lg0f{o g+=*(@%

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg"k/fh zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
l/6 g+= M )^%WS))!%
cfb]z ldltM @)^^.%.$.%
ljifo M pTk|i] f0f ;d]t .
lgj]bsM sfe|k] nf~rf]s lhNnf v/]nyf]s uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= $ v/]nyf]s a:g] clwjQmf
cRo"tk|;fb v/]n
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]t
s;}kl| t hjfkmb]xL x'g gkg]{ vfnsf]
pGd'lQmn] :j]R5frfl/tfnfO{ k|>o lbg]
x'Fbf sfg"gL /fHodf :j]R5frfl/tfsf]
u'~hfo; /xg gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
/fxbfgL lng'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo cGo d'ns
' sf]
e| d 0f ug' { /x] s fn] To;n] /fi6 s f]
cGt/f{ l i6 o 5ljdf ;d] t uDeL/
gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ hfg] ljifodf
k|efjsf/L lgodg / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{
:jfefljs kdf lng ;lsg] / afXo
d'ns
' ;Fu klg ;DalGwt /xg] lnvt
hf/L ubf{ ljz]if ;ts{tf ckgfpg]
s'/fnfO{ klg cGoyf eGg gldNg] .
1725

/fxbfgL dfu u/L k]z ePsf] b/vf:tsf]

d"Nofg u/L /fxbfgL k|bfg ug]{ jf
gug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt clwsf/Ldf
lgxLt x'g} k5{ . hf/L e};s]sf] /fxbfgLsf
;DaGwdf ;f] /fxbfgL k|of]ustf{sf]
Jojxf/, p;sf] cfr/0f jf cGo s'g}
cfwf/df /fxbfgL vf]:g jf /2 ug{ kfpg]
clwsf/ klg ;DalGwt lgsfodf /flvg'
:jfefljs} dfGg' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f lagf s;}sf lj?4
lg0f{o ug{ ldN5 eGg] cy{ ug]{ xf] eg]
Tof] k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
ljk/Lt x'G5 / To;f] ug'{ ljlwsf] zf;g
/ ;Eo ;dfhn] :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg]
cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfsf] ;d]t k|lts"n
x'g hfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
s'g} klg lgsfo jf clwsf/Laf6 x'g]
lg0f{o hlxn] klg Gofof]lrt\ x'gk' 5{ /
b]lvg' klg k5{ . ;f] lg0f{odf s'g} cfwf/
sf/0f vf]lnPg / To;sf] hfgsf/L
;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lbOPg eg] To:tf]
lg0f{o Gofo;Ddt\ 5 5}g eGg] s'/fsf]
d"Nofg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf g/xg] .
lg0f{odf cfwf/ sf/0f v'nfO{ ;DalGwt
JolQmnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpFbf To;n]
/fxbfgL hf/L ug{ OGsf/ ug'k{ gf{sf] sf/0f
v'nfpg' k|To'Tkfbs x'g;Sg] cj:yf
pTkGg ge} To;n] lg0f{osf] cflwsfl/stf
:yflkt u/L lg0f{onfO{ j}wtf k|bfg ug]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=^_

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

lgj]bs tkm{af6Mljfg clwjQmf cRo"tk|;fb v/]n

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ls/0f
kf}8n
]
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_
/fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf $-!_ / -@_
cfb]z
Gof=cg"k/fh zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_-@_ cGtu{t
bfo/ eO{ o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;
k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
/fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf $ sf]
Joj:yfdWo] pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df /x]sf] Joj:yf
:j]R5frf/L / k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtk|lts"n
x'gs
' f ;fy} ;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ df}lns xs;Fu
aflemPsf] x'bF f tL Joj:yfx aflemPsf] xb;Dd
cdfGo / ab/ ul/kfpg of] lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt
ePsf] 5' . /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf $ df
/x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] jf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt ePsf]
ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf; jf cGo lgof]un]
dfq /fxbfgL hf/L ug{ ;Sg] / ;f]xL bkmfsf]
pkbkmf -!_ n] /fxbfgL hf/L ug]{ clwsf/Ln] s'g}
sf/0f b]vfO{ jf gb]vfO{ s'g} JolQmnfO{ /fxbfgL
lbg c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5
eg] pkbkmf -@_ n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g} sf/0f
b]vfO{ jf gb]vfO{ s'g} ;do klg hf/L e};s]sf]

/fxbfgLnfO{ lvRg jf /2 ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/

k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfn]
/fxbfgL hf/L ug]{ clwsf/LnfO{ s'g} sf/0f gb]vfO{
s'g} JolQmnfO{ /fxbfgL lbg OGsf/ ug{ ;Sg] /
hf/L e};s]sf] /fxbfgL lvRg jf /4 ug{;Sg]
clwsf/;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] Joj:yf
:j]R5frf/L / k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt k|lts"n
/x]sf] :ki6 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f @$ sf] Gofo;DaGwL xscGtu{t
pkwf/f -*_ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lgh lj?4
ul/Psf] sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g5
]
egL k|bfg u/]sf] xsdf /fxbfgL P]gsf] plNnlvt
Joj:yfn] aGb]h nufPsf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] xb;Ddsf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf ab/
u/L s'g} JolQmnfO{ /fxbfgL glbg] lg0f{o ubf{ /
hf/L e};s]sf] /fxbfgL lvRbf jf /2 ubf{ ;f]
s'/fsf] sf/0f;lxtsf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{
lbO{ lghsf] :ki6Ls/0f lnP/ dfq lg0f{o ug'{ /
g]kfn /fHo kIf e} g]kfnsf] ;+;baf6 cg'df]lbt
gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq -ICCPR_ sf] wf/f !$-%_
df /x]sf] k|fjwfgsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ /fxbfgL hf/L
ug],{ lvRg] / /2 ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf s'g} klg clwsf/Ln] u/]sf]
lg0f{oaf6 dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] cfkm" lj?4 ul/Psf]
sf/jfxLpk/ ;Ifd pRr Gofoflws/0f jf
cbfnt;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf
cljnDj ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf
k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf
lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < eGg]

1726

*(@% cRo"tk|;fb v/]n lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfo{no ;d]t

;DaGwdf ljkIfLxaf6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{

k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt, Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] ldlt
@)^%(!# sf] cfb]z .
;+ l jwfg;efnfO{ cgfjZos kdf
k|ToyL{ agfOPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg k|ydb[li6d}
vf/]hefuL 5 . /fxbfgL k|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ug{;Sg]
/ hf/L e};s]sf] /fxbfgL lvRg jf /4 ug{;Sg]
;DalGwt clwsf/Lsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;hfo jf
s;"/sf] kdf lng ;lsg] b]lvFbg} . of] g]kfn
;/sf/sf clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L jf lgsfosf]
lgodg ug]{ clwsf/ dfq xf] . P]gsf] bkmf % df
plNnlvt sfo{ u/]df dfq To;nfO{ s;"/ dfgL
b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf ePsf], To:tf s;"/;DaGwL
d'2f g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] / sfg"gsf] plrt
k|lqmofadf]lhd sf/jfxL x'g] Joj:yf ePsf]n]
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] Gofo;DaGwL
xssf] s'g} klg kIfnfO{ /fxbfgL P]gn] OGsf/
u/]sf] k'li6 gx'g] x'Fbf dfu adf]lhdsf] s'g}
cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjnfosf tkm{af6 P]=sf ;x;lrj
6]sk|;fb 9'fgfn] k]z ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6
lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf]
xf], To;sf] :ki6 lhsL/ glnO{ lagf cfwf/ /
sf/0f c;DalGwt ljifodf o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{
ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .
;lGwsf] ljifonfO{ g} k|ToIf kdf clwsf/ :jk
JolQmn] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] x'Fb}g . sfg"gnfO{
c;+jw} flgs 3f]if0ff ug{] ;DaGwdf Benifit of doubt
goes to the parliament eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .
h;n] sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu afem]sf] eGg] bfjL

u5{, ;f] s'/f p;}n] k|dfl0ft ug{ ;Sg' k5{ .

ljwflosfn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/If]qleq /xL agfPsf]
sfg"gnfO{ ;se/ c;+jw} flgs jf cdfGo 7x/
ug'{ x'bF g} . lgj]bsn] dfly plNnlvt cfwf/xnfO{
:ki6;Fu cfTd;ft\ u/L l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v
u/]sf] gb]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf tkm{af6 P]=sf ;lrj
8f= s'n/Tg e'tn
{] n] k]z ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgj]bsn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] lgj]bg
Joxf]/fdf plNnlvt sfdsf/jfxL o; dGqfnosf]
sfo{If]q eGbf aflx/sf] ljifoj:t' xf] . o;
dGqfnosf] s] s'g sfdsf/jfxLaf6 lghsf] s]
s:tf] xs clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf] xf] ;f]sf] :ki6
lhsL/ ;d]t lgj]bgdf sxLFst} pNn]v gu/L
cGo lgsfoxaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfdsf/jfxLsf]
ljifonfO{ lnP/ o; dGqfno;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL
agfO{ lbg' ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5,
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ko{6g tyf
gful/s p8\8og dGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]=sf ;lrj
/fdrGb|dfg l;+xn] k]z ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
/fxbfgL pknAw u/fpFbf s] s:tf
JolQmnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] / s;nfO{ gu/fpg]
eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ sfg"gn] ;/sf/nfO{
k|bfg u/]kl5 ;f] ljifo ;/sf/ jf ;DalGwt
clwsf/Lsf] clwsf/leqsf] ljifo xf] . /fxbfgLsf]
k|of]u ljb]zL d'ns
' df x'g] ePsfn] /fi6sf] 5lj
cGt/f{li6o hutdf /fd|f] /fVgsf] nflu ;/sf/n]
o:tf s'/f Jojl:yt ug{;Sg] clwsf/ sfg"gtM
k|fKt u/]sf] xf] . o;af6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
@)^# sf] wf/f @$-*_ df Joj:yf ePsf]

1727

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

Gofo;DaGwL xs dg]{ cj:yf cfpFbg} . sfg"g

lgdf{qL c ljwflosfn] /fxbfgL k|of]u / To;af6
l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] kl/0ffdnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL
/fxbfgL hf/L ug]{ clwsf/Ln] sf/0f b]vfO{ jf
gb]vfO{ /fxbfgL lbg c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf
u/]sfn] o; ljifodf dfq /fxbfgL glbg jf /2
ug{ ;Sg] k"0f{ clwsf/ 5 . of] kl/kSj /
;'ema'emsf ;fy ul/Psf] Joj:yf xf], o;nfO{
cGoyf dfGg' x'bF g} . ICCPR sf] Joj:yf lg/k]If
kdf ;a} 7fpFdf / ;a} cj:yfdf nfu" x'g
;Sb}g . t;y{ tYoxLg / cfwf/xLg l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] u[x
dGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]=sf ;lrj 8f=uf]ljGbk|;fb
s';d
' n] k]z ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
/fxbfgL P]gsf] Joj:yf JolQmsf] /fli6o
klxrfgsf] dxTjk"0f{ lnvtsf] kdf /x]sf]
/fxbfgLsf] b'kof]uaf6 l;h{gf x'g;Sg] uDeL/
gsf/fTds kl/0ffdnfO{ /f]syfd ug{ ul/Psf]
Joj:yf xf] . d'ns
' sf] ;fj{hlgs Joj:yf -Public
order_ sf] a[xQ/ lxt ;+/If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6
sltko cj:yfdf /fxbfgL hf/L ug{ OGsf/
ug'k{ gf{sf] sf/0f v'nfpg' k|To'Tkfbs x'g;Sg]
x'bF f sf/0f gv'nfOsg klg /fxbfgL hf/L gug{
jf hf/L ePsf] /fxbfgL lvRg ;Sg] u/L sfg"gdf
Joj:yf ePsf] xf] . /fli6o klxrfgsf] dxTjk"0f{
lnvtsf] kdf /x]sf] /fxbfgLsf] b'kof]u ePdf
/fi6sf] cGt/f{li6o 5ljdf ;d]t uDeL/ gsf/fTds
c;/ kg{ hfg] x'bF f /fxbfgLsf] lgodg / lgoGq0f
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy kl/kfngf ug]{ u/fpg]
clek|fon] P]gdf pQm Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] .
cGt/f{li6o ;lGwdf ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ k|of]u
u/L ;lGwadf]lhdsf] clwsf/ k|rng u/fpg

;f]em} cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg g;lsg] x'bF f ICCPR

sf] ;Gbe{ lbO{ bfo/ ePsf] lgj]bg k|of]hgxLg
5 . xfn;Dd sfg"gsf] pQm Joj:yf :j]R5frf/L
lsl;dn] k|of]u u/L s;}nfO{ klg /fxbfgL hf/L
ug{ OGsf/ u/]sf] jf s;}sf] /fxbfgL lvRg] sfo{
gePsf]n] lgj]bsn] o:tf] klg x'g ;S5 egL
sfNklgs ljifo / cg'dfgsf cfwf/df lgj]bg
bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k//fi6 dGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]=sf
lgldQ ;lrj k|BD' g laqmd zfx / sfg"g, Gofo
tyf ;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yf dGqfnosf tkm{af6
P]=sf ;lrj dfwj kf}8n
] n] k]z ug'{ ePsf] Ps}
ldnfgsf] 5'6f[ 5'6}[ lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
lgj]bgdf lgj]bs clwjQmf >L cRo"tk|;fb v/]nn]
/fHo;Fu /fxbfgL lbg] glbg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/
5, t/ To:tf] lg0f{o ubf{ sf/0f v'nfpg' k5{ .
To;/L sf/0f gv'nfO{ lg0f{o ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$-*_ sf] k|lts"n x'G5 . ;+ljwfg
k|bQ lg/k]If xssf] k|lts"n /x]sf sfg"gL Joj:yf
sfod /xg ;Sb}gg\ . To:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
cf}lrToxLg /x]sf] x'bF f dfu adf]lhd l/6 hf/L
x'gk' 5{ / ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yf ab/ 3f]lift
ul/g'kb{5 egL ax; k|:t't ug{e
' of] .
To;} u /L k| T oyL{ k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8n
] n] /fxbfgL
lbg OGsf/ ug]{ jf /fxbfgL /2 ug]{ s'/f
sf/jfxLcGtu{t kb}g{ eGg] s'/f P]gsf] bkmf %
af6 klg :ki6 x'G5 . To;}n] o;df ;+ljwfg
k|bQ Gofo ;DaGwL xs cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf
g} 5}g . OGsf/ ug]{ jf /2 ug]{ s'/f df}lns

1728

*(@% cRo"tk|;fb v/]n lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfo{no ;d]t

xs;Fu klg ;DalGwt 5}g, ;f] /fxbfgL P]gsf]

;f] k|fjwfgsf cfwf/df clxn];Dd s;}nfO{ OGsf/
ul/Psf] jf s;}sf] /fxbfgL /2 ul/Psf] cj:yf
klg 5}g / olb To:tf] ePdf To;af6 c;/ kg]{
kIf :jo+n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t
lgj]bg lbg;Sg] g} x'G5 . l/6 lgj]bs To;/L
c;/ k/]sf] JolQm;d]t gePsfn] l/6 lgj]bg
cf}lrToxLg tyf vf/]hefuL 5 eGg];d]tsf] ax;
k|:t't ug{e
' of] .
;'gj' fOsf qmddf kIf ljkIfsf sfg"g
Joj;foLxf/f k|:t't ul/Psf] ax; lhsL/sf
;fy} lgj]bg / lnlvt hjfkm;lxtsf] ldl;n
cWoog u/L x]bf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf d'VotM
b]xfosf k|Zgxsf] lgk0f ug{k' g{] b]lvof] M
!= /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf $ sf]
:ki6Ls/0f v08sf] v08 -!_ / -@_ n]
u/]sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ f/f
k| b Q Gofo;DaGwL xs cGtu{ t sf]
pkwf/f -*_ sf] Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf]
5 jf 5}g <
@= lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd /fxbfgL P]gsf]
bkmf $ sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zsf]
v08 -!_ / -@_ sf] Joj:yf ab/ x'gk' g{]
xf] jf xf]Og <

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f

-*_ f/f k|bQ cfkm" lj?4sf] sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L
kfpg] xs;Fu aflemPsf]n] ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm
eGg] bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 eg] k|ToyL{xsf] lnlvt
hjfkmdf /fxbfgL pknAw u/fpFbf s] s:tf
JolQmnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] / s;nfO{ gu/fpg]
eGg] s'/f ;/sf/sf] clwsf/sf] s'/f xf], /fxbfgLsf]
k|of]u ljb]zL d'ns
' df x'g] ePsfn] /fi6sf] 5lj
cGt/f{li6o hutdf /fd|f] /fVgsf] nflu ;/sf/nfO{
o:tf] clwsf/ lbOPsf], /fi6sf] cGt/f{li6o 5ljdf
;d]t uDeL/ gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ hfg] x'bF f
/fxbfgLsf] lgodg / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{
s8fOsf ;fy kl/kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] clek|fon]
P]gdf pQm Joj:yf ul/Psf], /fxbfgLsf] b'kof]u
x'g glbg lgodg / lgoGq0fsf nflu /flvPsf]
Joj:yfn] ;+ljwfg k|bQ xsdf cf3ft k'us
] f]
eGg] bfjL lg/fwf/ ePsfn] pQm Joj:yf
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5}g eGg] ;d]tsf] lhsL/
lnOPsf] 5 . lgj]bg / lnlvt hjfkmdf lnOPsf
pQm bfjL / lhsL/xsf] ;DaGwdf ljZn]if0f
ug' { cl3 ;DalGwt sfg" g L / ;+ j } w flgs
k|fjwfgxsf] l;+xfjnf]sg ug'{ ;fGble{s x'G5 .
;f]xL k|of]hgsf nflu g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ sf] Joj:yf
/ /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf $ df /x]sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ b]xfodf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

@= dfly lgwf{/0f ul/PdWo]sf] klxnf]

k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, lgj]bsn] d"ntM wf/f @$= Gofo;DaGwL xs M
/fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf $ sf] k|ltaGwfTds
-*_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lgh lj?4 ul/Psf]
jfSof+zsf] v08 -!_ / -@_ n] u/]sf] sf/0f
sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g5
] .
gb]vfO{ /fxbfgL lbg OGsf/ ug{ ;lsg] / lbOPsf]
bkmf $= /fxbfgL hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ M
/fxbfgL lvRg jf /2 ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf g]kfnsf]
g]kfn ;/sf/n] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
1729

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt ePsf] ljb]zl:yt

g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf; jf cGo lgof]un]
dfq /fxbfgL hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/,
-!_ /fxbfgL hf/L ug]{ clwsf/Ln] s'g}
sf/0f b] v fO{ jf gb] v fO{ s' g }
JolQmnfO{ /fxbfgL lbg c:jLsf/
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g} sf/0f b]vfO{ jf
gb]vfO{ s'g} ;do klg hf/L e};s]sf]
/fxbfgLnfO{ lvRg jf /2 ug{
;Sg]5 .
#= plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] t'ngfTds cWoog ubf{ ;+ljwfg k|bQ
Gofo;DaGwL xsn] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfkm" lj?4
ul/Psf] sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs
;'lglZrt u/]sf] kfOG5 . hjls /fxbfgL P]gsf]
ljjflbt k|fjwfgn] /fxbfgL hf/L ug]{ clwsf/LnfO{
s'g} sf/0f gb]vfO{ /fxbfgL lbg OGsf/ ug{ ;Sg]
clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . To;}u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
s'g} sf/0f gb]vfO{ hf/L e};s]sf] /fxbfgL lvRg]
jf /2 ug]{ clwsf/ P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
/fxbfgLsf nflu b/vf:t k]z ug]{ JolQmn] cfkm\gf]
b/vf:t s] s'g sf/0faf6 c:jLs[t eof] eGg]
sf/0f;d]t hfGg gkfpg] cj:yf / /fxbfgL kfO{
To;sf] k|of]u ;d]t ub}{ cfPsf] JolQmn] ;/sf/f/f
cfkm\gf] /fxbfgL lvRg] jf /2 ug]{ h:tf] uDeL/
k|efj lbg] lg0f{o ePsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t To;sf]
sf/0f hfGg gkfpg] kl/l:yltsf] l;h{gf P]gn]
ul/lbPsf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] cGof} n /
clglZrttfsf aLrdf /xg' kg]{ t/ To;sf]
cfwf/ / sf/0f dfUg gkfpg] cj:yf eg]sf]

nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf]

kf/bzL{ zf;g k|0ffnLsf] k|lts"n cj:yf xf] .
kf/blz{tfdf nf]stGq km:6fpF5, df}nfpF5 eGg]
dfGotf /fv]/ g} nf]stGqnfO{ kf/bzL{ zf;g
k|0ffnLsf kdf a'em\g] ul/Psf] xf] . hxfF /fHosf
tkm{af6 ul/g] sfo{xsf] hjfkmb]xLtf ;DalGwt
lgsfo jf clwsf/Ldf lgxLt u/fOb}g, ToxfF
:jR5tf Pj+ lgikIftfsf] ck]Iff ;d]t ug{
;lsFbg} . s;}kl| t hjfkmb]xL x'g gkg]{ vfnsf]
pGd'lQmn] :j]R5frfl/tfnfO{ k|>o lbG5 . sfg"gL
/fHodf :j]R5frfl/tfsf] u'~hfo; /xg' x'bF g} .
s;}nfO{ s'g} clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 eGb}df To;sf]
k|of]u :j]R5frf/L 9+un] ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] ToxfF
s;}n] klg cfkm\gf clwsf/xsf] pkef]u ug{
gkfpg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g hfg] ;Defjgf
;Fw} /lx/xG5 / ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gf/f k|bfg
ul/Psf clwsf/x s]jn cnf/df ;Lldt
/xg hfG5g\ . To;}n] s'g} klg ;Eo ;dfhdf
:j]R5frfl/tfnfO{ k|>o lbO{b+ g} . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgn] sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffsf ;fy}
nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfk|lt k"0f{ k|ltj4tf
JoQm u/]sf] 5 . o:tf k|ltj4tfxnfO{ Jojxf/df
ptfg{] xf] eg] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] :j]R5frfl/tfn]
:yfg kfpg' x'bF g} .
$= /fxbfgL cToGt ;+jb] gzLn lnvt
xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . /fxbfgL lng]
JolQm / lbg] clwsf/L;Fu dfq o;sf] ;DaGw
;Lldt x'bF g} . /fxbfgL lng'sf] p2]Zo eg]sf]
cGo d'ns
' sf] e|d0f ug]{ g} xf] . To;}n] /fi6sf]
cGt/f{li6o 5ljdf ;d]t uDeL/ gsf/fTds c;/
kg{ hfg] ljifodf k|efjsf/L lgodg / lgoGq0f
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ :jfefljs kdf lng ;lsG5 /

