as with any craft, was in getting It just right, making sure the consistency of the paste, for example, was best to take a mould or tooling as crisply as possible. Now that we have done many replication experiments at theig 18, Inlay inthe forms of "The Horus of Gold”. 0th Dynasty- Ptolemaic Perla, c. 380-30 BC; sald tobe from ‘Ashmienin (Hermopols) Polycom falence, H18.4 cm. W: 12.9 er. Th 12cm. ‘The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Purchase, Edward S. Harkness Gif, 1926, 2.7996. aay 20 ‘Museum under the direction of conservator Miml Leveque, we know that getting the exact proportions of ingredients and manipulating them to best advantage are incredibly df cult and a¢ the moment outside our abilities. The paste is not easy to ‘work: unlike Clay, it pulls apart ‘racks easily, and dries fost, s0 that fooling has to be done quictly. We Stand in awe of the accomplishments ofthe ancient craftsmen and artisans ‘whose work is evident throughout {his exhibition and yet who remain vietualy unknown. Some of the most Beautiful and auffielt achievements are faience objects inlad with another colour of Fig 19, Stela of Reklarnun. New Kingdom, ‘any 19th Dymasty eign of Ramesses I, 1279-1212; probably from Thebes. Palente, 28.5 cm Trustees of the National Museums of Scotland. A1986.183. lg 20, Inlay with cartouche of King Rareferef Old Kingdom, 501 Dynasty, 2460-2453 BC. Mortuary Temple of Raneforf, Abusin. Faience lth ded _ses00 inlay. Hs 6.5 cm, Private Collection MINERVA 13 faience, lke the Brooklyn shabti of the Lady Sati (Pig 16), the Louvee Amarna inlay of cattle among reeds (Fig 17), or the Metropolitan Museum of Ais falcon (Fig 18), all decorated with tiny inlays, and some areas of free-hand palnted glaze. Lev feque's replication of the inlay tech niigue suggests that, in principle, it ‘was not difficult: paste of slurry with separate colorants could be pressed fo dripped into the inlay channels or, inserted as a powder, and the ‘whole fired in a single-firing process. But the definition, clarity and beauty that the Egyptian artisans achieved are amazing and Impossible at thls point to replicate Like most ancient art, Eayptian ‘works are on the whole anonymous, made by a series of individuals in largely lost workshops. Yet about ce workers or their workshop organisation, we know even less than for other crafts and art forms. A twwenty-sinth Dynasty scene from the tomb of fbi may show the mixing of the paste and the crafting of a falence object, but this is the only possible representation of faience production, situation in stark con- trast to that for other crafts where numerous tomb depictions of craft activities range {rom furniture mak. ing and stone sculpture to the step- by-step production of clay vessels Given the plethora of falence objects throughout Egypt's 3000-year his. tory, one might expect some repre sentation of the production of this art form, But the fact that faience was deemed a magical substance may have kept it shrouded in mystery, preventing its manufactue process from bing depicted. Falence workersAncient Egyptian Faience } MINERVA 14ig 24 Two-handed urn. Roman Period, ist to nd century AD. Fatence Me 2&1. The Detralt Institute of Arts. Gity of betrote Purchase 40:59 falence in the Old Kingdom. That picture is now changing through the falence inlays found at the mortuary temple of King Raneferet at Abusit (Fig 20). In the Middle Kingdom, burials of non-royal individuals yield falence amulets in the form of deities and other funerary subjects that were previously a royal prerogative. But it Js in the New Kingdom that faience really flourished, especially during the reign of Amenhotep TT, when some of the world’s hestfaience was produced. The material, which assuredly assumed added meaning fover the millennia, may have acquired special significance under this king who called himself the Daz 2iing Sun, 2 notion expanded on by his son and suecessor, Amenhotep IVjAkhenaten, under whom extra0r ‘inary falence was also produced at Amamna (Fig 17). An expansion of the faience market appears in the Third Intermediate Period (1070-712 3C), when a plethora of falence objects, especially deities, suggests hat wider and more diverse socio. economic markets were being served (Fig 21), Some of the velvety, even surfaces found in some Thitd Inter mediate Period faience works find further refinement in the Ptolemalc Period (Figs. 2-3). In this period and Jnto the Roman era, clay was some- times added to falence vessels to allow them to be thrown on the ‘wheel (Fig 24) Faience, throughout history, was essentially a luxury product, being largely the province of royalty and the elite, It Is in this socio-economic strata that we see the fully magical associations that faience must have held: Amenhotep Ill, for instance, could surely have commissioned a Kohl jar out of more costly stone or even gold for his wife Tiye, instead of the faience inlaid masterpiece in this exhibition (Fig 25). But he chose faience ~ assuredly for its rebirth properties. It Is under Amenhotep that some of the most ambitious faience was produced in the form of inlaid, polychrome abjects like the Louvre kohl jar and bookplate (Fig 26), oF the Brooklyn Museum of Art's magnificent shabti of the Lady Sati (ig 16). This non-royal woman either had the status to use the royal workshop or received this and another equally fine shabti as gifts from the king who, on the basis of the shabt’s style, was Amenhotep I It is not always clear, however, why falence was used in particular circumstances. Among the less ‘wealthy, for example, It may some- tumes have simply been a matter of Fig 26. Amenhotep 1 bookplate. New Kingdon, Leth Dynasty 18,6 1386.1349, ‘gn of Amenhouy il ebro Musée Louvre, Paris. E 3043. MINERVA 15, Figure 25. Cosmetic jar inscribed for King Amenhotep 1 and ‘Queen Tipe, (Providence oly). New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty, 01386-1349, reign of Amenhtep I. Folychromefalence, {Som Musie du Louvre Pars. E4877. Bx-Collections ‘Alphonse ha (1867),Ty ————{_ Ancient Egyptian Faience | ig 22. sippocamas. de Kingdom, Dynasty, (800-1750 me ilence. He 9.7 em. ‘Museum of Art Rhode stand school of Design, Providence ‘Muse Appropriation Pn 29.119. 38 ey | Tirboe mouse aide redo, and the hope of besings inthis ie ts atic A and beyond. Gifts of the Nie: Ancient Feypt-——c atitonc. | The catiogue explores these and fam Faience was organised by “Ht Mataryat ‘many other issues, with an Introduc- the Museum of Art, Rhode = Pada hi tion, The Briliance of Etemity, by the Island School of ‘Design, Mt Metrapaitan ‘undersigned, followed by Symbols and Providence, with major support ‘New York. Meaning of option Faience, by Robert fom the National Endowment —Parcate Pavan S. Blanch By Necessity or Design: for the Humanities, Carl and Slarknes ci Faience Use in Ancient Egypt, by Diana Carolyn Haffenteffer, and the 1926. 26.7899. Craig Patch; Nublan Falence, by Peter National Endowment for the lacovara; and Matrals and Technology Arts Additional funding hat Gifsof he Nile 1 by Pal T. Nicholson. The objects are been provided by the Joukowsky _AnclentEgyptisa then treated in thematic categorie Femnly Foundetion: the MSD ferent that examine the early use of falence; Museum Associates, Textron nated, fashion based on trends set by the royal use; women’s use and female: jae auy Sntonyanoe donors, am upper echelons, The hippos (Fig 27) related themes; falence in dally Ite his canibiuce te eerpored by _as galt and jerboas (Fig 26) from Middle and devotion; funerary uses of fakence: _gr'jgemlto tom te Fader -Thimecnd ad Kingdom non-elite tombs, for exam- and materials and techmology. Since ovimdemnlty ftom the Feders) SS Sg th ple, may have been incleded in bute most objects could be used for malt. GOWNCH oer 3s usr. His for apotropaic reasons; or they ple purpose, the themes should be Pr tnk ny ‘may, for some tomb owness, have understood as fluid and overlapping. been the accepted thing to include An Appendix with analyses by Mack without anyone's knowing ther full Wypyskl of several Metropolitan VENUES AND DATES FOR THE EXHIBITION: Symbolic import. We have to remem- Museum of At objects, a Glossary by ber tht in our own lives we maintain Mii Levegue, anda comprehensive Cleveland Museum of At Cleveland, Ohio family and school traditions or reli- Bibliography, Concordance, and Index. 10 May-5 July, 1998 glows observances whose origins and concude the volume Museum of rt Rhode Hand schoo of Design fheaning ae often unkown {0 us ere ‘This isan exhibition that we hope Dr riedman, organiser of 26 August 1998-3 Jenny 1999 shall educate, entertain and, even Giftof the Nie: Anclentfayplan inspire the viewer through the fore of Faence, ts Curator of Ancient Ata he imbell At Museum, Fort Worth. Texas the small, the subtle and the beautl- Muse oft, Roe island Schoo! amoary-25 Api ful Preventing an astonishing aray of ‘Design in Providence. ee egamnn,rimarg see forms, these objects = replete with She s also Visting Scholar nthe ‘Sar papacy vi scameeny RSD Gof eM light and lfe-opened the way forthe ‘Department of Egyptology at Torn rai, AEDs oat cas Egyptians to the world of the gods ‘Brown Univers MINERVA 16[Ancient Egyptian Faience No. 15S. Kingdom to La Reacting [an extract from the catalogue of the exhibition, selected with obvious preudice by the Editor-in-Chief of Minerva, Dr Eisenberg has collected Egyptian turquoise faience ‘asulets for fifteen years and has compiled a Catalogue of virtually all known amulet types, which will appear in his fordioming Encyclopedia of Egyptian Antiquities). N.B. The illustrations above are not proportionate. Faience was a common material for amulets, ‘which could be made in one- or two-part moulds, Is intrinsic associations with light, rebirth, and fertility made it an appropriate material for abjects intended to protect the dead ~ and often the living asthe fllowing pices ilustrate, Wadjeteye, H. 3.8 em. The wadjet- (‘the Sound One’ eye is one of the most common amulets from anclent Eaypt. It represents 3 human eye and eyebrow sutmounting the dis: tinctive matkings found under the eye of the lanner falcon. Originally the wadjet-eye was thought of asthe eye ofthe sky-god Horus (who orginally was distinct from Horas, son of Osiris and Isis), which was wounded in his batle with the god Seth but restored to wholeness by the sod Thoth. The wadjet-eye could be associated with both the sun and the moon, In 2 later myth, wadjet Is the eye of the sun-god Re Which abandons him ina fit of pique, travels Nubia and has to be coaxed back to Faypt by Thoth. With the rise in popularity of Osis and the myths surrounding him, the wadit-eye became associated with Horus, son of Osits, who was sai to have restored Osiris to lie by clfering him his eye. The wndjcteye fs rst attested as an amulet in the Old Kingdom and continues in use through to the Roman Period. It could be placed in var us positions on the body of mummy, but par ticularly on the chest. It served to protect the deceased from the dangers of the afterlife and to sist in restoring the vitality of the body Taweret (Thoetis), H. 32 cm, Taweret (the Great One’) was a goddess popular among omen and was thought to protect them in AMULETS SON ena childbith, Her association with childbirth may ‘derive from her unusual physique: she has the head and body of 2 hippopotamus, pendulous human breast, the pavis of a lon, and the tll fof a crocodile. Here she is shown leaning on the hleroglyphs for protection (sa) and Wife fankh), both of which could also serve as amulets. This particular example resembles others that have been dated to the New Kingdom. Amulets of Taweret have been found placed on the iapheagm, stomach and feet of mummies Bes, H.7.5 cm. The bandy legged dwarf god Bes was thought to bea protector of children and wormen in childbirth, ahd offen acted asa pat: ner to Taweret, He (s shown naked and with Teonine face with a protruding tongue, wearing 3 plumed headdress and a lion's tall. Amulets of Bes ae fist attested in the Fighteenth Dynasty, ‘and from the Third Intermediate Period on Bes heads alone are used as amulets Nephthys, H. 14.3 em, Amulets of deities alld either place the wearer under the protec tion ofthat deity of enable him or her to ‘assim Tate the person of the deity they represented and thus gain access to their particular powers or characteristics’ This amulet depicts the goddess Nephthys a= 2 woman wearing the hieroglyphs fof her name on her head (the basket, represent. ing Nb, the rectangle under the basket being the Hw sign, Nebet Hut meaning ‘mistress ofthe house). Nephetiys was the daughter ofthe eath sod Geb and the sky-goddess Nut and the sister (f Osis Isis, and Seth. Nephthys is occasionally escrbed as the consort of Seth, but alate tad tion relates an affarshe had with Osiris, the frult ‘of which was Saito be the god Anubis. Nep. thysand Iss are frequently depicted on each end ‘of {royal stone sarcophagl and of] a funerary biers}, mourning forthe deceased Osis. Neph thys also served as the protector of Hapy, one of, the [Four Sons of Horus} canoplc deities who protected the lungs. Amulets of Nephthys are common from the Twenty Sixth Dynasty on, and frequently occu in rows of protective deities placed on the chess of mummies. Isis and Horus, H. 12.0 em, The goddess Isis is shown seated on a throne, wearing the hiero: flyph for her name on her head (6, ‘seat’ or MINERVA 17 throne’) supporting her Infant son Horus on her lap with her left hand, while her ight hand cups her left breast, offering it to her child ‘Amulets similar to this one are known from the Ramesside Period, but become more numerous fn burials of the Thied Intermediate Period and Tater, Such amulets would have been worn pi ‘marily by women and children Djed-pilar, 1.8m, ‘The d-pillar i one of the mote enigmatic amulets, from ancient Egypt. As a symbol it makes it fist appearance In the Third Dynasty at the Step Pyramid com- Plex of Doser (at Saqgara), but fs not attested as fn amulet until late in the Old Kingdoi Exactly what it represents Is uncertain. It has been described a ‘stall broad shaft crossed neat the top by four short horizontal bars.” [Carel] Andrews notes that it may originally have been a stylized tree trunk, Other suggestions for its identity include a column of papyrus stems, 2 sheaf of bound cornstalks, oF the four pillars supporting the sky superimposed on one another. By the New Kingdom, the dje-pillar had become associated with Osis, representing his backbone. Its Ositian associations are emphasized by surmounting the pillar with the ‘crown (se llusteation), typical of thls god, Ging the Late Period, In Egyptian dj! da) meant ‘to endure, be sta ble? and the amulet was Intended to impart the Guilities of stability and endurance to is wearer [Dr Geraldine] Pinch has suggested that an amulet should be understood as a powerful or protective object worn or carted on a person’, and Is to be distinguished {rom a talisman, ‘whose purpose is to ‘enhance a quality in the Iwearer Oto promote success.” By this definition ‘he ded-pllar would be a talisman rather than an amulet Chapter 155 of the Book of the Dead pro- vides Instructions for placing 2 gold ded-pillar ft the throat of the deceased. In this spell, the Dilla s asoclated with the backbone of Osis, nd its possession is said to transform the Seceased Into an “equipped spirit” (akh ig) in the necropolls In the entourage of Osiris, In spite ofthe instructions contained in this spell the most common position for the dedpila is fon the breast of stomach of a mummy, although Some are found atthe throatf Dead Sea Scrolls _ - —-- —— | bdak F May ING —___ SCROLLS FROM | THE DEAD SEA From 1 May to 30 August 1998, Glasgow Museums are celebrating the SOth anniversary of the founding of the State of Israel with an important exhibition on the | Dead Sea Scrolls at the Art Gallery and Museum, Kelvingrove, the sole U.K. venue. | The exhibition, prepared by the Israel Antiquities Authority, includes nine of the most significant scrolls and a broad range of objects from the archaeological excavations at Qumran. They provide a moving witness to the lives and beliefs of the community of Essenes beside the Dead Sea in the last centuries of the Second Temple Period. [Jnswrpons Sek ly. 5. 98 Simon R. Eccles reson ovine ot un Jf Fig. Qumran 1986, a total of eleven caves, more was founded in the late 6th sand the Dead Sea than’eight hundred mostly incom: century BC when Jewish froma sero cave. pjete seolls and tens of thousands of exiles were allowed by Cyrus Scroll fragments had been discovered | to retum from cxile in Babyion and to in the suerounding elifs. At Khirbet_— | rebuild the Jerusalem Temple, so Quinran archaeologists excavated the | inaugurating the Second Temple ruins ofa settlement which contained Period. Conquered by Alexander the pottery (Fig 2) and other objects simi- | Great in 332 BC, and subsequently lar to those from the neighbouring | ruled by Ptolemaic Egypt and then scroll caves. It is now generally Seleucid Syria, Judah was exposed to accepted that this was the settlement | the all-pervasive influences of the ofthe Essene ee bese the Dead Seay | Hellenistic world. Under Antiochus IV And that the scrolls hidden in the sur Bpiphanes (175 ~ 164 BC) the postion rounding caves were thelr sectarian ‘of Tag rien ie the Jorusales Temple library. A collapsed upstairs sriplo- was put up for sale. In 167 BC, rium was found with the remains of Judaism itself was banned end pagan J sacrifice was Introduced to the Tem- ple, which was rededicated to ig 2, Pottery Olympian Zeus. This final sacrilege Serol storage provoked the revolt of the Maccabee Jay bt brothers who, in 164 BC, successfully sit century restored Jewish worship t0 the Temple bathing, they would preserve the saute and, ultimately in 141 BC, established purty of their minds and bodies and" $4.em. fan independent Jewish state. Yet the the integnity of true Judaism. Until -Ds2#am, Maccabees, and the Hasmonean modem times, little was known of the dynasty they founded, by combining Essenes, other than what had been In their own persons the positions of recorded by Philo of Alexandria, Pliny ruler and high priest, continued to the Elder, and Flavius Josephus, writ- scandalise orthodox tradition, ing in the Ist century AD. Pliny the was agninst this background that Elder, in a brief reference to the the Fssenes, a sect of pious Jews, felt Essenes in his Natural History, located tunable to compromise their belies by them above Fin-Gedl on the west pacticlpating in a society and a Tem- shore ofthe Dead Sea, ple that they considered to be cor- In 1947, in a cave to the north of upt. They withdrew into the this area (Fig 1, shepherds discovered wilderness of Judaea to found a com- pottery storage jars containing seven ‘munity where, through study of serip- leather serolis (now housed in the ture, worsitip of God, aad ‘itual Shrine of the Book, Jerusalem). By MINERVA 18 Deplaster desks suitable for unrolling scrolls, and bronze and pottery Inkwells (Fig 3). Therefore, though scrolls would have been brought to ‘the Qumran library from outside, it is likely that manuscripts were aso com posed andl copied locally "Amongst the Essene library, almost all the books of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) have been identified. In Cave 11 a large scroll containing the final chapters of the Book of Leviticus, was found. The scroll was copied during the late 2nd for easy Ist century BC, in the palaco: Hebrew script, which had been gener. ally abandoned since the Babylonian exile in favour of the Aramaic script ‘that was in widespread use through- out the Persian Empire. The archale palaco-Hebrew script, however, ‘appears to have been adopted for the five books of Moses and on coinage as part of the Hasmonean national fevival. The Psalms Scroll (Fig 4), also found in Cave 11, though copied in a seribal hand of 30 - 50 AD, still uses this palaco-Hebrew script for the tetragrammaton, the sacied name of God. This substantial fragment pre- serves not only thirty-six known psalms in non-canonical order, but also four previously known oniy in translation, and four