Two-Port Networks

One-Port Networks

Definitions
Impedance Parameters

Admittance Parameters

Hybrid Parameters

Transmission Parameters

i1

One-Port
Network
i'1

A pair of terminals at which a signal (voltage or current) may

enter or leave is called a port

Cascaded Two-Port Networks

Examples

A network having only one such pair of terminals is called a

one-port network

Applications

No connections may be made to any other nodes internal to the

network
By KCL, we therefore have i1 = i1
We discussed in ECE 221 how one-port networks may be modeled
by their Thevenin or Norton equivalents

J. McNames

Portland State University

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

J. McNames

Two-Port Networks: Definitions & Requirements

+

i1

i2

Two-Port
Network

v1
-

i'1

I1(s)

V1(s)

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

Two-Port
Network

Ver. 1.11

V2(s)
-

If the network contains dependent sources, one or more of the

equivalent resistors may be negative

The analysis methods we will discuss require the following

conditions be met
1. Linearity
2. No independent sources inside the network
3. No stored energy inside the network (zero initial conditions)
4. i1 = i1 and i2 = i2

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Two-Port Networks

I2(s)

Two-port networks are used to describe the relationship between a

pair of terminals

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ECE 222

Two-Port Networks: Defining Equations

v2
i'2

Portland State University

Generally, the network is analyzed in the s domain

Each two-port has exactly two governing equations that can be
written in terms of any pair of network variables
Like Thevenin and Norton equivalents of one-ports, once we know
a set of governing equations we no longer need to know what is
inside the box

J. McNames

Portland State University

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

Impedance Parameters
+

I1(s)

Impedance Parameter Measurements

Two-Port
Network

V1(s)

V2(s)

I2(s)

I1(s)

  
V1
z11
=
V2
z21

V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2

z12
z22



I1
I2

V1
V2

We can also calculate the impedance parameters after making two

sets of measurements

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

J. McNames

Impedance Parameter Measurements Continued

+

V1(s)

I2(s)

I1(s)

z11
z21

If the left port is an open circuit (I1 = 0), then we can easily solve for
the other two impedance parameters:


V1 
V2 
z22 =
z12 =
I2 I1 =0
I2 I1 =0

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

V1(s)

Ver. 1.11

Two-Port
Network

= z11 I1 + z12 I2
= z21 I1 + z22 I2

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Two-Port Networks

Impedance Parameter Measurements Summarized

V1
V2

ECE 222

V2(s)

J. McNames

Portland State University

Two-Port
Network

= z11 I1 + z12 I2
= z21 I1 + z22 I2

If the right port is an open circuit (I2 = 0), then we can easily solve
for two of the impedance parameters:


V1 
V2 
z
=
z11 =
21
I1 I2 =0
I1 I2 =0

Relationship can be written in terms of the impedance parameters

ECE 222

Alternatively, if the circuit in the box is known, V1 and V2 can be

calculated based on circuit analysis

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V2(s)

Suppose the currents and voltages can be measured

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V1(s)

V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2

Two-Port
Network

Ver. 1.11

J. McNames

I2(s)


V1 
=
I1 I2 =0

V2 
=
I1 

z12
z22

I2 =0

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V2(s)

ECE 222


V1 
=
I2 I1 =0

V2 
=
I2 
I1 =0

Two-Port Networks

Impedance Parameter Equivalent

V1(s)

200

I2(s)

I1(s)
+

Example 1: Impedance Parameters

z11

z22

z12 I2

z21 I1

40

I1

I2

V2(s)
V1

500

800

V2
1 k

V1
V2

= z11 I1 + z12 I2
= z21 I1 + z22 I2

Find the z parameters of the circuit.

Once we know what the impedance parameters are, we can model

the behavior of the two-port with an equivalent circuit.
Notice the similarity to Thevenin and Norton equivalents

J. McNames

Portland State University

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

J. McNames

Example 1: Workspace

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ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

10

Example 2: Parameter Conversion

I1(s)

I2(s)

Two-Port
Network

V1(s)

V2(s)

V1

= z11 I1 + z12 I2

V2

= z21 I1 + z22 I2

In general, the two defining equations can be written in terms of any

pair of variables. For example, rewrite the defining equations in terms
of the voltages V1 and V2 .

J. McNames

Portland State University

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

11

J. McNames

Portland State University

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

12

Example 2: Workspace

J. McNames

Portland State University

ECE 222

Example 2: Workspace Continued

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

13

J. McNames

Portland State University

Impedance & Admittance Parameters

I1(s)

V1(s)
-

Impedance Parameters
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2
Admittance Parameters
I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2
I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2

  
I1
y11
=
I2
y21

J. McNames

Portland State University

V2(s)

V1(s)

ECE 222

z12
z22

y12
y22





Ver. 1.11

14

I2(s)

Hybrid Parameters
  
V1
z11
=
V2
z21

V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2

I1(s)
+

Two-Port
Network

Two-Port Networks

Hybrid Parameters

I2(s)

ECE 222

I1
I2

V1
V2

Two-Port Networks

V1 =

h11 I1 + h12 V2

I2 =

h21 I1 + h22 V2

Inverse Hybrid Parameters

I1 = g11 V1 + g12 I2
V2 = g21 V1 + g22 I2

Ver. 1.11

15

J. McNames

Portland State University

Two-Port
Network

V2(s)
-

  
V1
h11
=
I2
h21


 
I1
g11
=
V2
g21

ECE 222

h12
h22

g12
g22





I1
V2

V1
I2

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

16

Transmission Parameters
I1(s)

I2(s)

I1(s)
+

V1(s)

Two-Port
Network

Transmission Parameters
  
V1 = a11 V2 a12 I2
V1
a11
=
I1
a21
I1 = a21 V2 a22 I2
Inverse Transmission Parameters
  