1730

*(@% cRo"tk|;fb v/]n lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfo{no ;d]t

afXo d'ns
' ;Fu klg ;DalGwt /xg] lnvt hf/L
ubf{ ljz]if ;ts{tf ckgfpg] s'/fnfO{ klg cGoyf
eGg ldNb}g . /fxbfgL dfu u/L k]z ePsf]
b/vf:tsf] d"Nofg u/L /fxbfgL k|bfg ug]{ jf
gug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt clwsf/Ldf lgxLt x'g}
k5{ . To;} u/L hf/L e};s]sf] /fxbfgLsf ;DaGwdf
klg ;f] /fxbfgL k|of]ustf{sf] Jojxf/, p;sf]
cfr/0f jf cGo s'g} cfwf/df /fxbfgL vf]:g jf
/2 ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ klg ;DalGwt lgsfodf
/flvg' :jfefljs} dflgG5 . t/ To;/L /fxbfgL
k|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ubf{ jf k|bfg ul/;lsPsf]
/fxbfgL vf]:bf jf /2 ubf{ ;f] lg0f{oaf6 k|efljt
x'g] JolQmn] To;sf] sf/0f s] /x]5 egL hfGg jf
a'em\g gkfpg] xf] eg] p;n] cfkm\gf] sdhf]/Lsf
af/]df klg hfgsf/L gkfpg] cj:yf pTkGg e}
To:tf] sdhf]/L ;RRofpg] cj;/af6 ;d]t pm
al~rt x'G5 . o;af6 JolQmn] cfkm\gf] sdhf]/L
klxrfg ug],{ To;sf cfwf/df cfkm\gf] sdhf]/L
x6fpg] jf ;'wf/ ug]{ h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ k|lqmofdf
;d]t k"0f{la/fd nfUg hfG5 .
%= /fxbfgL k|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ug]{ jf
k|bfg ul/Psf] /fxbfgL lvRg] jf /2 ug]{ lqmofn]
To;af6 c;/ kg]{ JolQmnfO{ :jefjtM uDeL/
kl/0ffd / k|efj lbG5 . To;}n] To;nfO{ ;fdfGo
k|zf;lgs lg0f{osf kdf dfq lnO{ To;sf]
cfwf/ / sf/0f g} lbg' gkg]{ u/L ;DalGwt
clwsf/LnfO{ lg/k]If clwsf/ ;'Dkg] xf] eg]
To;n] hf] s;}nfO{ cGofosf] lzsf/ agfpg
;S5 . slxF st} hjfkm lbg' gkg]{ / s;}nfO{
sf/0f atfpg' gkg]{ vfnsf] :jR5Gb clwsf/
k|bfg ubf{ To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ JolQmdf
lg/+sz
' tf c'/fpg ;S5 . To:tf] ;Defjgfsf]

cGTo ug{sf nflu klg s'g} lg0f{o ubf{ To;sf]

cfwf/ / sf/0f k]z ug'k{ g]{ / ;f] lg0f{oaf6 c;/
kg]{ JolQmnfO{ To;sf] hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ dfGotf
a;flnPsf] xf] . cfwf/ sf/0f lagfsf] lg0f{o
:j]R5frf/L x'g hfG5 . s'g} klg lg0f{odf
:j]R5frfl/tf g/xf];\ / To:tf] lg0f{oaf6 c;/
kg]{ JolQmnfO{ lg0f{odf cjnDjg ul/Psf] cfwf/,
sf/0f / cf}lrTo af/] hfgsf/L ldnf];\ eGg]
p2]Zon] g} ;+ljwfgdf klg Gofo;DaGwL xsleq
k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfkm" lj?4 ul/Psf] sf/jfxLsf]
hfgsf/L kfpg] xs k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] . s'g}
cfwf/ / sf/0f lagf s;}sf lj?4 lg0f{o ug{
ldN5 eGg] cy{ ug]{ xf] eg] Tof] k|fs[lts Gofosf]
l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'G5 / To;f] ug'{ ljlwsf]
zf;g / ;Eo ;dfhn] :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] cfwf/e"t
d"No dfGotfsf] ;d]t k|lts"n x'g hfG5 .
sf/0f;lxtsf] lg0f{o -Reasoned Decision_ ug'k{ g]{
eGg] s'/f s'g} klg sfg"g jf ;+ljwfgf/f elg/xg'
kg]{ ljifo g} xf]Og, of] t ljlwsf] zf;gleq
cGt/\lgxLt x'g] cfwf/e"t k|lqmof g} xf] .
^= /fHo ;+oGqleqsf s'g} klg lgsfo
jf clwsf/Laf6 x'g] lg0f{o hlxn] klg Gofof]lrt\
x'gk' 5{ / Gofof]lrt\ b]lvg' klg k5{ . olb ;f]
lg0f{odf s'g} cfwf/ sf/0f vf]lnPg / To;sf]
hfgsf/L ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lbOPg eg] To:tf]
lg0f{o Gofo;Ddt\ 5 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] d"Nofg
ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf g} /xFbg} . k|:t't lgj]bgdf
p7fOPsf] ljifo /fHon] uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ ljifoleq
klg kb}g{ . To;}n] o:tf] ljifodf sf/0f g} v'nfpg'
gkg]{ egL To;sf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt kIfn]
gkfpg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug'{ hfoh, ts{;u+ t,
ljj]sk/s / Gofof]lrt\ x'g ;Sb}g . d'ns
' sf]

1731

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

;fj{hlgs Joj:yf -Public order_ sf] a[xQ/ lxt

;+/If0fsf nflu sltko cj:yfdf /fxbfgL hf/L
ug{ OGsf/ ug'k{ gf{sf] sf/0f v'nfpg' k|To'Tkfbs
x'g;Sg] x'bF f sf/0f gv'nfOsg klg /fxbfgL
hf/L gug{ jf hf/L ePsf] /fxbfgL lvRg ;Sg]
u/L sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsfn] To:tf] lg0f{odf
cfwf/ sf/0f v' n fpg' kb} { g eGg] lnlvt
hjfkmstf{sf] lhsL/nfO{ dfGg] xf] eg] To;n]
lg0f{ostf{nfO{ :j]R5frf/L agfpF5 / lg/+sz
'
aGg k|l] /t ub{5 . o:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ dfGotf
lbFbf /fxbfgL lbg] glbg] jf To;sf] k|of]u ug{
lbg] glbg] eGg] s'/f ;Dk"0f{tM ;DalGwt clwsf/Lsf]
thljh jf :j]R5fdf lge{/ x'g hfG5 . To:tf]
cj:yfdf sfg"g, Gofo / Gofosf ;j{dfGo
l;4fGtx ;a} lgik|efjL x'g hfG5g\ . lg0f{odf
cfwf/ sf/0f v'nfpFbf / To;sf] af/]df ;DalGwt
JolQmnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpFbf To;n] lnlvt
hjfkmdf lhsL/ lnPh:tf] /fxbfgL hf/L ug{
OGsf/ ug'k{ gf{sf] sf/0f v'nfpg' k|To'Tkfbs x'g;Sg]
cj:yf pTkGg x'bF g} , a? To;n] t lg0f{osf]
cflwsfl/stf :yflkt u/L lg0f{onfO{ j}wtf k|bfg
ub{5 .
&= To;}u/L lnlvt hjfkmdf xfn;Dd
To;/L /fxbfgL lbg OGsf/ ul/Psf] jf lbO;s]sf]
/fxbfgL lvRg] jf /2 ug]{ sfo{ xfn;Dd gul/Psf]
x'bF f l/6 hf/L x'g' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g eGg] klg
lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . s'g} klg sfg"gn] u/]sf]
Joj:yf k|of]u gx'bF f;Dd To; sfg"gsf] ;+jw} flgstf
k/LIf0f ug{ gldNg] eGg] x'bF g} . sfg"g cl:tTjdf
/x];Dd Tof] nfu" /x]sf] dfGg' kg]{ eO{ To;sf]
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ n] ;+ljwfgf/f

k|bQ df}lns xspk/ cg'lrt jGb]h nufOPsf]n]

jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] x'bF f ;f] sfg"gdf To;sf] s'g} efu ab/
3f]lift ul/kfpFm egL s'g} klg g]kfnL gful/sn]
;jf]R{ r cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f]
cg';f/ s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] b]lvPdf
;f] sfg"gnfO{ k|f/Deb]lv g} jf lg0f{o ePsf] ldltb]lv
cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/
;jf]R{ r cbfntnfO{ x'g5
] egL s'g} klg sfg"gsf]
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]R{ r
cbfntnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] k|fjwfgn]
jxfndf /x]sf s'g} sfg"gdf /x]sf] Joj:yf k|of]udf
cfP gcfPsf] eGg] x] l /g] ge} ;f] sfg" g
;+ljwfgcg'sn
" 5 5}g eGg] dfq x]l/g] x'bF f ;f]
lhsL/;Fu klg ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . Goflos
k'g/fnf]sg ug]{ ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] clwsf/sf]
;|ft] sf kdf pQm ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfn] To:tf
ljifodf lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of k|To]s g]kfnL
gful/sdf lgxLt u/fPsf] x'bF f ljjflbt sfg"gL
Joj:yfn] lgj]bsnfO{ c;/ k/] gk/]sf] eGg] s'/fsf]
d"Nofg ug'k{ g]{ jf ;f] ;DaGwdf yk ljj]rgf
x'gk' g]{ cj:yf klg cfpFbg} .
*= To;}n] ljlwsf] zf;g, hjfkmb]xL,
pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ k|zf;g / Gofo;DaGwL
cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfsf] ljk/Lt /x]sf] /fxbfgL
P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] k|ltjGwfTds afSof+zsf] v08
-!_ / -@_ df /x]sf] Joj:yfdWo] sf/0f gb]vfO{
s'g} JolQmnfO{ /fxbfgL lbg c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg]
/ hf/L e};s]sf] /fxbfgLnfO{ sf/0f gb]vfO{ lvRg
jf /2 ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ cg'sn
" sf]
dfGg ldNg] b]lvPg .

1732

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

(= ca, lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] /fxbfgL

lg0f{o g+=*(@^
P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] :ki6Ls/0f v08sf] v08 -!_ /
-@_ sf] Joj:yf ab/ x'gk' g{] xf] jf xf]Og < eGg]
k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;
ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/
bkmf $ sf] k|ltjGwfTds afSof+zsf] v08 -!_ /
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|d
] zdf{
-@_ df /x]sf] Joj:yfdWo] sf/0f gb]vfO{ s'g}
dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf
JolQmnfO{ /fxbfgL lbg c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] / hf/L
d'2f g+= @)^^WF)))*
e};s]sf] /fxbfgLnfO{ lvRg jf /2 ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL
cfb]z ldltM @)^&.^.!$.%
Joj:yf ljlwsf] zf;g / Gofosf dfGo
ljifo M pTk|i] f0f ;d]t .
l;4fGt;d]tsf] k|lts"n b]lvPsf] / pQm Joj:yfn]
;DalGwt clwsf/Lsf] :j]R5frfl/tfnfO{ k|>o lbg]
e} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# ;d]tsf] lgj]bsM nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @
l:yt OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn ;d]tsf
k|lts"n b]lvPsf] x'bF f To:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{
tkm{af6 sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs clwjQmf
sfod /fVg' Gofof]lrt\ b]lvPg . t/ plNnlvt
>Ls[i0f ;'jb] L ;d]t
bkmf $ sf] v08 -!_ / -@_ df /x]sf] k"/} k|fjwfgnfO{
la?
cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ubf{ To;n] l;h{gf ug{;Sg]
sfg"gL l/Qmtfsf] cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL pQm ljkIfLM /fi6klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj, /fi6kltsf]
sfof{no ;d]t
v08 -!_ / -@_ df /x]sf zAbxdWo] jf gb]vfO{
eGg] zAbx;Dd cfh}sf ldltb]lv cdfGo /
s'g} ljjfb ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf]
ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . ljkIfLxsf] hfgsf/Lsf]
xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o Tof]
nflu of] cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
ljjfb ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] jf s'g}
sfof{nodf k7fO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{
hg;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu
lbg" .
;DalGwt 5 jf s'g} vf; JolQm jf
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
JolQmxsf] xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu dfq}
;DalGwt 5 eGg] cfwf/df ug'k{ g]{ .
Gof=tkaxfb'/ du/
-k|s/0f g+=#_
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
/fHo ;~rfngsf qmddf s'g} lg0f{o jf
sfdsf/jfxL ubf{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn]
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} $ ut] /f]h % z'ed\
lglZrt\ ul/lbPsf] ;Ldf/] v fnfO{
Ohnf; clws[t M pd]z sf]O/fnf
cltqmd0f ug{ gldNg] .
&
-k|s/0f g+=&_
1733

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

;+ljwfgeGbf dflyNnf] :yfg lbP/ To;sf]

cf}lrTo :yflkt ug{ g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
hl6n, c;xh Pj+ c;fwf/0f cj:yf /
;+ljwfgsf] ;fdfGo Joj:yf lqmofzLn
x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf dfq cfjZostfsf]
l;4fGtcGtu{t sbd rfNg ;lsg] x'G5 .
To;/L sbd rflnPsf] cj:yfdf klg
cbfntn] To;sf] j}wflgstf k/LIf0f
ub{ 5 , To:tf] sfo{ n fO{ Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ /flvg
gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
cGtl/d k|sl[ tsf] lgb]z
{ gnfO{ lg0ff{os
x}l;otsf] lg0f{o jf lqmofsf] ;+1f lbg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@^_
;fljssf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] sf/0faf6
;d:of pTkGg ePsf]df ;f] sfg"gdf
;d]t ;+zf]wg e} :ki6, jf]wuDo /
lljwf/xLt sfg"gL Joj:yf e};s]sf]
x'Fbf tL l;4fGtx k'gM cfslif{t x'g
g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@(_
;dofg' s " n x' g ;Sg] kl/jt{ g sf]
;fk]Iftfdf ljjfbsf] 6'f] nufpg' kg]{
ljifonfO{ klxn] g} cg'dfgsf] e/df 6'f]
nufpg gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=#)_

/fi6 k|d'vnfO{ s'g} klg cj:yfdf

ljjfbdf Nofpg gx' g ] , p;sf
sfdsf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf cbfntdf k|Zg

p7fpg gx'g] eGg] ;fdfGo dfGotf xf] .

t/ of] ;bf lg/k]If dfGotf xf] egL
lgisif{df k'Ug g;lsg] .
;+ l jwfgn] pGd' l Qm k| b fg gu/] s f]
ljifonfO{ Goflos k' g /fjnf] s gsf]
kl/lweGbf aflx/ /fVg] u/L cbftn
:jo+n] afx]s ubf{ ;+jw} flgs ;jf]R{ rtf
/ ;Lldt sfo{sfl/0fL;DaGwL cjwf/0ffdf
cfFr cfpg'sf] ;fy} Goflos :jtGqtf /
;Ifdtfdf ;d]t k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=(_
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ eg]sf]
Gofokflnsfsf] cGt/\lgxLt clwsf/ xf] .
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ lagf

;+ljwfgjfb, sfg"gsf] zf;g, ;Lldt

;/sf/, zlQmk[ysLs/0f / lgoGq0f Pj+
;Gt'ngsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx hLjGt
aGg g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/
ul/Psf lg0f{o jf sfdsf/jfxLxsf]

;+jw} flgs / sfg"gL cfwf/ vf]Hg gkg]{

jf To:tf] lg0f{o jf sfo{sf] Goflos k/LIf0f
x'g gkg]{ eGg] cfefif lbg] u/L ul/Psf]
ts{nfO{ hfoh dfGg g;lsg] .
lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf] d'ns
' df ;+ljwfg
d"n sfg"g dflgG5 . s'g} klg dfGo lgj]bsxsf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx >Ls[i0f
l;4fGtnfO{ d"n sfg"gsf kdf /x]sf]
;'j]bL, /fdgf/fo0f lj8f/L, lbgdl0f
1734

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

kf]v/]n, /fds[i0f sfn], t'n;L e,

w|j' k|;fb rf}nfufO{, /ljGb| e/fO{, /ljg
;'jb] L, af]0f{axfb'/ sfsL{, o'j/fh ;+uf| n
} f,
/d0fs'df/ >]i7, ;ltzs[i0f v/]n
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf
k' i k/fh
sf] O /fnf,
ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmfx ls/0f kf}8n
] , o'j/fh
;'jb] L, ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx o1d"lt{
a~hf8], dxfb]j ofbj, xl/x/ bfxfn,
ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{, ljZjsfGt d}gfnL,
>Lxl/ cof{n, ljfg clwjQmfx k"0f{dfg
zfSo, /fds[i0f lg/fnf, 8f=ledfh'{g
cfrfo{, pk]Gb|sz
] /L g]pkfg], z]/axfb'/
s]=;L=, 6Lsf/fd e/fO{,?b| zdf{, ;'/G] b|
dxtf], k/z'/fd sf]O/fnf, rGb|sfGt
1jfnL, dfwjs'df/ a:g]t, jfns[i0f
g]pkfg], ;'zLn kGt
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^@, lg=g+=&$(@, c @, k[= !$)
g]sfk @)%), lg=g+=$^(*, c !, k[= %(

cfb]z
Gof=tkaxfb'/ du/M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& -@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'bF f ;+oQ' m Ohnf;sf
dfggLo GofofwLzaLr dt}So x'g g;sL ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod # sf]
pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd o; Ohnf;
;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
b]z zflGt k|lqmofsf] dfu{df /x]sf]
cfhsf] g] k fnsf] ;Gbe{ d f ;xdltsf]
/fhgLltdfkm{t\ ;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L bLuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug'{
cfhsf] d"n cfjZostf xf] . o; aLrdf ldlt
@)^^.!.& df k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 csf{
k|ToyL{ tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ hglgjf{lrt
;/sf/sf] cfb] z gdfg] s f] / gful/s
;jf]{RrtfnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] egL :ki6Ls/0f
;f] l wPsf] d f ;f] p k/ lghaf6 k] z u/] s f]
g]sfk @)%%, lg=g+=^^@$, c !!, k[i7 ^@#
:ki6Ls/0f lrQ a'bf] gePsf] egL @)^^.!.@)
g]sfk @)%!, lg=g+=$()%, c %, k[i7 #!$
df lghnfO{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!-#_
;Da4 sfg"gM
adf]lhd k|wfg ;]gfkltaf6 x6fO{ ;f]xL P]gsf]
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] bkmf *-#_ adf] l hd sfod d' s fod
lgod #-!_-s_-3_
k|wfg;]gfkltdf bf];|f] kbqmdsf] jl/i7 clws[t
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] /yL anflws[t s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ sfod
wf/f #^s, -@_, #&-!_, -@_, %!, %@, d'sfod k|wfg;]gfklt lgo'Qm u/]sf]df k|ToyL{
^!s, *&, **, !)#, !!(, !@@,
/fi6kltn]] ;f] sfg"gL / ;+j}wflgs lgo'QmLnfO{
!@%, !@*, !#!, !$#, !$$, !%),
r'gf}tL lbFb} ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] ;Lldt e"ldsfaf6
!%!, !%@ / !%*
cfkm"nfO{ dfly /fvL ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf, dd{ /
;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!-#_, *-#_ cfzoljk/Lt g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
1735

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

sf] wf/f #& tyf wf/f !$$-@_, !$$-%_ sf]

dd{ / efjgfljk/Lt sfo{sf/L clwsf/ ;DkGg
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
!!-#_ tyf bkmf *-#_ adf]lhd k|wfg;]gfklt
x6fpg] / sfod d'sfod lgo'QmL ug]{ u/L
u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs sfo{nfO{ r'gf}tL lbFb} ;/sf/n]
jvf{:t u/]sf ?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{ @)^^.)!.@)
ut] ;+ljwfgsf] /Ifs / kfns ePsf] axfgfdf
k|ToyL{ k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{ jt{dfg cj:yfdf
oyfjt\ kdf k| w fg;] g fkltsf] x} l ;otdf
lg/Gt/tf lbg'x'g egL lgb]{zg ug'{ ePsf] s'/f
;f]xL @! ut]sf] sflGtk'/ b}lgs, uf]/vfkq
b}lgs nufotsf klqsfdf ;dfrf/ k|sflzt
e} ;fj{hlgs kdf yfxf x'g cfof] . dxfdlxd
/fi6kltaf6 eP u/]sf] pQm sfo{ g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ l jwfg, k| r lnt sfg" g adf] l hd
ab/of]Uo ePsf] s'/f b]xfoadf]lhd pNn]v ub{5f}M+
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -!_ df g]kfndf Pshgf
/fi6klt /xg], ;f]xL pkwf/f -@_ df /fi6klt
/fi6fWoIf x'g] / ;f]xL x}l;otdf o; ;+ljwfg /
k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd lghn] cfgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg
ug]{ tyf pkwf/f -#_ df /fi6kltn] ;+ljwfgsf]
;+/If0f / kfngf ug'k{ g]]{ k|dv
' st{Jo lgwf{/0f
ul/lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L wf/f #& sf] pkwf/f
-!_ / -@_ n] g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/
dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]sf] / zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;~rfng
/ lgoGq0f ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifb\df /xg]
:ki6 u/]sf] 5 . wf/f $$ n] ;d]t ;f] s'/fnfO{
yk :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ sf]
pkwf/f -@_ df g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfkltsf]
lgo'QmL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf /fi6kltn]

ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . wf/f !$$ sf] pkwf/f -#_ df

g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg
sfg" g adf] l hd dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] l;kmfl/zdf
/fi6kltn] ug]5
{ elgPsf] 5 eg] ;f]xL pkwf/f
-%_ df g]kfnL ;]gf;DaGwL cGo s'/fx sfg"gdf
Joj:yf ePadf]lhd x'g] pNn]v 5 .
;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f #& n] g] k fnsf]
sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]sf] /
g]kfnsf] zf;gJoj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg,
lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifb\df
/xg] :ki6 u/] s f] 5 . /fi6 k ltaf6 ldlt
@)^^.!.@) df k|]lift kq / sfo{ pk/f]Qm
;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgljk/Lt 5g\ . ;}lgs P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf *-!_ df k|wfg;]gfkltsf] lgo'QmL
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 x'g] / bHof{gL lrGx ;d]t
k|wfgdGqLaf6 k|bfg ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . bkmf
*-#_ df ljbfdf a;]sf] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn]
k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kb l/Qm x'g cfPsf] cj:yfdf
g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] jl/i7
clws[tn] sfod d'sfod eO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltsf]
sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg] 5 eGg] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf
5 . ;f]xL P]gadf]lhd ;/sf/n] ljkIfLnfO{
k|wfg;]gfkltaf6 x6fO{ bkmf *-#_ adf]lhd
s' n axfb' / v8\ s fnfO{ sfod d' s fod
k|wfg;]gfkltdf lgo'Qm u/]sf]df ;/sf/sf]
;+ljwfg / sfg"gadf]lhdsf] ;f] sfo{nfO{ r'gf}tL
lbFb} sfg"gadf]lhd ;/sf/n] k|wfg;]gfkltaf6
x6fO{ ;s]sf ljkIfLnfO{ oyfjt\\ k|wfg;]gfklt
kbdf ydf} t L ug] { /fi6 k ltsf] ;f] sfo{ n ]
;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfb]lv ljleGg wf/fdf /x]sf]
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / ltgsf] efjgfsf] pNn+3g
ePsf] :ki6 5 . ;+ljwfgdf :jljj]sdf ug{

1736

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

kfpg] u/L /fi6kltsf s'g} clwsf/ /flvPsf

5}gg\ . t/ /fi6kltn] ljkIfL k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{
k7fpg'ePsf] kqdf ;+ljwfgn] ;/sf/df :yflkt
/ lg/f]lkt u/]sf sfo{sf/L clwsf/ lghL kdf
k|of]u ePsf] c;+jw} flgs x'bF f pQm sfo{ ;+ljwfg
/ sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] ljk/Lt 5 .
/fi6kltn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] k|fjwfg ljk/Lt
sfd ug'{ ePsf] / cGo ljkIfLn] ;+ljwfg /
sfg"gadf]lhd ug'k{ g]{ sfo{ gu/]sf] ug{ g;s]sf]
/ ug{ grfx]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k|:t't lgj]bg u/]sf
5f} + . ljkIfLxaf6 eP u/] s f plNnlvt
u} / ;+ j } w flgs sfo{ a f6 g] k fnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgljk/Lt x'g] u/L g]kfndf k|wfg;]gfkltsf]
Ps kbdf @ hgf k|wfg;]gfkltsf] axfnL ePsf]
/ o:tf] c;+jw} flgs sfo{af6 /fi6 / g]kfnL
hgtfnfO{ kg]{ c;/nfO{ dWogh/ u/L o;
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] uDeL/ ljifonfO{ cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ cGtu{t
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] kdf o;
;DdfgLt cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg] xsb}of ;d]t
xfdL lgj]bsxdf /x] ePsf]n] of] lgj]bg u/]sf
5f}+ . ctM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#,
;}lgs P]g, @)^# ;d]t ljk/Lt /fi6kltaf6
;/sf/n] kbaf6 x6fPsf JolQmnfO{
k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbdf ydf}tL ug]{ c;+jw} flgs
sfo{nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&
sf] pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd pTk|i] f0f k/dfb]znufot
hf] rflxg] cf1f, cfb]z, k"hL{ hf/L u/L ab/
ul/kfpFm .
/fi6kltaf6 ePsf] pQm sfo{ tTsfn
g/f]Sg] xf] eg] o;n] ;/sf/ / /fi6fWoIfsf] sfd,

st{Jo / clwsf/df lljwf pTkGg x'g,] tf]lsPsf]