completely lunkronen psalms, Living at a time before the stan- dardisation of the Hebrew canon, the Essenes possessed many non-canoni cal texts. A fragment from Cave 4 was found to be the lost original Aramaic text of the Book of Enoch (Fig 5), coped ln the first half of the 2nd cen- tury BC. Enoch, the enigmatic great grandfather of Noah, is said to have Walked with God and to have been taken up by him, In the Second Tem- ple Period he became an omniscient figure in all matters relating to the natural world and the supernatural, The Essene community regulated their behaviour according to a strict code of conduct with penalties graded In severity according to the setious- ness of the Infsingement. Many man- scripts of this Community Rule were Pig 3, Pottery inet, late itera 1st century AD. ween, Fig 4 Psls, Habs, copied Tie 18.5 om 86cm gS Enoch, ‘40201 (em ar, copied (0200-150 8c in izsem Lizsam Fig 6. Community "ude, 40258 (4), coped ate st century BC cant Ist century 4D. Hebe om. Dead Sea Scrolls ~ found in the caves, the largest ncom- followed by a communal mea, a cele- plete fragment being from Cave 4 bration of the community as a living (Fig 6) and copied in the late Ist cen- temple, replacing the Jerusalem Tem: tury BC to the early Ist century AD. ple. Beside the dining room at Khirbet New recruits to the Community had Qumran, archaeologists excavated to undergo a rigorous taining period crockery stacked ready for use in these fof at least three years and were communal meals (Fig 8). One of the required, on being admitted to full most severe punishments in the Com. membership, to hand over all thelr munity Rule was exclusion from the possessions to the common fund. A communal meal hoard of S61 silver coins (Fig 7) exca- ‘The absence of any reference to vated at Khirbet Qumran may repre- marriage In the Community Rule sent the community's wealth appears to confirm the classical wri Accumulated in this way. Full mem- ers’ claim that the Essenes were a celi- bers met daily for purification by bate all-male group who rejected immersing themselves in ritual baths marriage. Yet, the Damascus Docu: df a rT MINERVA 19ment (Fig 9), portions of which, copied in the late Ist century BC, were also found in Cave 4, details the rules by which an Fssene man might ‘marcy. This text is unique in having survived into modern times indepen- dently from the Dead Sea Scrolls in ‘the form of a medieval manuscript discovered in 1896 in the Geniza (a repository for discarded Hebrew wait ings) of the Ben Ezra synagogue In Cairo. Its less stringent rules, which permitted marriage and the ralsing of children, may have applied to the communities of Fssenes who, accord ing to Josephus lived in the towns and villages of Judaea, but are archae- ‘logically completely unknoven, The Essences interpreted scripture in accordance with the belies of the righteous teacher ~ an inspited inter. preter of holy law who founded their community. From Cave 4 comes a fragment of a late Ist century BC Commentary on the Book of Hosea (ig 10). The Bssenes believed that the prophecies of scripture were being ful- filled in thelr own time through the medium of their own community. Such commentaries assisted them in preserving what they believed to be the correct Interpretation of Judaism and hence in thelr preparations for an imminent final war against those who didnot share their views, A tiny sixline fragment from Cave 4 may refer to these last days. The War Rule (Fig 11), writen inthe fest half of the Ist century AD, mentions the ‘Prince of the Congregation, the Bratich of David’, which was a com- mon term for the Messiah. The Essenes, in accordance with their belief In the traditional division of power in the Jewish state between a religious and a secular authority, awaited the coming of two Messiahs; a priestly Messiah of Aaron and a secular Mes. slah of Israel. The fragment may describe the Messiah of Istael’s victor fous role inthe final war when he Kills the leader of his enemies, However, the meaning can be reversed. Some scholars believe that the passage should read that the Messiah Is himself Billed by his enemies, The phrase used, ‘by piercings’, occurs in only one other passage in the Old Testament, which is lundetstood by Chistian to vefer to & ‘ctuclfied Messiah, If this controversial reading were to be correct, it would suggest that the concept of a crucified “Messiah was not unique to Christians, The Essene sect did not survive the First Jewish Revolt against Rome Their Final battle came in the form of the future emperor Vespasian who, at the head of the Tenth Legion, destroyed Qumran In 68 AD. Some Essenes may have regrouped at the fortress of Masada to join the Zpalots’ last stand, when they committed ——— Dead Sea Scrolls f — ‘mass suicide rather than surrender to Rome. Excavations there have discov- xed a fevr sectarian scrolls similar to those at Qumran. The destruction of the Jerusalem Temple in 70 AD brought to an end the Second Temple Period; after that no more is heard of the Essenes, Yet, theie foresight In hiding their library from the advanc- ng Roman atmy, ensured its survival into modern times. Rediscovered at the very time of the refounding of the State of Israel, the scrolls provide a unique insight into the critical period from which would emerge both rab. binical Judaism and Christianity. 0 Fig 7 (top) Silver Tyran shekels and halfshekels, Khirnet Quoaram,136/5 BC 10/9 BC. D:1.9-28 cn Fig 9 (above). Damascus Document, 40271 (DE, cope ate 1st century HC, Hs 10.9 mL: 9.8 lg 10 (below). Hosea Commentary, 40166 (ptt), “opted late ist century HE-H: 17 Scam L: 16.8.0. ig 11 (bottom). War Rule, 40285 (SM), copied early Ist century AD. Hem. Le Sem, Fig 8 (above). Sacked potery goblets, Khel Qumran, Ist century Bectst co fry AD. He 26.8.em. Be 16 cn Simon R. Eccles is Curator of Ancient CCivlisaions at Glasgow Museums SCROLLS FROM THE DEAD SEA The exhibition moves to the Romisch-Germanisches Museum, Cologne, in the autumn, For further information contact 44 (0) 141.353.0809 oF browse the Exhibition Web Site: peli www glasgow gov uk/ GlasgowCCicouncitservices! lelsure/DSSFRAME. HTM. © All llustations courtesy seat Antiquities Authority, Jerustlem, MINERVA 20—_—__= ARTISANS OF ANCIENT ROME: PRODUCTION INTO ART Roman Art — Sent Ih. S98. An ongoing exhibition at the Newark Museum ‘any modern viewers encounter Roman att as a procession of pristine ‘white marble statues, lined up along with bronzes, pottery, and glass, in the echoing vaults of a museum. In such a setting the works Seem to float in a vacuum of time and space. Artisans of Ancient Rome: Produc ton Into Art, an exhibition at The [Newark Museum, Newaek, New Jersey, until December 1998, puts these works and thele makers into the con text of thei time The function of Roman works of ant, whether for private worship and ‘display, civic glorification, oF funer- ary commemoration, was crucial to their form and content, The skilled artisans who made them occupied a humble status in society. Cicero, expressing the prejudices of the ‘wealthy landowning Roman aristoc- racy said: I will now discuss tading land money-making: some methods te have been taught to consider gen- tlemanly, others sordid... Equally ungentlemanly and sordid are the ‘earnings of hired hands who are paid for their physical efforts rather than Susan H. Auth their skill; for the very wages they receive ate a token of slavery... The ‘occupation of a craftsman Is also to be scomed, for what well-born man could possibly spend his time in a sworkstiop’ (Cicero, On Moral Obliga- tion. translated by John Higgin: botham. Berkeley, 1967. 1, 42, 150; p. 92), In contrast to Cicero's assessment, ‘we learn of the artisans’ own sense of seltsworth and pride in their eaft from their votive and funerary monuments. ‘The grave stele of the silversmith, P. Curtlus, provides a telling example (Fig 1). On his large, deeply carved, marble monument we see Cortilius at ‘work with mallet and engraving tool, creating designs on a silver bowl. A running figure has already appeared beneath his skilled fingers. Yet he wears, not his work clothes, but his formal toga. The inscription reads 'p, Curtilius Agat[us}, freedman of Publis, silversmith’. AS@ freeman he Js proud that he can wear the toga of a Roman citizen, Roman artisans showed impressive Ingenuity in adapting existing tech nologies to increase production for the Roman empire's expanding mat kets, Glass manufacture provides an excellent example. For some fifteen hundred years glass had been pro- duced by slow, laborious methods such as core forming, or moulding and hand polishing, In the Ist century BC glassmakers discovered a revolutionary new tech: nology: how to blow out a bubble of molten glass on the end of a hollow blowplpe. For the fist time a skilled worker could turn out a simple bowl fr jug in a few minutes. Within a gen- eration glass became an affordable ‘commodity, and people could afford ‘complete table services of glass, If the glass broke, there was a recycling ser- vice, At Rome travelling hawkers MINERVA 21 ig 1 cer, Marble tombione of PCurtus, st century AD. 11:799 0m The J. Paul Getty Museum, Malt, Fi 2 (tow), Mouttbiown, lass Enon cup. The Newark Museum. Eugene Schaefer conection, Gift of ‘Mrs. Figen Schaefer 1950. exchanged broken glass for sulphur matches, Romans were fascinated by the transparency of the new medium Frescoes from Pompelan houses depict fruit seen through clear glass bowls. n epigcam of Martial pokes sly fun at this same quality. In his epi gram to Ponticus he says: ‘We drink from glasses, you from murrhine Ponticus, why do you like an opaque cup? ‘Transparency might make you blush, Seeing you serve yourself the vintage stl (Martial, Book IV, 85. Adapted from 2 translation by Richard O'Connell in Eplgrams of Martial Englished by Divers ‘Hands Berkeley, 1987, p. 185.) Two other Roman glass production methods are noteworthy: mould blow Ing and ribbed bowl turning, By blow: ing molten glass into a patterned ‘mould of cay or meta, the gassmaker prodiiced thin vases with designs im tating expensive silverware (Fig 2) Ennion, a glassmaker from Sidon in modern-day Lebanon, may have been the inventor of this process. Ennion signed his works ‘Ennion made me’ These signatures, and the rarity andexausite quality of hs designs, have made hs work highly pried today Yet ln thelr day they mus have been fat inexpensive items. Diksion, another maker of mould blown gla even made an ancient tein of «sports souvent, Cateting to the Latin speaking mace, he signs his name in i Latin vetion, ‘Dice Two pais ‘of gladiators decorate the aides of hie meuldtlown cup (hg 3) They ate Ldentled by name as ries and Calamus, and Prudes and Petals, A glalator named Petites Fs recordt as having been favourite othe emperor Neve. Perhaps we see hia hese ‘thle production method, sbbed bo aking stated by produ tion photcgtaphs and a reproduction bowl made by two schol ofanclent gia, Marianne Stern and Roseaary Leste, In the glass workshop of the Toledo Museum of At. Ths type of txperimentalarchacoiogy gives us fother way to recreate the Word of the Roman ada Local customer preferences and svalabie materasSictated srs production in other media besides Bass. Thee Venus igure dsplayed in ‘household shrine’ setting make this point (ig 4). A marble Venus comes from Fandermt, wrth of Toy, and nea the marble quae onthe sland of Marmaris second Venus com Bey, wat fashioned of ght Bue falence, a material wocked by the Egyptians for thousands of yeas. The {hind a bronze figure, was found tn Syl: Such bronze, with oa vari tons, were, widely distaibuated throughout the Roman world, The bronze Venus isthe smallest of the fre, and might have ben one of Tanger group of houschold des, of pethaps an inlvidual votive igure. The Romans were highly sled and versatile mealworkes. the spe Gilsation of te Industry can be sen inthe Latin occupational ites. The dirarus vaseutaris made bron ves Fig 3 ce, Mould lawn lass ‘ladiator beaker. H:9Sem. The Comming Museum “or lass Fig 4 (Ri. Shrine of tee Venus pgures. Left Toright Bronze Ist century BEAD. i126 em Marble Venus, Ist century BC msszem (both, ‘courtesy of the Watters Art Gultery, Battimore ta, Hats. Brookiyn Museum ofart Photo Sarah Bigs. Silver and bronze sheltshaped bowls Purchased in 1986 Estate of Gertrude Woodcock Simpson In memony of Mar shall Simpson, and Eleanor 8, Upion Bequest Fund. Fig Step by step production ofa ‘shaped bow! ‘worker: Photo ‘Sera Wels Roman Art J La statues. There was an axearius, an axle maker, and even a faber acuiarius, a maker of eyes for statues, The metal ‘workers also supplied tools for other professions and crafts, such as the sturdy iron scraper displayed in the exhibit. Even utilitarian objects mer ited decorative treatment, For exam- ple, a handsome helmeted head of Athena adorns a heavy-duty bronze cover for the end of a chariot pole. Metal tablewares, especially in sil- ver, were prized possessions of Roman households, Two shell-shaped bowls from Newark’s collection, one silver, fone bronze, are a type used at Pom- peil in sets of four as dinner-ware (Bg 5). Looking at the ancient bowls, a contemporary metal-cratter could seegeastly how to make the step-by- &S MINERVA 22 , step reproduction shown in the exhibit (Fig 6). Dictated by the mater | ial, working techniques, from Roman} artisan through colonial American sil versmith to present day metalworker, remain almost unchanged When it comes to works in stone, the Romans’ system of quarrying and transporting heavy stones is as remarkable as thelz carving skill In) the Imperial period the emperors maintained control over the quarsies for prized coloured marbles and por) phyry, and had thelr output shipped dlzectly to Rome for building projects im the capital. White marble was) more readily available to provincial Cities and private individuals, Just such a shipment of architectural} stone has recently been found in aRoman merchant vessel, discovered } along with others at 2500 fect below the surface off the coast of Sicily Their discovery at such a great depeh } was only possible with a submarine and a remote-sensing robot. ‘One interesting exampie of long } distance shipping of stone can be seen from the trade in partly-carved marble garland sarcophagi. The ) heavy sarcophagus boxes and lids were hollowed out at the quarties in Asia Minor, with garlands and deco- tative clements roughed out on the | sutface. Merchant ships transported them throughout the Mediterranean, as far as Macedonia, Moesia (modern Serbia), Alexandtla, and Italy. Upon reaching their destination the sar- cophagi were finished to local tastes, A limestone garland sarcophagus side in the exhibit comes from Alexandria } in Egypr (tig 7). ft was clearly a fash jonable but cheaper version of the { marbie imports, Since It was left unfinished, the tool-marks on the surface are stil cleatly visible For us, the Individuality and imag. ination of individual artists and )_ cialtspeople are of great importance. However, for the Romans, the patrons. who ordered. artwozks deserved! more credit for the finished products than the artisans who crafted them, Patrons ranged from wealthy aristocrats such as Cicero, who ordered everything from silver Services to statuary, to humble {coed ) men who commissioned only a small sravestone. ‘Conspicuous outlay for civie pro- jects came not only from the empe ors, but from well-to-do private citizens. Not only Roman men, but Fig 7. Limestone sarcophagus side from Aleanrl, Egypt .2nd-Se century AD. H: 70 om. 1s 2.25m The Newark Museu, Gift of Dr fom Chita, Photo: Sarah Well also wealthy Roman women gave ‘money for such purposes. To name just two examples, Euimachia of Pom: peli donated a hall for the fullers’ Build, while Plancla Magna of Perge in Pamphylia refurbished the entrance court of her elty with lavish marble veneer and staiues, all dedi cated in her name, Ihave Interpreted MINERVA 23 ‘an elegant marble portrait bust of a woman as just such a patron (Fig 8) ‘Some middle-class Roman women commissioned the funerary portralts which presented thei families to pos {etity for the travellers who passed through the cemeteries, whieh fined the roads into Roman cities. Vibla Drosis, a stern-looking Roman matron, made such a group of funer: ary portzaits for herself, her father, Gaius Viblus Felix, and het son, who predeceased her. A roughly-carved Inscription on the side, probably wrt ten after her death, says 'Hic amor, fides, pletas ext. (Here Is love, fidelity, and piety? Pig 9). Whatever the motives for comm soning works of art in ancient Rome, the generally excellent workmanship in stems ranging from small luxury {goods to vividly rendered lifesize por- traits demonstrates that the ancient Zerved thele patrons well. [fj Fg (blow) ‘Marble portrait bust ba woman, 40.150 Ab. fis e6.cm. The Neveark Mase Engethard Foundation 1971 Fig 92 Tom portrait of Vbla Dros Marble. 0.80 AD. H: 18 em. Ccotection of Shelby White and Leon Levy Susan H, Auth isthe Cwator of the Classical Collection at The Newark Masur and organiser of the “Artisans of “Ariient Rome” exhibition. The exhibition has bee ftnwed by The Dodge Foundation, ‘The National Endowrnent forthe ‘Ars, the Martini Fumdation, an by private donorsHave you missed any issues of MINERVA ? Back issues can be supplied at £3.50 each in UK/Europe, or £4.00/$7.00 to the rest of the world (subject to availability). 1 NovmEC 1993 MARIAPR 1994 G MAV/JUNE 1994 GeuavG 1994 ‘TheHHoxne Roman Treasure “The tof the lle Peoples, Greek gol jewellery The Arts of South & South-Fast Asia An of Meieval Spain, $00:1200 Amulet of Ancien Egypt “Treasures from Inner Mongolia Mosaics from Carthage ‘TheGold of Meroe hie andthe Antiguiies Tre New galleries of ancient artin Maya Royal Ceramics Digging in Jordan: BM Exhibition The Plage of Angkor Wat Chicago & Manchester Conserving Medieval Wall Painting ‘Excwations at Oant, lly ‘The Ansof Hinduism Islamic Textiles from Egypt ‘i Winescter TheFumiturs of Western Asia Antiques Sales Report Now Treasure Trove Bill New Greek Gallery in Philadelphia Hero Twins ofthe Ancient Maya Arthur Weigal: Profile 1B NOViDEC 1994 Q JANIFER 1995 OMARAPR 1995 JULYAAUG 1995 ‘TheMahdia Roman Shipwreck New Mexican gllery atthe BM Gres && Rosman Partaits& Assyrian atin New York Tomb Treasures fom China Treasures of Byzantine art, Near Ponti Jade from the Horang collection Archeological finds frat Romania Conservation ofthe Seuso Treasure Exeavating en Bleabedan Shipwreck Precolumbian rd fers in Peru sina eom India Ancient Egyptian sone vessels Rewnling SriLankan History" Valley ofthe Kings: new discoveries Roman sculstuein Carthage Looting in Aiea The Restoration of The Acropolis Sarmatan gold from the Steppes ‘Ancient Silver ia Cleveland Museum — Roman Military Diplomas Reconsncting« Romano British God, sate nd people in Egypt Looting in Jordan ‘Archacoogy in China ‘mosaic Arehaologieal survey of Susin Q sepr ocr 9s 1 NovipEc 1998 JANES 1996 MAR/APR 1996 Saving the monuments of Beypt Women in Classical Greece Splendour of Anclont Egypt Trojan weasues in Moscow ‘Tomb of the sons of Ramestes Il KS nthe Valley of te Kings Wine in Classical Amigity eo New gallees atthe Fizuillam “The American Dicovery of Hgypt The Roman Town at Siceser_ PAN a fom the Lowy [Edward William Lane: Profle Plunder and Pillage in Asien Akhenaten The Bares Porat Te Great Alte of Pergamon: the ‘Thetomb of Yoya and Tu ‘Status in Chinese Omument Egyptian Textiles ee AG ‘TheSummer Antiques Siles Restoring the Phoom Pen Museum — Niarchos Greek Vases Rare Eaypein Reval Dade, ‘TheMiddleham IThcenury Coins Treasures and cos ofthe Pharos © MAviIUN 1996 @ ULALGi9 asernioct 196 2 NOWDEC 996 Tare lak tons ecnigus ‘The Creeks the West eolti Catre in Greece Ancent te Ss coleton Peolambian Gold Tie Lowi @ Bowen Tones New Dace Aacen China Pana adrnet in sie ENB Imases of Alexaner he Great ‘The Chayvet Cave pinines iAeeeivalvenicelimsate Wer aciy cate Gee We ace ‘Byzantine Urbanism in the Balkans China's Northera frontier, $e a eee ee) keene es ‘The Synagogue inthe Ancient Word The Ludovis and Boson Tones peti eoarar hanes xcaaing sn anietcyidorin Pore ving nth Vee Benn sns KS ‘tet Egyptian mining Misc for Megalhsin Malt Thesummner 196 angi sales © JANE 197 © MARIAPR 1997 @ MAYiJUN 1997 2. 