V2 = b11 V1 b12 I1
V2
b11
=
I2
b21
I2 = b21 V1 b22 I1

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Transmission Parameter Conversion

Portland State University

ECE 222

b12
a22

b12
b22

V2(s)

V1(s)





I2(s)

V2
I2

V1
I1

V2
I2

=A



=B

Two-Port Networks

V2
I2

Ver. 1.11

Two-Port
Network

V2(s)
-

Altogether there are 6 sets of parameters

Each set completely describes the two-port network

Any set of parameters can be converted to any other set
We have seen one example of a conversion

A complete table of conversions is listed in the text (Pg. 933)

You should have a copy of this in your notes for the final

17

J. McNames

Example 3: Two-Port Measurements

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ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

18

Ver. 1.11

20

Example 3: Workspace

The following measurements were taken from a two-port network.

Find the transmission parameters.
Port 2 Open
V1

= 150 cos(4000t) V applied

I1

= 25 cos(4000t 45 ) A measured

V2

= 1000 cos(4000t + 15 ) V measured

Port 2 Shorted

J. McNames

V1

30 cos(4000t) V applied

I1

1.5 cos(4000t + 30 ) A measured

I2

0.25 cos(4000t + 150 ) A measured

Portland State University

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

19

J. McNames

Portland State University

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Example 4: Two-Port Analysis

Example 4: Workspace

800

i1

40

800
160

v1

v3

200

i2

16.2 v3

i1

40

i2

160

v2

v1

v3

200

16.2 v3

v2
-

Find the hybrid parameters for the circuit shown above.

J. McNames

Portland State University

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

21

J. McNames

Portland State University

Example 4: Workspace Continued

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

22

Example 5: Two-Port Measurements

The following measurements were taken from a two-port network.
Find the transmission parameters.
Port 1 Open
Port 1 Shorted
V1

= 1 mV

I1

= 0.5 A

V2

= 10 V

I2

I2

= 200 A

V2

Hint: b = b11 b22 b12 b21 , a11 =

a22 = b11b .

J. McNames

Portland State University

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

23

J. McNames

Portland State University

b22
b ,

a12 =

ECE 222

80 A
5V
b12
b ,

a21 =

b21
b ,

Two-Port Networks

and

Ver. 1.11

24

Example 5: Workspace

Example 6: Two-Port Analysis

i1

R1

R3

v+(t)

R4

i2

v-(t)

v1(t)

C1

R2

v2(t)
-

C2

Find an expression for the transfer function, h11 , z11 , g12 , g22 , a11 ,
and y21 .

J. McNames

Portland State University

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

25

J. McNames

Portland State University

Example 6: Workspace
i1

v1(t)

R1

R3

v+(t)

R4

v-(t)
C1

i1

i2

R1

R3

v1(t)

v2(t)

v+(t)

R4

v-(t)
C1

26

Ver. 1.11

28

i2

v2(t)
-

C2

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Ver. 1.11

R2

J. McNames

Two-Port Networks

Example 6: Workspace Continued (1)

R2

ECE 222

C2

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

27

J. McNames

Portland State University

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Cascaded Two-Port Networks

Example 6: Workspace Continued (2)

i1

R1

R3

v+(t)

R4

v-(t)

v1(t)

C1

I1(s)

i2
+

R2

Two Port
Network
A

V1(s)

v2(t)

I1B (s)

I2A (s)
+

V2A (s)

V1B (s)

I2(s)
+

Two Port
Network
B

V2(s)
-

C2

Two networks are cascaded when the output of one is the input
of the other
Note that V2A = V1B and I2A = I1B
The transmission parameters take advantage of these properties

J. McNames

Portland State University

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

29

J. McNames

Portland State University

Cascaded Two-Port Networks

I1(s)

I2A (s)

Two Port
Network
A

V1(s)
-

V1
=
I1
V2A
I2A

a11
a21
=

a12
a22
V1B
I1B


A

V2A (s)

V1B (s)

V2A
I2A

V1
=
I1

I2(s)

Two Port
Network
B


a11
a21

V1B
=
I1B

a11
a21

a12
a22

a12
a22

a11
a21

a12
a22

I1(s)
+

V2(s)

V1(s)

V2
I2

V2
I2

I2A (s)

Two Port
Network
A

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ECE 222

Ver. 1.11

30

Two-Port Networks

V2
=
I2

b11
b21

Ver. 1.11

I1B (s)

V2A (s)

V1B (s)

I2(s)
+

Two Port
Network
B

V2(s)
-

The inverse transmission parameters are also convenient for cascaded

networks.






b12
b22

V1B
V2A
=
I1B
I2A

J. McNames

Two-Port Networks

Cascaded Two-Port Networks Continued

I1B (s)

ECE 222

31

J. McNames

V1B
I1B

V2
=
I2

Portland State University

V2A
=
I2A

b11
b21

b12
b22

ECE 222


A

b11
b21

b12
b22

b11
b21

b12
b22

Two-Port Networks

V1
I1

V1
I1

Ver. 1.11

32

Cascaded Systems: Two-Port Networks versus H(s)

I1(s)
+

V1(s)
-

I2A (s)

Two Port
Network
A

I1B (s)

V2A (s)

V1B (s)

I2(s)

Two Port
Network
B

V2(s)
-

Two-ports and transfer functions H(s) are closely related

H(s) only relates the input signal to the output signal
Two-ports relate both voltages and currents at each port
You cannot cascade H(s) unless the circuits are active
Two-port networks have no such restriction
Two-ports are used to design passive filters
However, two-ports are more complicated than H(s)

J. McNames

Portland State University

ECE 222

Two-Port Networks

Ver. 1.11

33