;dodf ;+ljwfg gaGg] / rfn' zflGt k|lqmofnfO{
cj?4 kf/L uDeL/ b'3{6gf x'g ;Sg] k|jn
;Defjgf ePsf] / To;f] x'bF f d'ns
' csf]{ o'4sf]
df/df km:g] ePsf]n] /fi6kltaf6 u}/;+jw} flgs
/ u}/sfg"gL kdf ldlt @)^^.)!.@) df
tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfklt ?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{
;Daf]wg u/L k7fOPsf] kqsf] sfof{Gjog gug'{
gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm .
;fy} k|:t't ljifo ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
uDeL/ ljifo e} ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofsf] ;d]t
cj:yf ePsf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod #* adf]lhd cu|flwsf/ k|bfg
u/L 6'f] nufO{ kfpFm .
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf
/fi6klt ;d]t ljkIfL e} btf{ ePsf] pTk]i| f0fsf]
lgj]bgsf] lj?4 v08df plNnlvt ljkIfLxsf]
qmd k|s/0f ! df tf]lsPsf]df k|s/0f g+= $ sf]
klxnf] x/km, !# x/km, k|s/0f %-u_ sf] afx|f+}
x/kmdf ljkIfL g+= $ nfO{ ljkIfL g+= # egL
;Daf]wg x'g uPsf]n] pQm :yfgdf plNnlvt
ljkIfL g+= # nfO{ $ dfgL ;RofO{ kfpg ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod @( adf]lhd
lgj]bg u/]sf] 5' . ;f] adf]lhd ;+zf]wg ul/kfpmF
eGg] lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf],
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb
afx]s !) lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL
of] cfb]z / lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnlk ;fy} /fvL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fpg' . ;fy} cGtl/d

1737

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

cfb]z dfu u/]sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ d'2fsf]

ljifoj:t' x]bf{ sfo{sfl/0fL tyf /fi6kltsf]
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/;DaGwL cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] ljleGg wf/fxsf] JofVof ug'{kg]{
ljifo b]lvPsf] x'Fbf k"0f{ ;'g'jfOsf] a]nfdf g}
af]Ng'kg]{ b]lvPsfn] xfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ug'{ k/]g . lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] ljifoj:t' rfF8f]
6'f] nfUg'kg{] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ljkIfL agfOPsf
;a} lgsfoaf6 lnlvt hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5
k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{ cu|flwsf/ lbO{ k]z ug'{
eGg] ldlt @)^^.!.@@ sf] cfb]z .
g] k fn ;/sf/nfO{ pk] I ff u/L
k|wfg;]gfkltaf6 / k|wfg;]gfkltsf] k|ToIf
lgb]{zgdf hL cfaf6 ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf]
bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ tyf bkmf !) sf]
pkbkmf -!_ sf] k|lts"n x'g] sfd ePsf]n]
tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfklt dxf/yL >L ?Sdfb
s6'jfnnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt
@)^^.!.^ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;}lgs P]g, @)^#
sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu ljleGg tLgj6f ljifodf ;kmfOsf] df}sf
lbO{ tf]lsPsf] ;doleq g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf
;kmfO k]z ug{ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nosf] k=;+=d+=k=j}= @)^^, r=g+=!%, ldlt
@)^^.!.^ sf] kqaf6 >L ?Sdfb s6'jfn,
k| w fg;] g fklt, g] k fnL ;] g fnfO{ n] v L
k7fOPsf]df k|wfg ;]gfklt dxf/yL >L ?Sdfb
s6'jfnn] g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf ldlt @)^^.!.*
df k]z ug'{ ePsf] ;kmfOsf] ;DaGwdf ldlt
@)^^.!.@) df a;] s f] g] k fn ;/sf/,
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7sn] lgDg ljifodf lg0f{o
u/]sf] xf]M

g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^^.!.^

sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ k|wfg;]gfklt dxf/yL >L
?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{ ljleGg tLgj6f ljifodf
;kmfO k]z ug{ lgb]z
{ g lbOPsf]df lghn]
ldlt @)^^.!.* df k]z u/]sf] ;kmfO
;Gtf]ifhgs gb]lvPsf]n] lghnfO{ ;}lgs P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfklt kbaf6 cfhs}
ldltaf6 nfu" x'g] u/L cjsfz lbg] .
g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|wfg;]gfklt >L ?Sdfb
s6'jfnnfO{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!
sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd k|wfg;]gfklt kbaf6
cfh}sf ldltdf cjsfz lbOPsfn] l/Qm x'g
cfPsf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfklt kbdf
csf]{ Joj:yf geP;Ddsf nflu ;}lgs P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd
g]kfnL ;]gfsf jl/i7 clws[t, /yL >L
s' n axfb' / v8\ s fnfO{ sfod d' s fod
k|wfg;]gfkltsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg] u/L tf]Sg]] .
k|s/0f ! / @ df plNnlvt ljifodf
;DdfggLo /fi6kltnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ePsf]
plNnlvt lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] qmdzM r=g+=&@,
&# ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] kqaf6 k|wfg;]gfklt
>L ?Sdfb s6'jfn tyf /yL >L s'naxfb'/
v8\sfnfO{ n]vL uPsf] . ;fy} ;f] lg0f{o adf]lhdsf]
hfgsf/L ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"nfO{ u/fpg r=g+=
&$ ldlt @)^^.!.@) df kqfrf/ ul/Psf] .

1738

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

o;}aLr ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6 g]kfn

;/sf/n] cjsfz lbg] lg0f{o ul/Psf g]kfnL
;]gfsf dxf/yL >L ?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{ jt{dfg
cj:yfdf oyfjt\ kdf k|wfg;]gfkltsf]
x}l;otdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' x'g egL ;f]xL /ft
lgb]z
{ g lbPsf]df g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
ldlt @)^^.!.@! df a;]sf] a}7sn] b]xfoadf]lhd
lg0f{o u/]sf]M
;DdfggLo /fi6 k lt 8f=/fdj/0f
ofbjaf6 ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] dWo/ftdf g]kfnL
;]gfsf cjsfz k|fKt k"j{ k|wfg;]gfklt ?Sdfb
s6'jfnsf] gfddf lbOPsf] cfb]z g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / ;}lgs P]g, @)^#
ljk/Lt ePsf] / To:tf] cfb]z hf/L ug{
;DdfggLo /fi6kltnfO{ s'g} klg ;+jw} flgs tyf
sfg"gL clwsf/ gePsf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/ pQm
cfb]znfO{ u}/;+j}wflgs / nf]stflGqs d"No
dfGotfljk/Lt ePsf] 7x/ ub{5 . ;fy}, pQm
cfb]znfO{ cljnDa lkmtf{ lng ;DdfggLo
/fi6klt ;dIf cg'/f]w;fy kqfrf/ ug{] lg0f{o
ub{5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@! sf]
plNnlvt lg0f{o sfof{Gjog x'g ;DdfggLo
/fi6kltHo" ;dIf k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nosf] r=g+= && ldlt @)^^.!.@! sf] kqaf6
kqfrf/ ;d]t e};s]sf] kl/k|I] odf k|:t't dfdnfdf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] b[li6sf]0f :ki6 g} 5 . g]kfn
;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)^^.!.@) /
@)^^.!.@! df ePsf lg0f{oxsf] k|lts"n x'g]
u/L g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6 yk s'g}
lg0f{ o ePsf] 5} g . ctM g] k fn ;/sf/,
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] plNnlvt

lg0f{o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / ;}lgs

P]g, @)^# cg'sn
" g} ePsf] x'bF f g]kfn ;/sf/,
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] gfddf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvFbg} eGg] ;d]t g]kfn
;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z
hf/L x'bF f lgj]bsn] ls6fgL;fy ljkIfL agfOg'
ePsf ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"sf gfddf ;DejtM
;+jw} flgs k/Dk/f, k|rng Pj+ cGt/f{li6o ;lGw
-Conventions_ ;d]tsf] kl/k|I] odf sf/0f b]vfp
cfb]z hf/L ug'{ pko'Qm g;DemL lghaf6 ;f]em}
lnlvt hjfkm dfu gul/Psf] cg'dfg ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 . cGo ljkIfLxaf6 dfq lnlvt hjfkm
dufpg] cfb]z eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo :jtM ;dfKt e};s]sf] 5 .
o; sfof{noaf6 s] s:tf] c;+jw} flgs
Pj+ u}/sfg"gL sfdsf/jfxL x'g uPsf] xf] eGg]
s'/f lgj]bgdf st} pNn]v;Dd klg ug{ ;Sg'ePsf]
b]lvFbg} . o; sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfLsf] kdf k|:t't
u/L sf/0f, cfwf/ b]vfO{ lgj]bs :jo+n] ljkIfL
g} agfpg g;s]sf] jf agfpg cfjZos gb]vs
] f]
cj:yfdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] s'g} ;Gbe{ Pj+
;/f]sf/ x'g g;Sg] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ub}{ :jo+
lgj]bsn] kIf sfod gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 g} o;
sfof{nosf] xsdf ;d]t s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'g]
cj:yf 5}g .
l/6 lgj] b sxn] d" n tM OGx' / ] 8
OG6/g]zgn ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 lgj]bg bfo/
ug'e
{ Psf] tYo :jLsf/ ub}{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_
cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] kdf
k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of /x]sf] eGg] bfaL

1739

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

lhsL/ lng'ePsf] k|Zg k|f/DetM g} cg'lrt Pj+

cfwf/xLg b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !$$ Pj+ wf/f !^$, ;}lgs P]g
Pj+ ;}lgs lgodfjnL, @)@) ;d]t cGtu{t
axfn /x]sf k|wfg;]gfklt ;d]tsf] kbflwsf/
;DaGwL ljifodf /fi6fWoIf -/fi6klt_ sf] txaf6
eP u/]sf lg0f{olgb]z
{ gsf ;DaGwdf pTk|i] f0f
k/dfb]z nufotsf cfb]zaf6 dfq k|:t't
ljjfbsf] ;+jw} flgstf Pj+ sfg"gL j}wtfsf] Goflos
k/LIf0fk' g /fjnf] s g ;j{ d fGo ;+ j } w flgs
ljlwzf:qaf6 ;d]t ;Dej gx'g] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w
5 . t;y{ ;+jw} flgs, ljlwzf:qLo dfGotf, k|rng
Pj+ l;4fGtn] ;d]t pTk|i] f0fk/dfb]zsf] kl/lw
aflx/sf] dfubfaL x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg u|x0fof]Uo
5}g .
ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] kqsf] ofS;
k|ltlnlk Pj+ ;fj{hlgs kq klqsfdf 5flkPsf]
;dfrf/sf s'/fxnfO{ g} Ps dfq cfwf/ agfO{
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 . t/
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf] xsb}of cGtu{t
o; ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q
cGtu{t pkrf/ dfu ug{ cfpg] lgj]bsn] cfkm"n]
p7fPsf jf cbfntdf k|jz
] u/fPsf] ljjfbsf]
;DaGwdf k'li6 Pj+ k|dfl0ft ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f, cfwf/
Pj+ tYo tyf lgjf{x ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj k"/f ug{
;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 . ljifoj:t'l;t cy{k0" f{ ;DaGw
gePsf] / tT;DaGwL k"j{ zt{x lghxn] k"/f
u/]sf] Pj+ To:tf] cfwf/sf] ljBdfgtf /x]sf] eGg]
b]lvFbg} .
/fHosf] s'g} cGo lgsfo jf kbflwsf/L
jf JolQmsf] lgo'QmL jf cjsfzsf ;DaGwdf
/fHosf] pRrtd\ kbflwsf/Lsf] txaf6 ePsf]

sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ lnP/ pTk|]if0fk/dfb]zsf]

cfb]zsf] dfWodaf6 r'gf}tL lbg jf ljjfbdf
Nofpg ldNb}g . k|ToIf k|efj kg]{ JolQmnfO{
;/f]sf/ geO{ cGo a];/f]sf/jfnf JolQmn] cfgf]
xs clwsf/sf] ;d]t k|ToIf jf k/f]If c;/
k/]sf] sf/0f g} gb]vfO{ lbPsf] lgj]bgkq cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] k|fjwfg
cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f #^s cGtu{t ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6
d'ns
' sf] /fi6fWoIfsf] x}l;otn] ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd cfgf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug'k{ g]{ x'bF f
;f]xL cg'k cfgf] ;+jw} flgs lhDd]jf/L Pj+
st{Josf] lgjf{x eO{ cfPsf] Joxf]/f ljgd| cg'/f]w
ub}{ ;f]xL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^6 adf]lhd o;
sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6
;Dkfbg x'g] sfdsf/jfxLdf ;xhstf{ Pj+
;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf;Dd lgjf{x ug]{ afx]s o;
sfof{nosf] cGo s'g} lg0ff{os e"ldsf g/xg] /
k|:t't ljjfbsf] ;Gbe{df klg g/x]sf] x'bF f o;
sfof{nosf] gfddf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd s'g}
cfb]z hf/L x'g] k|of]hg ;d]t b]lvFbg} .
nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf /fi6klt
Pj+ g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|wfgdGqLsf aLrdf
dlGqkl/ifb\ Pj+ g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ;Dkfbg
x'g] /fHo ;~rfng;DaGwL Jofks ljifosf
sfdsf/jfxL Pj+ lg0f{ o sf ;DaGwdf y' k | }
cf}krfl/scgf}krfl/s k|lqmofsf] dfWodaf6
sfo{;Dkfbg x'g] ub{5 . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df
qmdzM ;+jw} flgs k/Dk/fx :yflkt x'bF } a:b}
uPsf] cj:yfdf ljjflbt ljifosf] lg0f{o x'gc
' l3
lgoldt Pj+ k6s k6s lghxsf aLrdf

1740

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

e]63f6, 5nkmn eO{ ;f]sf] ljj/0f ;d]t o;

sfof{nodfkm{t\ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo" ;dIf
k7fOPsf] Joxf]/f ljgd| cg'/f]w ub{5' . l/6
lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf]
kq k7fpg' e Gbf klxn] g] k fn ;/sf/af6
k|wfg;]gfklt ?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{ cjsfz lbg]
tyf /yL s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ sfod d'sfod
k|wfg;]gfkltsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg] u/L tf]Sg] egL
ePsf] lg0f{o cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] rf}yf] /
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgcg';f/ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# nfO{
;+zf]wg gu/L ul/g] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o
u}/;+jw} flgs tyf /fi6sf] lxtljk/Lt x'g] s'/f
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr k/dflwklt ;d]t
/xg'ePsf] ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6 ldlt
@)^^.!.&, @)^^.!.(, @)^^.!.!# ;d]tsf]
5nkmnaf6 ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"nfO{ cjut
u/fO;s]sf] Pj+ ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo";uF k/fdz{
u/]/ dfq o; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg /fli6o
lxtcg'sn
" x'g] u/L ;/sf/n] lg0f{o lng] egL
ljZjf; lbnfpg' ePsf] s'/fxsf] ;+:d/0f u/fpFb}
lnlvtkqdfkm{t\ ;d]t Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg' ePsf]
pNn]vgLo x'g cfpF5 .
;jf] { R r k/dflwklt / k| w fg
;]gfkltaLrsf] ;DaGw / kqfrf/nfO{ ;+ljwfgn]
lj:t[t kdf kl/eflift Pj+ lgoldt gu/]sf]
l:yltdf tyf ;f] ;DaGw lgwf{/0f ug{ ;}lgs
P]g, @)^# nfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
rf}yf] / kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgcg'k ;+zf]wg gu/]sf]
cj:yfdf clwsf/ afF8kmfF8, ;fd~h:otf /
;Gt'ngsf] ;}4flGts l/QmtfnfO{ k"/f u/L a'g
;+jw} flgs sfg"gsf] ljZjJofkL dfGotf, k|rng,
l;4fGt Pj+ k/Dk/fsf] d2t lnFb} dgg ug'{ /

a'g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"n] ;+ljwfgsf]

;f/ / ljifoj:t' d fly s' g } lg0f{ o gu/L
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ePsf k|lqmofTds q'l6nfO{
;Rofpg, ;'wf/ ug{, ldnfpg lbPsf] ;Nnfx
ljrf/flwg /x]sf] cj:yfdf oyfl:ylt sfod
/fVg] p2]Zon] lgb]z
{ g hf/L eO{ uPsf] Joxf]/f
cg'/f]w ub{5' .
g] k fn ;/sf/sf] tkm{ a f6 ldlt
@)^^.!.@) df ljjflbt cjsfz;DaGwL lg0f{o
x'g'cl3 g} ;+o'Qm ;/sf/sf] dlGqkl/ifb\df
;lDdlnt cGo bnxn] cfgf] ;dy{g lkmtf{
lnO;s]sf] tYo ;fj{hlgs ePsf], dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
a}7sdf tL bnsf dfggLo dGqLHo"xn] efu g}
glnPsf] cj:yfdf zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] PskIf
/x]sf] /fhgLlts bnsf] lg0f{olgb]z
{ gcg'k
cNkdtdf k/]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] tkm{af6 pQm
lg0f{o ePsf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg;}lgs P]g
;d]tsf] Joj:yfsf] kl/k|I] odf ;d]t ljrf/0fLo
b]lvg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy},
;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ clwsf+z bn
;d]tsf] tkm{af6 k|:t't ljifodf pko'Qm lg0f{o
lng k|d08n;lxt ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"nfO{
e]6L lnlvt cg'/f]w ul/Psf] ;d]t ;du|
/fhgLlts kl/l:ylt ;d]tsf] cWoog / d"Nofg
eO{ ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6 lg0f{o lng'ePsf]
xf] .
t;y{, k|:t't lg0f{o ljz'4 sfg"gL Pj+
;+jw} flgs ljifo dfq ;dfj]z ePsf] geO{ b]zsf]
/fli6o ;'/Iff, sfg"gL Pj+ zflGt;'Joj:yf, ;}lgs
;+u7gsf] ;+jb] gzLntf, lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf
cflb ;d]t k|ToIfck|ToIf kdf ;dfj]z ePsf]
ljifodf tTsfn ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6

1741

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

ckl/xfo{ lg0f{o lng'ePsf] pNn]vgLo x'g cfpF5 .

o; ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f #^s, !^$ sf] pkwf/f -@_ / !^% sf]
pkwf/f -@_ sf k|fjwfgxsf] kl/k|]Iodf
/fi6fWoIf ePsf] Pj+ ljz]if lhDd]jf/L af]ss
] f]
kl/k|]Iodf ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"n] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf, wf/f !$$ sf] pkwf/f -!_,
-@_ / -#_ tyf ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf $ sf]
pkbkmf -!_ sf] dd{ / efjgfcg'k /fi6sf]
lxtdf cfgf] st{Jo k"/f ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf / kl/l:ylt
cfOk/]sf] pNn]vgLo Pj+ ljrf/0fLo x'g] Joxf]/f
;d]t cg'/f]w ub{5' . t;y{ plNnlvt sf/jfxL
Pj+ lg0f{o;DaGwL ljjfbsf] ljifo ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ cGtu{t ljz'4 Goflos
k/LIf0fd"Nofg x'g' kg]{ cj:Yff 5}g .
nfdf] ;z:q GkZrft\ ;+qmd0fsfndf
zflGt :yfkgf / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|dv
' p2]Zo
;d]t tf]sL hf/L eO{ nfu" /x]sf] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# cGtu{t ul7t cGtl/d
dlGqkl/ifb\n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #* / $# adf]lhd
;d]t /fhgLlts ;dy{g Pj+ ;xdlt h'6fpg
g;sL cNkdtdf kl/;s]sf] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{ cjsfz lbg] ;DaGwdf ePsf]
lg0f{osf] ;+j}wflgstf Pj+ sfg"gL kIf q'l6k"0f{
Pj+ sfg" g ;Ddt gb] l vPsf] n ] ;DdfggLo
/fi6kltHo"af6 ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo" ;dIf
cfjZos lgsf;sf] lg0f{o lng n]vL uP nuQ}
kl5 k|wfg;]gfkltsf gfddf plNnlvt kq
n]vL uPsf]n] sfof{Gjog e};s]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;kl5sf] /fhgLlts 36gf ljsf;qmddf
;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"n] ldlt @)^^.!.@!
df cfgf] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbO{ gofF ;/sf/

u7gsf] k|lqmof k|f/De e};s]sf] / lgj]bssf]

dfu adf]lhd cfb]z ;d]t hf/L geO{ ;f] kq
sfof{Gjog e};s]sf] ;d]t cj:yf 5 . pko'{Qm
plNnlvt kl/l:yltdf lgj]bsxn] ljifoj:t'sf]
uDeL/tf, hl6ntf Pj+ ;+j]bgzLntfsf] uxg
cWoogd" N ofg gu/L Pj+ ljjflbt
;+ q md0fsfnLg cj:yfnfO{ cgb] v f u/L
/fhgLlts ljifosf] ljjfbnfO{ k|:t't u/L l/6
lgj] b g lbg' e Psf] k| : t' t ljifo Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] kl/lw aflx/sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
pko'Q
{ m sfg"gL Pj+ ;+jw} flgs sf/0f
tyf cfwf/ afx]s gjf]lbt u0ftGqfTds /fi6sf]
/fi6klt -/fi6fWoIf_ Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL
;d]t aLrsf] ;+jw} flgs, sfg"gL Pj+ /fhgLlts,
cGt/lqmof Pj+ cGt;{DaGw, k|lqmofx Pj+
clwsf/If] q ljz' 4 sfg" g L, ;+ j } w flgs
cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt /xg] ljifo geO{
/fhgLlts kIf ;d]t ;dflji6 x'g] x'G5 . o:tf
sltko lg0f{ o / ljifoxsf ;DaGwdf
cgf}krfl/s kdf ;d]t 5nkmnk/fdz{ eO{
dlGqkl/ifb\n] lg0f{o ug'{ cl3, lg0f{osf] bf}/fgdf
tyf lg0f{o eO;s]kZrft\ klg k'glj{rf/
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu /fi6fWoIfsf] txaf6 n]vL
k7fpg], cg'/f]w ul/g], /fi6fWoIfsf] To:tf]
;'emfjk/fdz{ :jLsf/ ub}{ sfof{Gjog ul/g]
nf]stflGqs ;+jw} flgs k/Dk/fsf] kdf cGo
d'n'ssf] ;+j}wflgs zf;g Joj:yfdf nfdf]
;dob]lv cEof; ePu/]sf] / ul/g] ljifo
/lxcfPsf] ;Gbe{df ljrf/0fLo x'g cfpF5 .
u0ftGqfTds d'ns
' sf] ;+ljwfg Pj+ ;+jw} flgs
k/Dk/fsf] ;fdfGo cWoog Pj+ cjnf]sgaf6
klg plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs cEof;k/Dk/f,

1742

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

k|rng ;DaGwL nfdf] k/Dk/fsf] k'li6 x'G5 . oL

ljifoxdf ljz'4 sfg"gL Pj+ ;+jw} flgs ts{sf
cfwf/df dfq ljjfbsf] lgk0f x'g;Sg] ljifo
gePsf] Joxf]/f ;d]t ljgd| cg'/f]w ub}{ sfg"gL,
;+jw} flgs sf/0f, cfwf/ Pj+ ;+jw} flgs sfg"gsf
dfGo l;4fGt ;d]t ljk/Lt bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' b{5 eGg] /fi6klt sfof{nosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bgdf ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] g]kfnL
;]gf, hL cf kb wf/0f ug]{ JolQm geO{ g]kfnL
;]gfsf] d'Vofno xf] . lgj]bgdf plNnlvt k|s/0f
k|s/0fxdf lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]adf]lhd g]kfnL
;]gf, hL cfn] s'g} kb wf/0f ug]{, hL
cfnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g} kbaf6 x6fpg],
;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6 hL cfnfO{ s'g}
kbdf /xL /xg egL lgb]z
{ g x'g] tyf s'g} kb
wf/0f ug]{ eGg] k|;u+ g} /x+bg} . plNnlvt ;Gbe{df
g]kfnL ;]gf, hL cf, eb|sfnLnfO{ ;Daf]wg
u/L hL cfsf] gfddf ;DdfggLo
/fi6kltHo"af6 s'g} kqfrf/ gul/Psf] cj:yfdf
kq klqsfdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/ / ;f] Joxf]/fsf]
kqsf] k|ltlnlksf] xjfnf lbO{ ljifoj:t'sf]
;DaGwdf s'g} hfgsf/L g} geO{ ;f];uF cy{k0" f{
;DaGw g/x]sf l/6 lgj]bsxn] ;fj{hlgs
;/f] s f/sf] ljifodf ;DdfgLt cbfntsf]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t pkrf/ dfu ug{
cfpFbf cfkm"n] p7fPsf ljjfbsf] ljifosf
;DaGwdf k"/f ug'k{ g]{ k"jz
{ t{x ;d]t k"/f gu/L
bfo/ u/]sf] k|:t't cfwf/xLg l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 .
g]kfnL ;]gf hL cf ;+ljwfg tyf
sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo geO{ kfngf ug]{

lgsfosf] kdf /x]sf] / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] kl/lwleq
/xL ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gsf] cIf/;M kfngf ub}{
cfPsf] d f o; hL cfsf] s] s:tf]
sfdsf/jfxLaf6 ;+ljwfgsf] s] s'g k|fjwfg s]
s;/L pNn+3g x'g uPsf] xf] / s] slt sf/0fn]
o; hL cfnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' k/]sf] xf] eGg]
v'nfpg g;sL ljkIfL g} agfpg' gkg]{ lgsfonfO{
ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ePsf] cfwf/xLg l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfnL ;]gf
hL c8\8fsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f ! sf] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] sfg"g aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]
eO{ P]=sf] wf/f !^$ sf] pkwf/f -@_ df ePsf]
Joj:yfn] of] ;+ljwfg nfu" x'bF fsf avt sfod
/x]sf sfg"gx vf/]h of ;+zf]wg geP;Dd
sfod /xg] eP tfklg of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf]
sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] tLg dlxgf
kl5 aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM cdfGo x'g] ePsf]n]
g] k fnsf] cGtl/d ;+ l jwfg, @)^# -ldlt
@)^%.)@.!^ df ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ ;Fu
aflemPsf] ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf k|fjwfgx
ldlt @)^%.%.!^ af6 aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM
cdfGo ePsf] ;Gbe{df ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf]
bkmf *-!_, bkmf *-#_ / bkmf !!-#_ sf] Joj:yf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] -!s_,
-@_ / -#_ ;Fu aflemPsf] x'gfn] pQm bkmfx
plNnlvt ldltaf6 :jtM vf/]h e};s]sf] dfGg'kg]{
cj:yf o;} ;DdfgLt ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 :yflkt
ghL/ ;d]taf6 k'li6 x'g] Joxf]/f ljgd| cg'/f]w
ub{5' .