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Tol: (1-212) 355-2034 Fax: (1 212) 688-0412, emal:[email protected] + NB: please telephone or fax if you do not see the issue you want | |) 5 ) t 5 > f 5 ) Part I of a two-part review by the Editor-i he glyptic arts, anclent carved INTERCONNECTIONS IN images on various types of stone, have been avidly col lected and studied for over ‘wo hundred years. This includes not also the more obscure Near Eastern Cylinder seals are among the earli- est khown objects employing pictorial symbols for the communication of Ideas, The impressions made by the seals when rolled on clay cuneiform tablets and clay sealings served several practical uses ~ they Indicated owner ship of property, or certified or attested the authentication of "The seals were usually Impressed fon soft clay which was then sun Baked, These mpessons were then . ise Used to secure goods in baskets, jars THE PROTO-ELAMI stat ep — ~ Glyptic Art sf; — GLYPTIC ART OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST ‘A Seal upon Thine Heart’ 1-Chief of Minerva, Dr Jerome M. Eisenberg, of ‘A Seal upon Thine Heart: Glyptic Art of the Ancient Near East,’ an important two-part exhibition of ancient Near Eastern cylinder seals on view at The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York. Part I covers the period from c. 3500-2100 BC. Fig2 (no, 2. (dorm lft Leather workers?) in rooms framed by serpo felines lions with THE LATE FOURTH nly the commonly known Classical ‘entwined gemstone intaglios and cameos, but serpent necks gemstone intaglios and - Serpentine Fig 3 (No.9. top gh. Palette of King PERIOD IN IRAN Fe ee eee (. 3100-2900 BC). ‘Uruk culture. Copper sue 1 98cm. Southere Mesopotamia (2), Late Grok pelod (63404000 HC) Lent by Robin tuscan of are Ths igure may be Shaman, hi boots with uptamed tps ere ‘hpiat of ancent mountan people, Peter Cayton Fig 4 (No. 5) ef Aneeting bull fling pote siter statuette seats of ths prod (see Fig) MINERVA 25—————— | Glyptic Art -— 16 August will cover the period from ‘A Seal upon Thine Heart: Glyptic Art of the Anclent Near East, ¢ 3500- 2100) BC to, 500 BC. 2100 BC, featuring nearly one hundted seas dating from the fourth to the ‘The exhibition began with the third millennium BC, was on view at the Morgan Library, New York, from _Urak perio (c. 3500-2000 BC), featur~ January 7 until April 26, 1998. Drawn primarily from the Library’ colee- Ing seals with typical scenes of the tion ~ acquired by Pierpont Morgan nearly a century ago — the exhibition _ en, including the overpowering of a also featured seals ftom the Yale Babylonian Collection, The Metropolitan __dengerous animal, flourishing herds Museum of Art, and several private collections. In addition, a number of of animals, scenes of dally life, and larger sculptures from the ancient Near Fast were on view to demonstrate sacrifices ot prayers offered toa god. A the close relationship between seals and other major artwork, ‘number of seals from tran, fom the Part Il of this exhibition, on view from 30 April until 16 August 1998, so-called Proto-Elamite period, also will highlight seals from c, 2100 BC toc. $00 BC. The review ofthis second were on view. part will appear in the July/August Minerva. We urge our readers to take During the Early Dynastic period advantage ofthis opportunity not only to view the superb Morgan collec: (© 2900-2400 BC), the time of the tion, which has not been on view for nearly twenty year, but also to see great templesstates, Mesopotamian for the frst time some of the extraordinary seals from what is by far the writing became intelligible and world’s largest private collection ~ that of Jonathan Rosen, Those that are cuneiform inscriptions fst appeared inthe exhibition ae published here for the fist ime on seals. The tole of eylinder seals Organised by Sidney Habcock, the Morgan Library’ Associate Curator of during this era seems to have been Seals and Tablets, ‘A Seal upon Thine Heart is sponsored by grants from mainly administrative, which is evi Dr Ruth Nanda Anshen, The Joseph Rosen Foundation, and Sotheby's, enced in part by the telative unitor- ‘The Morgan Library assemblage is without a doubt the most important _-muty ofthe subjects represented, such ‘exhibition of Near Eastern glyptic at to take place in many years. The exhi bition Is contained in a relatively small space, which unfortunately nccess as scenes of banquets and human or Supethuman heroes vanguishing an lates its division into two parts. However, this creates an intimate animal or monster environment conducive to the close study of the many small objects. ‘The last phase of the exhibition Unfortunately we were only informed of the exhibition late in January so focused on the Akkadian period we could not include it in either of the previous two issues, Thus we have (6. 2340-2100 BC), when a single ind done the next best thing - to choose what we consider the ‘very best of the vidual, King Sargon, established com. best’ to include in this two-part article ~ nearly one-third ofthe seals in the plate tule over Mesopotamia, Royal exhibition! The review of the second part will appear in the July/August workshops in Akkade - the centre of Minerva, The two articles will then be reprinted as a single booklet which his domain ~ produced both eylinder Will be available for class room use and resale seals and larger sculptures in a natu ralistic style that would shape Mesopotamian art until about boxes, behind closed doors, or as seals sculptors. Though averaging only — 1€00 BC. The focus of the subject fon the cuneiform tablets. The seals about 25 mm (one inch) in height, mutter in this petiod shifted to the ‘themselves were also worn as amulets and some only about the thickness of gals. Depletions of celestial contests for protection and good fortune ~ a lead pencil, many seals are truly in whieh a principal god emerged as those from Fgypt being the best masterpieces of the engravers’ art, as the victor were frequent. New known of the amulets used in the can be seen by the accompanying emblems and monsters also appeared ancient world. llustrations. The amazing detail pro during this period, including the rays ‘Carved for about 3000 years in the duced by the ancient artisan using the of the sun god and the lion-gif region the ancient Greeks called simplest tools (usually on stones, th eallest form of the exeature com Mesopotamia, or ‘the land between sometimes semi-precious, that ake posed ofa lion and an eagle two rivers, Near Basten cylinder seals often harder than steel, ch as jasper, Engraved cylinder seals are not first appeared in the latter half of the Fig 29a (page 32), defies the imagina:orly @ valuable record af Meso: fourth millennium BC, just before the tion ppotamian artistic practices, but they emergence of writing, The seals ‘The importance of seals to thelr also reveal a geeat deal about the remained in continual usage theough owners duting these three millennia paitical, social, and cultural develop- the domination of the Achaemenian can be seen in the biblical text Sang of ments of the period. Many of the rulers of Iran in the 6th to Sth cen- Songs (86), in which the bridegroom — inmages symbolise human qualities tures BC. Implozes his beloved: and intellectual concepts that passed ‘Cylinder seals were carved in intel: Into the literature and art of the ‘cate detall, with slmple tools, on a Wear me asa seal upon thine heart, Middle Ages and beyond. variety of semi-precious stones. Com- as. seal upon thine arm; paratively soft stones, such as serpen- for ove fsstong as death, fine or marble, were wsed in the erly pasion cruel a the grave Periods; while harder materials, such feblazes up lke blazing fie, 4s hematite, prevailed in the fist part fleer than any flame. mea tear eee ea ne Towed by jasper and chalcedony, This fst exhibition, Part 1, cow- | #4 a7 used by the anclents). Ts among others, The cholce of materials ered the period in which | “law the cute engraving to besten, ‘was governed not only by the techn- Mesopotamia developed from a | Me descriptive text forthe illustra cal abilities of the engraver, but also series of rapidly expanding urban | #2” is based upon the exhibition PLA note about the display: The roll ‘out impressions used in this article were made by rolling the Seals in a by the magical qualities considered centres to highly sophisticated tem- | Mes Prepared by Sidney Babcock, the inherent in some stones. Laps lazli,plestates, and eventually to a uni- | (ator ofthe exibition, | {or instance, was thought to afford fied empire. The images on the seals | The photegraphs ofthe impressions the wearer special protection by the reflect the political, social, cultural, | were the result of @ collaboration sods, and religious elements of that | Between the photographer, Joseph These cylinder seals are among the period. The second exhibition, Past | Zhavl, andthe Mr Bateock, smallest objects ever producta by II, on view from 30. April until MINERVA 26 ee ETC“ t‘TTC*EDl Glyptic Art — i ‘Tins scene represents balance of power and may also possibly representa fable “Heutanaie i a complex silicate various pale colours often mistaken for ther minerals and stones ch os marble 6 (No 8) ang ul with tree he and ting rp ead bul wth @ double sypent tail. Heulaite cylin 39 sna, Prot-aite peri (31002900 9) Tent byt lack ofa suspension hole cats a a finn Rosen Fig 7 (No. 10). Onecyed hero with lions flanked by enclosures "a Serpentine inde 0 40 aan) 3100). Pierpont Morgan Library, sea n. 4 Animas itatng the acne of umes ae characteristic ‘ofan seals of ts period. This s the lst kiown depltion of ‘Cyclops in Western at MINERVA 27 Fig 8 (No. 11). Griffin monsters with plants and eagles. eae cylinder seal 48.4 35 am rar, Prot-Elamite period (. 4100-2900 BC). Lent by Mr and Mrs Jonathan P. Rose: LATE URUK/JAMDAT NASR PERIOD (c. 3500-2900 BC) Fig 9 (No. 14). Sheep grazing on plants. Marble yinder seal; 58 38mm. Mesopotamia, Late Uruk period (c. 1800-3100 BC). Len bythe Yale Babylonia Collection. The earliest period of| “urban ivilation in southern Mesopotamia ts named Uruk ‘fer a lmpartant sanctuary town 10 (Mo, 1), Bearded me lure a atendant ding ctl le ylnder seal with suspension loop tm the Shape of a ‘tal het a2 37 mm: Mesapatanta Late Ura prod (6. 3800-3100 BC). Lent by the Vale Bayona Colleton Glyptic Art of the Ancient Near East: ‘A Seal upon Thine Heart’ at The Pierpoint Morgan Library 29 Bast 36th Street New York, N.Y. 10016-3401 ax: (1) 212-685-4740 | | Telephone: (1) 212-685-0610- ——$ ——- Glyptic Art } —— — Fig 13 (No. 27). Thee stags with a plant, Serpentine cinder seal 25 « 220m Mesopotamia, Late UrukJamdat Nott period (4800-2900 BC). The Pierpont Morgan Library, seal no. 20. The second ently urban period ‘named Jamdat Nas after a more northem EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD (c. 2900-2334 BC) ig 110,12) Female wera ender hang ter wast en playing late She tay 6.3. (Show tee acta! sk) ‘Mevopotansi, Inwna temple, Np ‘Early Dynaste period (c. 2500 BC). Lent by he Metropatan Museum of Art "Ragers und, 1962. Fig 14 (No. 32). Pattern of to runing goats one above the other {inscription added at later date). Serpentine cylinder seat; 12 110.5 mim. Mesopotamia Early Dynastic f “brocade spe (62900-2780 BC). The Plerpont Morgan Lilvary, seal no. 4. Thi period is named aftr the dynastic clstates of Ur, Lagash ad Kish 120,22, Row of al lcs above. Alabaster er ot "2.6 mim. Mesopotanl, Late (3560-3100 BC): Lent by Me and es Jonathan Rosen This aces ovale asa separate eprint fo 35w_] the exhibition of for £3 of $5 postpaid from Minerva Special quantity rates for classroom use 0 for resale F153), Tee demos ae ge frp of merge en wih tal nds 25 20, Te doe am a ak of ce es | “Oa Boye ep Mot Say el he may be obtained upon request MINERVA 28 ee— Glyptic Art “| = right selection of ancient Near Easter (4) Battle ofthe gods, Lapis lazuli yinder (9) Water god, and battle of the sods, rock crystal cylinder seal finer seas from the Morgan Library Seal, Akkadlam prtod (c.2280 BC), ‘Atkalan Period. (c, 2250 90). 24-5 mm 16 mi ‘andthe colection of Mrand Mes 354419 mim Rasen Collection, no. 7. "he Plerpont Morgan Library, cinder mo. 201 Yomnathan P: Rose Phot: Joseph Zea (5) Bull men wrest with tons, white (10) Nude bearded hero and bull man wrestling with animals, ‘marble ner seals Akadian period ‘dark green end red sper epinder seal From left to right: (€'2250 hc). 28. 26 mm. The Plerpont Abadia perod (©. 2280 BC). 32 mm x 22 ma. ‘Morgan Library, cylinder no. 167 ‘The Plerpant Morgan Library, ender no 162. (1) Heroes fighting tons, yen serpentine cylinder sal 6) Crowned hea grasping bul; Nude (1) Lions fighting water buffaloes, rock rytal cylinder sea, Akad period (2250 BC) eared heroes grasping humon-headed ‘Akatan prio (e. 2250 BC). 37.8 mm x 27 na 273 17 mm The Pespont Morgan Inu carlin cynader Seal, Atkadlan Rosen Collection, no 6. Library, cpinder mo. 166. pevied (c 2280 Nc) 23.5 13 mm. The heron Morgen Library, tinder no. 142, (2) Heroes contesting ions over bulls ‘white marble cinder sel. (2) Hero contesting ons over bulls, Lapis "tarly Dynaste Il perod azul ner seal Early Dynastic Mt (3400 Be) 862.47 mm period (2400 BC). 22 mmx 14 mm. The Rosen Collection, no. 17, Plerpont Morgam Library, eyinder mo. 85 (8) Heroes ancl a hull man fighting lions, (8) Hees protecting bulls from Hons, ranige marble ctinder sea ‘aragonite cylinder sea. Aktion period c. 2250 BC), Early Dynastic perio (2700-2600 BC) 29x iS mm Rosen Collection, 1.19. 33.7 mm « 26.7 mi THE MORGAN LIBRARY CYLINDER SEALS AND. EDITH PORADA the remarkable collection of 1132 Neat Easem cylinder sel tthe Morgan Libary was assembled by Willi Hayes Ward fr 1885 to 1908, He was the | 27.8), onarmed demon with ura to and es fist American stort appreciate the Iniportance of einer sels fr the ‘escape fir and ne study and Interpretation of Near Easttn archaeology. He succlncly sum avi dr se 332m ptm, trae the oxgoal ntertonsof Plespont Morgane ‘ts the ch prokt 361 ae oe a ierstand i of Mr Morgan in bringing o this county the ween and fg ed monet of he early Eas such tablets sel eyliaders, bello Aigo the knowlege of the wort ie first exhibition ofthe cylinder sal, under the drection of Bath orada, was not held unt 1948 sixty-ee yeas ltr the acquisition of the Columbia University, she was appointed Honorary Curator of Seas and Tablets a 1986, spoon se eld unl er death in 1994, The eutent ex bition commenorts the fiiethsnniveary of her publication of the Mor gan seals in two magnlicently produced volumes: Corus of Ancent Near Ease Seas n North Amecan Coles UallingerSxcs RV, Yo4s, Washing ton, D6» Thin and Hen Fankfu' Cyne Sel (London, 1939) ema the two standard references. The writer recalls with admiration be devotion to het ones He was sured to sete original German citi of Aga Hie fas the textbook for tha subject, since this wat the only text avallable a ig 18 (No, 43) ited ero attacking felines menacing horned ee “ ee ‘animals; human headed bull below empty space. Lapis azul! hat time to meet her demanding standards. ‘inder seal; 22 14 ym Mesopoteonia, Early Dynastic I period (2600-2394 BC), The Penpont Morgan Library, eal 0. 85 MINERVA 29___Glyptic Art #— = — Fig 19 (No. 47). Sate figures detnkng throug tubes in a vessel cape between _Enall unmal with abowr anda scopion. Marble cinder seal 386 + 24 mon ‘Mesopatamia Early Dynastic Il period (c 2600-2334 BC s Sree apes tases erie puee Lent by Mr and Mrs Jonathan P. Rosen. The name of the daughter of King won bul: Bullaman wth ony inerbed Lapis aru cinder re ND els ml el hn fs i ae el a(n 6) Hy, nas on man el Lp ea ir eine te pa tn elo a ee ae ea Seal; 38+ 22 mo Mesopotamia, ABkadian pri (2834-2184 BC), Lent by The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Anonymots Loam, 1992. The Perpont Mor gam Library, sea no. 159. The largely Stomerlan city States of he Early Dyas ide Perlod were replaced by Sargor of Akkade, w Semi tg 21 (No, $8) Hero protecting stag from lion; two human headed bulls: liom attacking bull Marble cylinder seal 46 31 mm. Mesopotamia, Early ‘Dynastic I perlad (c. 2600-2384 BC). Lent by The Metropolitan Museum of “Art, Anonymous Loan, 1992. Seals with feces of animal contests, ‘predominate in Early Dynastic a I {1g 25 (Nb. 68). Nude bearded hero amd water fal; bullaman fighting ton. Sprpenitine ylnder seal: 36 «25 mom. Mesopotamia, AREudtan pero! "2534 2184 Bc) The Perpont Morgat Library, sel na. 199. AKKADIAN AND POST-AKKADIAN PERIODS (c. 2334-2100 BC) Fig 26 (No.72). Battle ofthe gods: battle raging. Lapis lazuli cylinder sea; 28 817 mom, Mesopotamia, Kis Akkaflan ported (€ 2884-2278 BC). Lan by ‘The Metropolitan kruscum of Art, Anonyaous Loan, 1992. In battle, the gous ‘iy to remove the crowns from Wile opponents. Fig 22 (No. 63). Crowned hero grasping bul: nue bearded heroes holding aman hended bulls Carnelian cinder sel 255 x 13 ma Mesopotaraa, Akkadian period (¢, 2334-2154 BC). The Plerpont Morgan Library eal no. 149. MINERVA 30————_—_—_— Glyptic Art i Fig 30 (No.6) (below). Three yods, one with gran sprouting from hls sider and ie apron wetting ethane on grt ‘tute cylinder seat, 308 Mesopotamia, Akadlan perio (2884-3154 BC). Tent by Tono Ete, Fig 27 (No. 74). attle ofthe gods od with flames with defeated god; seated eis with ereation of man (2); lscrbed. Shelling sel 4.25313 mm. Mespotanly Akad prod (¢/2434.0158 BC). Lent by Mr and brs Jonathan P Stheemd ofthe Dttcsshown athe lefts mais crested ‘at the ight with a god presenting a plough asa symbol of man’s future labour Fig 31 (8) (be), God saci bal before eran nga Serpentine pier seal 345 20.2 Mesopotamia, Akkadian period (2804-264 90). Tent by Ste and Mrs Jonathan P. Rosen {ig 28 (No. 82). Water god enthroned with worshiper and vizier, ‘and mde bearded heros grasping gateposts; Inscribed. Seypentine with cate vein clude seat 30x 13 mm Mesopotamia prod. 2354215480. erpont Tibray, seat no. 202. ‘The ka ener a en ing the sds in their various mytholaglcal settings Fig 32 (No. 91) (below). Warrior approaching enthroned goddess wlth feet resting om lon Inscribed. Lape lau cylinder seal 3.5. 18.2 Mesopotamia, Akkadian period (2384-2184 BC). Tent by Me and Mrs Jonathan P. Rosen iy 29 (No. 83). Kneeling heroes with gateposts and vine ‘symbol nserlbed Jasper cylinder sea 28% 16 mm "Mesopotamia, Akkadian period (c 2434-2158 BC) Lent bythe Metropolitan Museum of Art, Anonymous Loan, 1992 (See colour Wlastration on page 32). MINERVA 31Glyptic Art | Fig 33 (No. 96). Etana’s light to heaven om the back ofan eagle, ‘Serpentine cylinder seal 38:5 22.7 mi. Mesopotamia, Akh ‘an period (c, 2334°7154 BC) Lent by Tono Hite. Etanna, a shepherd was installed as King by the gods. ev an eagle les, him to the dwelling ofthe gods to obtain the plat of birt for his wife s0 that er fertity may be restore ig 200 (No. 83). Kneeling heroes with seteposts and vine syns inseribed. Tasper elinder sea 28» 16 mm Mesopotamia, tka period (62434-2154 BO). Lent by the ‘Sttroptitan Mascum of Art Anonymons Loan, 1992. (Se rol out “impression on page 31, Fig 29), werd. Chet cylinder seal pertod(e.2334-2154 BC) Lent by The Metropoltan Museu oF Art, Teer of Wedney Beaty, 194 SUGGESTED READING CYLINDER SEALS Coton, D OO fecing goa holding fogs First Impressions: Cylinder seas in Copper sate; height 195 the Anclon Near East, London Micopotamia, period of Gudea 1987; Chicago, 198 (21462124 80) The Despont Morgan £0. iba. This god i recog by hi extensive bibliography) headgear, topped by several pars of Pall Thorns ant probably represents the wih Colton, D, persotal god of Grde, ler of Lagash Near Easton seals. London, and Trot Joseph Zehavt. Berkeley, 1990, A 64-page inti ductory guide to cylinder seals, MUSEUMS WITH SIGNIFICANT COLLECTIONS collon, D. (ed, ‘OF CYLINDER SEALS. 7000 years of seals. London 1997 Belgium: Brussels, Musées Royaux Frankfurt, H. Ant et d'Histoire pliner seals, Lonlon, 1939, France: Paris, Bibllothéque Nationale, Louvre Museum Fig 35 (No. 100). Hunters attacking a Hom menacing a fallen stag. ‘Serpentine elder seat; 48 x'23.8 mn Mesopotamia, Akkadlan period (c 23342184 BC). Tent by Ar aad Mrs Jonathan P. Rasen. bson, McG. and Biggs, RD. ‘Malibu, 19; Great Britain: London, British Museum; Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum; Oxford, Ashmolean Museum, Porada,& meric eelloctons. I. The pont Morgan Library Collection. Washington, 1948. Germany: Berlin, Staatliche Museen rag: Baghda¢, Iraq Museu Israel: Jerusalem: The Isael Museum; The Bible Lands Museum United States: Ni Metropolitan Museum of At, Pierpont Morgan Library; Raltimore Walters Art Gallery: Chicag Oriental Institute; Philadelphia, University Museum, Werr 1. a-Gallan hranology and ‘Od Baby Malibu, 1988 York, Fig 36 (No, 107), Lion headed eagle clutching ies ‘Stontite cyinder seal; 30 17 sm Mesopotamia, Pst Athadian period (c 2334-2154 BC). “The Pierpont Morgan Library, seal na. 267. MINERVA 32— — Ancient Art ANCIENT ART IN THE WORCESTER ART ~ MUSEUM Christine Kondoleon charts the history and introduces some of the oustanding highlights of Worcester Museum’s ancient art collections. he Worcester Art Museum, forty miles due west of Boston, is the largest art ‘museum in centaal New Eng land with over 35,000 objects span. ning fifty centuries of world art (Opened in 1898 with the support of ifty prominent citizens "for the po: ‘motion of art and art education..for the benetit of all the people of the City of Worcester the museum is a vivid model of the role art played in the eivie life of New Englanders. It was funded by the great fortunes made in the steel and related indus tries during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Appeals to the publi for subscriptions led to numerous civic groups and individual donations ff monies and objects, Some of these funds were used to purchase plaster casts of Greek and Roman sculptures rom the Brucciani Galley in London Fgyptian, Greek, and Roman ar was collected from the Museum's founding, most often under the direc tor’s supervision, High quailty and breadth were demonstrated in the carly purchases which ranged from @ white ground lekythos by the Achilles Painter, (recently featured in the ‘Pan dora’ exhibit at the Walters Art Gallery), an unusual Meroitic relief and an exceptional terracotta Ftr Tm 1908 a bequest from Stephen Salisbury, the museum's primary benefactor, included a group of 70 ‘objects found In the Troad. These were purchased fram Frank Calvert, @ British diplomat and amateur archae- ‘logist, who played an important role in the discovery of Troy and who col laborated with Heinrich Schliemann, Between 1914 to 1918 Director Philip Gentner was responsible for the acquisition of the outstanding Roman portraits of Caligula, Nero, and Mar cus Aurelius. Perhaps, the most significant con. ribution in terms of ancient art was made by Francis Henry Taylor who was director from 1931 to 1940, ‘before he became dieector of the Mee. ropolitan Museum of Art. Taylor agreed that the Worcester Art Museum would collaborate with the Toute and the Baltimore Museum of Actas sponsors of the Princeton Uni versity excavations at Antioch-on-the Grontes from 1932 to 1939 in exchange for a share in the objects found, As a result some of the most impressive Raman mosaics ever dis MINERVA 33 covered are on display in Worcester, In addition, several sculptures, clits, and architectural fragments from Antioch entered the Museum’s collee- tion, arly exhibitions, especially “The Dark Ages: Pagan and Christian Artin the Latin West and Byzantine East’ of 1937, ‘Roman Portraits’ of 1961, and ‘Masterpieces of Etruscan Art’ of 1967, were significant benchmarks in the presentation of ancient art to the American public In the last two years, through the generosity of a Lila Wallace Reader's Digest Foundation grant, the museum has reinstalled both its Greek and Roman art in two new galleries. Pleces Tong in storage are now on display, such as the Calvert glas, and a selec tion of the most interesting bronzes. Thanks to the efforts of our Conserva tion Department under the direction of Lawrence Hecker, many objects received extensive conservation treat ments and analyses. The purpose of this article Is to Introduce some of the outstanding highlights of the anclent Fig 1 (contre ep. “fiery etephere from the tomb of Rewer ‘at ian, Faye arty Ven Dynasty, 2440 He 42 cto) Sandsione Merci relcrof Prince Jiikhankhaver staying hs ences te 24d.a From Egypt there is an exceptional female torso (Fig 1) from the tomb of Re-wer at Giza which dates from Dynasty V (¢. 2440 BC). The draped woman, who is carved in high rele, represents Hetepheres, mother of Re- wer, an important court official, The ‘original tomb group consisted of the central figure of Reswer (in the Nelson Atkins Museum in Kansas City), and another male figure (now in the Brooklyn Museum), and two children The Worcester relief is unusually sen: sual in the modelling and display of the female anatomy which is cloaked Ima tight-fitting Tinen sheath diess, Tn 1922 the Museum purchased the finest surviving example of relief sculpture ftom Meroe in the Sudan (ig 2). This pinkish sandstone rellt Is Singular for its quality and composi- tion, It features Prince Arikankharer identified by the royal cartouche in Meroitic hieroglyphs, about to strike his prisoners with an axe. The hierar chically larger prince gathers the cap: tives by thelr hair as they kneel and raise their arms in supplication, The triumphal scene Includes a winged Vietory who flies in with a palm frond and a dog that brutally attacks a fallen fenemy, both of which reflect the min fling of ayptan Helene, nu uta Ae a ie ge ti female head from Archale Cyprus in ‘nly of athens, 518500 BC. Hs 622 ce the United States is prominently fea ed in the new Greek Gallery 3). The head belonged to an over life-size fguse ~ some scholars sugges that she represents a priestess for the cull of Aphrodite, others identify her as the goddess herself, Her elaborate crown Is conupased of satyrs and mae- nads separated by columns adorned with the busts of Hathor, the Egypt lan goddess of love and sensuality. Situated at the crossroads of many Mediterranean cultures, ancient Cypriot art often reveals diverse influ fences, The multiple ear piercings and necklaces and the tight curls of her hale reflect Assyrian art, the goddess Hathor points to Egypt, and the Arche smile comes from Greece. ‘A large Intact amphora with scenes painted in the black-figur technique is one of the highlights of the Archaic Greek art collection (Fig 4). The careful rendezing of Leto mounting her chariot accompanied by Apollo ancl Artemis (her twin chile dren) on the fzont, and Dionysos flanked by dancing maenads and satyrs on the back, ae attributed as 2 late work of the Rycroft Painter Found In Etruria but produced In Attica, the amphora bears witness 40 the active trading and growth of colonies around the Mediterranean in the 6th century BC . ‘Two Sth century vases offer several eloquent views Into the lives of women in the Classical Greek word The role of women in the care of the dead is depicted on a white ground Tekythos attributed to the Achilles Painter (Fig 8). Women were respons: bie for honouring the memory of the deceased through regular visits and the offering of libations. On the Worcester lekythos, one woman ce ries a three-handled wicker basket with white ribbons which she will tie around the grave stele, and another holds a perfume vessel, a traditional offering for the deceased, The small and delicately painted red-figured pyxis attributed to the Eretra Painter about 430 BC, reveals the private life of women in the households of Athens (Fig 6). The scenes of women grooming themselves and tending to their weaving complement the use of such containers for jewellery andl ¢os- metic, and reflect the production of ‘vases for a female clientele Also dated to the last decades of the Sth century is the funerazy rellef fof a Greek watrior (Fig 7). The life size figure of Penteli¢ marble was found in Megara and is considered to he among the best expressions of Classical art in an American museum. Previously in Colonel Gor dion’s Collection at Caimness House int MINERYA 34 mmm —C;wCsCSCSC‘sCS.Aberdeen, it was purchased by Taylor in 1936, While stone cinerary ums abound in Gtruscan art, the large urn (Fig 8) is rate both for the high quality and expressive modelling and for the fact that st ls made of terracotta. The fig- ure of the elderly man reclining on the lid offers a vivid demonstration of the Etruscan penchant for realism ‘Among the stars of the Worcester portraits is an over life-size bust of same time and place as the bust of Caligula in the Metropolitan Museum fof Art (Fig 9). This find suggests that pairs of imperial portraits might have formed part of the private collections of Roman villas. One of the rare por traits of Nero (Fig 10) offers clues to the adaptations of marble Imperial busts to suit shifts in ideologies. The Worcester bust has been recut so that a radiate cxown could be added when Nero clecided to present himself as a living god in AD 64, A stunning bronze bust of a young woman (Fig 11), probably a daughter of Marcus Aurelius, Is one of a group of imperial statues associated with Bubon, a site in south-western Turkey. The survival of bronze portraits is unuswal and this, ‘one is particularly noteworthy for the naturalistic rendering of her hair and facial features, Recently cleaned, a portrait of a private citizen (Fig 12) 1s remarkably Compelling. The upward gaze of his eyes, his curly thiek har, and his beard recall the Kosmetes type, one of the public benefactors found in the Athenian Agora excava tlons. ‘A platform at the centre of the gallery displays Roman copies of Greek Ideal sculpture. Inspired by a Greek Aphrodite, elther a seated statue by Praxiteles or a standing statue of Pheidias, this female head was carved In the 2nd century AD (Fig 13), The bun is a separate part, a removable hairpiece, that was attached with Lon dowels. A pair of statues of the satyr Marsyas (Fig 14) illustrate the concept of replica series In Roman sculpture MINERVA 35 Fig 5 top tp Ati red figure pottery bys (tna container) epicting tree women and thir smo. Areributed tothe Bretria, Painter rom the eit of Athens, 4900135 ig 7 (baton te. entelc marble funerary relief ofa ‘warrorfrom ‘Megara 1H: 2.197 m Fig 8 (op righ, Teracotta (with traces of poly: chrome) Cierany sin ron Ear (Wignagrand) in ‘tay 1140 BC. ett om Fig (centre righ), Marble porta of Caligula. From a ‘ila on Lake Alban, aly AD 99-0, i482 0m ig 10 bottom right). Marble portrait of Nevo "AD 62.8,=| Ancient Art Fig 1 (above). Bronze portal of a ady (a daughter of Marcus Aureus), AD 160-180 11°54 cm. 12 below) Marble portal of private ctzen from thecal J ‘tt dontury AB. He 4am. One in red marble was found around Fly 13 top centre) the base of an obelisk in Alexandela . Marblehead now known as Cleopatia's Needle. eof Ves was pat of a collection formed by it. Mu AD. Commander Gorringe who was 91 responsible for transporting the ‘obelisk to New York. The sculpture ‘was on loan at the Worcester Art ee Museum from 1915 until 1947, vebned rel marbie An exelting rediscovery for the Manne afte say ‘new Roman gallery i the green grun- Marsa frm Ste snake from Roman Egypt (Fig 15), BOPEAD 14-68, Previously in three fragments, it tas 1 S27¢m. been reconstructed so that the visitor can understand how it functioned. ‘Originally it was much longer and it Fi 15 Gottom probably coiled on an altar where it, feme) Green was worshipped as a benevolent ime amahe, It deity, Snakes were the companions 7g of the healing gods, exemplified MINERVA 36 Le close by in the Roman gallery by a spectacular Hygieia (Fig 16) and part ff an Askleplos statue which were found together in a bath at Antioch, Without a doubt, the Worcester Hyglela is the most monumental and finest sculpture found during the Anvloch excavations, She is nevily cleaned and traces of gilding were found on her long locks. The subtle carving of her drapery reveals the Hellenistic model that inspired the 2nd century Roman sculptor. The ooutiines of a snake along the side of her body indicate that she originally was feeding it from a bowl in net hand. ‘or Greek and Roman art, the jercester Art Museum is perhaps best known for its remarkable collec- tion of Antioch mosaics excavated in ‘The Worcester Art Museum is ‘organising a major exhibition ‘Antioch: The Lest Roman City’ to open in the autumn of the year 2000. ‘The exhibition wil travel nationally to introduce this major Mediterranean ‘metropolis to the American publi, 1s well as unit the finds from the 1930's excavations now scattered in various collections Pl 16 below). Marble Hyglta, -ouieys of health rom a bath is Atiog 174mthe 1930s, The excavations yielded finds from 90 buildings and abou 300 floor mosaics from this impor- tant metropolis. One of the first looms to be discovered In 1932 was a magaificent early 2nd century Ui: linium paved by brillant mosaics of stone and glass, The Drinking Con (Gig 17) greeted the ancient visitor at the threshold to the dining room with an appropriate note of revelry, curtained room, Dut also cautioned mortals against the intemperance of Herakles. ‘A mosaic recovered in a cemetery and dated to the 4th century AD (ig 18) offers a unique view into the lives of Roman women, The scene, labelled in Greek as ‘memory ban: {quet, includes six women seated and test between Dionysos and Herakles standing around a dining table in a The Worcester Art Museum has more than eighteen fragments of We cordially invite those readers who are attending the 15" International Congress of Classical Archaeologists in Amsterdam 12-17 July 1998 to visit our booth, where Dr Eisenberg will be in attendance. Allavailable back issues and reprints will be available for purchase. ig 17 (fore) Floor mosaic of he frinking contest between Herakles sand Dionysos from ‘antigen in Turkey. ‘AD 100-125. 18hte 18420m, ig 18 gen. Floor mosalc of @ woman's meray ‘ong, frome “Antioch in Turk, ‘late ath century AD. 6s 268 cm pavements from Antioch, including the Worcester Hunt mosaic, which at about S00 square feet once paved 2 feception room and Is today the Targest mosaic in the United States Mf This anticle was written by Dr Christine Kondoleon, Curator of Greek and Roman Art, an inustrations © In collaboration with Wncaterast Rebecca Molholt, curatorial assistant. Museu MINERVA Reprints WOMEN IN CLASSICAL GREECE ‘ron Pnng Bo GIFTS OF THE NILE: ANCIENT EGYPTIAN FAIENCE GLYPTIC ART OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST. at THE WEALTH OF THE THRACIANS A rvt of Anco Gols The eth of DIETRICH VON BOTHMER (ON'GREEK VASE FORGERIES ‘jc olen dewey Scala (Onder MINERVA reprints a £3.00 0 $5.00, for 3 fo €800 0 $1290, eluding postage, ftom: Minerva 14 04d Bond Steet, Landon, WIX 3DB ‘ek (4 171 498 2590 Fan (44) 171 491 1595 for; Sutte 28, 352 East 57h Set, New York, NY 10022 Tel () 212358200 Fan (1) 212-688-0412 ‘Quantity dscoants available for academic use or resale MINERVA 37—apptian are} KEMET — An exhibition being held at the Museo Nazionale in Ravenna on Kemet explores one of the most complex and lesser known aspects of Egyptian civilisation — its origins Daria Luisa Patané hhe exhibition now on view archacological discoveries, which are _ Other sections are devoted to at the Museo Nazionale in discussed in the catalogue of the exhi- Nagada, one of the most important Ravenna until 28 June takes bition, made after the inital finds of of the pre-and protodynastic archae its title {com the ancient Sir Flinders Petre. The first chapters ological sites, ard to el-Adaima in name of Egypt: Kemet, meaning present a general introduction while Upper Egypt, site south of Luxor, ‘lack Land the following ones focus on active near present-day Esna, El-Adaima is The purpose of the exhibition Is to archaeological sites. unfortunately severely threatened by explore one of the most complex and Discussions touch first of all on expanding urbankation and therefore lesser known aspects of the Egyptian the Uadi el Obelyid cave at the has been the subject of recent fruitful civilization ~ its origins. For most _ Farafra Oasis which Is decorated with investigation by the scientists of the early cultures, evolution Is gradual rock paintings depicting animals, Institut Frangals du. Caire who and rarely has one chronological hands and a boat to be dated to ¢ employ the latest technology avail focal point, while in Egypt the pas- $000 BC; then on the Delta region, able, including palaeoblology and sage from the Neolithic Period which, according to Egyptian ttadi- DNA tests (€. 4400-3000 BC) to documented tons, was the seat of a prehistoric The texts then discuss Gebelein history happens very quickly, possi- kingdom with Pe (Buto) as its capital. (ancient Inerty), whose importance bly within a few decades. For ina At the time of Menes, the mythical was first detected by Sir Gaston very precise and well defined founder of the Furst Dynasty, this Maspero; Hieraconpolis, which corre: moment all that we know of later kingdom united with Upper Egypt. sporids to the city of Nekhen, the cap Pharaonie Egypt appears in a form The Delta was a region long ital of Upper Egypt in predynastic and with a maturity which are with- neglected from the point of view of times and whose patron deity was the out precedents; complete with the prehistoric and protohistoric archae- falcon god Horus represented wearing concepts of regality, State, rligion, ology, but since the 70s many impor. the White Crown; and Memphis, economy and administration, tant pre-protodynastic sites have (Mo.nfi), the capital of Egypt during From the point of view of the arts, been Identified making it possible tothe Old Kingdom, which according to the Neollthic period seems {0 have define more precisely the process of Herodotus, was founded by Menes, been a time of experimentation dur- unification of Egypt during the 4th Its necropolis includes king Zoser’s Ing which several different artistic millennium BC. Some of the Eastern Step Pyramid at Saqgara. The last sec- attempls were made, then, suddenly, sites in the Delta, among them Tell tion concerns Heliopolis, (ancient around 3000 BC, a new iconography el-Farkha, have now been identified Jun ‘the city of the pilaster’, or be became the typical form of Egyptian as belonging to a local pre-dynastie ben, almost certainly a low obelisk cclture a5 it is mostly known during culture contemporary with Nagada II which was worshisped there fram the ‘the Protodynastic period (Ist Dynasty, in Upper Fayp! and linked more ta most remote periods) ~ one of the «, 3050-2890 RC). This marks a deci- African prehistoric traditions than to most Important spiitual and religious sive moment : the unification of Near Easter one, centres of ancient Egypt. * Upper and Lower Egypt by the leg- This discussion is followed by a The picture that develops is one of endary king Menes and the subse- section on the Fayyum depression carly settlements with features in the quent consolidation of institutions which in prehistoric times was northern regions different from those that were to make the building of the entirely filled by water and which is ia the southern regions wntil the ‘great pyramids possible. At that point now a very festle area with a lake, whole country was unified under the Wwe sce the pharaoh, a god on earth, ‘The numerous prehistoric sites along rule of a single figurehead ~ the become the guarantor of cosmic its shores, first studied by Gertrude pharaoh who becomes the symbol order, of justice and of the function- Caton Thompson and the geologist and personification ofthe State. Until ‘ng of the State, and it was in this role Gardner In the 30s, provided evidence a few years ago this process was ‘that he is represented, ‘of the most ancient examples of agri- believed to be the result of a victory While there is still much to cultural organisation in Egypt existing of Upper Egypt over Lower Egypt uncover about these early peyiods, side by side with settlements of whereas now a slower merger led by gaps are being filled by the new hunters and fishermen, the obscure kings who preceded the MINERVA 38 es¥g1 (above). ncsed cup. Dark grey clay Tiaslan period. Unknown provenance. Hi 248 em Petrie Museum, London 4g 2 (centre top). Female bone flgurines. Te ees are ed whe tapi taza Predynastc (Nagada 1) 4000-5600 BC ‘Unknown provenance Far ght figure, HILT om Biltish Museum, London presumed founder of subsequent dynasties, Menes, seems more likely Probably a long process of comme: cal and cultural exchanges followed by colonisation began in the second half of the fourth millennium BC, rather than outright conquest. The 400 objects on show come from a host of muscums in Europe ig 4 (centre right). Painted nen clo from the western necropolis at Gebelein ‘Nagada I, 440008200 BC. I. 100.1 em ‘Museo gio, Turin Fig 3 (below). Small stone vase Nagadi it, veined limestone ad gold leat ‘Unknown provenance. H.