1743

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]

wf/f !^% sf] pkwf/f -@_ df ljifo jf k|;u+ n]
csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; ;+ljwfgdf JoQm ePsf
s'/fxsf] clwgdf /xL sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL
k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfn sfg"gsf] JofVofdf
nfu" eP ;/x o; ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofdf klg
nfu" x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf], ;+ljwfgdf
k|wfg;]gfkltsf] lgo'QmLsf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf
eO{ cjsfz jf avf{;Lsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} Joj:yf
gePsf] / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! sf]
pkwf/f -#_ sf] Joj:yf plNnlvt cfwf/af6
:jtM vf/]h eO{ ;s]sf] x'bF f tT;DaGwdf sfg"g
JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] k|fjwfg cfslif{t
x'g] eO{ sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf]
bkmf !^ df /x]sf] s'g} g]kfn P]gn] s;}nfO{
lgo'Qm ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf]df cs}{ clek|fo
gb]lvPdf ;f] avt lgo'QmL ug]{ clVtof/ kfPsf
clwsf/Ln] cfkm"n] jf To:tf] clVtof/ kfPsf]
c?n] lgo'QmL u/]sf] dflg;nfO{ ;:k]08 jf avf{:t
ug{ kfpF5 eGg] Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df lgo'QmL ug]{
clwsf/Lsf] kdf ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo" /xg'
ePsf] k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbdf sfo{/t\ lnlvt
hjfkm k|:t'tstf{nfO{ kbaf6 x6fpg] clwsf/
klg ;DdfggLo /fi6kltdf dfq /x]sf] :ki6
5.
pko'Q
{ m ;+jw} flgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf
ljk/Lt tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\ -g]kfn ;/sf/_
af6 dnfO{ k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbaf6 cjsfz
lbg] clek|fo /fvL o; ;DdfgLt cbfntdf
d'2f k/L ljrf/fwLg /x]sf ljifoxnfO{ cfwf/
sf/0f b]vfO{ ldlt @)^^.)!.)^ ut] :ki6Ls/0f
;f]lwPsf]df d}n] tf]lsPsf] ;doleq} ePsf]

;Dk"0f{ ;To ;fFrf] Joxf]/f;lxtsf] ;kmfO k]z

ul/;s]kl5 ;f]sf] Gofof]lrt\ kn] cWoog
Pj+ d"Nofg geO{ ldlt @)^^.)!.@) ut]sf]
dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] a} 7 saf6 u} / ;+ j } w flgs /
u}/sfg"gL kn] dnfO{ k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbaf6
cjsfz lbg] lg0f{ o u/L dlGqkl/ifb\ s f]
sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^^.)!.@) sf] kqaf6 dnfO{
cjsfz kq lbOPsf] d f g] k fnL ;] g fsf
k/dflwklt ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6 jt{dfg
cj:yfdf oyfjt\\ kdf k|wfg;]gfkltsf]
x}l;otdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' x'g egL lgb]{zg
ePcg';f/ oyfjt\\ kdf k|wfg;]gfkltsf]
sfo{ef/ ;DxfNb} g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+qmd0fsfnLg
cj:yfdf slQ klg ljrlnt geO{ /fi6sf]
;]jfdf ;dlk{t /lxcfPsf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ub}{
dnfO{ k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbaf6 cjsfz lbg]
u/L tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] ;+ljwfg
tyf sfg"gk|lts"n lg0f{o cf/DetM cdfGo
- ab-initio void _ /x] s f] x' F b f ;+ l jwfg tyf
sfg"gk|lts"nsf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;f] lg0f{onfO{
sfod /fVg] clek|fon] bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .
lnlvt hjfkm k|:t'tstf{ / d]/f] g]tT[ jdf
/x]sf] g]kfnL ;]gf, hL cf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
tyf sfg"gf/f :yflkt ;f]xLadf]lhdsf] st{Jo
kfng ug]{ lgsfosf] kdf /x]sf] / d}n] g]kfnL
;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfkltsf] x}l;otn] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf]
kl/lwleq /xL ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gsf] cIf/;M
kfngf ub}{ u/fpFb} cfPsf]df d]/f] s] s:tf]
sfdsf/jfxLaf6 ;+ljwfgsf] s] s'g k|fjwfgsf]
s] s;/L pNn3+g x'g uPsf] xf] / s] slt

1744

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

sf/0fn] dnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' k/]sf] xf] eGg]

v'nfpg g;sL, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg Pj+
;}lgs P]g ;d]tn] Jojl:yt u/]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kb Pj+ xs ;DaGwL ;+jb] gzLn
ljifodf l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of k|fKt x'g
g;Sg] sfg"gL JolQmsf] kdf btf{ ePsf] Ps
;+ul7t ;+:yfaf6, ljkIfL g} agfpg' gkg]{ lnlvt
hjfkm k|:t'tstf{nfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ePsf]
k|:t't cfwf/xLg / xsb}ofljxLg l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] tTsfnLg
k|wfg;]gfklt ?Sdfb s6'jfnsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bs >Ls[i0f ;'jb] L ;d]t ljkIfL g]kfnL
;]gf hL cf ;d]t ePsf] l/6 g+= )^%wo
&)( sf] pTk|i] f0f ljifodf /fi6kltsf] sfof{nosf]
r=g+=@** ldlt @)^^.&.!% sf] kq;fy o;
sfof{nodf k7fOPsf] ldlt @)^^.#.$ sf]
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk o;} ;fy
k7fOPsf] 5 egL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf]
r=g+=##%# ldlt @)^^.&.!^ sf] kq;fy lg0f{osf]
k|ltlnlk o; cbfntdf k|fKt ePsf] .
;+jt\ @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+=&)( ;d]tsf]
l/6 lgj]bg ;DaGwdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^^.&.!( sf] kqdfkm{t dfu
eO{ cfPsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt
@)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk o;} ;fy ;+nUg
/fvL k7fO{Psf] egL af]wfy{ tyf sfof{y{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ldlt @)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ax; k}/jL
tyf k|lt/Iff ug{ egL lbO{ o; cbfntdf
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{noaf6 r=g+=
(% ldlt @)^^.&.@) sf] kq;fy lg0f{osf]
k|ltlnlk klg k|fKt ePsf] .

lgj]bsx /fds[i0f sfn] / ljb'/

clwsf/Ln] o; cbfntaf6 tf] l skfPsf]
@)^^.!).!# ut]sf] tfl/v u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lvof] .
k|:t't ljjfbdf ;DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6
;fljs kbdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL lgb]z
{ kq lbOPsf
tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfkltn] g} cjsfz k|fKt
ul/;s]sf] nufotsf s]xL ljifoxsf] jt{dfg
cj:yfdf ;fGble{stf /x]sf] gb]lvPklg lgj]bg
bfjLsf] d"n ljifo cyf{t\ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s=
adf]lhd /fi6kltnfO{ k|fKt ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f /
kfng ug'k{ g]{ st{Josf] k|of]u, sfo{If]q / To;sf]
;Ldf ;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ ;+jw} flgs JofVofsf]
k|Zgsf] ;fGb{lestf ;dfKt e};s]sf] eGg ldNg]
cj:yf 5}g . ;+qmd0fsfndf d'n'sdf ev{/}
;+:yfut x'g nfu]sf] u0ftGqsf] w/f]x/ jf k|ltssf
kdf /xsf] /fi6ktLo ;+:yfsf] ;+ljwfgsf] kfng
/ ;+/If0f ug'k{ g]{ k|dv
' st{Jo ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs
kdf p7fOPsf ljjfbxsf] ;+jw} flgs / Goflos
;Daf]wgaf6 ;f] ;+:yfk|ltsf] hgljZjf; /
cf:yfnfO{ alnof] agfpgdf d2t g} k'Ug hfg]
eO{ k|f/lDes cj:yfdf /x]sf] u0ftGqfTds
;+jw} flgs ljsf;qmdn] :yfloTj k|fKt ug]{ ck]Iff
lng' c:jfefljs x'bF g} . ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf
s'g} ;+jw} flgs hl6ntf cfO{ ;+ljwfgadf]lhdsf]
zf;g Joj:yf sfod u/fO{ b]znfO{ ;+jw} flgs
dfu{df cu|;/ u/fO/xg tyf jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn]
k|Tofe"t u/]sf k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs
zf;g Joj:yf, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns
clwsf/, dfgj clwsf/, aflnu dtflwsf/,
cfjlws lgjf{rg, k"0f{ k|i] f :jtGqtf, :jtGq
Gofokflnsf tyf sfg" g L /fHosf]
cjwf/0ffnufotsf nf] s tflGqs d" N o /

1745

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

dfGotfxnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu klg /fi6ktLo

;+:yfsf] e"ldsf ;DaGwdf cem :ki6 x'g cfjZos
b]lvG5 . t;y{ k|:tt' lgj]bgdf ;lGgxLt /x]sf]
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf]
/fi6kltsf] ;ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngf ug]{
k|dv
' st{Josf] sfo{If]q / ;Ldfsf ;DaGwdf
o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lgk0f x'g
cfjZos / jf~5gLo b]lvPsf]n] ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_
sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd k|:t't lgj]bgsf] bfo/L
nut sf u/L k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug'{ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo
GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{sf] /fo .
k|wfg;]gfkltsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf
/fi6kltsf] ;+jw} flgs e"ldsfsf] :ki6tfsf] lgldQ
;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -#_
df ;+zf]wg e};s]sf] cj:yfdf To;} ljifodf
/fi6kltaf6 lbOPsf] lgb]z
{ kq ;d]t lg:k|of]lht
e};s]sf] / eljiodf k|of]u x'g] ;+jw} flgs e"ldsfsf]
vf]hL ul//xg' plrt klg x'bF g} . ctM g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f
-@_ cg';f/ s;}sf] xs lxtsf] k|rng u/fpg'
kg]{ cyjf To:tf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug'k{ g]{
cj:yf ;d]t gb]lvFbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
x'g] 7x5{ . dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb
zdf{af6 o; ljifodf k"0f{ Onf;af6 JofVof x'g'
kg]{ egL ePsf] cfb]z;Fu d]/f] c;xdlt x'bF f
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #
sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd k|:t't
lgj]bgnfO{ k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug'{ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo
GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb|k;
| fb sf]O/fnfsf] /fo;lxtsf]

o; cbfnt ;+oQ' m Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^^.!@.#!

sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf @)^&
;fn ;fpg @),@!,@#,@$,@%,@*,#),#! / efb|
! ut] ;'gj' fO{ x'bF f lgj]bs tyf k|ToyL{xsf
tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ax;sf] ;f/;+If]k b]xfoadf]lhd
/x]sf] 5 M
lgj]bsxsf tkm{af6 lgj]bs ljfg
clwjQmf >L >Ls[i0f ;'jb] Ln] hg cfGbf]ngsf]
kl/0ffd :jk ljb|fx] L zlQm;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L
;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfgsf] kl/sNkgf
hgtfn] u/] . ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL aLr lj:t[t
zflGt ;Eemf}tfsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L ePsf] l:ylt xf] . ;+ljwfgsf]
k|:tfjgf / lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf a'bF fx
;d]t Ps} k|sl[ tsf 5g\ . hgk|ltlglwf/f zf;g
Joj:yf ;~rfng ug]{ ;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zo /x]sf]
5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s df /fi6kltsf] Joj:yf
hgk|ltlglwn] g} hGdfPsf] xf] . sfo{sf/Ln] cfkm\gf]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{
lbPsf] @)^^.!.@) sf] kqsf] ljk/Lt /fi6kltaf6
g]kfnL ;]gf hL cfnfO{ n]vs
] f] lgb]z
{ kq ;+ljwfg
Pj+ zflGt ;Demf}tfljk/Lt 5 . ;]gfkltnfO{
x6fpg] ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg"gL q'l6 jf
k|lqmofut q'l6 u/]sf] eP o; cbfnt ;dIf
cfpg ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ /fi6kltn] cfkm}+ k|of]u
u/]sf] l:ylt 5 . c7f/j6f /fhgLlts bnsf]
;xdlt Pj+ k|wfgdGqL cNkdtdf k/]sf] eGg]
egfO{ s f cfwf/df /fi6 k ltn] sfo{ s f/Lsf]
clwsf/nfO{ s'l07t u/]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . lgo'QmL

1746

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

ug]n
{ ] jvf{:t ug{ ;Sg] s'/f ;+ljwfgn] af]ns
] f]
5}g, of] ;j} cj:yfdf nfu" x'g] cj:yf klg
/xFbg} . ;+jw} flgs Pj+ /fhgLlts 36gfqmd tyf
lgj]bg lb+bfsf] cj:yf kl/jt{g eP klg
@)^^.!.@) sf] /fi6kltn] lbPsf] kqsf] ;+jw} flgs
k/LIf0f x'g' cfjZos 5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L /fdgf/fo0f lj8f/Ln]
;DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6 @)^^.!.@) df k|wfg
;]gfkltnfO{ oyfjt\ sfd ug'{ egL n]vs
] f] kqaf6
;+jw} flgs ljjfb z'? ePsf] l:ylt xf] . pQm
kqdf /fi6kltn] cfk"mnfO{ /fi6fWoIf / ;]gfsf]
k/dflwkltsf] kdf b]vfP klg cfn+sfl/s kbdf
a;]sf] JolQmn] sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|of]u ug{
kfpg] ;+ljwfg tyf ;}lgs P]g, @)^# n] lbPsf]
5}g . ;+ljwfgsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgn] /fi6kltsf]
Joj:yf ug'{ cufj} ag]sf] ;}lgs P]gn] /fi6kltn]
of] of] sfd ug]{ 5g\ egL ljwflosfsf] dg;fo
lyof] egL sNkgf ug'{ x'bF g} . k|wfg ;]gfklt
lgo'QmL ug]{ k|lqmofdf;Dd /fi6kltsf] sfo{ b]lvG5
eg] cjsfzsf] s'/f sfo{sf/L dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug]{
s'/' fdf lljwf /xg] cj:yf 5}g . ;+ljwfg tyf
P]gn] /fi6kltnfO{ pGd'lQm lbPsf] l:ylt ;d]t
5}g . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfsf] sfo{Gjog
/fi6kltn] ge} sfo{sf/L dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug]{ xf] .
;+jw} flgs k|fjwfg jf sfg"gL Joj:Yff s]xL pNn]v
gu/L c7f/ j6f /fhgLlts bnsf] ;xdltn]
kq n]vs
] f] eGg ldNb}g . pQm kq ;+ljwfgsf]
s;Ldf k/LIf0f x'gk' g]{ cj:yf 5 egL ax;
ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L lbgdl0f kf]v/]nn]
;DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6 @)^^.!.@) df g]kfnL
;]gf hL cfdf k|l] ift kqn] ;+ljwfgjfbsf]

dfGotfnfO{ pN6f] lbzftkm{ nu]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]

k|:tfjgf Pj+ lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf ljk/Ltsf]
sfo{n] ;+jw} flgs dfGotf kfpg ;Sb}g . sfo{sf/L
clwsf/sf] af/]df ljjfb pTkGg u/fO{ ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ nDAofpg] / zflGt k|lqmofnfO{
cj?4 ug]{ k|s[ltsf] /fi6kltf/f k|]lift kq
ab/ ug'{kg]{ l:ylt 5 . dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf]
Disciplinary Action /f]Sg] clwsf/ /fi6kltnfO{
5}g . sfo{sf/L dlGqkl/ifb\sf] Authority exercise
u/L Chief of Army nfO{ oyfjt\ /fVg] /fi6kltsf]
sfo{ zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt;d]t ljk/Lt
5 . ;/sf/ cNkdtdf k/]sf] 5 ls 5}g egL
Test ug]{ clwsf/ ljwflosfnfO{ dfq /x]sf]df
c? csf] clwsf/;d]t k|of]u u/L cfn+sfl/s
k/dflwkltsf] x}l;on] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ oyfjt
/xg lgb]z
{ u/]sf] sfo{ ab/ x'gk' g]{ l:ylt 5 .
/fi6kltn] kfpg] pGd'lQm;Fu k|:t't ljifonfO{
hf]8g\ ldNb}g . Doctrine of Necessity sf] l;4fGt
cg';f/ ul/Psf] egL lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v
u/]klg To;sf] Objective Ground b]vfpg ;s]sf]
cj:Yff 5}g . Legal ground df ul/Psf] sf/jfxLsf]
ljifon] b]z b'36{ gfdf 5 egL sfNklgs cfwf/df
cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g .
ljgf]b sfsL{ / /fhLj k/fh'nLsf] d'2fdf k|:t't
l;4fGtsf] af/]df lj:t[t JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
/fi6kltsf] u}/;+jw} flgs sbdn] eljiodf ;d]t
lg/Gt/tf kfpg] l:ylt /xg' x'bF g} . lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhd @)^^.!.@) sf] kq ab/ x'g' kb{5 egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L /fds[i0f sfn]n]
dlGqkl/ifb\n] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ kbaf6 x6fpg
u/]sf] lg0f{o u}/;+jw} flgs g} ePklg To;nfO{

1747

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

;Rofpg] clwsf/ /fi6kltnfO{ 5}g . ljw]os

k|dfl0ft ug]{ wf/f *& sf] sfo{ afx]s cGo sfd
/fi6kltn] ug{ kfpg] l:ylt 5}g . h;n] lgo'QmL
u5{, p;}n] jvf{:t ug{ ;S5 eGg] lgtfGt oflGqs
ts{ ug{ ldNg] cj:yf 5}g . /fi6kltn] ;+ljwfgsf]
;+/If0f / kfngf ug'k{ g]{ eg]sf] sfg"gadf]lhd
lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] xf] . /fi6klt
sfof{noaf6 k|l] ift lnlvt hjfkmdf sfNklgs
cfwf/df cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . cl3Nnf] ;/sf/n] @)^^.!.@) df u/]sf]
lg0f{opk/ cbfntdf ljjfb ljrf/flwg /x]sf]
cj:yf kl5 ag]sf] ;/sf/n] cl3Nnf] lg0f{o
ab/ u/]sf] @)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{o ;d]t ab/sf]
dfu u/L l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] cj:Yff 5 .
k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] cjlw ;lsPsf] egL lgj]bg
lhsL/ lgik|of]lht eGg ldNb}g . /fi6klt /
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] clwsf/aLrdf :ki6 ;Ldf /]vfsf]
JofVof x'g' kg]{ l:ylt 5 . /fi6kltn] cfk"mn]
gu/]sf] sfdsf] xsdf dfq pGd'lQm kfpg] xf],
cfkm}n
+ ] u/]sf ljjfbdf cfPsf sfdsf] af/]df
pGd'lQm kfpg] cj:yf 5}g egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L t'n;L en] k|wfg
;]gfkltsf] lgo'QmL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf
/fi6kltn] ug]{ ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ -%_ n] cGo s'/fx
sfg"gf/f Jojl:yt x'g] eGg] k|fjwfg adf]lhd
;}lgs P]g, @)^# jfx]s cGo sfg"gL Joj:Yffsf]
k|of]u x'g] cj:yf 5}g . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# df
@)^^.!).& df ePsf] ;+zf]wgnfO{ x]// k|:t't
ljjfbsf] lgK6f/f ug{ ldNb}g . zflGt ;Demf}tf
lgisif{df k'ofpg] / ;dod} :yfoL ;+ljwfg
hf/L ug] { cGtl/d ;+ l jwfgsf] nIo xf] .

dlGqkl/ifb\n] ;}lgs P]g, @)^# adf]lhd tf]lsPsf]

k|lqmof k"/f u/L k|wfg ;]gfklt x6fO{ csf]{
;]gfkltnfO{ sf=d'=sf] kbef/ lbg] u/]sf] lg0f{o
cbfnt afx]s cGoq r'gf}tL lbg ;Sg] cj:yf
5}g . /fi6kltnfO{ ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, Joj:yfkg
/ kl/rfng ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf]
5}g . of] ljjfbn] ;]gfsf] nf]stflGqs/0fdf
;xhLs/0f ug{ xfn;Dd c;/ kl//x]sf] l:ylt
5 . ;/sf/n] ug]{ sfd afx]s /fi6kltn] cGo
:jtGq lx;fjn] sfd ug{ kfpFbg} g\ . /fi6kltsf]
sbd s'g} klg lx;fjdf ;+ljwfgcg'sn
" 5 eGg
ldNb}g egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L w|j' k|;fb rf}nfufO{n]
hg cfGbf]ngsf] kmn:jk ;xdltsf] b:tfj]hsf]
kdf cfPsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf
/fi6kltaf6 pNn3+g ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ;+:sf/n]
k|>o kfpg] lsl;daf6 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{onfO{
cGoyf ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #& adf]lhd
sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|fKt dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zsf]
kfngf ug'k{ g]{ /fi6kltn] bnut jxfgfsf] cfwf/df
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o 5Ng] sfd ePsf] 5 . lg/s+z
'
/fi6kltsf] kl/sNkgf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf sfo{sf/L
clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L /fi6kltaf6 k|]lift
@)^^.!.@) sf] kq ab/ x'g' kb{5 egL ax;
ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L /ljGb| e/fO{n] ;]gf
sfo{kflnsfsf] dftxtdf g/xg] ;+ljwfgsf]
;+/rgf xf] ls eGg] cy{ ug'k{ g]{ 7fpF 5}g . ;}lgs
zlQm eg]s} sfo{sf/L zlQm xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb
x'g ;Sb}g . /fi6kltf/f hf/L @)^^.!.@) sf]
kqdf ;+jw} flgs jf sfg"gL w/ftn s]xL pNn]v
5}g . /fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\ aLr s'/f gldn]sf]