-S cn etre Museum, London. Egyptian Art t— ranging from the British Museum and the Petrie Museum in London, to the Museo Egizio in Turin and in Florence, the Agyptisches Museum in Berlin, the Kunsthistorisehes Museum Jn Vienna and the Staatliche Samm. Jung Agypulscher Kunst in Munich, ‘Among the earliest objects on show ate the palaeolithic flints from the Fayyum and a beautiful dask grey clay liquid container with incised markings from the Pettie Museuan, Its clegant shape and abstract decoration anticipate later vessels in more durable materials (Fig 1). The bone figurines from Nagada (Fig 2) are the catliest examples ofa type of amuletie dolls which continued to be made well Into the Christian era by the Copis, There are examples of pottery from Nagada In red-brown clay with white patterns, geometric or naturals: fic, as well as several vases of the black-top type and burnished black cones, There are also small stone vases MINERVA 39 Jn veined Iimestone and with gold leaf additions dating to Nagada Il period (Fig 3) ‘The oldest fragments of painted cloth known from Egypt were lent :0 the exhibition by the Museo Eizo in Turin. They were part of a woven linen fabric that was originally two metres long. A clearly ituallst dance Js among the scenes depicted on it The fragments were found in the western necropolis at Gebelein and belong to the period of Nagada Il period (Fig 4) A superd hippopotamus tusk (Fig 5) with a bearded head carved at its end, pechaps a symbol of fertility, reminds one of the elephant tusks carved to make side-blow horns which are still used today in many regions of Africa for particularly important ritual ceremonies, Iti also dated to Nagada I Fig S (below). Hippopotamus tusk; ‘Nagata I Provenance nnkown, ‘acquired by E Schlapparlt, 1900-1901 Hs 236. Museo fel, TurnA fragment of a votive carved slate palette dated c. 3200 BC displays gazelles on one side and prisoners on the other (Fig 6). A prisoner with his elbows bound behind his back is also realistically depicted on a small bone plague, perhaps part of a box, found at Abydos and dating from the beginning, ‘of the Ist Dynasty (Fig 7). Another small bone plaque of the same period has a scorpion carved in relief on it (Fig 8). The beautiful tortoise shaped slate palette (Fig 9) was used to grind cos metics and dates to Naqada 1 when such objects were often made in the shape of animals rather than rectan gular, perhaps for apotzopaic and symbolic reasons. ‘The amulets and the 2oomorphic vases from Nagada show a purity of line and a sculptural mastery of abstracted forms which are character istic of Egyptian art of whatever period (Figs 10). Though small in size they have the monumentality of Brancuy's sculptures, 4g 5. Fragment of agrey green ‘late pete Late Predymastc, 162200 provenance. alish Museuim, Fig 7 betow te) Sat bone plague, possibly pat of « Box, inclsed with a aman uve, probably a priter wit is bows ted behind his back Late Predynasic, etry Ist Dynasty, $200°3000 8, ram Abydos, ‘omb b ‘rondo Fig 10 (igh. oomorphie vase Naud Breccia Unknown ‘provenance tom Agyptsches seu, Bertin, Fig 11 right). Fine nip wlth an ivory handle, ne Prey provenance fie 30st om Petre Museum, ‘London All photos by except Fig 10. Fig 8 (above Fragment of smut bone plague with scorpion carved in base, st Dynasty, Hs 6.1m. Brits Museum, London By assembling a remarkable group of mostly predynastic and early dynastic objects, some of which are noteworthy not only for their antiqu: lay but also for thelr beauty, ‘Kemet helps shed some light on Egypt's mysterious past, but, as is inevitable when confronted with the Nile Val ley’s uniquely complex civilization, with some answers more questions always arse ‘The exhibition was assombled by fan international team of specialists ied by Anna Marla Donadont Rover! from the Museo Egiaio in Turin, It was organised by the association Meeting per l’Amicizia fra i Popol (Meeting for Friendship among Peo. __ Egyptian Art —— Fig 9. Small slate palette for makesyp In the shape ofa tavtolse. Nagada 1, ple) which has for some years already ‘been promoting exhibitions that sur vey the origins of cultures, such as, “Treasures from the Black Sea’, (Minerva May-June 1995, vo. 6, n0. 3) and “The diffusion of Christianity in the early centuries of our era! in 1996 MINERVA 401-2 CASTLE LANE LONDON SWIE 6DR TEL: 0171-283 8906 FAX: 0171-283 7159 Poe ae en ae A POI I O P.O, BOX 47, N. HOLLYWOOD TE The International Magazine of the Arts Felablished 1925 ‘These illustrations appeared in the article “Intaglios and cameos in Roman Britain” by Martin Henig and were reproduced courtesy of the Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford. This article appeared in Apollo, July 1997, our special issue on Antiquities and Ancient Art. Copies of this issue are still available @ £10 ine. p&p from Apollo’s London office. * Readers of Minerva may also be interested in our special issue on Oriental Art published in March 1998 also available from our London office @ £10 inc. p&p ‘The July 1998 issue of Apollo will again feature antiquities and ancient art. This issue is scheduled for publication on Wednesday Ist July. Dealers, auctioneers and other related businesses are invited to submit advertisements by 5th June. For advertisement details please telephone either of our two ot ss above. Save 25% off the cover price with an annual subscription to Apollo (12 issues): UK £70.00; Overseas £75.00; USA (air speeded) $125.00; single copies inc. p&p. £10.00 (All major credit cards accepted)—————$—$s$ — Excavation Report CARMONA IN ANDALUSIA Ongoing excavations in one of the oldest continously ecause of its strategie post tion on top of an outcrop above the fertile valley of the Guadalquivir in Andalu- sia, Julius Caesar described the elty ff Carmona in the De belo civil, as the largest and strongest city in Baet- lea: ‘Carmonenses quae est longe fir missinia totius provinciae civitas, Carmona, however, was known in antiquity’ not only for its strategic Importance but also for its famous Himestone quarries, excellent clay, and Its much sought after semi-pre- cious garnets Carmona had been Inhabited for many centuries when the Roman armnies conquered it. This Is attested by the results of recent excavations around the city which validate the claim of Spanish archaeologists that Carmona Is one of the oldest contin. uously inhabited settlements in Europe ~ there is evidence of primi: tive dwellings going back $000 years, followed by Tartessan ones in the 8th century BC, Carthaginian ones In the 4th century BC and then by those, much more elaborate, of Carmo, the Roman city Archaeologists employed by the municipality of Carmona have been working fulltime for the last twelve years mapping the city and identity. ing priority sites for possible future excavation. They also intervene speedily when finds are discovered accidently during building work One example can be seen in the unexpected discovery made last December of a Roman mausoleum outside the Puerta de Sevilla under an area designated to become a large car park for the city. In this instance building work was suspended yntil the archaeologists had finished rrr slr ll inhabited cities in Europe Filippo Salviati Fig 2 (entre righ ‘Overview of the Tat century AD Tumba de Servita in the ncropois ‘Carmona, Spal ig 3 (bottom right). Part ofthe shrine to Cybele ‘nt Aetein the necropolis of carpi, span ‘lg 1. 7th Sth century BC vase found “dur excavation’ in Carmona atthe Casa Palacio del Marques de Saito, Carmona, Mus dela Clad recording the site, which enabled them to save what was Important of the monument. The objects in Carmona's archae- ological museum fill the rooms of a former 16th century private house, Pride of place is given to the large 7th to Sth century BC painted vases found in 1992 during conservation work in the palacio of the Marques de Saltillo. The most beautiful vase was recently seen at the exhibition Les Ibéres in Paris at the Grand Palais (Fig 1). The Museo Arqueologico de la Ciudad Casa Palacio, ike the Casa de Carmona nearby (which was con verted Into a deliciously consfortable and stylishly elegant hotel), while being modemised, still retains the pleasant atmosphere of an aristo cratic mansion. The patios of both MINERVA 42 these mansions are made up of reused Roman columns. ‘West of the city, between two for mer Roman roads, le the 1st century BC Roman amphitheatre and the necropolis (2nd century BC to 4th century AD) of the ancient city. This site was fits identified at the turn of the century by the British archacoto fist George Honsor. Today a small museum displays objects found In the area: glass, ceramics, cinerary urns, and bronzesET — Excavation Report The subterranean, rock-hewn tombs, which were approached by narrow stairways or perpendicular shafts are generally arranged in groups. Among them the most Impressive is a lage Ist century AD vemple-tomb with columns sur rounding a galleried patio, known as the tumba de Servilia (Fig 2). Inside the tuba del Blefante, tll in sity, is the stone sculpture of an elephant, probably part of a shrine to Cybele and Attis (Fig 3). Invading Moslem armies took Carmona in 712 AD. The Arabs walled the town with stone, con. Structed an arsenal and a major mosque, now a church, Santa Maria Mayor. Part of the church with its orange trees and horseshoe arches also survives. The 2nd century AD Roman Puerta de Sevilla was altered and the impressive Alcazar de Abajo, a palace-fortress with machicolation and an imposing gate cutting through the city walls was built (Fig 4). Here one enters the pretty old town with Its white-washed houses and cobbled lanes typical of Andalusia ig 4 (top left). Puerta de Sevila at ‘Carmona, Spain. Oversiew of the Aloha palace within the foreground remains ofthe podium ofthe Ramat ‘imple bt above the Roman gate Fi 5 (bottom ep ‘The Puerta de Conoba ‘armor, Spat The Puerta de Cordoba, also 2nd century, was altered by the Moors and later, in the 17¢h century, was pro vided with Renaissance fronts (Fig 8) ‘The two Roman gates linked the cardo maximo which Is thoroughfare ‘Dr Filippo Salviati a comespondent for Minerva, has a Ph.D. in Chinese art and archaeology from the School of Ovlental and African Stulies, the Univesity of London. All photos by the author. What's in ANTI QUE S BULLETIN? The most comprehensive ‘Auction Calendar ‘© The most comprehensive weekly Fairs Calendar ' More news and prices than any other antiques trade magazine Plus Art Prices Index * Saleroom Reports # Features Fairs News * Talking the Trade * Exhibitions Specialist Articles # Book Reviews Subscribe to what interests you most Enh ek on a four-vecly rotation fcs on: 1L Furniture, clocks, bronzes and architectural tems 2 Silver, ceramics, glassware and jewellery; 3. Artand seulptore ‘Collectables Subscribe to all four if you wish, or choose one, wo for three secors from the four ~ please phone for ‘etal Subscribe tall four NOW and receivea FREE subscription to the Antiques Firs Guide —2 publication that no fargoer con aor’ toms. 1 yeats' subscription is £3950 UK (46 issue), [Rurope £10000, USA/Canada £80.00, ‘Australia/New Zealand £12000 ‘Whether you are a dealer, a collector. or just furnishing your home, a subscription to Antiques Bulletin makes sense! MINERVA BINDERS VOLUME 9 NOW AVAILABLE We are offering dark blue rexine-covered binders with the Minerva logo and volume number on the spine, Volumes 1,2, 3,4, 5, 6,7, 8 & 9 are available. Please state which volume you require. OFFER PRICE UK (ine VAT) £5-50 USA & rest of the world £6-50 US$12-50 Prices include postage and packing Please allow 28 days for delivery Send your order to: MINERVA Post chequelpostal order to 'SPEEDPHONE ORDERING " i pata Bee ae 14 Old Bond Street, London W1X 3DB Harborne, Birmingham 817 9AE Mon-Fri Sam-5:30pm_ Tel: 0171 495 2590 Fax: 0171 491 1595 MINERVA 43Thousands of collectors visit Nae (Lim Olam atom SLCC MATA) Over five thousand people from around the world visit Corsellis-Montford's on-line services every day. If you are a dealer, inclusion within Antiquities On-line could help you gain access to a new international market. 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AD. Height: 26 cm. Send for our current catalogue Stadtstr. 28, D - 79104 Freiburg, Germany Tel: 49-761-25476 Fax: 49-761-26459Siteopt eer taney we ue ee ee GALLERIA SERODINE Classical Antiquities Hieght 29m Vic. S. Pietro 9 CH-6612 Ascona Tel.091/791.18.61 Fax. 091/791.28.20Wont ea Raa taney yr ee es tera The International Association of Dealers in Ancient Art, a group of leading dealers in classical and pre-classical antiquities, is the first intemational trade association devoted to this field. The association has a mprehensive code of ethics and practice which it believes will aid both active and potential collectors of ancient art The association will encourage the study of and interest in ancient art and contacts between museums, archaeologists, collectors, and the trade. Itwill promote a more liberal and rational approach to the regulations various countries on the import and export of works of art with the ultimate aim of the protection of our cultural heritage. Fora list of members or further information please contact the chairman, James Ede 20 Brook Street, London WIY IAD, England lassical Antiquities ‘Two privates nd various TUNES. 10.00am Hilton, Basel Preview here on June 11-14 Catalogue available on request H.A.C. ist der Antike Herbert A. Cahn and David Cahn Mal: H-4052 Basel Tel: 41.61 DONATI ARTE CLASSICA Pores Oe Arte Romana, I/II see. d.c Rrra mene CH 6900 LUGANO, VIA NASSA 3 FAX/TEL. 091 923 3854Wer am eaten WANTED TO PURCHASE: FINE |QUITIES OF ALL PERIODS We are prepared to travel world-wide to acquire select works of legally acquired ancient art for our rapidly expanding clientele. We will purchase collections of any size, act as your agent to sell your objects on commission, or exchange them for other select pieces from our extensive inventory (see our advertisement inside the back cover) Send photographs and full details if possible with your letter. ea royal-athena galleries Be tala ec eee as PCRs ce fora free full colour catalogue Sern In Pana Pree aes we kenny Kunsthandel M. Zilverberg OSTEO) eae ue Brae S Loman} Art of the Ancient World royal-athena galleries 153 East 57th Street, New York, NY 10022 USA, ‘Tel: (1212) 3552034 Fax: (1212) 688 0412 www.roy! email:ancientart@ aol.com thena.com Roman marble relief fragment with the portrait of a young ‘woman framed in a shell crowned from left by a Nereid; from the front panel of a sarcophagus. Ca, 200-220 AD. 67x42em (26 1/2 x 16 1/2"), Cf. Koch, Sarkophage der rimischen Kaiserzeit, fig 49. ve Send $5 for our new full colour catalogue 9478 West Olympic Blvd, Seaby, 14 Old Bond Street Suite 30 rly Hills, London CA 90212, USA WIX 3DB, UK Tel: (1 310)277-0133 Tels (44 171) 495 2590 Fax: (1310)277-0616 Fax: 44171Mica dle Announcing Gacente an important symposium on MUSEUM ACQUISITIONS OF ANTIQUITIES The way forward into the 21st Century To be held at Christie’s, Expption pent sate plete nthe form fe 502 Park Avenue, New York Nagada lett Size: 90m The backs neaty inscribed tn ed pat: Sabpdan 1891060. 4 June 1998 at 8pm. ‘forthe Res. G. 1. Chester (1831-1892) ————— No admission charge, but reservations MICHAEL G. PETROPOULOS are suggested. 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SEND TO: Minerva 14 Old Bond Street London W1X 3DB Tel: (44) 171 495-2590 Fax: (44) 171 491 1595 or 153 East 57th Street, New York NY 10022 USA Tel: (1212) 385-2034 Fax: (1 212) 688-0412 For further details see our website at: http:\\www.desiderata.com— —-—-—-{ Numismatic News — THE ANCIENT OIN MARKET he Chicago International has long been one of the top American fairs for ancient coins. Chicago is the unoffi- cial capital of the Midwest, and the ‘windy City’ is known for its fine architecture and fine dining, not to ‘mention the fact that the locals dye the river green on St Patrick's Day. However, as my taxi drove into town. fom O'Hare Airport, the radio weather reporter cheerfully announced that the temperature, taking wind chill into account, was 2 degrees Fahrenheit, so it was clear we were going to enjoy only the Indoor attractions of Chicago. In fact, I felt lucky that my taxi driver knew the route, as many of the signs fon the freeway were impossible to read after they had been covered by the snow that was blowing horizoi tally Worse still, the fair was moved thls year (and for this year only) to the Holiday Inn Mart Plaza, which charges approximately the same price as the better hotels in town ($140 per night) but provides little in the way of ambience. The fait, Which Itself was lacklustre has for the past few years attracted fewer and fewer Europeans and this year the collector attendance was also down, Dealers reported slow sales, most of which were to each other Next year the fale will be moving to Rosemont, by O'Hare Airport, and some quiet efforts are being made to bring back more of the important European dealers who once made the fais so exciting ‘Auctions continue to show strong results, The Classical Numismatic Group reported 1250 bidders in its Auction 45, a mail bid sale, with good results even for the more expensive coins that one ordinarily thinks would sell best in a public sale, An attractive silver nomos of Kroton in South Htaly, citca 370 BC, Eric J. McFadden e ig 1. am attractive silver nomos of Kroton in Souths tay, circa 470 Be depicting ahead of Apollo and the infant Herakes Strangling two serpents sold for $4300 on a estimate of 53500 im CNG auction » vas ce. EVavIENT Tied Pig 2. magnificent ster tetradrachy ofthe Baktrin king [Asutvokts, i 190-180 AD, fetched $9000 on a estimate (0f $7500 1 CNG auction. Fig 3. Am atistcsitver stator of Aspens in Pampa, cdvca 450-490 BG, with am energetic depcton of the two wrestlers, etched £2030 on a estimate of £500 Wn Vecchi action Fig 4 A gold aureus of Jula Doma, struck in 201 AD, depicting ‘confronted busts of Caracalla and Geta om the reer, sold for “£11000 on strong estimate of E000 In Veechi action, MINERVA 53 depicting a head of Apollo and the infant Herakles strangling two ser pents, sold for $4500 on an estimate ‘of $3800 (Fig 1). A magnificent silver tetradrachm of the Baktrian king Agathokles, circa 190-180 AD, fetched $9000 on an estimate of $7500 (Fig 2). The firm announced that nearly 90% of the 3000+ lots were sold. Halo Veech! also experienced a ood result in his London auction, An artistic silver stater of Aspendus in Pamphylia, circa 400-370 BC, with an energetic depiction of the two wrestlers, fetched £2000 on an estimate of £500 (Fig 3). A remark ably sharply struck and finely styled gold aureus of Claudius sold for £5000 on an estimate of £3800. A gold aureus of Julia Domna, siruck in 201 AD, depicting confronted busts of Caracalla and Geta on the reverse, estimated optimistically at £14000, fetched a healthy price of £11000 (Fig 4). The consignor had purchased It in the July 1995 Sotheby's London sale of the Von Hoffman collection for £9000. This was Vecch’s fist sale with @ buyer's premium of 15%, up from his previous 1096. A few years ago, when Sotheby's and Christie's tried ta raise the buyer's premium on coin, sales to 15% (as they did generally for sales in other departments) they ‘were met with considerable oppost- tion from the numismatic commu- nity, but now that London houses Glendinning's, Dix, Noonan, and Webb, and Vecchi have all gone to 15%, it 1s likely to become the Lon: don standard. A 15% buyer's pre: miu has been the norm on the mitinent for many years. An increased buyer's premium is the Tine of least resistance for auction houses which have found ~ as have many — that their costs are approaching of overtaking their gross profits.Bronze Cernunnos, 3.5em, Ist cent BC. Free illustrated catalogue. Chris Rudd, PO Box 222, Aylsham, Norfolk NRL 6TY. Tel 01263 735 00% Fax 01263 731 777. Edgar L. Owen Fine Antiquities and Ancient Coins Bi-Monthly Mlustrated Mail Bid Auctions Pree copy in US. One year subscription $10 ($15 overseas) We welcome quality consignments We also bu Saxon Shroud Hook of solid silver Teh or 8th century. Extremely rare. Example offers. Peter Beasley. Tel: (44) 01705 782 826 Evening fax: (44) 01705 363 919 The archaeological excavation of the erypt below Christ Chueh Spitalfields, in une east end of London. was the stating point of -emarkable study into the lives of the people buried hete in the 18th and 19th centuries, By reconstructing the histories of many of the individuals, and adding details gleaned from the coffins and bodies them Cou 2s, Margarei Cox gives new life to such characters as Louise ‘auld. a suceessful silverware designer. and Pierve Ogier. & prosperous and philanthropic Spitalfields silk merchant The 150 page book richly illustrated with photograph from the excavation and from contemporary sourees also gives an insight into social conditions, housing, heath, the funeral industry. and the problems ofthe excavation itself. A fascinating read for anyone interested in life—and death ~ in Georgian London, Only £15 including psp JOriers to: CBA, 111 Walmgate, York YOI 2U8. = 01904 671417 Please send me ccopylies) of Lie and Death in Spitalfields @ £18 Name Address chequesposta order (made payable fo CBA) for or please debit my cre eard no expiry date signature Se) NUMISMATIC GROUP &® | | @ CLASSICAL (De so | trenaryCaskal Numamate review — | tesampinea seaman rey | | | Conservation & Restoration of Ancient Art * All Metals * Wood *Cartonnage * Stone * Terracotta * Ivory * Over 20 years of expert professional service * Collectors + Museums —_* Dealers * Write or call for free estimate - (212) 627-5714 Irene Shekhtman One Union Square, Suite 305 New York, N.Y. 10003 (212) 627-5714‘The Snettisham Roman Jeweller’s Hoard ‘Catherine Johns. British Museum Press, Tondon, 1997. 128pp, 356 photos and 205 line illus, Hanback, £35. In British archaeology over the last fifty years the site name of Snettisham ig redolent with mental pictures of {great gold lron Age torcs first found Soon after the War, and then of the later discoveries in 199091 of further hoards of precious and base metal Celtic tores and coins. In August 1985 ‘much smaller, some would say mun dane, discovery was made within the village itself by Mr George Onslow, then employed as a digger-driver. AS Ihe was neatening up a trench on a ‘new housing estate he noticed the rim of a small pottery vase, Carefully recovering the vase (it was only 17.5cm high), he took it home and emptied it out, finding the contents to Consist of coins, rings, bracelets, small engraved gemstones and 2 few other items, The next day he informed his employers (Wagg. and Jex Ltd), and ‘the King’s Lyan Museum was notified ‘of the discovery ‘The hoard is not In any way on par with other magnificent hoards from Roman Britain, such as Milden- hall, Water Newton, Hoxne, but, in its own way, it stands unique as a record from Roman Britain: the only known instance of the stock-in-trade of a second-century AD jeweller, ‘Thanks to the rapid and proper reac- tion to the find, its examination, and now this publication, the Snettisham jewelle’s hoard has thrown consider- able light on an obscure, hardly known aspect of Roman Britain. Its more than appropriate that the author is Catherine Johns, Assistant Keeper in the Department of Prehis- torie and Romano-British Antiquities In the British Museum, whose exper- tise Hes not only in Roman Britain at Tange but especially in the jewellery from the province (vide her excellent ook, The Jewellery of Roman Britain, 1996). ‘The contents of the small pot ‘posed legal problems because it was a ‘mixed’ find in terms of the old law of Treasue Trove. The objects of precious metal, gold and sllver, were the subject of a Coroner's Inquest (held on 30 January 1996), and were declared to be Treasure Trove but, of ‘course, the other items, the small intaglios, the base metal items and the pot itself were not within the scope of the law. Had the find been made after 24 September 1997, when the Treasure Act came into force, then the whole find would have been considered ‘treasure’, and Kept together accordingly. Fortunately, an agreement was reached (after an. independent valuation), between Mr Onslow, the finder to whom the non. ‘TT items were returned, and the British Museum was able to acquire the hoard entire, The ex gratia reward paid for the Treasure Trove tlement of the hoard was assessed at £31,001 Some indication of the many aspects of this hoard Is easily seem in the ten specialist reports by acknowledged experts who con- tributed to the publication. Every ‘object is reproduced in photographs, the tiny gemstones af twice thelt actual size, accompanied by larger ‘drawings, and many other pieces also, have detailed drawings alongside ‘where appropriate. The total of items packed into the tiny pot Is quite ‘amaring: 110 coins (83 silver densi and 27 bronze), 110 loose carnelian intagllos, 21 gem-set rings (of which four were missing thelr gems), 36 complete snake-headed finger rings, 8 wound-wite rings, seven other rings including one gold example, plus fragments of necklace chains, Pendants, decorative clasps, 3 silver bar ingots, a quartz burnisher, a seal- box and other small pieces of scrap metal ‘The essential element, leaving. aside any intrinsic value of the hnoatd, is that here may be seen the stockinetrade of a small, no doubt itinerant, jeweller, who, to judge from the number of silver snake- headed rings, knew exactly where and what his market was. The clt- cumstances that forced him hur- riedly to conceal his meagre wares will never be known to us. However, it is through the perspleacity of the finder and his employers that such a meticulous publication has been ‘made possible, and a major contribu tion to yet another aspect of Romano-British studies made. Peter A. Clayton ‘Transport in Ancient Egypt Robert Pattridg. Rubicon Press, London, 11996. x-+ 150pp, 122 ts. Handback, £19.95, paperback, £14.95. From no other ancient civilisation has so much information on transport survived in both actual examples and ‘contemporary illustration. The former by virtue of the incredible preserva- tive conditions of Egypt's dry sands and tombs, and the latter by represen- MINERVA SS | Book Reviews _—___— tation In the tombs, or In the reliefs ‘on temple walls. ‘The Nile was the premier highway and, obviously, papyrus growing along its banks, suitably bunched, formed the earliest means of move- ‘ment on its surface, Wooden planked boats were @ subsequent development since large timbers appropriate for dugouts, as found in prehistoric Europe, were not available. Quite incredible weights, such as the several hhundzed-ton granite obelisks, could be moved on water, and Illustrations of this occur In Queen Hatshepsut’ ‘mortuary temple at Delr el Bahari (Once the traditional lines of boats on. the Nile had evolved there was little need for modification, although It would appear that religious con- straints restricted sacred boats or depictions of them to the old papyrus boat shapes. ‘Land transport was never easy in Bgypt except over short distances, and beasts of burden, especially the long suffering donkey, were the obvious answer, although the author naturally ‘draws attention to walking itself and carrying chairs. Horses were not troduced until late in the Second Intermediate Perlod (¢. 17th century HC), and chariots subsequently. Rid den horses are raely represented, and the author, although illustrating the Metropolitan Museum's wooden horse and groom rider model, rightly notes that is authenticity is i doubt. Chariots, the new weapon of wat, adopted so readily and ably in the New Kingdom, can be seen in splen= did action in reliefS and also in the ‘remarkable survival of examples {rom ‘Thebes, notably one from the torab of Yuya and Thuya (the in-laws of Amenophis Ill) and several from Tutankhamun tomb. ‘Another form of transport noticed was the sledge, once again repre- sented from Old and Middle Kingdom reliefs and in examples supplied with runners for moving the large wooden coffins and Tutankhamun's canopic shrine. In gathering all this material together from diverse sources, and adding some extremely useful illustra: tlons, Robert Partridge has rendered & most useful service of synthesis that highlights an aspect of ancient Egypt rarely treated, except as an aside in ‘the iterature| Peter A. Clayton‘THE SECRETS OF ICE. CREAM HILL. Excavations at the Mola di Monte Gelato: A Roman and Medieval Settlement in South Etruria 1. W, Potter and A.C. King Archavological monographs ofthe British School at Rome, 11, 1997 London, 4S6pp, 124 hw lus, 132 line its Paperback, ES. ‘On the day [assumed the directorship of the British School of Rome ten years ago its staff had one interest Only: the remarkable wealth of finds being discovered by Tim Potter and ‘Tony King at Monte Gelato, The back coridor of the School was being filled by insceiptions and sculptures a well as the boxes of reconstructed late Roman and Sth-century pots. But these excavations provided more than a rich seam of objects. Between 1986, 90 Potter and King charted an unique sequence of buildings illuminating the highly particular settlement hi tory of South Etruria, ‘This volume, the eleventh in the School's attrac: tively edited series of archaeological monographs, does complete justice to the intelligent execution of the archaeological project, as well as to the debates and Issues ralsed by the richness of the discoveries made in this strangely-named place ‘The Mola di Monte Gelato lies in a picturesque valley of the river Trela, about 35 km north of Kome, The Mola, now a ruined early modern mill, ties on the fast-flossing river and is comprehensively studied In a short, cogent report ~ while the Monte Gelato lcs a kilometre to the east, The authors speculate that itis the ‘seductive and ereamy-cold tex: ture of the waterfalls which provides fan origin for the toponym’, ‘The site lies in the southern part of the Ager Faliscus, an area studied by genera- tions of Rome-based archaeologists: Angelo Cozza, Thomas Ashby, Giuseppe Tomasetti, John Ward: Perkins, and as a research student of Ward-Perkins, Timothy Potter. Following in the steps of these dis- tinguished topographers, Potter has lover the past thicly years sought t0 develop a model for settlement histo- ries in the region in the frst millen- nium AD, With excavations at Mazzano’ Romano and Ponte \epesino, he endeavoured to identify the origins ofthe medieval hilltop vil- Tages. What puzzled him was ‘what seemed to be an archaeologicy! ga between the apparent demise of late - =| Book Reviews Roman villas ~ somewhere in the 6th ‘century, to judge from surface finds — and the emergence of the medieval castelli (like Mozzano Romano and Ponte Nepesino}, three to four cen- turies later’. Mola di Monte Gelato, the site of a Roman villa, close to the deserted medieval castello known as Castellacio, raised the promise ‘that there might have been movement from one to other’. This promise was ‘made all the more intriguing by the identification of Monte Gelato in a Papal Bull of 1083 as castrum Caprar ‘corum, a successor of the Papal farm ‘or domusculta known as Santa Cor- relia, excavated by the British Schoo! ‘at Rome in the 1960s, The report describes the setting in the Trela valley, the Roman road sys- tem in the Ager Faliseus, the hitherto Unpublished 1966-72 field survey of ‘this locality, then the excavations. In. summary, the excavations revealed a palimpsest of buildings ascribed by the authors to six main phases: Phase 1, an Augustan courtyard villa, enlarged (Phase 2) in c, AD100-200; Phase 3, a later Roman centre includ. Jing @ church dating to €. ADSSO-850; 4, minor church with accompany: Ing bulldings In the mld- to late 6th century; 5, a Sth-century complex Including a'church with accompany- ing baptistry, a short-lived pottery kiln producing coarse wares and ‘a habitation’; 6, a refurbished church ang associated graveyard dating to the 10th to 11th centuries. Each phase Is splendidly illustrated. In addition, the volume includes an account of the 1990 excavations at Castellacio (nasty caste), a site measuring about 0.25 hectares in area, in which remains of a tower survives. Traces of seitiement were discovered, but 0 pottery convincingly earlier than the 12th century, the proposed date, on the basis of the architectural style of the tower, ‘This isa microcosm of fist mitlen= nium AD history n the environs of Rome. Not surprisingly, therefore, the materia culture is outstanding. A large tomb monument mentioning four freed slaves dating to the Augus. tan age is reconstructed in a hand some pull-out. A range of Sth-century church furniture belonging to the lit tle church of this date, commonly known from unstratified sites in Rome and Latium, is documented in invaluable detail by John Osbourne. Then, in addition to exemplaty accounts of the ceramics, animal bones and human skeletal evidence, there is a rich attay of objects of which the following merit notice: a fine copper-alloy jug of late Roman date, a fine group of 6th-century iron axe-adzes, an early medieval indented flask decorated with white feathered MINERVA S6 tual, and a storkevase bearing two Greek inscriptions, one of which. reads Tam called a friend of friends; wren you drink you will understand, that I do not deceive’ In thelr conclusions the authors locate the principal episodes of this Jong history in a wider context, or as the authors colourfully put it the ‘mizror of Rome’ and ‘the waxing and ‘waning of the city’s power and influ ence... writ large upon its adjacent landscape’ for instance, the Augustan villa tentatively attributed to C. Valerlus Faustus belongs to the great expansion of that period; the anges ofthe Trajanie age reflect the intensification of agrarian production at that time; the signs of an abrupt ‘demise in the late 2nd or early 3rd ‘century coinciding with the collapse fof the so-called slave mode of produc- tion; abandonment between the early Snd century and mic-th century; the ‘unostentatious later Roman complex which included a small church that sutvived until the mid-6th century, when the area lay in a frontier zone between the Lombards and Rome; ‘the typical 9th-century church assocl- ated with the Papal estate at Santa Cornelia; and the short-lived rebuild- {ng of the ehurch in the later 10th or carly 11th centuries as the Late Antique arrangement of estates was reaffirmed on the eve of the creation ofhalltop villages However, for or all its achieve- iments, the excavations failed to docu- ment the issues which drew the authors to Monte Gelato in the first lice, No evidence was found of the elusive 7th and Sth-century phase; and no connection between the vila land the hilltop settlement knowa as Cistellaccio could demonstrably be llustrated. And yet, given discoveries made during various excavations in Central Italy during the 1990s, it is tempting to speculate that a longer campaign of investigations might have resolved the issues. Recent archaeological investigations at sites asdifferent as Montarrenti and Poggi Dansi (Tuscany) and San Vincenzo al Volturno (Molise) suggest that the buildings which would have suc cerded the later Roman centre would hhave been either post-buflt or con- stiucted with cob walls, neither of ‘which is easily identified where large Stone-built structures survive. Indeed, traces of exactly these types of struc: ues were discovered in the Roman ‘mausoleum outside the main nucleus ifthe excavations, Continuity of settlement, more- ‘over, Is hinted by Federico Marazzi's ‘laminating account of the institu ‘onal history of the area, OF course, the nature ofthe settlement changed. The later Roman centre, ke ItsBook Reviews | }--——_ Augustan forebear, was a middle-ank- ing place, but not an especially important one. The Carolingian- pefiod church, on the other hand, ‘was well appointed, but certainly an unexceptional example of a plebes, that is, a church serving an estate comprising a number of dispersed households, The shift to the hilltop, we might speculate, involved assem- bling these households around 2 new local authotity ~ manifested by the modest tower. Such households, Illustrated by the timber structures {ngerted in the 9th century (if not exe lier) into the abandoned remains of a Roman mausoleum just as Potter dls covered at the nearby hilltop site of Ponte Nepesino were modest by any 11th. of 12th-century Tuscan exam- ples, and thus understandably dif Cult to identify in vestricted trenching of the site fn conclusion, we must be grateful for such a fulsome, detailed account which by vietue ofits comprehensive descriptions and catalogues invites reassessment, The authors and their humerous collaborators deserve our warmest compliments because this volume elegantly sustains the special character of Rome's Home Counties throughout the first millennium, ane without question sits comfortably on a shel beside those great studies of this special region by the likes of Cozza, Ashby, Tommasetth and Ward Perkins Dr Riehard Hodges, Director The Prince of Wales's stitute of “Architecture Medieval England: ‘Archaeological collections in the Ashmolean Museum from Alfred the Great to Richard III Moira Hook and Arthur MacGregor, “Ashmolean Musewon, Oxford, 1997, ‘64pp, 85 Ulu incl. 15 in col ‘Paperback, £7.95. ‘The medieval collections in the Ash- rmolean Museum in Oxford are world renowned. They include objects that fare world class in terms of artistic con tent, for example, the Alfred Jewel, or the 13th-century Limoges enamel chasse with the martyrdom of St Thomas Beckett (illustrated on the cover), but it is the homogenous aspect of the collection, inked: as itis to one of the finest and oldest univer= sity cities in Europe, that give the col- lections that extra cachet. Many of the ‘major medieval finds have been made In the city during redevelopment over the last one hundred years, not least by the assiduous dedication of the young T. E. Lawzence (of later ‘Lawrence of Arabia’ fame). Under @ series of eleven thematic headings the Authors have used the museum colle: tions to paint a broad picture of medieval life. They have included even quite lowly abjects In magnifi- cent photos that bring that world alive, withthe text setting the items in their relevant contexts. Too often in ‘museum display cases one sees small ‘objects such as pilgrim badges, ann lar brooches, buckles and the like with a perfectly adequate, but mundane ‘scription on the label. Here they are ‘well illustrated and explained. Not since the overloaded (but still extremely useful) old guides like the Medieval Catalogue of the London Museum (1954), or the even older British Museum departmental guides to these areas of 75 yeats ago has the like appeared. For a small book it is remarkably well writen, well illus trated, well produced and reasonably priced - every medlevalist should have 4 copy, as should anyone who has any interest in the period and its artefacts Peter A, Clayton Splendours of Ancient Greece Furlo Durando, Thames and Hudson, 1997. 292pp, 430 illus, 390 in co Hardback, £29.95 Splendours of the Roman World Anna Matia Liberal and Fabio Bourbon, Thames and Hudson, London, 1996. 