1748

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

cfwf/df dgf]ut 9+un] cGo bnsf] ;xdtL

elgPsf] 5 . dlGqkl/ifb\n] l;kmfl/z g} gu/]sf]
ljifodf ljlzi6 clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ u/L ePsf]
/fi6kltsf] sbd sfg"g;Ddt 5}g . lj:t[t zflGt
;Demf}tf tyf nf]stGqsf] dfGotf Pj+ ;+ljwfgsf]
k|:tfjgf ljk/Lt ePsf] /fi6kltsf] sfo{sf] af/]df
Goflos JofVof x'g' h?/L 5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L /ljg ;'j]bLn]
;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngf ug'k{ g]{ st{Jo ePsf
/fi6kltn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/If]q gf3]/ k|wfg
;]gfkltnfO{ kq n]Vg' ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ljifodf
/fhgLlts dfq ge} ;+jw} flgs ljjfb ;d]t
;dfj]z ePsf] l:ylt 5 . Doctrine of Necessity
sf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g] cj:yf / kl/l:ylt
b]lvPsf] 5}g . csf]{ s'/f ljsNk 5p~h]n
cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtsf] k|of]u ug{ kfO{bg} .
/fi6kltn] k|l] ift u/]sf] kq Separation of Power
and check and Balance sf] l;4fGtljk/Lt 5 .
k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cjsfz lbg] ljifosf] Notice
/fi6kltn] klxn] g} lbPsf] lyof] . dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
lg0f{o c;+jw} flgs eP k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cbfnt
cfpg] ljsNk v'nf g} /x]sf] cj:yf Goflos
clwsf/ ;d]t /fi6kltn] k|of]u u/]sf] l:ylt
x'bF f pQm @)^^.!.@) sf] kq ab/ x'g' kb{5 egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L af]0f{axfb'/ sfsL{n]
ljut nfdf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmdsf] tLtf]
cg'ejn] ubf{ xfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ljw]os
k|dfl0ft ug]{ s'/fdf ;d]t /fi6kltn] k'glj{rf/
ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5}g . /fi6kltn]
cfkm\gf] :jljj]sn] sfd ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg
tyf ;}lgs P]gn] lbPsf] 5}g . /fi6klt /

k|wfgdGqLaLr cgf}krfl/s k/fdz{ ePs} l:ylt

eP klg lg0f{osf] k|Zgdf /fi6kltsf] ;Nnfx
dfGg'kg]{ afWofTds ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf 5}g .
;Dk"0f{ sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df lgxLt
/x]sf] l:yltdf sfg"gL jf ;+jw} flgs w/ftn
lagf k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] cjsfz, ydf}tLsf] clwsf/
/fi6kltnfO{ x'g] s'/f klg ePg egL ax;
ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf 8f=o'j/fh ;+u|f}nfn]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] /fi6 k|dv
'
sfo{sf/L k|dv
' sf] kdf g/xg] Joj:Yff u/]sf]
5 . jt{dfg ;+ljwfg Transitional Phase df
hf/L ePsf]n] o;sf] JofVof k|hftflGqs dfGotfsf]
cfwf/df x'g' h?/L 5 . ljjfbsf] ljifo xf/hLtsf]
ljifo gx'bF f /fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] :yfg s]
x'g] eGg] ljifodf ljifb JofVof x'g' h?/L 5 .
/fi6kltn] z+sf u/L lkmtf{ ug]{ jf k'gl{ jrf/ ug]{
;+jw} flgs cfwf/ 5}g . @)^^.!.@) sf] kqdf
/fi6kltn] cfk"mdf /x]sf] cjlzi6 clwsf/sf]
k|of]u u/]sf] eGg] egfO{ g/xL bnsf] bjfjsf]
cfwf/df u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf]
lg0f{opk/ /fi6kltn] ;Demfpg] k|ofz ;d]t
ug'{ ePg . c7f/j6f /fhgLlts bnsf] Reaction
nfO{ Act ug'e
{ of] . /fi6kltn] /fhgLlts JofVof
ug{ vf]hs
] f] h:tf] b]lvG5 . :ki6Ls/0f dfu u/L
k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ x6fpg] / csf]{ l;lgo/
JolQmnfO{ sfod d'sfod lbg] lg0f{o olb
c;+jw} flgs lyof] eg] Test ug{ ;lsg] lyof] .
dlGqkl/ifb\n] lgsfNg] / /fi6kltn] oyfjt\ /fVg]
egL Ps} k6s b'O{ lgsfon] sfo{sf/L clwsf/
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] l:yltsf] af/]df JofVof x'g'
h?/L 5 . sfo{sf/L clwsf/ lju|s
] f] cj:yfdf

1749

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

/fi6kltn] w]/} e"ldsf v]Ng ;Snf t/ ;fdfGo

cj:Yffdf of] ;+ljwfgcg'sn
" b]lvFbg} . /fi6klt
/fhgLlts bnaf6 clek|l] /t x'g' ePsf] eGg]
@)^^.!.@) sf] kq Joxf]/fn] jf]ns
] f] 5 . o:tf]
sfo{sf] af/]df ljwflosfnfO{ hfgsf/L;Dd lbg]
sfd ul/Pg . ;+/Ifssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]n
{ ]
csf]n
{ ] nfP l;sfPsf] sfd ug]{ xf]Og . cfkm\gf]
ljj]s k|of]u ug'{ kYof],{ ul/Pg . External s'/fsf]
cfwf/ lnPs} sf/0fn] /fi6klt ljjfbdf tflgPsf]
cj:yf 5 . /fi6kltsf] kbnfO{ ljjfbdf Nofpg]
sfd :jo+ /fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfo{n] u/]sf]
5 . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o unt lyof] eg] c7f/
j6f /fhgLlts bn ;bgdf guO{ /fi6klt sxfF
hfg' klg uNtL b]lvG5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
nfO{ Exile u/fpg] sfd /fi6klt, dlGqkl/ifb\ /
/fhgLlts bnxaf6 ePsf] 5 . oL lgsfoxn]
cfcfkm\gf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t
5}g . /fi6kltsf] x}l;ot / k/d ;]gflwkltsf]
x}l;ot a]Un} xf] eGg] s'/fdf klg /fi6klt
cndlng' ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof
x'bF f Harmonious Theory cg';f/ ug'k{ g]{ cj:Yff
5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L /d0fs'df/ >]i7 k|:t't
ljjfbdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !, ## / #^ ljz]if
kdf x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . /fi6kltf/f k|]lift
@)^^.!.@) sf] kqn] l;lh{t ;d:ofn] xfnsf]
dlGqd08n u7g ;d]t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
;xdltsf] s'/f oxL /fi6kltsf] sbdn] k5fl8
ws]nL lbPsf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg
x'bF f ;}lgs P]g ;+zf]wg gePsf] sf/0fn] klg
s]xL ;d:of l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . /fi6kltaf6
k|l] ift lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/fdf ;d]t ;+jw} flgs

cfwf/ pNn]v gu/L /fhgLlts s'/f pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{onfO{ Stay order
h:tf] u/L oyfjt /fVg] u/L ePsf] /fi6kltsf]
lg0f{odf ;}lgs P]gsf] Joj:Yff ;d]t pNn]v
ePsf] 5}g . h;n] lgo'QmL u5{ p;}n] x6fpg
kfpF5 eGg] s'/f ljkIfLxaf6 p7]sf] ePklg of]
ts{ lg/k]If kdf nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . ;]gfsf]
af/]df cGo s]xL d'ns
' sf] Joj:Yff x]bf{ klg
:ki6Ls/0f lbg] Joj:yf 5}g . xfd|f] ;}lgs P]g,
@)!^ df klg ;]gfsf] kbflwsf/LnfO{ x6fpg
:ki6Ls/0f lng' kg]{ k|fjwfg lyPg . P]gdf Joj:yf
gePsf] cj:yfdf dfq lgo'QmL ug]n
{ ] x6fpg
kfpg] cj:yf /xG5 . sfg"g JofVof;DaGwL P]g,
@)!) sf] bkmf !^ sf] lj:t[t JofVof e} 6Lsf
kf]v/]nsf] d'2fdf o; cbfntaf6 af]lnPsf]
cj:yf 5 . @)^#.@.$ sf] k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffn]
/fhfsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ g/xg] / ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sfl/0fL
clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf h:tf] /fi6 k|dv
' nfO{
pGd'lQmsf] Joj:Yff jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf]
5}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ df
;+ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifs / kfngf ug]{ st{Jo tf]ss
] f]
k|fjwfgnfO{ 6]sL c? cfsf] clwsf/ ;d]t
cfkm}n
+ ] k|of]u u/]sf] l:ylt 5 . /fi6kltsf] sbdn]
}w zf;gsf] vt/f pTkGg x'g] l:ylt ePs}
sf/0f tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLn] /fhLgfdf lbg' ePsf]
xf] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ sf] k|fjwfg;Fu
;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf * aflemPsf] 5 egL
ljkIfL tkm{af6 p7fPsf] ts{df s'g} jf]wuDo
cfwf/ 5}g . wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ n]
/fi6kltnfO{ bfloTj tf]ss
] f] l:ylt xf] . of] bfloTj
k"/f eof] ePg egL cbfntn] Test ug]{ ljifo

1750

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

klg xf]Og . ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;sf] cfb]zdf plNnlvt
cRo"tk|;fb v/]nsf] ghL/df plNnlvt l;4fGt
cg';f/ klg lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt x'g' kg]{ s'/fdf
hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . k|wfgdGqLnfO{ @)^^.!.@) df
/fi6kltn] n]vs
] f] kq Joxf]/faf6} /fi6klt cfk"m
/fhgLlts bnaf6 k|l] /t ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
wf/f #^s sf] unt JofVof u/L kq n]vL lgb]z
{
ug'{ ePsf] 5 . :jtGq x}l;ot /fVg' kg]{ /fi6kltn]
bnsf] e"ldsf lgefPsf] l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 .
@)^).!.@) sf] lg0f{o dlGqkl/ifb\n] lkmtf{ lnPsf]
cj:yf ;d]t 5}g egL ax; ug'eof] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L ;ltzs[i0f v/]nn]
k|:t't ljjfbdf Doctrine of Necessity sf] s'/f
ljkIfL ljfgxn] egL ;s]kl5 cj /fi6kltsf]
yk clwsf/sf] JofVof x'g' k5{ eGg] egfO{ :jod\
vl08t ePsf] 5 . of] ljjfbaf6 ;]gf e8\sfpg]
sfd /fi6kltaf6 ePsf] 5, k|wfgdGqLaf6 ePsf]
xf]Og . olb tTsfnsf] k|wfgdGqLn] cfk"mn]
/fhLgfdf glbPsf] eP l:ylt tgfjk"0f{ x'g] lyof] .
;+ljwfg eg]sf] sfg"gsf] efiff dfq xf]Og . Pp6f
gD;{ klg xf] . /fhLj k/fh'nLsf] d'2fdf ;+jw} flgs
Pj+ sfg"gL cfwf/ ljgf s;}n] klg sfd ug{
gkfpg] egL l;4fGt :yflkt e};s]sf] 5 . Cabinet
n] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ cNkdt / jx'dtsf] cfwf/df
ePsf] eGg] cy{ ug'{ klg x'b+ g} . k|wfg ;]gfkltn]
cfk"mnfO{ cGofo ePsf] s'/f t cbfntdf cfO{
eGg ;Sg' kYof]{ . Tof] gu/L unt af6f]af6
lgsf; vf]Hg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfg /
sfg"gsf] bfo/fsf] cfwf/df k|:t't lgj]bg hf/L
x'g] cj:yf 5 eGg] ax; ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/ Pj+ /fi6klt
sfof{nosf tkm{af6 ljfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf

>L k'ik/fh sf]O/fnfn] lgj]bg dfu bfjLdf g]kfnL

h+L cfn] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o dfg]g\ eGg' ePsf]
5 . wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ n] /fi6kltnfO{
;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ uxg e"ldsf lbPsf] 5 .
/fi6kltsf] sfd ;+ljwfgn] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 .
/fi6klt ;jf]{Rr k/d ;]gfklt x'g] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, Joj:Yffkg /
kl/rfng;DaGwL s'/f /fi6kltdf /fvL lbof] .
lgj]bsn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] @)^^.!.@) sf] lg0f{onfO{
r'gf}tL lbg' ePsf] 5}g . ;kmf xftaf6 lgj]bs
cbfnt k|jz
] ug'{ ePsf] 5}g . dfcf]jfbL ;]gf;Fu
n8]/ cfPsf] ;]gfsf] k|dv
' nfO{ x6fpg] lg0f{o g}
b'/f;oo'Qm lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . /Iff dGqL / ;f]
lg0f{o ug]{ dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ klg ljkIfL agfOPsf]
5}g . sfg"g JofVof;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf
!^ sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ lgo'QmL ug]n
{ ] jvf{:t ug{
;Sg] Joj:Yffcg';f/ /fi6kltn] ;+ljwfg ldr]sf]
eP lgh pk/ dxfcleof]u nufpg ;Sg] j}slNks
Joj:Yff ;d]t 5 . /fi6kltnfO{ pGd'lQmsf] Joj:yf
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf geP klg o;nfO{ cGo
b]zdf ePsf] cEof;nfO{ klg x]g{' k5{ . cEof;af6
ljsf; x'g] s'/f xf] . pGd'lQmsf] ljz]ifflwsf/
/fi6kltn] lgo'Qm u/]sf /fhb"txn] kfpg ;Sg]
cj:yf 5 eg] /fi6kltnfO{ ;+ljwfgadf]lhd
sfd ug{ pGd'lQm 5}g eGg ;lsFbg} . @)^^.!.@)
sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{onfO{ csf]{ dlGqkl/ifb\n]
@)^^.#.$ df k|f/Deb]lv g} ab/ u/]sf] cj:yf
5 . cRo" t k| ; fb v/] n sf] d' 2 fdf Pp6f
dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] lg0f{o csf]{ dlGqkl/ifb\n]
ab/ ug{ ;Sg] eGg] l;4fGt :yflkt ePsf] 5 .
lgj]bg lgik|of]lht x'g] cj:yf ;d]t 5 .
/fi6kltsf] sbd u}/;+j}wflgs eP lghnfO{

1751

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

k|wfgdGqLn] dxfcleof]u nufO{ ;+;bdf n}hfg

;Sg' kYof]{ . of] lgj]bg btf{ ug{ OGx'/]8
OG6/g]zgnfO{ xsb}of 5}g . l/6 hf/L x'bF fsf]
cj:yfdf ;d]t cfb]z lgik|of]lht x'G5 .
/fi6kltn] n]vs
] f] lrLdf Apparent error 5}g .
clwsf/k[R5f cGtu{t dsf{ kg]{ kIf s'naxfb'/
v8\sf lgj]bg lnP/ cfpg' kYof]{ . k|wfgdGqLnfO{
/fi6kltn] lbPsf] ;'emfjsf] ljifo x'bF f k|:t't
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf
5}g eGg] ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8n
] n]
/fi6kltn] n]Vg' ePsf] kq ab/sf] dfu p7fpg'
ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ljifo Gofo lg/f]k0fsf] ljifoleq
kb}g{ . jt{dfg ;+ljwfg cfpg' eGbf cufl8
;}lgs P]g cfO;s]sf] lyof] . /fi6kltsf] Joj:Yff
rf}yf] ;+zf]wg kl5 dfq eof] . ;+ljwfgn]
/fi6 k ltnfO{ k| T oIf clwsf/ glbP klg
/fi6kltnfO{ ;/sf/sf] tLg} csf sfdsf/jfxLdf
hf]8s
] f] l:ylt 5 . wf/f !$$ sf] pkwf/f -!s_
n] ;]gf;DaGwL s]xL clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . pkwf/f
-@_ df lgo'QmLsf] Joj:yf u/L pkwf/f -#_ df
;]gfsf] kl/rfngsf] clwsf/ klg /fi6kltnfO{
lbPsf] 5 . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf * df
/fi6kltnfO{ hf]8s
] f] cj:yf 5 . /fi6kltn] k|of]u
ug]{ clwsf/ sfo{kflnsLo clwsf/ cGtu{t g}
kg]{ x'gfn] /fi6kltaf6 n]lvPsf lnlvt kqx
o; cbfntaf6 k/LIf0f x'g] cj:yf 5}g .
/fi6kltn] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ n]v]sf] kq t
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/ xf] .
/fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt
l;4fGt ;d]tn] jt{dfg /fi6kltsf] sfdsf/jfxL
Gofo lg/f]k0fsf] ljifo x'g ;Sb}g . /fi6klt

d'ns
' sf] /fi6fWoIf xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .
lg/+sz
' /fi6kltsf] sNkgf ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] xf]Og .
ef/tsf] /fi6kltsf] ;+jw} flgs Status / xfd|f]
;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] /fi6kltsf] Status km/s 5 .
/fi6kltnfO{ sfo{sf/L Joj:yfksLo s'g} c;Fu
hf]l8Psf] 5}g . tyflk ;+ljwfgn] ljleGg 7fpFdf
sfd st{Jo tf]lslbPsf] 5 . ;]gf k|dv
' sf] ljifodf
/fi6klt / k|wfgdGqLaLr w]/} 5nkmn ePsf]
eGg] /fi6kltsf] kqaf6 b]lvG5 . ;]gf k|dv
' n]
/fi6klt ;dIf lgj]bg lbPsf] cj:yf 5}g .
s'naxfb'/ v8\sfsf] sfod d'sfod ab/ u/]sf]
cj:yf klg xf]Og .
of] ljjfb PIL sf] kdf btf{ ePsf]
eGg] b]lvG5 tfklg xfn ;'gj' fOsf] cj:yf;Dd
ljjfb 6'L ;s]sf] x'bF f /fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf]
d'2fdf :yflkt l;4fGt ;d]tn] Gofo lg/f]k0f
ug{' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . cRo"ts[i0f v/]nsf]
ljjfbdf l/6 vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/sf
;DaGwdf s]xL af]lnPsf] 5 . pQm l/6 lgj]bg
cRo"ts[i0f v/]n cfkm} lgj]bg lnO{ cfpg' ePsf]
lyof], ;f] d'2fdf p7fPsf] ljifo ;/sf/sf]
k|zf;lgs lg0f{o xf] . clxn]sf] ljifo sfo{sf/L
lg0f{osf] s'/f xf] . ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifs eg]sf]
st{Jo klg xf] egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
lj4fg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh ;'jb] Ln]
jf:tjdf cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog
klg x'g' kg]{ x'G5 . lgj]bsn] @)^^.!.@) df
lbPsf] kqnfO{ r'gf}tL lbPsf] cj:yf 5 . pQm
kq jt{dfg cj:Yfdf oyfjt\ kdf k|wfg
;]gfkltsf] x}l;otdf lg/Gt/tf lbg egL
plNnlvt Joxf] / fn] tTsfnsf] /fhgLlts
kl/l:yltnfO{ klg x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . xfdL ;+qmd0f

1752

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

sfndf /x] s f] l:ylt 5 . lxhf] s f] lbgdf

k/dflwklt /fhfnfO{ agfPsf] / /fhf xl6;s]sf]
cj:yfdf /fi6kltnfO{ k/dflwkltsf] clwsf/
x'g] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . ;]gfkltn] cfk"mnfO{
k/]sf] cGofosf] ljifo k/dflwklt ;dIf lgj]bg
lbg ;Sb}g eGg ldNb}g . ;Dk"0f{ ;'/Iffsf] lhDdf
lnPsf] ;]gfkltn] sfd ug{ gkfpg] / b]zsf]
zflGt ;'/Iffsf] ljifodf uDeL/ x'gk' g]{ cj:yfdf
lbPsf] kqfb]zdf q'l6 /x]sf] egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g .
;f] kqdf jt{dfg cj:yfdf eg]s} 5 . o;nfO{
unt lx;fjn] JofVof ug{ ldNb}g . /fi6sf] ;'/Iff
Joj:yf sfod /fVg ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf
u/]sf] /fi6kltsf] k|:t't sfo{n] ljjfb l;h{gf
u/]sf] / ;f] sfo{ jb\lgotk"js
{ 5 eGg ;lsg]
cj:yf 5}g . oyfjt\ sfd ug'{ eGg] kqdf
Malafied Intention b] l vb} g . tTsfnsf]
dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] k|:t't ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t'
kl5Nnf] dlGqkl/ifb\n] ab/ u/L ;s]sf] cj:yf
5 . ;+/If0f / kfngf ug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf
/fi6kltn] ;+s6sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t r'k nfuL
a:g' ;+ljwfgcg'sn
" sf] sfd eGg ldNb}g . lgj]bg
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf clxn]
5}g eGg] s'/f @)^^.!.@) kl5sf 36gfqmdn]
k'li6 ePsf] cj:yf 5 . lgjf{lrt /fi6kltpk/
z+sf pkz+sf ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf 5}g . d'ns
' n] Crisis
af6 d'lQm kfcf];\ eGg] ;bfzon] /fi6kltn]
sbd rfn]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f tTsfnsf] 36gfqmdn]
;d]t k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts ;xdltsf]
cfwf/df b]znfO{ Crisis af6 d'Qm ug]{ kl/sNkgf
;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . /fi6kltaf6 n]lvPsf] kq
t tTsfnsf] nflu cyf{t\ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] hjfkm
cfpg] cj:yf;Ddsf] nflu xf] eGg] s'/f kqsf]

k]6jf]nLaf6 b]lvG5 . tTsfnsf] dfcf]jfbLsf]

;/sf/n] ;xdltsf] /fhgLlt 5f]l8 lbPsf] eGg]
s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . of] ljjfb Political Questions
ePsf] x'b+ f Justiciable ;d]t 5}g . /fi6kltsf]
@)^^.!.@) sf] kq Doctrine of Necessity sf]
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;d]t ;+ljwfg;Ddt 5 egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L k"0f{dfg zfSon]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;'Dk]sf] lhDd]jf/L g} x]gk{' g]{
x'G5 . Head of the State / Cabinet sf] ;DaGwsf]
;]/f]km]/f]leq /x]/ of] ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg x'gk' 5{ .
Head of the State n] kfpg] Immunity sf] af/]df
klg x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . @)^^.!.@) df Cabinet af6
lg0f{o x'g' cufl8 k|:t't ljifodf /fi6klt /
k|wfgdGqLaLr ljrf/ ljdz{ ePsf] eGg] s'/fdf
ljjfb b]lvFbg} . of] ljjfbnfO{ lnP/ dlGqkl/ifb\df
;lDdlnt s]xL bnxn] ;/sf/ 5f]8g\ ] 3f]if0ff
;d]t u/]sf] l:ylt 5 . k|wfgdGqL cNkdtdf
k/]sf] cj:yfdf /fhLgfdf lbPsf] / ;f]kZrft\
dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf] cWoIftfdf dlGqd08nsf]
u7g eO{ cl3 dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{
@)^^.#.$ df ab/ u/]sf] 5 . clxn]sf] /fi6klt
/a/ :6fDk dfq klg xf]Og, sfo{sf/L klg xf]Og .
King x'b
F fsf] cj:yf / kl5sf] cj:Yff eg]sf] j+z
k/Dk/feGbf hgtfsf] 5f]/f r'gfjaf6 cfPsf]
eGg] dfq km/s xf] . System of Government sf]
context df x]bf{ /fi6kltsf] Role ;+j}wflgs
cfwf/df x]g{' kg]{ x'G5 . President nfO{ lglh{j
kdf JofVof ug{ ldNb}g . o;n] Cabinet nfO{
klg ;r]t u/fpg ;S5 . sfo{sf/L clwsf/
dlGqkl/ifb\df dfq /xg] eGg] s'/f xf]Og . s]xL
;+jw} flgs Joj:yfn] dlGqkl/ifb\ afx]s cGonfO{

1753

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

klg sfo{sf/L zlQm / clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . /fi6klt

;+l+ jwfgsf] ;+/Ifs / kfnssf] gftfn] klg /fi6sf]
Interest nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ cGo Role Play ug{
;S5 . /fi6kltn] Cabinet nfO{ lbg ;Sg] ;Nnfx,
;'emfj jf ;r]t u/fpg] af/]df k|ToIf gn]lvP
klg ;+/Ifs / kfnssf] gftfn] /fi6kltn] ug{
kfpFbg} eGg ldNb}g .
/fi6klt ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifs xf] eGg]
s'/fdf ljjfb gePkl5 State nfO{ Political
Crisis k/] s f] j] n f Rescue ug] { clwsf/
/fi6kltnfO{ 5}g egL JofVof ug{ ldNb}g .
cbfntsf] clwsf/ /fi6kltn] k|of]u u/]sf]
cj:yfdf dfq l:ylt Separation of Power sf]
ljk/Lt x'g hfg] x'G5 . t/ /fhgLlts lx;fjdf
b]zdf tTsfn s]xL ug'{ kof] eg] Tof] a]nf
President n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ x]/L /fhgLlts sbd
rfNg ;S5 . /fi6kltn] cGo lgsfosf] xsdf
Check and Balance sf] kdf sfd ug{ gkfpg]
egL zflJbs cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . Cabinet sf]
Decision Tof] j]nf;Dd /fi6kltnfO{ Binding x'G5
h'gj]nf;Dd Tof] Decision ;+jw} flgs x'G5 . To:tf]
lg0f{osf] af/]df /fi6kltn] ;+jw} flgs kl/lwleq
/x]/ Cabinet nfO{ cgf}krfl/s kdf Warn ug{
;S5 . k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ x6fpg] ljifodf
Coalition Partner n] c;xdlt hgfO{ ;s]sf]
eGg]df ljjfb 5}g . cfkm\gf] kf6L{sf] lgb]z
{ gcg';f/
sfd ug{ kfpg' k5{ eGg] x7n] nf]stGqsf]
ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . cNkdtsf] ;/sf/n] o:tf]
lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f csf]{ lbg k|wfdGqLn]
/fhLgfdf lbPaf6} :ki6 x'G5 . cfk"m cNkdtdf
gk/]sf] eP /fhLgfdf lbg] l:ylt klg gcfpg] /
jx'dtdf eP t csf]{ lg0f{o ug{ ;SYof] .