202pp, 433 ils, 389 col Hardback, £29.95 These tivo large format books, which will not fit any reasonably-sized book shelf, are an absolutely stunning record and evocation of the Greek and Roman worlds. Objects and sculptures have been carefully Lt for photography to promote and project them as they have never been seen and appreciated in thelr museum tenvironments before; the clever use of lighting and shadows give depth and life to even the most mundane of sculptures such as the marble relief of @ town from the area of Lake Fucino {oman Worl, p, 60) ~ it looks forall the world like a sleepy Italian hill town basking in the afternoon sun. In Splendours of Ancient Greece, especially in the section on Hellenistic art, one notes the overall photo of the classic Venus de Milo with, facing her on MINERVA 57 page 155, the subtly lit detail of her torso and the overall view of the delightful Crouching Aphrodite from Rhodes beside her. Similar fantastic photography shows the incomparable Riace bronzes and absolutely incredi ble details of them, of the like not previously seen For the site photography in both books, patience was the key to achieve the lighting required, often only avail able for a short time during the day. CConmplementing the sites area series of reconstruction views of cities, towns, temples (exterlors and interiors), and monuments, many as large doubic- page spreads, OF especial note are the breathtaking aerial views of many sites that glve a completely new dimension to one’s understanding of the structure and its place in the ety or landscape. The aerial view of Olympia is quit stunning and an eye-opener for those who only know the site from walking ston the ground, With the richness of illustration in books such as these the text can easly be overlooked, but here it should not be, Furlo Durando is an archacologist and university teacher with degrees in his subject from Milan and Bologna, and Dr Liberatt is Dizector of the Museum of Koman Civilisation In Rome. Both authors are therefore extremely well qualified to take broad overview of the splendours of the Greck and the Roman worlds. All aspects of those worlds are covered. In Splendours of Ancient Greece the scene is set with Greek history fom Minos to Augustus, followed by chapters on vilization and culture and or Greek art through the centuries. The reader is then taken on an archacological journey through Greece and Asia Minor, followed by one through Magna Graecia (Southern Italy and Sicily, where, one must recall, the finest surviving Greek temples are to be Found), In Splendours of the Roman World the text ranges through the ‘obvious major subjects such as gov- ‘ernment and architecture down to the ppeople in the Roman street, their way Of life and entertainment, Both books are splendid introductions, invoca- tlons and veritable companions to the ‘world of ancient Greece and Rome Peter A. Clayton Books for consideration for review should be sent to: Peter A. Clayton Book Reviews Editor Minerva 14 Old Bond Street London. WIX 3DBFRAGMENTS OF TIME MUSEUM-QUALITY ANCIENT ART Specialists in Greek, Roman, Etruscan & Egyptian Antiquities Contact us for a complimentary catalogue Visit us on the Internet at: http://www.antiquities.net Gallery hours by appointment Fragments of Time PO Box 376 Medfield, MA 02052 USA Tet: (608) 359-0090 E-Mail: fragments @aol.com IVATE COLLECTIONS WANTED: TOF PRICES PAID MINERVA Review of Ancient Art & Archaeobey can be bought at The British Museum, The Louvre, ‘The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Sackler Gallery (Smithsonian), and many other fine museum shops and bookstores, If your local shop or newsagents does not stock i pi them to orderit Pee eer ee For further details on this sale or eo order 1 catalogue, please call Siobhan Quin Orne Antiquities and Tribal Art Thur eee rcs PeerASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF TRAVEL IN EGYPT AND THE NEAR EAST This is a now ASSOCIATION, established inthe autumn of 1997 in the wake of a conference in Oxford on the subject of travel in Egypt and the Near Ea ‘onference wae attended by 170 participants, many of them descendants of earir travellers in the area Papers Irom an earlier conference held in 1994 are about to be published by 1.B. Tauris (for further information contact DrPasl Starkey, CMEIS, South Road, Durham), ‘The AIMS of the Association are to promote the study ofall aspects of travel and travellers in the egion, including the use of their accounts at «resource for many contemporary disciplines. A BULLETIN is published twice « year (editor Mrs Janet Starkey) ‘which keeps members informed of esearch interests and queries 35 ‘well as giving information on te growing aumbor of relevant data bases held by members. Egyptian wood amulet of Wepawet H: 3.75 in Dynasty XXX EGYPTIAN & CLASSICAL ANTIQUITIES We offer the collector a varied selection of fine quality Ancient World Art! + GLASS + BRONZE * SCULPTURE + JEWELLRY. + SCARABS * AMULETS * WEAPONS + POTTERY FREE ILLUSTRATED ANTIQUITY BROCHURE ~ M98 + FULL YEAR SUBSCRIPTION $5, OVERSEAS $10 ANCIENT WORLD ARTS, LTD. PO Box 698 Litchfield, CT 06759 Phone: (860) 567-2288 + Fax: (860) 567-3785, Gallery open by appointment ‘A one-day SEMINAR is to be held in Birmingham on July Sth. Principal speaker is Professor Malcolm Wagstalf of Southampton University, who will be speaking on travel writing as a source of geographical information for other disciplines. A third full ‘conference is being planned to take place in Cambridge in July 1999, ‘Chaicman of the Association is Dr Starkey, weasurer Dr Elizabeth French, secretary Ms Serah Scaright who should be contacted for further information (97 Larkhall Rise, London, SW4 6HR: teifex 44 171 622.5407), Membership is £20 per annum and includes & reduced conference fee as well as the Bulletin The Bank Clerk and the Boer War Discover how Southampton-born Charlie Moses survived the war in the Boer town of Lindley. Despite his strong pro-British sentiments he managed to avoid arrest or deportation, though he was threatened with being shot if he said one word against the Boers (which he did regularly, as well as singing the National Anthem in secret). His diary shows the ebbs and flows of the war as they were experienced in a small town near the front line, and presents the hopes and fears of the soldiers and civilians on both sides. Moses” vivid eyewitness account of life in enemy territory is. B. revealed inthe May issue of HISTORY TODAY. SS Also inthe May issue: the life and times ofthe monks in medieval} Wats (2 kes www.historytoday.com Guarantee: Ifyou decide the magazine i ot for you, you may cancel your subscription at anytime and receive refed on all unmeiled copes. ‘Worcener why the Poles haveatlted Napoleon sone ofthe | Arps Ret Wa 5155 0A $995; cadas7995 Presontchamplons revising ihe bate of Marathons why te | You T wold Hoe Seon» sew History Today senda ot Git fllempt to create a unified, iberal German nation sate in 1848 was | Swern. Contos a crue pate itry Tay Tai my se doomed to failure; and okt Gladstone's fascination wih | a . * prostitutes. | cri cad onder (amexDinor oot accepted via au/Ansaphoe (qtng MNT) HISTORY TODAY brings you fescinating articles onal periods fom Ancient | SAUNLSYADO Ooi Swit ee ee fall aa) Pesce yp the 1990s, where history becomes curentafars-Ouraim? “To make ser- | © ‘ous history a seriously good read.” 4 Cortese | OOOO Oooo ooo ono | Expiry Date I ‘Switch lsu. MMI ‘Weve arenushable del fornew subscribe, Subscribe now and you wllsae oer ITO | ge Tetenstund rates we wil cad you fee acoy of ohn Roberts Png ofthe | Ste — Mor pblied £129. a Future Features + Russians and Inuit in| + Paupors and Profits and the early > Y ‘19th-century Alaska Byzantine church POPE Caer ReedOna Pe nT LONE UNITED KINGDOM Devizes NEW ROMAN GALLERY. New gallery Mowing aopect of ite In Wiltshire itu he fr cent of Roman ese itching pat of the Hatt indoch collection, DEVIZES MUSEUM (syo1380 727368, SBI ar Are geen coon aa etree Hehe to Bae MISSING LINKS, ALIVE! An exhibition haring eich signet stage! naman rcluto, complete th rabote eco Sirti’ of our prehistore ancestor including Cre-iggnons, wha crested some.o the wari ears cave pin iar bette cian Ene) ctascow BEAD SEA ScROLLS. The only Bish ‘enue forths exhibition: Some of the mos gnieant of the Deed Se Ses, (ll be Bn dpsy, neudng The Bak of Tevitices, The book of Pains, The {Commentary on Hoven, The Peep of the Lav, THe Community flea he Contorecial War tule fegmert CLAS (COU At GALLERY & MUSTUM Gh as) Ga) Yat 331 1884.1 Mays! Aug. LONDON {ARTS OF JAPAN. A new exhibition acing {re hstoy of Jepanese at fom 20 BC to 20th century snd covering t tle ange of med ™ prints ad pa ‘hg, scupre and cera, aera tmelawore THE BATSH MUSEIM (4), Tri 6 1585, ARTS OF KOREA, Anew extn ge {i omnot kana a arg sche ranging frm the Nelthc pio to {Re or century, with fons Form the National Museum af Korea fe Bsn Uibrary, and several priate’ colections THe Bhise MUSEUM (44) 71 636 1555 ARTS OF NEPAL. THE BRI MUSEUM GT Gao sss, nen eition Exploring the taal at sd feo {he Kathmandu valey. Budeist sad Hindu tculptures frm the Briton scum edlectns urate the histo fyand charseter ofthe regis tah one of Nepal THE aRTISH MUSEUM (G21 636 1555. Unt IT Me ARTS OF KOREA, Anew exten ging ‘hover of Korean aft and aeracel Tanging from the Nest period fo ‘Re 19g entry, with loans For the Navona Maseum of Kore, te Bish Urry, and several private cotecions ‘Te BkrTish MUSEDM (44) 171-636 HUMPHREY COLE. MINT, MEASURE. Men AN Sans I egaee aN Signed by Cole ae on cipiay ora ‘lps ofbalesine a che 3 god and Str oinage an er ted ees LIVING Eyer. puanaontc, waMLUK AND MODERN HOUSEHOLD OMECTS. A ompartie aly of everyday jects irre tte ay erent pais of san net. ME BHTSH MUSEU CIT eae T5585 Moyo ne TE HSBC MONEY GALLERY Aner per Ianent gallery chronicling the 4000 {earaldSeory of money. Tee BATS KrUsedu Ce4y 171 4360 1585. (See Minna Myfune 1987, pp. 3338) THE NEW LATER BRONZE AGE AND CELTIC EUROPE CALLERS, Dramatc hung tecinlny, delog snd ‘atone between sods ae hon {wo new galerie covering te later Broa tig (190050 80), the ton Age hd aspects ofthe period ot Roman Sapanfion (250 BEAD 180). THE sali auseuna (4) 1711650 1555 pened NEW SAXON LONDON GALLERY. Win the bot endesce rom recent atcha. [geal ducovenes uncer Covet Caran \whse exten evence ofthe 3x08 tow and trading cenve Laden has been ducovered! MUSEUM OF LON: Bont ay 171 60 3639. THE WESTON GALLERY OF ROMAN Bra sn gery ys te ‘dacoveris and research which 208 to tur undertanding of te Rome ecu. pation of Brin ee GRIST MUSE Gea 361355, Opened 17 uy. ce into, Sept/Oct 199, pp. 1013) MANCHESTER {ESET OF me ancien ecrorians Clotting, well ond exes rom the pyramid age tothe Christan er THE ReneS ten Museu (4a) 164 275 2634, Ui 30 Moy 1998, siernD, ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART. SHEFFIELD hiv MUSeUM AND MAPeINe ART GAtueny (48) 114.276 8588. Unt September UNITED STATES BOSTON, Massachusetts THE ART OF ARHICA, OCEANIA, AND THE ANCIENT AMERICAS A ses of ew oa: fees opened in December 1997 in Ing anencepionl calcio of Mayan polychrome ceramies, Olmec stone Seu and Andean ex, a we ‘sem usual group of teracota gies ‘age bythe Mrdan jee eid item 8¢°The MSM OF FINE ‘ets BOSTON ()17'2679800. FACING ETERNITY: MUMMY MASKS FROM ANCIENT EGYPT Anes ong tem xhibiton of setcophagus mas, both ‘ood and cartonnage, bom the Old Kingdom to he Roman fed, rom the permanent collection ofthe museums Sha several private collections. THE MUstOMt OF" FINE ARTS, BOSTON (1) £17 2679500 BROOKLYN, New York Bea OPO REsTAUATION {nes heen fan gen Gotan sbects indigo of he races tentles,some dating ae ene 55 ie an ENT 7 6 so, CAMBRIDGE, Massachusetts IWOMES Proit THE ANCIENT NEAR AST. Expires thee af ory earn the Fisted socal context ofthe trea, focusing on nine vores trom Shmaria and Nimrugs ARTHUR M SACKLER MUSEUM, HARVARD UNIVERSITY) 7 498:9400. an ogo ‘ng toto, |NUZ! AND THE HURRIANS: FRAGMENTS FROM A FORGOTTEN PAST. This eats tion tie to at etween fo fo three ears fates over 100 pcs from She azeum’s collection of more than Calendar 10,000 finds excavated at Nux incu ing anton tte, sel a Unies, branes weapats-and tele ane pottery. sewitie MUSCUM OF HAR: Waa Universry (617) 435-4631, cari SGA ac rane Restoran rare encae eet DALLAS, Texas GALLERIES OF AFRICAN, ASIAN, AND Paetee ART Seven new gles rope enti an potent uta cola ‘Bon of mare fan 800 beets ncusing £850 sors facet tem Egypt seh mihi eng anand» ter loan Yom the Museum 0! ne ‘ts sion. OALLAS MUSEU OF ART (Q)'214'922:1200, 4 permanent asa DENVER, Colorado SEARCHING FOR ANCIENT EGYPT. ART, ‘ARernTECTURE AND ARTIFACTS FROM TRE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSLVANIA verues lor the important exibison of {SE'Egypttan antiquities trom the Unersty ot Pensvaia Museum sch 2s pat of the O€! kingdom funerary ‘Shape of Kapur includ the fourton fae door, arctectiral elements fm the 191m Dynasty Palece of King [NSS I tntay arcophogt and 2 fine select of jute. DENVER ART ‘Musto (1) $03 6102763, Ul 2 Aug (nen to Seattle) Cotelogue,. (See Mirena, Nowibec 1897; pp 26-29) FORT WORTH, Texas THE WEALTH OF THE THRACIANS. Over 200 gold and siver antiquities fom Bulgata, including the specacuar ves seston the Frye ng Rogen KiWBelt ART MUSEURA. (817) 352 BASH ay 1 ful ine, fo San Feanisg) Chinlogue. Gee Miner, Inve 1958, pp 817). KNOXVILLE, Tennessee ANCIENT EGYPT: THE ETERNAL VOICE. fewpemaret extn over 300 Dbjects Featuring the 26th Oynas frum bjs Roriwel And ot Ineo deco rcopmags UDigerscale reproductions of bud Sind statues are on loan from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. THE FraniCn, McclunG MUSEUM, UN Vets OF TeNNesset (1) €15 974 2a Se aes Peano ers MALIBU, California FRAMING THE ASIAN SHORE: NINE TEENTH CENTURY PHOTOGRAPHS OF THe OTTOMAN EMPIRE, Over 30,190) fd say 20m century photographs of inanbul from the Pletre de cigord {Clacton including 2 number devotes {Ganclent sites. GETTY CENTRE (310) J, PAUL GETTY MuseuM CLOSED. 1 {nould be nated that the Gsty Villa MINERVA 60 Mussun, which houses the noted calc on‘of Greek and Roman eniguites, ‘toned 20 6 July 1997 for a ee yeah renovton aad wl reopen 2000 858 ‘She i comurae wcuediog, and ‘Giture THEY PAUL GETTY MUSEUM C) Stoase-ren MEMPHIS, Tennessee ANCESTORS OF THE INCAS: THE LOST CIVLISITIONS OF PERU. Over 300 ant. ‘testo the Kato en ire Spennrg 2000 years of Penven history ieidirg tree murneies, gid manny brearpistes ona ceremonial abject ea ete and cttn tee, ond brain irgeny THE MEMPHIS PYRAMID ay Per) 6 Ae annonce. NEWARK, New Jerse ARTISANS OF ANCIENT ROME: TECH NOLOGY INTO ART. Using colectons from bewark biazeum and fons rom ten maor museums and Invi, his ‘non takes wars bac 2,000 ets {othe word ofthe mans and the wk oi heel! abana who ly ‘he ys rere By are goes crested by he pend ofthe Roman empire laps atin irsepions and quotations feof ancient foman autmors put te ficient ‘objects into. conten THE Newark MUseUM (1) 201'586- 6550, Ut Bomber NEW YORK, New York PARA CALERES. Ye tenstaltin of {he meses exceptional works of at ftom'the vegns of fing Atherton an his mnedatesoccetbre of te ‘pat ‘ram period 1336-1398 6c, Mer ROPOUPAN MUSEUM OF ART (i) 212, £79.9500. (See Miner, nF 1997, peo. ART FROM CENTRAL ASIA: TADIASTAN, flower oun ratte the Aedemy of Secs os objects including » West beorae rans Rea ei hd ery 8 and AD-NETROPOUTAN MUSEUM OF AR Ghzizars.ss00. ‘cine: $,000 YEARS. SOLOMON # GUccENiTene SEU (1) 212 423 Sta. al S June (ee the ext tue Mineo GREAT CITIES, sua TwEASURES: THE ANCIENT WORLD OF THE INDUS VAL TNE nor eter of hy sala ‘suites, cerame ves, esata fos, Sind eye el em such es 5 Meio pp, Maberjooue Patston” THe ASIA'SOCtETY CALLERS (Q) 21228806400. Until 3 Moy Cate. Gee pp. 19.23), NEW SREEK & ROMAN GALLERIES, PHASE I The fat major section! the fenovition of tre Greet ond Ramon Clery the Baller Gaur deted to ‘arly Greek att from the Cyeladie, Minoan, Mycenaean, Geometi, and Ache pe king amy Sets eFROPOLTTAN MUSEUM OF ART) 212 67.5500. A SEA. UPON THINE HEART: GuYeTIC ‘RT OF THe AACHEN NEAR EAST, CA $So0r2100 Be. The Wrst port Stan important two-part exhibiion ofa lrge Selection of eyinaer seals and related Stall but jt ails primer rm the noted ealecions of the Morgan LUrary (ot on xeon for ner 20 Sed the preeminent phate co tector nathan Rosen the ter groupEEE EET beng bed pu fr te te, Kingdom ane Late faod FORT. an hunan ‘ams ARTUR. SCHLER_ccion of te ance ak ued re Sect or reated seurs we sso LAND ART MUSELM 1) 508262811, EALLERY SMATTRONIAN INSTITUTION. Siovon view. (20) 2538 0269. (See | Beng ernbted. THE BERDONT MOR: &' March 16 August Ghen to Phoeni). (1) 202 457-1300, Ongang emotion Min, vob 9, p 40). SREB G2 Gn far, Cnn ee ee oncesra a {oreing 2100500 Be, wit be on view tren ay/Augi 1996, pp. 10s) Massachus | SSR Saoe rama a MRNAS EERO. RT TE me INLAND | gringine” period. 2100°300" 8C. OBERLIN, Ohio Stale. The'museursete noon but BULEVARDI Sorbo 36 Bo se pe. 25-33 FRECOLUMBISN ART. 23 June. crete colton @ acne at gon POMPETAN GOLD AND JEWELLERY: STcetober, ALLEN MEMORIA ART fertaled: WORCESTER ART MUSEUM MIUESUM OF FOREIGN ART. (338) 9 nN SUK WAS COLD: CENTRAL ASIAN MUSE, OBERUN COLLEGE Q) 216 (1) 308 993. a4D0 See pp 3537 Vase 5 Mes 3 My. ano" chinese Tenntes taioton ot 7758883 ws i ‘Spproximately 60 Ceniral Asan and RANCE fice Tapes ranging vom the an SAN DIEGO, California AvSTRAMA RANE surgundy {ety 1th erty prong impor: FACES ON FOSSILS: RECONSTRUCTING — New ANTIQUITIES GALLERIES. A new NEW CELTIC MUSEUME A new museum Lan ave een ele redurton, UR ANCESTORS. Old and new tech Damanent taton of 1300 wos ofthe celle cst, cine obs THE METROPOUTAN MUSEUM OF ART? Miques ued to reconstruct cur human Srehent rt trom the Medterraneen, ot “only tram France, ‘But aso GY AEST W981 "Goan Mey doteton ths ht ocd vee fromthe be y ly from France, GB gt2 370 sash wat 1? Met Egypt the Newt Est and HeCoumban Swirerland,. ‘Germany. Slovakia, baie gues of tcy, the Svea: ABD theNew at ong ecobmpieg —Switzerlind, Semany sane pera) Nonyearaid hominid from Ehiopia, at Sahenyy holdings A insareator the fst rely Brace ts part of 9 hige Cote PHILADELPHIA Pena vay HES ene camma atc igus: SAN (03) BU208 0222. (See, Minera, eater hn ple MUSEE CLIQUE Pomerat Sacra. Mah fe REY geen: Sekoutcoury mp fetcng’ wrens ore mous oxy SAMAK ona CANNES, Ager Mattie fama gold and ip ame bultneaed)of human and animal mummies fiom AGRE KauGAas Or THE ADRATIC. FROM EXCAVATION TO MUSEUM: THE Iyeand'a taminthe Tidet xcdptue, ancient and modern cues ncding Sn‘Grgcing exsion aaron age, ANCIENT WALL PAINTINGS OF THE Re Frclen align Zasoses00e HE Hundreds of related ems such az €*Sek ng Roman arclavs uneeweted SAINTE MARCUERITE, Mew permanent GRIER OF PENNSYLVANIA MUSE- tombs, caskets, sacred skulls, and BY2 NOM. archarolegxal expediion to extbiion "acsing Taree Sa yations UM OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHRO- shrunken heads will be on display. grate Seq, supplemented by objects on MUSEE DE LAMER, (33) 4934 31817. POLS) 215898: 4000, inte plays wi show R's Ae pened Sy versity of ancient cultures ved, Sehutroata, THE ROVAL ONTARIO CHARTRES, Eure-ct-Loir ANTIQUITIES FROM ABOVE. 