/fi6kltsf] @)^^.!.@) sf] kqsf] Political

Accountability lng g;s]sf] sf/0f tTsfn
k|wfgdGqLn] /fhLgfdf lbPsf] cj:yf xf] .
Head of the State sf] Immunity eg]sf]
Personal Immunity xf], t/ p;n] u/]sf sfd
Challenge ug{ gldNg] xf]Og . oBkL /fi6kltsf]
sfof{non] u/]sf] of] ljifodf /fi6kltsf]
sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL gagfO{ Cabinet nfO{ ljkIfL
jgfpg' kYof]{ . k|:t't ljjfbdf Cabinet g}
Responsibility xf] egL dfGg' k5{ . /fHo
;~rfngsf] k| l qmofdf cfpg ;Sg]
cK7\of/fxnfO{ g} ljrf/ u/L ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfn]
/fi6kltnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] kfns / ;+/Ifssf]
lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ s;}n] la;{g'
x'bF g} . cbfntL Process jf Remedy l9nf] x'g
hfg] s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ u/L s]xL ;+jw} flgs ljjfb
/fhgLlts cj:Yffd} ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] x'G5 .
k|:t't ljjfb ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] kdf ge}
clwsf/k[R5fsf] l/6 lgj]bg lnP/ cfpg ;lsg]
cj:yf lyof] . unt af6f] k|jz
] u/]sf] cj:yfdf
cbfntn] pkrf/ lbg ;Sg] cj:yf xFb' g} . ljjfb
g} ;dfKt e} ;s]sf] cj:yfdf cRo"ts[i0f v/]nsf]
d'2fdf af]lnP h:tf] cj:yf 5}g . /fi6kltsf]
sfd Legitimate / Valid 5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L o1d"lt{
a~hf8]n] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] @)^^.%.@$ df
cjsfz kfpg' ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{ JolQm ;f]
kbdf jxfn /lx;Sg' ePsf] 5 . ;]gf;DaGwL
clwsf/ k|wfgdGqL / dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]sf] ;+zf]lwt
;+jw} flgs Joj:Yffn] /fi6kltsf] Joj:yf u/L
;]gfsf] k/d;]gfkltsf] kdf /fi6kltnfO{ /fVof] .
;]gf ;DaGwL Policy dlGqkl/ifb\n] lgdf{0f ug]{ xf]

1754

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

/ ;]gf ;~rfng;DaGwL Joj:yfdf /fi6kltnfO{

clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . ;}lgs P]gsf] Joj:yf /
;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf km/s km/s ePsf] x'bF f ;f]
;dodf /fi6kltn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ldnfpg k6s
k6s ljrf/ ljdz{ ePsf] 5 . xfn ;+ljwfg g}
cGtl/d ePsf] cj:yfdf of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd
/fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;+jw} flgs x}l;otsf]
JofVof x'g' h?/L 5 . dsf{ kg]{ s'naxfb'/ v8\sfn]
lrQ a'emfO{ a;]sf] / lg0f{o ug]{ k"j{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
lg0f{o ab/ e};s]sf] cj:yfdf s;}nfO{ lg?T;flxt
ug]{ lsl;daf6 cbfntn] JofVof ug]{ l:ylt 5}g
eGg] ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L /fds[i0f lg/fnfn]
tTsfnsf] dlGqkl/ifb\n] cfkm\gf] jx'dtsf] cfwf/
u'dfO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf @)^^.!.@) df lg0f{o
u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;f] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o kl5
u7g ePsf] csf]{ dlGqkl/ifb\n] cl3Nnf] lg0f{o
k|f/Deb]lv g} ab/ u/L /fi6kltsf] sbdnfO{
:jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf x'bF f ;f] ljifodf k'gM
JofVof ug{'kg]{ cj:yf gx'Fbf lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L pk]Gb|sz
] /L g]pkfg]n]
h' g ljjfbdf k| w fg ;] g fkltnfO{ x6fpg]
dlGqkl/ifb\n] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 Tof] lg0f{o k"jf{ux| L
5 . ;}lgs egf{ hg]n
{ xsf] k'g:yfkgf nufotsf
ljifodf k|wfg;]gfkltk|lt tTsfnsf] dlGqkl/ifb\
Bias ePsf] s'/fnfO{ cbfntn] JofVof ug'{ h?/L
5 . cbfntsf] cfb]z ;]gfn] sfof{Gjog u/]sf]
ljifonfO{ k|dv
' ljjfbsf] kdf lnOPsf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbL ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf v]nf8LxnfO{
v]ns'bdf k|jz
] u/]sf] ljifo klg k|wfg ;]gfkltsf]

ljjfb p7fOPsf] 5 . oL ljjfbxdf ;/sf/df

/x]sf] kf6L{ ;d]tn] ;fy glbFbf glbFb} ;xdltsf]
ljifonfO{ nTofO{ o:tf] c;+jw} flgs lg0f{o ul/Psf]
cj:yf xf] . Tolt j]nfsf] ;/sf/ klg ;xdltaf6
ag]sf] eGg gldNg] cj:yf Psflt/ x'Fbfx'Fb}
;/sf/df ;xefuL kf6L{ ;d]tn] oxL ljjfbsf]
ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;/sf/af6 jflx/Psf] cj:yf
5 . @)^^.!.@) sf] kq ;]gfdf u};s]kl5 ;]gfn]
/fi6kltnfO{ k7fPsf] kqsf] hjfkmdf /fi6klt
sfof{noaf6 dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ hfgsf/L lbPsf] ;Dd
xf] . Cabinet sf] lg0f{o /fi6kltn] dflGbg eg]sf]
eGg] sxL+ st}af6 b]lvFbg} . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Gbe{df
uPsf] kq xf]Og . Cabinet sf] lg0f{o t ;]gfn]
gdfg]sf] xf], /fi6kltn] xf]Og . k|:t't ljifodf
/fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\aLr clwsf/sf] JofVof
ug{' h?/L 5}g . ;]gfn] cfkm\gf] k/dflwkltnfO{
;f]ws
] f] hjfkmsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ clwsf/sf] ljifo
dfgL JofVof x'g' h?/L 5}g . kl5Nnf] dlGqkl/ifb\n]
u/]sf] lg0f{odf s] s'g sfg"gL jf ;+jw} flgs q'l6
/x]sf] lyof] ;f] af/]df s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 b]vfO{
bfjL lnPsf] cj:yf ;d]t 5}g . kl5Nnf] lg0f{o
ha;Dd ab/ x'Fb}g cl3Nnf] @)^^.!.@) sf]
kqsf] ;DaGwdf af]Ng' lg/y{s x'G5 egL ax;
ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L z]/axfb'/ s]=;L=n]
@)^%.@.!^ df /fi6kltsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf
ePkl5 sl/j gf} dlxgfkl5 cyf{t @)^^.!.@)df
/fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\aLr ljjfb cfPsf] cj:yf
xf] . k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ lgo'Qm ubf{ ;}lgs P]gsf]
Joj:Yff k|of]u ul/Pg . ;fdfGo l;kfxLsf]
sf/jfxLsf] ljifo ge} of] ljifo ;+qmd0fsfnsf]
;]gfsf] k|dv
' sf] xf] . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf

1755

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

* ;+ l jwfg;F u d] n vfg] l:yltsf] 5} g .

dlGqkl/ifb\n] /fi6kltnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' dfq
kof{ K t x' F b } g . @)^^.!.@) d} /fi6 k ltn]
dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ n]vs
] f] kqn] ;'emfj lbOPsf]
ljifonfO{ Response ul/Pg . dfwj g]kfnsf]
g]tT[ jdf ;/sf/ u7g ePkl5 @)^^.#.$ sf]
lg0f{on] ;a} ljjfbsf] lgK6f/f ul/;s]sf] 5 .
;}lgs P]g, @)^#.$.@# df nfu" e};s]kl5
@)^%.@.!^ df ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^ df /fi6kltsf]
Joj:yf ul/of] . ;}lgs P]gsf] bkmf * sf] b]xfo
-#_ sf] Joj:Yff wf/f !^$ sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf]
k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zn] :jtM ab/ ePsf] cj:yf
5 . xfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] /fi6kltnfO{ Ceremonial
dfq eg]sf] cj:yf 5}g . India sf] ;+ljwfgdf
/fi6kltnfO{ sfo{sf/L k|dv
' sf] kdf dfg]sf]
5 . ;+;bLo Joj:Yff ckgfpg] cGo d'ns
' sf]
;+jw} flgs Joj:yf ;d]tdf /fi6kltnfO{ sfo{sf/L
clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] b[i6fGtx 5g\ . xfd|f]
xfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 gn]lvPsf] cj:yf ePklg
/fi6kltsf] xsdf cGo b]zsf] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfsf]
cfwf/df ;d]t JofVof ul/g' kb{5 egL ax;
ug'e
{ of] .
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/x/ bfxfnn] ;+oQ' m
Ohnf;sf] km};nfdf Ps hgf dfggLo GofofwLzn]
;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod # sf]
pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -3_ k|of]u u/]sf] / csf]{
dfggLo GofofwLzn] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_
sf] v08 -s_ pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] s'/fnfO{ klg x]g{'
kg]{ cj:yf 5 . Ps hgf dfggLo GofofwLzn]
cfkm\gf] /fodf k|:t't ljifosf] ;fGble{stf g/x]sf]
egL pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] / pQm tYodf csf{
dfggLo GofofwLzsf] dt}Sotf g/x]sf] egL pQm

km};nfaf6 ljifoj:t'sf] k|of]hg ;dfKt e} ;s]sf]

s'/f @)^^.#.$ sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6
b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf] ljifosf] cf}lrTo
g} ;dfKt e} ;s]sf] cj:yfdf o; cbfntn] yk
JofVof ljj]rgf ug'{ ;fGble{s 5}g . ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;sf Ps hgf dfggLo GofofwLzn] JofVof
ug'k{ g]{ ljifo eg]s} cfwf/df k"0f{ Ohnf;n] yk
JofVof ug{ jfWo x'g' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . tTsfnLg
k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ x6fpg] lg0f{o ubf{ dlGqkl/ifb\
k"jf{ux| L ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . tTsfnsf] HjnGt
cfjZostfn] ubf{ klg /fi6 k ltn] k| w fg
;]gfkltnfO{ lgb]{z ug'{kg]{ eGg] kl/l:yltn]
b]vfPsf] cj:Yff 5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf tTsfnsf]
36gfqmdnfO{ klg x]g{' h?/L 5 . ;xdtL /
;xsfo{ u/ egL /fi6kltsf] s'/fnfO{ k|wfgdGqLn]
Response ug'{ ePsf] 5}g . wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f
-#_ df ePsf] /fi6kltsf] sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/sf] ;+sl' rt JofVof ug'{ x'bF g} . lgj]bs
;d]tn] /fi6kltsf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ jb\lgotk"js
{
u/]sf] eGg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . @)^^.!.@) sf]
;]gfkltnfO{ lbPsf] kq t tTsfn sfd g5f]8,
/fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\aLr yk ljdz{ x'bF 5
} eGg]
cy{df xf] . ljrf/ ljdz{ x'g gkfpFb} k|wfgdGqLn]
/fhLgfdf lbPsf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ cbfntn]
ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . /fi6kltsf] sbdnfO{ pgsf]
lgotsf] cfwf/df dfq x]l/of];\ . lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L 6Lsf/fd e/fO{n]
lgj]bsn] Judicial Review u/fpg rfx]sf] ljifo
eg]s} /fi6kltn] ;]gfkltnfO{ k|l] ift @)^^.!.@)
sf] kq xf] eGg] b]lvG5 . Judicial Review ug]{

1756

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

:yflkt cfwf/ eGbf jflx/ uP/ x]g{ ldNb}g .

pQm kq Judicial Review x'g] k|sl[ tsf] xf]Og .
kqdf plNnlvt ljifoj:t'x By product dfq
x'g\ . o;sf] d"n product t cabinet sf] lg0f{o
xf] . of] kq s'g} lg0f{o xf]Og . of] t Head of the
State n] u/]sf] kqfrf/ dfq xf] . Tof] klg s]xL
;dosf] nflu lbPsf] c:yfoL k|sl[ tsf] xf] . of]
kq Jojxf/n] ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} k|fjwfg jf sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] 5}g . ax'dt u'dfO{
;s]sf] k|wfgdGqLn] u/]sf] sfd Jojxf/nfO{
/fi6kltn] s]xL ;dosf nflu /f]Sg' ePsf];Dd
xf] . of] kqdf plNnlvt ljifoj:t' ;j} /fhgLlts
k|sl[ tsf x'bF f Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sb}g .
;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ubf{ context df x]g{' kb{5 .
x6fOPsf] ;]gfklt k/d;]gflwkltsf]df uPsf]
cj:yfdf k/d;]gflwkltsf] x}l;otdf b'Oj{ 6f
x}l;ot pNn]v u/L /fi6kltn] kqfrf/ u/]sf]
cj:yf 5 . /fi6kltdf sfo{sf/L clwsf/ gePsf]
s' / fdf ljjfb 5} g . sfo{ s f/L clwsf/
dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]sf] eP klg of] clwsf/sf]
k|of]u ubf{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s u/L
absolute xf] egL k|of]u ug{ kfOb}g . Head of
the State nfO{ s'g} clwsf/ g} 5}g eGg ldNb}g .
cGt/\lgxLt clwsf/sf] af/]df klg x]l/g' k5{ .
Right to warn, Right to co-ordinate and Right to

sf s'/fx sfo{ Jojxf/ cg';f/ k|of]u

ul/g] xf] . @)^^.!.@) sf] kqn] s;}nfO{ lgo'QmL
lbPsf] xf]Og . Head of the state / Head of the
Government sf] aLrdf ePsf ljrf/ ljdz{ s]
s:tf] k|sl[ tsf lyP jf ;+ljwfgcg'sn
" lyP,
lyPgg\ eGg] s'/f k'g/fnf]sg x'g] l:ylt 5}g .
/fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf] d'2fdf :yflkt l;4fGtn]
protect

;d]t k|:t't ljjfbdf /fi6klt / k|wfgdGqLaLrsf]

5nkmnsf] ljifo k/LIf0fof]Uo x'g ;Sb}g . kl5Nnf]
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{on] g} ;Dk"0f{ ljjfb 6'f]
nufO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . lgtfGt /fhgLlts
sfo{sf] ;DaGwdf cbfntn] lg0f{o lbg' klg
zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtljk/Lt x'G5 . cGo
d'ns
' sf] b[i6fGt x]bf{ klg Cabinet n] u/]sf]
lg0f{o Head of the State n] OGsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
Cabinet sf s}of}+ lg0f{ox j]nfotsL dxf/fgLn]
c:jLsf/ u/]sf] pbfx/0fx ;d]t 5g\ . k|:t't
lgj]bg kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf] cfwf/df Premature
sf] cj:yfdf btf{ x'g cfPsf] 5 egL ax;
ug'e
{ of] .
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L ljZjsfGt d}gfnLn]
/fi6klt / k|wfgdGqLaLr ljjfb b]lvPsf] 5}g .
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifo dfGb} ;fy{s ;DaGw gePsf] ljifodf l/6
lgj]bg btf{ ePsf] l:ylt xf] . x/]s ljifoj:t'nfO{
PIL sf] ;+1f lbO{ lgj]bg btf{ u/fO{ cbfntsf]
dxTjk"0f{ ;do jjf{b ug'{ x'bF g} . Judicial Activism
sf] af/]df gofF Develop ePsf] Trend nfO{ klg
cbfntn] ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . k|:t't ljjfb
@)^^.!.@) sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6 pTkGg
ePsf] b]lvG5 . Cabinet n] /fi6kltnfO{ hfgsf/L
lbg] xf]Og l;kmfl/z ug'k{ 5{ . of] hfgsf/L kq g}
sfg"g;Ddt / ;+ljwfg;Ddt 5}g . /fi6klt /
k|wfgdGqLaLr ePsf] 5nkmnsf] ljifonfO{ PIL
sf] cy{ lbg ldNb}g egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L >Lxl/ cof{nn] ;/sf/
cfkm}n
+ ] d'ns
' leq czflGt l;h{gf u/]sf] cj:yfdf
of] ljjfb cfPsf] xf] . /fi6kltaf6 @)^^.!.@)
sf] kqf/f lnPsf] sbd b]zsf] nflu cToGt

1757

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

;fGble{s ePsf] s'/f Tolta]nf 3l6t 36gfqmdn]

b]vfPsf] 5 . 3/sf] cleefjsn] cfkm\gf ;Gtfgn]
u/]sf] lg0f{o Ps k6s ljrf/ u/ eGg gldNg]
eGg ldNb}g . /fi6kltn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lbPsf]
kqn] s'g} ;+jw} flgs ;Ldf pNn+3g ePsf] 5}g .
/fi6kltn] @)^^.!.@) df n]vs
] f] kqsf] ljjfb
@)^^.#.$ sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{on] ;dfKt
ul/;s]sf] 5 . ljjfb g} ;dfKt e};s]sf] cj:yfdf
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf] kdf cbfntsf]
;do aaf{b ug{ ldNb}g egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L ?b| zdf{n] Out going
Prime Minister n] u/]sf] s'/f km/s 9+un] x]gk
{' g]{
x'G5 . ;+;bLo Joj:yfdf k|wfgdGqL / /fi6klt
b'jn
} ] sfo{sf/L clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] cj:Yff
/xG5 . Executive power /xg] :yfg g} President
df /xg] xf] eGg] s'/f ljleGg b]zsf] ;+ljwfgdf
/x]sf] kfOG5 . /fi6kltn] k|of]u ubf{v]/Lsf]
cj:yfdf dfq dlGqkl/ifb\n] l;kmfl/z ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 . /fi6klt /fi6fWoIf x'g5
] eGg] ;+jw} flgs
Joj:Yffn] ubf{ ljjfbdf NofOPsf] @)^^.!.@)
sf] kq /fi6fWoIfsf] x}l;otn] n]vs
] f] eGg] b]lvG5 .
/fi6kltsf] d'Vo sfd eg]s} Political Community
sf] Power sf] Administration ug]{ xf] . l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g' k5{ egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf 8f= >L ledfh'g{ cfrfo{n]
Out going Prime Minister n] cfkm\gf] kf6L{
;lrjfnosf] lg0f{ocg';f/ @)^^.!.@) df
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o u/fpg' ePsf] 5 . ;f] cj:yf
;+oQ' m ;/sf/df ;xefuL bnn] cfkm\gf] c;xdtL
k|s6 u/L ;/sf/af6 cnu e};s]sf] 5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf zflGt ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ;]gfsf]
k|dv
' nfO{ x6fpg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ /fi6kltn]

;'emfj lbg g;Sg] eGg ldNb}g . wf/f #& n]

lbPsf] Power sf] Exercise ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ ;+jw} flgs
Joj:Yff x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . /fi6n] dfu u/]sf] sfo{
/fi6kltn] ug{ ;Sb5g\ eGg] s'/f wf/f #^s n]
:ki6 u/]sf] 5 . Prerogative theory of President
sf] l;4fGtcg';f/ Without prescription of law or
prohibited by law ePs} cj:yfdf klg /fi6kltn]
b]zsf] cfjZostfsf] nflu h'g;'s} sfd ug{
;S5 . President sf] ckmL;nfO{ Unique office
klg eGg] ul/G5 . o;}df /fi6kltsf] pGd'lQmsf]
ljifo cfpF5 . /fi6kltn] unt uof] eg] o;sf]
JofVof ;+;bn] ug]{ xf], h'g xfd|f] ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f #^ n] Joj:Yff u/]sf] 5 . gofF ;+ljwfg
aGg] k| l qmofdf /x] s f] x' g fn] /fi6 k lt /
k|wfgdGqLaLrsf] clwsf/sf] ljifodf yk JofVof
x'g' h?/L 5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L ;'/G] b| dxtf]n] ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;af6 xsb}ofsf] k|Zgdf lg/f]k0f ul/Psf]
5}g . /fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf] d'2fdf plNnlvt
;fy{s ;DaGw -Meaningful Relation_ h:tf] of]
ljjfbdf To:tf] ;DaGw lgj]bsn] b]vfpg ;Sg'
ePsf] 5}g . /fi6kltn] @)^^.!.@) sf] kqf/f
k|wfgdGqLsf] hfgsf/LnfO{ OGsf/ gu/L k'glj{rf/
u/ eGg gkfpg] l:ylt 5}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf
sf]xL s;}nfO{ JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs kdf
dsf{ k/]sf] l:ylt 5}g . of] ljjfb t dlGqkl/ifb\n]
g} 6'f] nufO;s]sf] x'bF f clxn] cfP/ o; cbfntn]
tYoleq k|jz
] u/L yk ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf
5}g egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L dxfb]j ofbjn]
@)^^.!.@) sf] /fi6kltsf] lgb]z
{ kqsf] af/]df
k|Zg p7]sf] b]lvG5 . h'g k|;u+ df ljjfb pTkGg