52 black worea”and ded SAN DIEGO Muse: SRI ‘Ne penioo OF sri tau ant Macon GES SSAC) Sipatai May. MUSIC) seat se, oF RESTON inp atoeral eploonst 16 Moy 1989, (ee atic mn forthcon OWECTS AND SCENES OF PREVWSTORY. Propane ae 1999. (ee ase in Fothcam: THe JOEY TOBY TANENBAUM NASON DE UARCHEOLOCIE Ure 31 ea 4000 yen of Eayptan ciation, ing Mineno) GALLERY OF BYZANTINE ABTA Tew FHEUNIERSTTY OPPENNSYIVANIA "2 aly ceed Byeanine again MUSEUM OF ARCIAEQLOGY AND SAN FRANCISCO, California, paler coated te Pram Mts es ANTHROPOLOGY (1) 215 898-4000, ANCIENT GLASS FROM THE HOLY LAND, Over 30 abject: sculpture, mossicy AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY. MUSES OU Ghar june BS TSANG MMAR ASEM fess arta ac eke and GEL) ts rs. Un been THE EGYPTIAN MUMMY. An important ie see see a ett ty Esty SOUNAST ASIAN GALLERIES, The ‘xptaning yrange aut He aher_ new reopened pamanent gaits SEsiand Pe henkhand dacoe po fate’ rember f new scqumons GINA, tins eves by ay and autpyy wing Cambodian conan RANCNA oy gyaucna museum Ade of pure resis fata bw spe an Phere net. Reopened at lor an hl yao ROMAESQUE PANTING MUSEES DU cee eat Pisnning and constuction, thee GER (95 9 428 74040. faend oF TAEORVERY Creessrivandn Sbsehe tis) 08 ost Blapning ad conmrucion, the pew 3 MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ‘Chinese bronze veel 1s 10,000 sare “3 ANTHROPOLOGY (1) 215 898-4000. Teer ‘metres contain 11 galleries and three LOURDES, Hautes-Pyrénées we scnouae, RUMERES LIVES AND LANDSCAPES. Sntion ha hoking‘crer'\0,300 WHE REOPLe OF THE MIRENEESsrOM TREASURES OF THE CHINESE SCHOLAR, Results ofthe, faster MINDTGS lua eles SHANGHN MOSEUM (00) $00,000-2000, BC, GROTTES. DE MEROVINGIAN SITES. MUSEES OU Geas. (33) 5-620 74040. July-end of Sember ine ma i Wary, horn, wood, lac- south-west New Mexico, ¢ AD 1000, CypRUs, ‘permanent exhibition, Pemarek micas, ih taser dba = sty (770-286 60) 01 el ty par. MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY (1) 602 NICOSIA S, Seine-et- Marne PERRO S: Sergei rmeremmegocres Manes Sb ae Ao Tha RES Eermemmmnes haze poveacinic acl cg BREAN SASS, waamcrouoc, |, .,, fea tia tention Geta pen wai a ita omen PH” SE Se EITM Malnhotioain es UBS one Scat dyer 200 glass vests from the lee Bnd changing reatlonship between the two CAIRO. FASCINATING ORGNAC! A eevr interac: imine ircanantat Iangsat tauren) 5 Gomme ROMS eR ee oa BURR, emewrmmncrr ona ‘aitrindie miey SAU on Rigor erchvotons at ial in 1986-70 THE ANCIENT WEST AFRICAN CITY OF ow been'placed back on permanent GLORIES OF ALEXANDRIA. A presenta anlch prolded'the evidence for new BENIN, AD. 1300-1897. A testafation — exhibllon Tey were remgved rom as. ton of some of te recent icoveris, Wreords about the developmentof of Ue-muscom’s permanent calecton payin 1980 when Anwar Soda thought Including the site of the famous Man evilosson, THEUNWEITY OF fom Benm iy, the expt’ of the sing. that thar appearance robeed therm of Ughhouseof Pharos, ade by Jean Yes PERRRVLVARIA MUSEUM OF ARCHAR dom of'enun’a was before Brith — Ine dignity. THE EGYPTIAN MUSEUM Unpeeut inthe harbour of Nevada LOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY (215) colonial rte including an tmpartant (20) 754340. PENT PALAIS. 6 Moy-2? fu. (See 15984000, cngang exibition. ‘group ef eatital beads and igure of Manervajatteb 1997, pp. 56, anred Atta snd pawefulyscipred plagues, LUXOR 1987, pp. 23, and Mare Apa 1998, p. PORTLAND, Oregon NATIONAL MUseUM OF AFMiCAN Agi’ MUSEUN OF MUMMIFICATION, A small 2) SPLENDOURY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 170 (3) 02557-4600, few museum, clove to tre Temple of Egyptian antiguities trom the world [itor devoted te mummified humans THE ADVENTURES OF WRITING: FROM ‘Gnd caketion of Re Rocmerund. KHMER CERAMICS An exhibition of rare Sndsrimoly ith separate pays for ANTIQUITIES TO THE PRESENT. BIBLIO- Feizscus Museum, Hildesneim, glazed ceramics from tre th to Tah mammal bird and fps. The ages THEQUE NATIONALE DE FRANCE (33) Geimany, of mujer cokctsirom the OW fentures fashioned into anima, bird ol embalming he mately and alge 1470-36126 MINERVA 61—_— { Calendar Ae echt etree etre Beer eet cyte Septet cate aa eae wail RUCIL-MALMAISON, Hauts-de- Seine Fie Mastson Ec, yon Caleta of Bonaparte an Josephine maton Cone, MUSEE NATIONAL DES CHATEAU DE MALMAISON. Unt 15h SAINT-ROMAIN-EN-GAL, Rhone [Rew ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM. The Troe and newest archealogia muse lima France eros the sicaesog. ffl ate of the Roman ely of Vienne Excavatons nce 1981 have uncovered Impressive escoet and menace nud ing he mots ofthe Bate of yungue SEE BE Sanitstoanvint-Cat G3) 74850376 STRASBOURG EGheriaw aNTiQuiries From THE SCHLUMBERGER COLLECTION. MUSE RCAROLOGIOUE (33) 88324895. Und 21 Decne. GERMANY BERLIN DAS GEHEIMMIS DER MUMIEN —ewces LEBEN A WL: KUCTURCORLN SUN THERGARTEN (43). Until 10. Moy. Gato TREASURIES OF EUROPE. Aboot 100 objects in bron and tacts rom the {ecto of the muses demonstrating these st ofterngs andthe eon {tipo an any ballin thoi] MOseuN TER VOR-UND fRUEs GescrichTe (49) 30370 91 233. Unit Seer TROY-SCHLIEMANN- ANTIQUITIES S00" Trojan anoles Bevin, now on ‘api ats reuting fe mse <3 econ to stand West Bern: MUSE (OM urs VORUND FRucHcesciscHTE SCHLOSS CHARLOTTENBURG, LANG: FAUSBAU 8) 3032091 253 KARLSRUHE BRONZE TECHNIQUES IN ANTIQUITY. BADIScHES LANDESMUSEUM (19) 721 926 6520. Ul? Aug MANNHEIM arp ine ay ih Sn loge opener Iabe ahd the uniba of Munich, domonsaes fs ifuence on parson fr especaly i the light recent Leia ncuges at gustan fepresematon of ur mens pte rom AlKadads an «ruber of Freasres trom the kingdoms of Ker, ugh and Meroe: REISS MUSEUM (43) G21{223636. 14 June 20 September. toque See Minena, Novice 1997, peste) MUNICH. ROME ND BYZANTIUM, BAvERIScHES NATIONAL MUSEUM (45) 89 211281 patria GREECE ATHENS. AARCHANES: A NEW APPROACH TO THE Minoan cReTe. The gold jeweley, amulets, sal stones, apd othe aia: {es from 34 years af excavation by Gano € Scher necing obec from the test unplundered rojl tom fxcavted in Crete on the Place bul. Ing at Tourkogetonis. 248 objects on ‘Sia nthe rac wing af the museum, {hd slathates Monson: THe COULAN: hus MUSEUM OF CYCLADIC AND JARcHAC GRETX ART BO) 1722 8321 tat. [THE EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES ROOM, 780 pan won oo chang ae, jewelery, selected rom about 4000 ‘hj storage nce the and of Word ‘Wart now on permane apy fooms, NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM (0) 824 7717 THESSALONIKL ROM THE ELYSIAN FIELDS TO THE GHRISTAN PARADISE An exhiten on Say Cts pero HE MUNEU OF Syne CULTURE Go 31868 570 VERGINA, THE GREAT TUMULUS OF THE ROYAL MACEDONIAN TOMBS. New museum chet opaned the ae he Sneient Maceonian capital Acgae to Frouse Pie tomb (or that of rap I) Te (by 38 19-2347, (See Mon, lanieee 1998, p.§ aa this sue, p. Spend 27 vember 1997, wetano Se reer Ses drawn frm the Musur's own c See VIKING AGE IRELAND. New permanent gales cng tempos of he Varg NATIONAL MUSEUM OF IRELAND (01) Corse LIMERICK fRowsing the renowned and se rangi Collection belonging to Jann an ir arena on Mess ete ut iemeand on ipoan cecton on Siecle mateal including the 8th nur arr Cross, THE HUNT MUSE- Ganhs) e151 2833, ISRAEL, JERUSALEM ‘A DAY AT QUMRAN: THE DEAD SEA SECT ‘AND ITS SCROLLS. This ew permanent ‘exhiblion commemorates the Soth Soniversry ofthe iscovery of the Scrols, unique Tstcenty Odo ‘ment irom ah ostracon sigcovered in Sante wit 1993 teaeas Sells discovered in Ye caver THE IseAet MtiseoM (72) 26708-81 THE FIRST ARTIST. A spel permanent anton of are sets rey found Stprestore tes THE ISRAEL MUSEUM ip zeros-et ‘saManITAN MOSAIC sLOOR OM EL TUIRBE A ig, recently excavated, ihe AD ie Notary tne marta sragogue oa hibe dep ings meno ath os horns and 9 Incense shove the showtnend table with Faves and ova next tk hea with a facade depicting the Temple, THE IsnaétMuseb 272) 2 e708 8 THE CRUCIFIED MAW FROM GiVAT HA Mivrat the ostion of ected man 24-28 yeas ola, exe wth 9 replica at fis Real bones eee by an hon nal, twiera) 222051 THE WORLD OF ANIMALS. cient ai thas as symbols at and fe FOCKE. (972) 228-25. Ancngong emote. ITALY BARE Iirocea eto aun: cuts ano SRONZE AGE Fist public exhbion of the prehistoric undarground torbs 30d felated artefacts found near Bar Easrtiio SvEevO. (33) 80°52 "4361 Spar re. CAGLIER Tue NECROPOLIS AT TUvixzODU. Muse. ARCHEOLOCICO NAZIONALE” (nn September. CREMONA, TREASURES FROM POSTUMIA. More than’ thousand objets om alan sd European museums. document the 2 of oman etre and ede long ‘he'roaa but in 148 8 by Spur Postumias Albinus which Whee ‘whole ot northern aly fom reset ay ‘Genoa to Aquila. MARIA DELLA PETA a(39) 037223238 = (39) 0372. 461026: Catalogue APC. Un) 26. FLORENCE (OF THE BUONAROTT FAMILY. Hos Sfevhome of the great-nepben of Michetngeo, he colection are no 08 ermanent display again afer sn Sbsence ot Quer century. CASA BUoNARROM (58 241 752 LEGHORN LENIUM B1C. IN WESTERN TUSCANY. MUSES BC STORA NATURALE cL BAEDIERWANED, Un May 51 MANTUA THE COLDEN MAN: THE CIVIL2ATION (OF re steppes OF KAZARISTAN FROM The BRONZE AGE TO-THE CREAT MiGRATIONS. PALAZZO TE" Urol age MILAN FROM YMPERIAL PALACE TO MODERN She CITY OF SPLIE MUSEO ARCHEO TQGICO! G9) 2 36451488. Unit May NAPLES THE GREEK HOUSE AT ISCHIA. & new {Eton in the bates documerts Th century BC Greek drlings the island" ischia MUSEO ARCHED Locico? ay ost sa0i66 PALERMO. PUNIC PALERMO. MUSEO ARCHEO- CoeiGoTeoy Gi ite0 otto ne PALESTRINA ‘The archeologie! museum, hovsed Insge Palazzo Barber which © te bulk over celebrated Ind century 8, Sanctuary, reopens ser extensive mod ernization. Important works of art include the famous moss epe=nting COLONNA RAVENNA, REMET: AT THE BEGINNING OF TIME. ANCIENT Cover FROM PREAISTORY TO ‘Te PYRAMIDS, The exibtion longa in'Tufin ‘nd explores the erin of Egyptian ehisatian Loans om moje muteums from ali ver the word MUSEO NAZIONALE. Unt ane 2B (ee pp 3840) MINERVA 62 Rien THE SABINES. LIFE, DEATH. GODS. SALA DEI CORDAR. Unt dt 3. RIMIN, ROMAN PICTURA: ROMAN PAINTING Major exhibition on the genesis and development of Romar painting. Cnet ogut 30. ROME FROM URBANISM TO ARCHAEOLOGY. Musto danraceo, G9) 6 at30036 econ of Roman sculpture from the Eeetine stem wl be ee for Space; vast ten cethecentuy were Aislimprtnt names ond won 6 ot got creed ce they were ond Hey Sen go CRUE Wo eat a cEareacka 39) 06 aLazzo AUTEM — REOPENING THe (of clasical and Egyptian seulptures feonging to te Akemps Lodo el repeal ois PALAzZ0 ‘ALTEWPS (39) 08 65833 759. THE PHOENICIANS IN SARDINIA, The Thowian cen ia ed on Importent ins renting trom exeavs tors the at 10 yeas: VLA CLUUR. Goyeasreass VENICE [NEFERTARL, LIGHT OF EGYPT This the exhibion sandy. Geen at ihe in'1396" MUSEO ARCHEGLOGICO, NIAZIONALE. (39) 41'5225978. Unt? Moy 30-Cataasoe virerso. ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE IN THE AECION OF viteano, the srchaelegal moicum at Vierbo 8 beg tebe {hd erlaged, Thee ae now on show ‘ble found by Swedish archaeologist atte eouscan ates of Aguarona and Sn Giornale MUSEO ARCHEOLOGCO NIDIORALE Calagee JAPAN HIGARAK! SHUM! FAMILY COLLECTION: THE ‘MIMO MUSEUM & pew rosea, leat fd ina suburb of Kyoto, desiged by leader ofthe shin Shumelot, Hike Koyama, uses the supert Shumel Famiy coset, corti of Casi, Egyplian, Neor Easter, Chinese, and Japanese antiquities and art objects ang of winch have been exhibited at the Metropolion basen of tana the managed by the 'shumel ‘Culture Foundation, He io MUSEUM (See Iino jae 1998 pp. 20:24, nd Miner, Now?oec 1996, ppt0"13). Morocco MARRAKESH MINBAR FROM THE KUTUBIYYA MOSQUE. Ths monumental laid ood tn pulpit was produced in Cordoba, Spay ©1137-1445 A ter atembled iP hates natal the masque of “abn Yusut (1107-1143 AD), aed soved about ten years later to the Futubiye Mesque of Abd ab Mu'min (1150-7168 Aah-‘One of the masta flces ofthe be wont hs been fowl restored ins collaboration Detugen conservation spedalsts trom the Metropolitan Musetm of Set td Moracean craftsmen, BAD! PALACE. ® permanent staanar er ee, yc ee ee || oe ‘THE NETHERLANDS: LEIDEN Bis f the bung, renown and National wigkeum of Antgulties (jamuseum van Ougheden RMO) I {sen tne Eaypin, Near eastern and Gavia Deparment are ced, dues feopen inthe summer of 1995. Unb then the museum we ean pen fer. Ing'3 rumber of terporary dys ard ahibitons. THe NATIONAL MSM Sriawrigurtes (HinSMUSEUM VAN ‘QUDHEDEN, RM) (31) 71 512 7527 SPAIN . BARCELONA RONANESQUE GALLERIES, The world's most outstanding cellection of Romanesque mals some thet oie a pes met om the eso Cfraipiay tor some years. MUSEO SAciORAY ot BE CATALINA [New Mustun OF PRECOLUMBIAN ART. Reimatt museum wth sn outtenaing Cole of eta, Cet an te ond ter ares, se HARB EmiMueLten D’ARY. PRECOLUMB!, MONTCADA 14 (34 14 319 76.03 VALENCIA, FGIPTO MILENARIO. &slecton of 220 Egyptian antguites fom the Roeser. ‘Gmbbelzacut Museum, Hildesheim, ermary, including thre sarcophagi Sind’ fupers O14 Eingdom limestone up, rong Mod os Pavan and {Bree ‘arcophagh ARSED (Hen ta Cary Catalogue Gre Mere, ‘rch pi 19 pp tl ii [ae CONFERENC! Sess 1-4 May. NEW APPROACHES TO MeDieVau AND. POST-MEDIEVAL GREECE. An intetrtional smpost to ‘ce progam ty huey ‘Set try of Roman Greece fren fn Byzmtine es upto te end re ath century. contact, Oe Jn in, Bept of” Archaeology, Durnam Unters Fae (24) 191 4 3618 5.7 May. WAC INTER-CONGRESS ON ‘Tif DESTRUCTION AND CONSERV POM SF CUCTRA PROPER Bas, Setropoloy Urvety of Burn 3 Gia et irom DH) HNL Tel a) 191 374 3868 Fae (4) 191 9942870. ‘5.6 May. THE DEAD SEA SCROUS 1N Edntugh Pang the Dead Sen Seo falthin the context of Judalsm In the Second’ Yemple ‘rerod. ‘Contact Britany Hm, Dep of Hebrew and Bia Festament stodies, faculty of Bivniy, New College, University of Enbueghy Mound Pace, Eamburgh 1 BUC Ue Teen) O151 680898" Fax dahon eSosre. 116.46 May, ROMANISATION AND THE Chr: CREATION, DYNAMICS AND FAURE Cote tom the Ste of Cot, and to ccs the mpl tions of this discavery- American ‘Academy in Rome. Contact: Elizabeth Fentress (39) 6 Sea 15 May.THE WESTERN MEDITER. RANEAN BEFORE THE PUNIE, WARS ronipenaine Ancient Htory Seminar i fo tne sea ne ancent won nivrty of Manchester. for deta and centetion of te conetFrett Manchest Oxford Ros, Manchester Mi5.90L Uk Tes 0161 298-3099 ax Drs 3088. 15.16 May. ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST SOCIETY BIENNIAL CONFERENCE. Contact: Sue Rik Tl: (44) 09794 16 May. ANCIENT ALEXANDRIA STUDY Dav. With Dr Jean-Yves Empereur Bloomsbury Suotmer Schaal Contac: {hope Coleman To Ca) O17 19 Sena Ghiss'ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE ANCIENT Kean east Some 155 00185 Roma, Naty Tak (39) 6 446 si ane 9) 6440382, 21.23 May. CONFERENCE oF THE SOckery OF AFRICANIST ARCHAEOLO- iS. Custopne Deco, Sept. of Anthropology, syracuse Unbersty, 209 Masel Wa, Sracsse, Ny tied. Tet" (G15) 483-4607 Fax (3is) 443-60. 25.29 May. THE TWENTIETH INTERNATIONAL syMMPOSIUM OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS AND SURVEYS IN TURKEY. Tarsus, Tukey. Contact Cenert Drectaate of Monuments and Maneums, Misty of Culture Ankara Tel 00.9012 3104 50, ax 0090312311 6603. 2 June, ANCIENT VIEWING AND THE QUESTION. OF STYLE. Tos Elsner. Soul nate fa Landon frstite forthe Hslry of A ana the aman To 0171 8920220, 4 June, MUSEUM ACQUISITIONS OF AnmiguInies: THE WAY FORWARD INTO THE 21St CENTURY. Sympaciam ‘agai bythe Intemational Resin of Beals it Ancene Ar Chests, New Voie dam 11-45 June. STH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF MARBLE AND OTHER STONES IN ANTIQUITY. Coma: ASKS Dept. of Clad Ary Museum of Fine re, Boston, 408 Muntington | "Avenue, Boston, Maveachnets 2115) Tek: (617) 267: 9300. Fax (617) 3693276 sapere ance arenes Krchacology. Contact. jean ilick 11-14 June, EARLY MEDIEVAL ROME AND THE CHRISTIAN WEST. An intern: {onal conference to honour Donald Bllough on the occasion of this 70th Dirthaey. Contact: Ms € Johnstone, ‘School of story, 8 Andrews Fax: 8) 1330462918 22g cena wrenroue Bes 25.29 June. HELLENISTIC ECONOMICS. ‘Tirntemstona conference wil tempt {gree arent scholarly work, Catt Prot. [kDavis, Departmant of Clases Be Arie Histo. fae (4) 0131 794 Calendar 1p, concaEss OF Te INDO MAC ic olin associa Yen fa Com: Pe hares, Unrest Erber her 200 es CoD) OND sie ceive 271 12:17 July. INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS Or hasnt anenseovocy. Shsterdom, Main theme: Clssica ‘anaesiogy tomas the ti rien Gir etlecons and peapectve. Che Srnec ee» The Aegon of tesa ‘re 2st cantun') Contacts Conference lice, Universe van Amsterdam, PO fox 19268, 1000 Co Amsterdam the Nethetand. tae (1) 20595 4791; Fa ETE ee 15.18 py, overs a cy AND Tis Tek Ravan sey yrpesim ‘one cecon of the cetera of the publ oe tt volun o he Bode haat Crurchy Orig Oi SBOUR ia Cy otBes i 195 rai) UNITED KINGDOM. “4 Boy. THE DEAD Sea SCROLLS 2000 broshecrs IN THE New MILLENIUM GNIvensiTy OF EDNAURCH (44) 131 6 Moy. MYCENAEAN SEMINAR, The Eretan ‘Hieroglyphic’ Script: 3 full Script roots, Uaes. and “destiny. ingtrure OF GLASSicat STUDS (8) 171/325 9572 Jean-Pee Olver. 14 May, THE PASSAGE THROUGH THE Aitenife £G¥PT OPLORATION SC Bry: BRITISH ACADEMY, 10 Cerlton House Terrace, SW. Dr stephen Shi 19 May, JUNO MONETA AND THE MNT Gr abiustican Rome Jonathan roms: The. yal umismaie acy, at the Society of Antquates. Soph a 120 May. EARLY COPPER AND BRONZE FINDS TINIAN, Chk TECHNO: Tocicat “s1Uby., SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND ASIAN STUDIES. 44) Tri 436 3844 Mei ojun 26 May. HOW WERE THE DEAD SEA SEnOLLS WRITTEN? 800k proguction satay eran he Dead at Se INsmUte oF clabsicar STUDIES (4) 171423 9572. roesor. Alexander 27 May. MYCENAEAN SEMINAR. ater ofthe Snake Codeets the {tation of Minoan’ art and culture INSTTTUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES (8) 11711523 9572, Kenneth Lapatin 27 May, SECOND INTERMEDIATE PER. GolakcHacoLocy IN THE PETRIE ustust Couccrow. INSIITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY Ca) 171 323 9572 fanine Bourn. 28 May, 4 June. SPAIN AND THE ANCIENT WORLDS Intute of Case) Stier 4.20pm. 15 June. PAITHAN: THE saTAVAHANA CabITAL OF WESTERN INDIA ames Frowell Socty for South Aon Stade, tthe etsh aden. 43pm 16 June. VIING AGE NUMISMATIC 4 etl sate Peet res the Royal Numismatic Society, a the Socety ot Aniguaris 5 30p. MANCHESTER BO June. THE TOMB OF NEFERTITI? Geattvey Matting The” Egyptian MINERVA 63 Expoation Society Nothern ranch, at the Min Are Tents, Uniery f Mancteer pam USA LOS ANGELES 18 Ay. THe TOMBS wv THE NecwoPO. LUs'Or Menxane aN THe Queens PYRAMIDS OF KHAPRE, Zaht Hoass. American Research Center in Egyat, Souter Calforiabronch: Room 382, sey Hat, UCLA pa 6 June, ANCIENT EGYPTIAN FORGERIS: SEY ARENT MAKING SHAWABTIS THE WAY THEY USED TO} Jumes Romano. ‘American Research Centre in Egypt, Souther Calfora branch. Room 362, insey Wa UCLA. Spm NEWYORK 1 May THE WALL PAINTINGS OF THERA Gino Dauimas. Sponsored By the ‘yaad Art Foundatlon, Metropatan Nzaum of ep 4.12.19 May. The Philitnes a tre. per iectune tre Robert Soi hea Rrehacology Society of New Yor, at Colcnetas 988 Secand Aerie. Diner ‘poral Tek 212) 322584, 0 op Looe oe Aca cent etnseneetaic dete ere ee 16 May (ARCE, WY), 0th Ansiversony lecture, Amerean Research Center 10 Fay 21 Moy. THE 1835 FIRE AND ITs ‘ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMANS, NEW YORE UNEARTHED, South Street Seaport Mscum, Contact Dane Osa t 212) 16 June. THE MERNEPTAM STELE eth ‘Netadion ble! Archaeology Society [tN Yrky a Coldwater 98B Secon Sven. inser optional. Te (212) 321 28h 4 June. SOTHEBY'S, New York, ANTIQU: HS Gia ods-73de S June, CHRISTIE'S, New York ANTIQU: TES (212 546-1075, 9 June PHILIPS, London. ANTIQUES (Gib a. 44) 171 229 080 ext fie. 10 June. BONHAMS, London. ANTIOUL ‘iS (48) 171393 3543, 15 June, HAG, ~ Merbert Cahn, Basle (injorarsris 18 June. CHRISTIE'S, London. ISLAMIC ‘et 171 3892111 724 June, BONHAMS, ANTIQUES. (4) ‘dfs of Ut and ater European ceions, mtn and conereces, ‘tures an uct, ter weeks ‘in odenc of puesta, fo Beaty, Minera, 1404 Bd Se tandon 11 308, a 17) 0 Pecos sstantrnsee | Far (1212) 688-0572 |(A FINE ROMAN MARBLE PLO UU VOWS UD Om wae Ree B Bey UC Comore Cm Rory wearing an elaborate coiffure of braids gathered eee Mane nem Rod ca oe Ere Menta ee eer oan kG (ip) Cf: similar portraits in Klaus Fittschen & Paul Zanker, Katalog der romischen Portrits in den Capitolinischen Museen, pp.66-68, nos 87-89. Greek, Etruscan, Roman, Egyptian and Near Eastern Antiquities OPPVCRG Poet RUT Uy ee Cee AOL ema aL A RE ie aD Member of the International Association of Dealers in Ancient Art ees 9478 W. Olympic Blvd, Suite 304 __Seaby, 14 Old Bond Street, NODA ATD Beverly Hills, CA 30212 London WIX 3DB, England (212}355-2084 Fax: (212)-688-0412 (610)277-0133 CNaerses eer tere res Fax: (310)277-0616 conan ets Monday-Saturday, 10 to 5 Monday-Friday, 10 to 6 Been cstPeres Ce Rs Cue oS ROTC Athena, wearing chiton and aegis, standing left, holding spear and helmet. Rev: nude warrior, wearing greaves, holding his shield and helmet as he dresses for battle. Attic, ca. 490-480 BC. H: 43.5cn (17 1/8”). One of only five known specimens by this painter (ARV, p. 289) and the only known SO eC Moe at Roe Crna a ee Ia mL ag cam roa beverly hills london mc We are pleased to announce the 1997 edition of Art of the Ancient World, our 64 page catalogue illustrating 264 objects in full-colour — $5.00se en one ereR eee nee ect ac Pee New York, 5 June 1998 Doma ENQUIRIES: New York, G. Max Bernheimer or Molly Morse on (212) 546 1075 for Rete re OAD een CHRISTIE'S Era ee aoe See ee aa Sco) SPT or