1758

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

ePsf] lyof] Tof] k|;u+ g} ;dfKt e};s]sf] cj:yf

5 . e}/x]sf] / tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\n] sfod
d' s fod d' s // u/] s f] ;] g fsf] JolQmn]
sfg"gadf]lhd cjsfz kfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf k'gM
ljjfb l;h{gf u/L k|of]hgxLg cj:yfdf s'g}
JofVof x'g' h?/L 5}g . JofVofsf] kl/0ffd s] x'g]
xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf cbfntn] ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
;+ljwfg agfpg] ;Gbe{df cfPsf] cGtl/d
;+ l jwfgsf] k| f jwfgdf /x] s f] /fi6 k lt /
k|wfgdGqLsf] clwsf/sf] ljifodf yk JofVof
ug'{ cjfZos 5}g . /fi6kltsf] Joj:yf unique
xf] . o;sf cGt{lgxLt clwsf/x s'g} Pp6f
wf/f pkwf/fdf dfq ;Lldt /xL JofVof ubf{
ck"/f] x'g ;S5 . kfngf / ;+/If0fsf] cy{ ;Lldt
ug'{ ;+ljwfgljk/Lt x'G5 . @)^^.!.@) sf]
lg0f{onfO{ kl5Nnf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{on] /2
ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bg dfusf] cf}lrTo
5}g . wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ df /fi6kltsf]
k|dv
' st{Josf] af/]df ljz]if kdf x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 .
:jtGq kdf /x]sf] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfnfO{ klg
;f]xL kdf dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . of] ;+ljwfgn] umpire
vf]hs
] f] 5 . /fi6kltnfO{ x6fpg] Joj:Yff klg
Unique /x]sf] tkm{ klg x]g{' k5{ . wf/f $# n]
u/]sf] /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ;/sf/n]
sfd u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g egL x]g{] clwsf/
/fi6kltnfO{ lbPsf] eGg] dfGg'k5{ . ?Sdfb
s6'jfnnfO{ ;f]ws
] f] :ki6Ls/0f kqdf n]lvPsf]
efiff k"jf{ux| L /x]sf] b]lvG5 . b'Oj{ 6f ;]gf /xg]
u/L ;]gfklt x'bF fx'b} csf]{ JolQmnfO{ sfod d'sfod
ug]{ sfd unt 5 . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
* sf] pkbkmf -#_ n] u/]sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ :jtM
sfod d'sfod x'g] Joj:Yff 5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f

ug]{ p2]Zon] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkg ug{ jg]sf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof b]zsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg
cj:Yffcg';f/ ug'{ h?/L 5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L k/z'/fd sf]O/fnfn]
wf/f #^s df cfPsf] /fi6kltsf] Joj:Yff
cGtu{tsf] pkwf/f -#_ n] /fi6kltnfO{ ljz]if
;+jw} flgs st{Jo tf]ss
] f] b]lvG5 . xfd|f] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg j]:6ldlgi6/ df]8]nsf] kdf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . /fi6kltsf] kbsf] af/]df ;+ljwfgdf
/x]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ Tolt xn'sf tj/n] x]g{ ldNb}g .
;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug'k{ g]{ st{Jo ePsf /fi6kltn]
s]xL ug'{ kb}g{ / s]xL ug{ kfpFbg} g\ eGg ldNb}g .
/fi6kltsf] clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf cGo b]zsf]
;+jw} flgs Joj:yf / k|of]usf] ;DaGwdf klg
ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ . k|dv
' st{Jo -Fundamental
Duties_ eg]sf] x]//] a:g' dfq xf]Og . @)^^.!.@)
sf] /fi6kltf/f n]vs
] f] kq wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f
-#_ cGtu{tsf] k|d'v st{Jo cGtu{t k5{ .
k/dflwkltsf] Joj:Yff e};s]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf
/fi6kltn] /fi6sf] h:tf];s
' } cK7]/f] cj:yfdf
r'k nfu]/ a:g] eGg] xf]Og egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L rGb|sfGt 1jfnLn]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ug{ lgj]bsnfO{ xsb}of
5}g . @)^^.!.@) sf] kqdf Head of the State /
Head of the Government sf] aLrdf ePsf] Action
/fhgLlts ljifo xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . of]
;+ljwfg t gofF ;+ljwfg tof/ geP;Ddsf
nflu cGtl/d ;dosf] nflu ag]sf] xf] . ;xdltsf]
cfwf/df agfO{ nfu" u/]sf] / lglZrt\ cjlwsf]
nflu egL tf]lsPsf] x'gfn] o;sf] JofVof klg
;f]xL cfwf/df ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . @)^^.!.@) sf] kq
s'g} lg0f{o ge} Stay Order type sf] Jojxf/ xf]

1759

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

eGg] b]lvG5 . kq Jojxf/ / Tolt a]nfsf] kl/l:ylt

x] b f{ ;+ l jwfgsf] clwsf/eGbf aflx/ uO{
dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] sfo{ /fi6kltn] x]//] a:g]
xf]Og, ;Rofpg] clwsf/ /xG5 . klxn]sf]
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o kl5sf] dlGqkl/ifb\n] /2
ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'
kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . Mistake of Fact, Mistake of
Law sf] cj:yf gx'gs
' f ;fy} ul/Psf] sfdsf/jfxL
u}/sfg"gL /x]sf] cj:yf klg gx'bF f lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g .
hgtf;Fu ;DalGwt s'/f /fhgLlts lg0f{on]
dfq lgsf;f lbg ;S5 . PIL sf] ljifodfq eg]/
x'bF g} , To:tf] ljifo Judicial Manageable klg x'g'
k5{ eGg] s'/f ljleGg k|ltkflbt l;4fGtn] ;d]t
:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L dfwjs'df/ a:g]tn]
wf/f #& df sfo{sf/L clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df
/xg] Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df /fi6kltsf] sfdsf/jfxL
cyf{t\ @)^^.!.@) sf] kq ab/sf] dfu u/]sf]
cj:yf ePklg wf/f #& cfkm}d
+ f kof{Kt wf/f
xf]Og . ;+ljwfgsf] cIf/ dfq x]//] JofVof ug]{ xf]
eg] sfo{sf/L clwsf/ klg dlGqkl/ifb\n] Psnf}6L
k|of]u ug{ ;Sb}g . zflJbs JofVof ug]{ xf] eg]
oL b'j} cn] ;xhkdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf
5}g . nf]s;]jf cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'QmLdf
krf; k|ltzt ;b:ox lghfdtLtkm{ sfd
u/]sf JolQmnfO{ l;kmfl/z ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f] gu/]sf]
sf/0f /fi6kltn] ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/znfO{
;Rofpg k7fPsf] pbfx/0f xfd|f] cufl8 5 .
;+jw} flgs Joj:yf / Jojxfl/s k|of]usf] cfwf/df
/fi6kltnfO{ s]jn cfn+sfl/s eGg ldNg] cj:Yff
5}g . ;+ljwfgsf] Preserve / Protect ug]{ lhDdf

/fi6kltnfO{ lbPsf] 5, c? s'g} cnfO{ lbPsf]

5}g . Preserve / Protect sf] cy{ s]xL xf]Og
egL dgf]ut cg'dfg ug{ ldNb}g . /fi6kltn]
cfk"mn] u/]sf] ;ky g} ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf /
;+/If0f ug]{ eGg]df /x]sf] 5 . /fi6kltn] cfkm\gf]
cf]xf]bfcg';f/ u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxLdf pGd'lQm
gkfpg] eGg ldNb}g . lsgeg] @)^^.!.@) sf]
kq lgb]z
{ /fi6kltsf] JolQmut sfdsf/jfxL
xf]Og . ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ 6]s/] clkml;on
lx;fjn] u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxLdf :jtM pGd'lQm
kfpg] cj:yf 5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] pGd'lQmsf]
Joj:yf cGo d'ns
' xsf] Practice n] b]vfpg]
ljleGg b[i6fGtxn] k'li6 u5{ . /fi6kltsf]
sfdsf] k|sl[ tn] klg pGd'lQm gkfpg] eGg ldNb}g .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%! df ePsf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL,
d'ntjL ug{;Sg] Joj:Yff /x]sf] cj:yfdf klg
/fi6kltn] pGd'lQm kfpg ;Sb}gg\ eGg ldNb}g .
l/6 lgj]bgsf] ljifoj:t'af6} vf/]h x'g] cj:yf
5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{n]
klxnf], l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f * df h'g dfu
u/]sf] 5, csf]{ l/6 lgj]bgsf] ljifoj:t'n] g}
o;nfO{ lgik|of]lht agfO;s]sf] 5 . bf];f| ,] l/6df
t lgj]bsn] g} tfl/v 5f8]/ uPsf] cj:yf 5 .
cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u ug'k{ g]{ lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf]
st{Jo k"/f u/]sf] cj:Yff 5}g . @)^^.!.@@ sf]
sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z klg jx't} ljrf/0fLo 5 .
dxfdlxd /fi6kltnfO{ Direct ljkIfL agfPsf]
cj:yf pxfFnfO{ Show cause gu/L ;lrjfnonfO{
Show cause x'b
F f /fi6kltsf] ljifodf s'g} cfb]z
hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf 5}g . ;lrjfnosf] bfloTj
k|zf;lgs sfo{ afx]s c? gx'g] x'bF f k|:t't

1760

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

ljifodf p7fPsf] ljifo;Fu ;lrjfnosf] s'g}

bfloTj /xFbg} . ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf]
zflAbs cy{ ug]{ ge} To;;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg
s'/fxnfO{ x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6
ePsf] cfb]zdf pGd'lQm x'bF g} eGg] tYonfO{ s'g}
sfg"gL Joj:Yffn] ;dy{g ub}g{ . xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn]
g} Head of the State k|yd JolQm dfg]sf] cj:yfdf
Official sfo{df pGd'lQm kfpFbg
} eGg ldNb}g .
/fhgLlts ;DaGwsf] ljifo cbfntn] x]g{' x'bF g} ,
x]g{ vf]Hof] eg] Tof] ljifo Judicial manageable
klg x'bF g} . o; af/]df /fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf]
d'2fdf w]/} s'/fx af]lnPsf] 5 . o; sf/0f
o;sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg klg x'bF g} . k|:t't
ljjfbdf t h;nfO{ dsf{ k/]sf] 5 ;f]xL JolQm
dfq l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ cfpg' kg]{ xf] . Third Party
sf] ljjfb xf]Og . olb k|wfg;]gfkltn] cfk"mn]
;]jf 5f]8/] uPsf] l:ylt eP of] lgj]bg s;/L
PIL eP/ cbfntdf cfpg ;SYof] .
;/sf/ / Pp6f csf] sd{rf/LaLr
ePsf] ljjfbnfO{ t];f| ] JolQm h;nfO{ Tof] ljjfbn]
c;/ kg{ ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g, To;nfO{ of] ljjfb
Nofpg] xsb}of sxfFaf6 cfpg] xf] Tof] ljifo
cg'Ql/t 5 . To:t} k|:t't ljjfbsf] Legally /
Factually k|Zg afFsL /x]sf] klg 5}g . /fi6klt
eg]sf] Sitting Prime Minister sf] dfq xf]Og, ;j}
kf6L{ tyf hgtfsf] k|ltlglw xf] . of] kb s'g}
kf6L{ut kb klg xf]Og . Nature / Dignity sf]
cfwf/df /fi6fWoIfsf] x}l;otnfO{ ;+sl' rt cy{df
lng' x'bF g} . k|wfgdGqLn] /fhLgfdf lbP klg
csf]{ Joj:Yff geP;Dd sfd rnfpg lgb]z
{ ug]{
s'/f s'g} ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf gePklg To;pk/
k|Zg ug{ kfOb}g . /fi6kltn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf]

lg0f{onfO{ k'glj{rf/ ug{ k7fPsf] cj:yf k|wfg

;]gfkltnfO{ oyfjt\ sfd u/ eGg' s'grflxF
;+jw} flgs Joj:yfsf] pNn3+g x'g uof] jf Tof]
sfd Malafied Intention b]lvof] eGg] s'/f sxL+
st}af6 k'li6 x'g ;Sb}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf
cRo"tk|;fb v/]n / k|eg' f/fo0f rf}w/Lsf] d'2fdf
:yflkt l;4fGt ;fGble{ s ge} /fw] Z ofd
clwsf/Lsf] d'2fdf :yflkt l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g]
b]lvG5 . Head of the State n] cfk"mn] lnPsf]
zkysf] cfwf/df ;d]t sfd ug{ gkfpg] eGg
ldNb}g egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|wfg ;]gfklt
?Sdfb s6'jfnsf tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf >L
afns[i0f g]pkfg]n] /fi6kltsf] @)^^.!.@) sf]
lg0f{o ab/ ug]{ l:ylt eP To;sf] kmfO{bf s'n
axfb'/ v8\sfn] kfpg] l:ylt /xg] xf] . /yL
s'naxfb'/ v8\sfn] lrQ a'emfP/ a:g' ePsf]
cj:Yf x'bF f of] ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t'sf] cf}lrTo /
k|of]hg 5}g . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} Joj:yf
/fVg] g/fVg] eGg] /fhgLlts bnnfO{ nfu]df
;lhn} ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] k|sl[ tsf] x'bF f To;
af/]df cbfntn] yk JofVof ug{ cfjZos 5}g .
ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t'sf] af/]df dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
@)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{on] 6'f] nufO;s]sf] cj:Yff
5 . dlGqkl/ifb\n] cfkm\gf] k"j{ lg0f{o cfkm}+ ab/
ug{ ;Sg] cj:Yff x'bF f l/6 lgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo /
k|of]hg ;dfKt e};s]sf] 5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg clwjQmf >L ;'zLn kGtn] ;}lgs
P]g, @)^# cfO{ ;s]kl5 dfq ;+ljwfgdf
/fi6kltsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . wf/f #^s / wf/f
#*,$# nfO{ ljz]if kdf x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
;+/rgf g} ;xdtLsf cfwf/df hfg] eg]sf] l:ylt

1761

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

xf] . wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ df ;+ljwfgsf]

kfngf / ;+/If0f ug]{ clwsf/ /fi6kltnfO{ lbPsf]
5 . ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg
ug] { x} l ;ot ePsf] /fi6 k ltn] jf] w fy{ s f]
hfgsf/L;Dd a'em]/ a:g] xf] eGg] lgj]bs tkm{sf
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] egfO{ ;+ljwfg;Ddt
5}g . k|wfg ;]gfklt ?Sdfb s6'jfnn] ;]gfsf]
Chain of command sf] x} l ;otn] cfkm\ g f]
k/dflwkltsf] lgb]z
{ dfGg' ;+ljwfg;Ddt 5 .
jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] calw klg lglZrt
ul/Psf] x'bF f k|:t't ;+ljwfgnfO{ 6]s/] yk JofVof
ug's
{ f] cf}lrTo ;d]t 5}g . k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h
x'gk' 5{ egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tfl/v tf]lsPsf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bg Joxf]/f, lnlvt
hjfkm, kIf ljkIfsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
sfg"g Joj;foLxaf6 k|:t't ePsf] ax; lhsL/
/ lnlvt ax;gf]6sf ;fy} ;Da4 sfg"gL Pj+
;+jw} flgs Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L x]bf{
d'Vo kdf b]xfosf k|Zgxdf s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 M
!=

k|:t't d'2fdf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb

/ lgj]bssf] xsb}of, ;DdfggLo /fi6klt
/ dlGqkl/ifb\ s f aLrsf] ;DaGw,
/fi6fWoIfn] u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxLpk/ Goflos
pGd'lQm nufotsf ljifoxdf ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;af6 JoQm ul/Psf] /fo dgfl;j
5 jf 5}g <

@=

;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 km/s km/s sfg"gL
Joj:yf p4[t u/L k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf

k|]lift ul/Psf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;Gbe{df

;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ jf
v08 -3_ dWo] s'g cfwf/df lgk0f ug'k{ g]{
xf] <
#=

k|:t't d'2f k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lgk0f x'gk' g]{

egL dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb
zdf{af6 JoQm /fo / lgj]bg vf/]h x'g]
7xofPsf] dfggLo GofofwLz >L
/fh]Gb|k;
| fb sf]O/fnfsf] /fodWo] s'g /fo
dgfl;j 5 <

$= lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{

xf] jf xf]Og <
dfly lgwf{l/t k|Zgxdf k|jz
] ug'{ cl3
k|:t't d'2fdf lgxLt /x]sf] tYout cj:yfnfO{
lj:t[t kdf pNn]vg ug'{ jf~5gLo b]lvg
cfpF5 . tTsfnLg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt
@)^^.!.@) sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd g]kfnL ;]gfsf
k|wfg;]gfklt ?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{ ;f] kbaf6
cjsfz lbOPsf], ;f]xL ldltdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf
/yL s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ sfod d'sfod
k|wfg;]gfklt kbdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf], tL b'j}
lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L ;DdfggLo /fi6kltnfO{ u/fpg]
eGg] lg0f{osf cfwf/df ldlt @)^^.!.@) df g}
;DdfggLo /fi6kltnfO{ ;f]sf] hfgsf/L u/fOPsf],
;DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6 k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;Daf]wg
u/L g]kfn ;/sf/f/f ldlt @)^^.!.@) df
ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ ;RRofpg kq k|l] ift ul/Psf] /
?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] x}l;otdf
lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL ldlt @)^^.!.@) df g}

1762

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

lgb]z
{ g hf/L ul/Psf], ;DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6
hf/L ePsf] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] lgb]z
{ kqsf
cfwf/df ?Sdfb s6'jfn g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
k|wfg;]gfklt kbdf oyfjt\ jxfn /xL lgoldt
sfdsf/jfxL ul//x]sf] s'/f l/6 lgj]bg, lnlvt
hjfkm tyf ;f] ;+nUg sfuhftxaf6 b]lvg
cfpF5 .
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfklt kbdf axfn
/x]sf ?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{ cjsfz lbg] g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] lg0f{onfO{
;DdfggLo /fi6kltn] cGoyf ug{ ldNb}g .
;+ l jwfg tyf ;Da4 sfg" g n] ;DdfggLo
/fi6kltnfO{ To:tf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g .
;DdfggLo /fi6kltsf] ;f] sbdn] zflGt k|lqmof
/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ uDeL/ kn]
k|efljt ub{5 eGg] ;d]tsf] cfwf/ b]vfO{ k|:t't
lgj]bgdf ;DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6 ePsf] ;f]
lgb]z
{ gnufotsf] sfo{nfO{ ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm
egL lgj]bs cbfntdf k|jz
] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
pko'Q
{ m tYout :ki6tf kl5 ca dfly
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf k|ZgxdWo] klxnf] k|Zgdf
k|jz
] ug'{ ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 d"ntM ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb Pj+ xsb}ofsf] ;Gbe{, ;DdfggLo
/fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf aLrsf] ;DaGw Pj+
;Dafbsf] ljifo, /fi6fWoIfn] u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxL
pk/ Goflos pGd'lQm / ;+jw} flgs Pj+ sfg"gL
JofVofsf] ;fGble{stf ;d]tsf ljifoxdf
ljj]rgf ul/Psf] b]lvof] . o; Ohnf;;dIf
ePsf] ;'gj' fOsf qmddf ;d]t l/6 lgj]bs tyf
ljkIfL b'j} tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLxaf6
plNnlvt k|Zgxsf] kIf ljkIfdf ax; k|:t't

eO{ ljjfb p7fOPsf] x'bF f tL ljifoxdf Pp6f

lglZrt\ lgisif{df k'Ug' jf~5gLo b]lvG5 .
@= k|ydtM ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ / xsb}of
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't lgj]bgdf g]kfn
;/sf/n] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{
cjsfz lbg] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{osf]
sfof{Gjog x'g' cufl8 ;DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6
k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] kbdf ?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{
sfo{ / t\ /xL /xg' egL hf/L ul/Psf]
lgb]z
{ kq;DaGwL lqmof ljjflbt ag]sf] b]lvG5 .
;/;/tL x]bf{ To:tf] ljifo ;+jw} flgs /fi6 k|dv
' sf
kdf /xg] ;DdfggLo /fi6klt / ;/sf/
k|dv
' sf kdf /xg] k|wfgdGqLaLrsf] ;Dafb /
;DaGwsf] cfGtl/s ljifo h:tf] b]lvg] x'Fbf
To;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo agfpg
gldNg] xf] ls eGg] klg b]lvG5 . ljkIfL tkm{sf
sfg"g Joj;foLxn] cfkm\gf] ax; lhsL/df
k|:t't ljjfb /fi6klt / k|wfgdGqLaLrsf] ;Dafb
/ k/fdz{sf] ljifo ePsfn] o:tf] ljifo Goflos
k'g/fnf]sgsf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ /xg] eGg] ts{
;d]t k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] lg0f{oaf6 k|ToIf
kdf k|efljt x'g] JolQmsf tkm{af6 ge} dfgj
clwsf/sf If]qdf lqmofzLn ;+:yfsf tkm{af6
lgj]bg k/]sf] x'bF f o:tf] ljifodf lgj]bssf] xsb}of
g} g/xg] eGg] klg ljkIfLtkm{sf] k|dv
' ts{ /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
#= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ n] ;fj{hlgs xs jf
;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljjfbdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g}
;+jw} flgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lgk0fsf nflu
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] u/L
pkrf/sf] dfu{ v'Nnf /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . To;

1763

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb

eGgfn] s'g} vf; JolQm jf JolQmxsf] JolQmut
xs jf ;/f]sf/ dfq ;Lldt ePsf] ljjfb geP/
;j{;fwf/0f hgtf jf s'g} hg;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs
xs jf ;/f]sf/ lgxLt ePsf] ljjfb xf] eGg]
:ki6 x'G5 . s'g} ljjfb ;fj{hlgs xs jf
;/f]sf/sf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o Tof]
ljjfb ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] jf s'g} hg;d'bfosf]
;fd"lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5 jf s'g}
vf; JolQm jf JolQmxsf] xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu
dfq} ;DalGwt 5 eGg] cfwf/df x]/L ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 .
$= k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bsxn] cfkm\gf]
lghL xs lxtsf] ljifonfO{ p7fPsf] cj:yf
5}g . ljjflbt ljifo;Fu zflGt / ;+ljwfgsf]
;fy{s ;DaGw /x]sf] / ljjfbsf] ljifodf ;+jw} flgs
Pj+ sfg"gL JofVoff/f lglZrttf / :ki6tf
sfod ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bs tkm{sf]
lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L k|:t't ljjfbsf]
ljifonfO{ jt{dfg ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yf /
To;;Fu hf]l8Psf ljleGg k|sl[ tsf hl6ntfxsf]
/f]xdf x]bf{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|dv
' sf kdf /xg]
;]gfkltsf] kb, To:tf] kbdf /x]sf JolQmnfO{
cjsfz lbg] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o, jt{dfg cGtl/d
;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] ;+jw} flgs ;+/rgfleq ;DdfggLo
/fi6kltsf] :yfg, e"ldsf / clwsf/ Pj+ sfo{sf/L
clwsf/lgxLt /x]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] clwsf/If]q
;d]tsf ljifoxdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] rf;f] / ;/f]sf/
/xg'nfO{ c:jfefljs dfGg ldNb}g .
%= To:tf] ljifodf lgj]bsxn] b]vfPsf]
rf;f] / ;/f]sf/nfO{ pgLxsf] lghL xs /
:jfy{;uF hf]8/] x]g{ ldNg] cj:yf klg 5}g .

t;y{ k|:t't ljjfbnfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f ;a}sf] rf;f]

/ ;/f]sf/ /xg] k|sl[ tsf] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifosf kdf lng ldNg] g} b]lvof] . To:tf]
ljifodf Goflos lgk0f x'g'kg]{ egL dfgj
clwsf/sf] If]qdf lqmofzLn sfg"g Joj;foLsf]
kdf /x]sf lgj]bsxnfO{ lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{
xsb}of /x] ePs} x'bF f ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifo xf]Og / xsb}ofsf] cefj 5 eGg] ts{;uF
of] Ohnf; ;xdt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf ePg .
^= ca, ;DdfggLo /fi6 k lt /
dlGqkl/ifb\sf aLrsf] ;DaGw Pj+ ;Dafb;DaGwL
ljifonfO{ x]bf{ jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# df ;DdfggLo /fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\aLrsf]
;DaGw bzf{pg] s] s:tf cfwf/x lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
To;tkm{ x]bf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s df /fi6klt
;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L P]=pkwf/f -@_ n] /fi6klt
d'ns
' sf] /fi6fWoIf x'g] / ;f]xL x}l;otdf ;+ljwfg
/ k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd lghn] cfkm\gf] sfo{
;Dkfbg ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L P]=pkwf/f
-#_ df ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngf ug'{ /fi6kltsf]
st{Jo x'g5
] egL /fi6kltsf] ;+jw} flgs st{Jo
;d]t tf]lsPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] plNnlvt
Joj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"g g}
/fi6kltsf] clwsf/sf] ;|ft] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;sf
cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf / ;+/If0f ug]{ yk
st{Jo klg /fi6kltnfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . To;}u/L
dlGqkl/ifb\;DaGwL ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #& df sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/
;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] wf/f #* df
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
wf/f #& sf] pkwf/f -!_ df g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL

1764

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

clwsf/ ;+ l jwfg / cGo sfg" g adf] l hd

dlGqkl/ifb\df lgxLt x'g,] P]= pkwf/f -@_ df
;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfnsf]
zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]z
{ g, lgoGq0f /
;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifb\ pk/ x'g] /
P]=pkwf/f -#_ df g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL sfdx
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g] eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . plNnlvt ;+jw} flgs k|fjwfgnfO{ cfwf/
agfpF b f g] k fnsf] sfo{ s fl/0fL clwsf/
dlGqkl/ifb\df lgxLt x'g] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g,
t/ To:tf] clwsf/sf] ;|f]t klg ;+ljwfg /
sfg"g g} xf] eGg] s'/f klg plQs} zf:jt 5 .
lsgeg], ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]eGbf afx]s
cGo clwsf/sf] k|of]u dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug{ ;Sb}g .
lnlvt ;+ljwfgf/f ;~rflnt x/]s nf]stflGqs
/fi6 n ] ;+ l jwfgjfb / ;Lldt ;/sf/sf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cjnDjg ub{5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgn] ;d]t sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff
nufot nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfk|lt k|lta4tf
JoQm ug's
{ f ;fy} g]kfnnfO{ k"0f{ nf]stflGqs
/fHosf kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . To;}n]
/fHo zf;g ;~rfngsf ;Dk"0f{ cfwf/x tyf
/fHosf k|dv
' cxsf] :yfg, sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/ ;d]t ;+ljwfg / sfg"gf/f ;'lglZrt
ul/Psf 5g\ . oL cxsf] sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/sf] Joj:yfcGtu{t To:tf lgsfox
aLrsf] cfk;L ;DaGwsf] ljifo klg :jtM
cGt/lgxLt eP/ /x]sf] x'G5 .
&= o;/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf
/fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf aLrsf] ;DaGwsf]
ljifonfO{ oL b'j} lgsfosf] sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/sf] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfaf6} o; cbfntn]

lgSof}n
{ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . dfly plNnlvt ;+jw} flgs
Joj:yf x]bf{ /fi6kltnfO{ cfkm\gf] :jljj]sdf
s'g} sfo{sf/L clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] 7fpF
;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] b]lvFbg} . To;}u/L ;+ljwfg Pj+
sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f] k|lqmof / k4lteGbf aflx/ uP/
cfkm\gf] sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ 7fpF
dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ klg k|bfg ul/Psf] 5}g . To;}n]
/fHo ;~rfngsf qmddf s' g } lg0f{ o jf
sfdsf/jfxL ubf{ oL b'j} lgsfon] ;+ljwfg /
sfg" g n] lglZrt ul/lbPsf] ;Ldf/] v fnfO{
cltqmd0f ug{ ldNb}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] ;du| cWoog ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
%!, %@, ^!s, *&, **, !)#, !!(, !@@, !@%,
!@*, !#!, !$#, !$$, !%), !%!, !%@ /
!%* df /fi6kltn] ljleGg sfo{x ug{ ;Sg]
u/L ;+ j } w flgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
h;cg';f/ Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] clwj]zgsf]
cfXjfg / cGTo ug],{ ;f] clwj]zgdf ;Daf]wg
ug],{ Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf dxf;lrj / ;lrjsf]
lgo'QmL ug],{ ljw]os k|df0fLs/0f ug],{ cWofb]z
hf/L ug],{ k|wfg GofofwLzsf] lgo'QmL ug],{ ljleGg
;+jw} flgs csf k|dv
' Pj+ ;b:oxsf] lgo'QmL
ug],{ ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ff ug],{ To:tf]
cj:yfsf] lgjf/0fsf nflu cfjZos cfb]z hf/L
ug]{ / To:tf] 3f]if0ff lkmtf{ lng], g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
k/dflwkltTj u|x0f ug],{ k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'QmL
ug]{, g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng /
Joj:yfkg ug],{ g]kfnL /fhb"t / ljz]if k|ltlglw
lgo'Qm ug],{ dfkmL lbg], pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0f
k|bfg ug]{ / afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg cfb]z hf/L
ug]{ ;d]tsf] clwsf/ /fi6kltdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
oL ;a} clwsf/xsf] k|of]u ug]{ k|lqmof klg

1765

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

;+ljwfgsf tt\tt\ wf/fdf g} :ki6 kdf pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 . oL ;a} Joj:yfxaf6 /fi6kltsf]
clwsf/, To:tf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ cfwf/ /
ljlw, /fHosf ljleGg ;+oGq / /fi6kltsf aLrsf]
;DaGw / To:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ cleJoQm ug]{ k|lqmof
;d]t ;+ljwfgsf] tt\tt\ Joj:yfdf g} cGt/\lgxLt
/x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 .
*= k| : t' t ljjfbs} ;Gbe{ d f klg
;DdfggLo /fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] k|dv
' sf
kdf /xg] k|wfgdGqLsf aLrdf k6s k6s
e]63f6, 5nkmn / ;Dafb ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
;DdfggLo /fi6klt / k|wfgdGqLsf aLrdf ePsf]
;+jw} flgs, sfg"gL Pj+ /fhgLlts cGt/\lqmof
Pj+ cGt;{DaGwsf ljifox ljz'4 sfg"gL Pj+
;+jw} flgs cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt /xg] ljifo
geO{ To;df /fhgLlts kIf ;d]t ;dflji6 x'g]
x'bF f To:tf] ljifodf Goflos k'g/fnf]sg x'g g;Sg]
egL /fi6klt sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To:tf] e]63f6, 5nkmn /
;Dafb ePsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ lgj]bs kIfn] klg
cGoyf eGg g;s]sf] x'bF f b'O{ lgsfoaLrdf lg/Gt/
kdf ;Dafb x'g] u/]sf] / ;f]xL cfwf/df ;DaGw
:yflkt x'bF } cfPsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
(= /fi6fWoIfsf] x}l;otdf ;DdfggLo
/fi6kltaf6 eP u/]sf sfdsf/jfxL / To;df
Goflos pGd'lQmsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ of] ljifo cfkm}d+ f
cToGt ;+jb] gzLn ljifo dflgG5 . ;DdfggLo
/fi6kltnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf plNnlvt
clwsf/x /fi6kd
| v
' sf kdf /fi6sf tkm{af6
JoQm ul/Psf] ;Ddfg / dof{bfsf] cleJolQm
klg xf] . /fi6fWoIfsf kdf /fi6kltnfO{ /fi6sf]
k|ltlglwTj ug]{ l;+uf] ;+:yf dflgG5 . To;}n] ;f]

;+:yfsf] k|lti7fdf slxFst}af6 cfFr cfpg glbg

/fHosf cGo lgsfo, kbflwsf/L / ;j{;fwf/0f
;d]t ;hu x'g' plQs} cfjZos x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn]
g} /fi6kltnfO{ /fi6fWoIfsf kdf k|ltli7t
u/]sf] x'gfn] ;fdfGotof /fi6fWoIfaf6 ;Dkfbg
x'g] sfdsf/jfxL Goflos k'g/fnf]sgsf ljifo
aGb}gg\ . /fi6 k|dv
' nfO{ s'g} klg cj:yfdf
ljjfbdf Nofpg gx'g,] p;sf sfdsf/jfxLsf
;DaGwdf cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg gx'g] eGg]
;fdfGo dfGotf xf] . t/ of] ;bf lg/k]If dfGotf
xf] egL lgisif{df k'Ug eg] ;lsFbg} . /fi6kd| v
' nfO{
;+ljwfg / sfg"gf/f pGd'lQm k|bfg ul/Psf]
ljifo / cj:yfdf dfq of] dfGotf lqmofzLn
x'G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df /fi6kltaf6 cfkm\gf] clwsf/
k| o f] u ug] { qmddf eP u/] s f lg0f{ o jf
sfdsf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf Goflos k'g/fnf]sg
x'g ;S5 jf ;Sb}g eGg] k|Zg p7\g' c:jfefljs
xf]Og . To;df klg sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|fKt
/fi6fWoIf ePsf] cj:yfdf of] dfGotfnfO{ :jLsfg{
ldNb}g . lsgeg] sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{
clwsf/Ln] ug] { sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ Goflos
k'g/fnf]sgsf] bfo/faf6 aflx/ /fVg] xf] eg]
Goflos k'g/fnf]sgsf] clwsf/If]q lg/y{s x'g
k'U5 . To;}n] b]zsf] d"n sfg"gsf kdf /x]sf]
;+ljwfgn] g} /fi6fWoIfnfO{ s] s:tf] pGd'lQm
k|bfg ug]{ eGg] s'/f lglZrt u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 .
;+ljwfgn] pGd'lQm k|bfg gu/]sf] cj:yfdf o;
;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o d"No dfGotfnfO{ klg cfwf/
agfpg ;lsG5, t/ To:tf] cfwf/ cfkm}+df
aGwgsf/L jf lglj{sNk eg] x'g ;Sb}g . lsgeg]
;+ljwfgn] pGd'lQm k|bfg gu/]sf] ljifonfO{ Goflos
k'g/fnf]sgsf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ /fVg] u/L cbftn

1766

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

:jo+n] afx]s ubf{ ;+jw} flgs ;jf]R{ rtf / ;Lldt

sfo{sfl/0fL ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffdf cfFr cfpg'sf]
;fy} Goflos :jtGqtf / ;Ifdtfdf ;d]t k|Zg
p7\g ;S5 . cbfntn] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf]
JofVof ubf{ sfg"gdf pNn]vg gePsf] ljifonfO{
Goflos JofVofsf] dfWodaf6 :yflkt jf lj:yflkt
ug]{ clwsf/ cbfntnfO{ x'bF g} . To;}n] ;+ljwfgn]
ljz]ifflwsf/ jf pGd'lQm k|bfg gu/]sf] cj:yfdf
/fi6fWoIfsf] x}l;otdf /fi6kltf/f ;Dkfbg x'g]
h'g;'s} sfo{sf ;DaGwdf k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] /
To:tf] k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f cbfntaf6 ul/g' kg]{
x'G5 .
!)= xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfcg';f/
/fi6kltnfO{ /fi6fWoIfsf kdf /flvPsf] ePklg
lghnfO{ sfo{sf/L k|dv
' sf] kdf ge} ;+jw} flgs
/fi6kltsf] kdf ;+ljwfgn] clwsf/ k|bfg
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . /fi6kltdf lgxLt /x]sf
clwsf/xsf ;DaGwdf dfly ul/Psf]
ljZn]if0faf6 klg tL clwsf/xsf] k|of]u ubf{
/fi6 k ltn] ;DalGwt lgsfo -dlGqkl/ifb\ ,
;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\ cflb_ jf kbflwsf/L -k|wfgdGqL,
;efd'v cflb_ sf] l;kmfl/zdf ug]{ u/L ;+jw} flgs
Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To; cfwf/df x]bf{
/fi6kltaf6 k|of]u x'g] clwsf/ lg/k]If -Absolute_
ge} cGo lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 ePsf] lg0f{osf
cfwf/df To;sf] clGtd pb\3f]if0f ug];
{ Dddf
;Lldt /x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . To;/L /fi6kltsf]
kbnfO{ lg0f{ostf{sf] kdf g/fvL cGo lgsfo
jf kbflwsf/Laf6 ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ clGtd :jk
k|bfg ug]{ cyf{t\ pb\3f]lift ug]{ ;Dddf ;Lldt
t'NofOPsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] lqmofsf] j}wtf k/LIf0f
ubf{ To;nfO{ /fi6kltaf6 eP u/]sf] sfo{sf

kdf geO{ /fi6kltnfO{ To:tf] sfo{;Dkfbg

ug]{ cj:yfdf k'ofpg] cyf{t\ l;kmfl/z ug]{
lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf] lg0f{osf kdf u|x0f
ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . To;}n] /fi6kltaf6 ;DkGg ePsf]
To:tf] sfo{sf] hjfkmb]xLtfb]lv lnP/ To;af6
kg]{ k|efj jf c;/ / To;sf] j}wflgs cfwf/
;d]tsf af/]df ;DalGwt lgsfo jf kbflwsf/LnfO{
g} lhDd]jf/ dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/
ePkl5 o; cbfntdf ePsf] k|f/lDes ;'gj' fOaf6
ljkIfLxsf gfddf hf/L ePsf] sf/0f b]vfp
cfb]zdf ;DdfggLo /fi6kltnfO{ afx]s ul/Psf]
cj:yf 5, To;n] klg /fi6fWoIfsf kdf
/fi6kltnfO{ s'g} d'2fsf] kIf agfP/ ;Lw} hjfkm
lbg'kg]{ cj:yfdf k'ofpg gx'g] eGg] dfGotf /
cfzo k|s6 x'g k'us
] f] 5 . ;+ljwfgcGtu{t
/fi6kltaf6 eP u/]sf sfo{sf ;DaGwdf Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ To;sf] hjfkm lbg] lhDd]jf/L
klg ;DalGwt lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ldf g} lgxLt
/xg] eGg] cfwf/df To:tf lgsfo jf clwsf/Laf6
dfq} lnlvt hjfkm dfu ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL
adf] l hd k| : t' t l/6 lgj] b gdf Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n]
d'ns
' sf] ;+jw} flgs /fi6fWoIfsf kdf /x]sf
/fi6kltaf6 ;+ljwfgn] tf]ss
] f] k|lqmofcGtu{t
cGo lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf] l;kmfl/zdf ug]{
lg0f{o jf sfdsf/jfxLsf ljifodf cbfntdf
k|Zg p7fpg' :jfefljs g} dfGg' kb{5 .
!!= Goflos k'g/fnf]sgsf] clwsf/ eg]sf]
Gofokflnsfsf] cGt/lgxLt clwsf/ xf] . Goflos
k'g/fnf]sgsf] clwsf/ lagf ;+ljwfgjfb, sfg"gsf]
zf;g, ;Lldt ;/sf/, zlQmk[ysLs/0f / lgoGq0f
Pj+ ;Gt'ngsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx hLjGt

1767

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

aGg ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] Goflos k'g/fnf]sgsf]

clwsf/nfO{ lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf] d'n'sdf
Gofokflnsfsf] ;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/sf
kdf lnOG5 . Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/
Gofokflnsfsf] cGt/lgxLt clwsf/ ePtfklg
b]zsf] d"n sfg"gsf kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfgn] g}
To;sf lglZrt ;Ldfx klg sf]l/lbPsf] x'g
;S5 . t/ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df jt{dfg cGtl/d
;+ljwfgn] k"jj{ tL{ ;+ljwfg -g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$&_ df em}+ /fi6fWoIfsf ;DaGwdf
pGd'lQm k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yf klg b]lvFb}g .
;+ljwfgdf Goflos k'g/fnf]sg ug{ aGb]h
nufOPsf k|fjwfgx -h:t}M /fHosf] bfloTj,
lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx, Joj:yflksf
;+ ; bsf] ljz] i fflwsf/, ;+ l jwfg;efsf]
ljz]ifflwsf/, ;+ljwfg;ef ;DaGwL cbfntsf]
If] q flwsf/leq kg] { ljifo cflb_ cGtu{ t
/fi6kltf/f ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{nfO{ ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5}g . To; cfwf/df klg /fi6kltaf6
eP u/]sf lg0f{o jf sfdsf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf
o; cbfntn] Goflos k'g/fnf]sg ug{ ;Sg] g}
b]lvG5 .
!@= ljkIfLdWo] /fi6kltsf] sfof{noaf6
k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm / ljkIfL tkm{sf
sfg" g Joj;foLxsf] ax; lhsL/df
cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt -Doctrine of Necessity_
sf cfwf/df ;DdfggLo /fi6kltf/f eP u/]sf]
ljjflbt sfo{sf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug{ vf]lhPsf]
kfOG5 . cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt eg]sf] c;fdfGo
cj:yfdf cfslif{t x'g] sfg"g ;/xsf] Joj:yf
xf] . t/ o; cGtu{t lnOg] lg0f{o jf ul/g] sfo{
klg ;+ljwfgsf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ hfg ;Sb}g .

cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtcGtu{t ul/g] k|To]s lg0f{o

jf sfdsf/jfxLsf] klg :ki6tM ;+jw} flgs Pj+
sfg"gL cfwf/ / cf}lrTo :yflkt x'g ;Sg' kb{5 .
cGoyf ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf :ki6 kl/lw /
cfwf/xnfO{ kG5fO{ jf pNn+3g u/L lg0f{o jf
sfdsf/jfxL ug]{ k|jl[ Q b]vf kg]{ ;Defjgf /xG5
/ cGttM To:tf] sfo{ ;+jw} flgs ;jf]R{ rtf /
;+ljwfgjfbsf] k|lts"n x'g hfG5 . To;}n]
cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ul/Psf
lg0f{o jf sfdsf/jfxLxsf] ;+jw} flgs / sfg"gL
cfwf/ vf]Hg gkg]{ jf To:tf] lg0f{o jf sfo{sf]
Goflos k/LIf0f x'g gkg]{ eGg] cfefif lbg] u/L
ul/Psf] ts{nfO{ hfoh dfGg ;lsFbg} . lsgeg]
;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL l/Qmtf sfod /x]sf]
cj:yfdf dfq To:tf] l/Qmtf k"lt{ ug]{ 9+un]
cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg ;lsg]
x'G5 . o; cGtu{t j[xQ/ /fli6o :jfy{ k"lt{sf]
p2]Zo /flvPsf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn] :ki6 Joj:yf
u/] s f] ljifodf /fHosf ;a} lgsfon]
;+ljwfgcg'k g} Jojxf/ ug'{ kb{5 . of] g}
;+ljwfgjfb / sfg"gL zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf
xf] . lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf] d'ns
' df ;+ljwfg
d"n sfg"g dflgG5 . s'g} klg dfGo l;4fGtnfO{
d"n sfg"gsf kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfgeGbf dflyNnf]
:yfg lbP/ To;sf] cf}lrTo :yflkt ug{ ;lsg]
x'bF g} .
!#= ;fy}, cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt h'g;'s}
cj:yf / l:yltdf lqmofzLn x'g] klg xf]Og .
hl6n, c;xh Pj+ c;fwf/0f cj:yf / ;+ljwfgsf]
;fdfGo Joj:yf lqmofzLn x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
dfq cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtcGtu{t sbd rfNg
;lsg] x'G5 . To;/L sbd rflnPsf] cj:yfdf

1768

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

klg cbfntn] To;sf] j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ub{5,

To:tf] sfo{nfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] kl/lweGbf
aflx/ /flvFbg} . ;+ljwfgsf] :ki6 k|fjwfgsf]
pNn+3g ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;+ljwfgf/f
cjnlDjt cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf / d"ne"t cjwf/0ff
k|lts"n gx'g] u/L === /fHoaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/g]
sfo{nfO{ ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf -Inevitable
necessity_ sf] cfwf/df ;DkGg ul/Psf] dfGg'
Goflos pko'Qmtf -Judicial propriety_ sf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d]t dgfl;j x'G5 egL -clwjQmf
ljgf]b sfsL{ ;d]t lj?4 cy{dGqL e/tdf]xg
clwsf/L ;d]t, g]sfk @)^@, c @, k[i7 !$)_
o; cbfntf/f k|ltkflbt l;4fGtn] klg
cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtcg'k rflng] sbdx
s'g} klg xfntdf ;+ljwfgk|lts"n x'g gx'g]
s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf k|wfg
;]gfkltnfO{ cjsfz lbg] lg0f{osf] ljifodf
/fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf aLrdf ;Dafbsf] k|lqmof
hf/L /x]sf] eGg] ljkIfL tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLsf]
syg /x]sf] 5 . ;f] k|lqmofn] k"0f{tf k|fKt
ul/g;s]sf] jf To;n] lg0ff{os x}l;ot u|x0f
ul/g;s] s f] cj:yfdf To:tf] ljifonfO{
cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt -Doctrine of Necessity_
;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{ ldNg] klg x'Fb}g . To;}n]
ljkIfLtkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;f] ts{;uF
;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
!$= k|:t't ljjfbdf ;+jw} flgs Pj+ sfg"gL
JofVofsf] ;fGble{stf 5 5}g eGg] klg plQs}
dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5 . /fi6kltnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg
u/]sf] clwsf/ cGtu{t efu @) df /x]sf] ;]gf
;DaGwL Joj:yfdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr
k/dflwkltsf kdf /fi6klt /xg] Joj:yfsf

;fy} k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'QmL Pj+ g]kfnL ;]gfsf]

lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ;d]tdf
/fi6kltsf] e"ldsf /xg] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
;jf]R{ r k/dflwkltsf] kdf /xg] /fi6kltnfO{
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'QmL / ;]gfsf]
lgoGq0f, kl/rfng tyf Joj:yfkgdf ljz]if
e"ldsf k|bfg ul/Psf] cj:yf ge} tL b'j} e"ldsf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf dfq} lgjf{x x'g] s'/f
klg ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 kdf pNn]v 5 . To;}n]
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)^^.!.@) df tTsfnLg
k|wfg ;]gfklt ?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{ cjsfz
lbg] lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L ;DdfggLo /fi6kltnfO{
;f] x L ldltdf u/fOPkZrft\ ;DdfggLo
/fi6kltaf6 klg ;f]xL ldltdf g} ;f] lg0f{o
;Rofpg k|wfgdGqLnfO{ kqfrf/ u/L lgh
?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{ ;fljs kbdf oyfjt\
lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL lgb]z
{ kq hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 .
To;/L k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'QmL / g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
l;kmfl/zsf cfwf/df lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ lgxLt
/x]sf /fi6kltn] k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{ ;fljs kbdf
oyfjt\ lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL lgb]z
{ g hf/L ug]{
sfo{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gk|lts"n /x]sf] egL Goflos
k'g/fnf]sgsf nflu k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ x'g
cfPsf] cj:yf 5 .
!%= k| w fg ;] g fkltsf] lgo' Q mLdf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{on] dfq} k"0f{tf kfpg] ge}
/fi6kltdfkm{t\ To;n] k"0f{tf kfpg], dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
l;kmfl/z lagf /fi6klt PSn}n] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf]
lgo'QmLnufot ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng /
Joj:yfkgdf e"ldsf v]Ng g;Sg] / g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg sfg"gadf]lhd

1769

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

x'g] u/L ;+ljwfgn] g} :ki6 ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf

ul//x]sf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|wfg
;]gfkltnfO{ cjsfz lbg] lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogdf
cjnDjg ul/Psf] k|lqmofsf ;fy} /fi6kltaf6
;fljs kbdf oyfjt\ lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL hf/L
ePsf] lgb]z
{ gsf] ljifo :jfefljs kdf ;+ljwfg
/ sfg"gsf] JofVofaf6 dfq lgSof}n
{ x'g ;Sg]
b]lvG5 . o;df lgj]bs / ljkIfL b'j} tkm{af6
k]z ul/Psf lhsL/xn] klg of] ljifo zflGt
k|lqmof / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'Fbf
To:tf] ljifosf] JofVof ubf{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^#,
;f] P]g d"n kdf hf/L x'bF fsf] cj:yfdf sfod
/x]sf] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf, u0ftGq sfof{Gjog
kl5 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ePsf]
;+zf]wg / ;f] ;+zf]wg kl5 sfod x'g k'us
] f]
sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ PsLs[t kdf cWoog,
ljZn]if0f u/L JofVof x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
!^= k|:t't d'2f ;+oQ' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo
GofofwLzaLr dt}So x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] o;
Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] cj:yf ePklg
;+ o ' Q m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzaLr
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb Pj+ xsb}ofsf] ;Gbe{,
;DdfggLo /fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf aLrsf]
;DaGw Pj+ ;Dafbsf] ljifo, /fi6fWoIfn] u/]sf]
sfdsf/jfxLpk/ Goflos pGd'lQm / ;+jw} flgs
Pj+ sfg"gL JofVofsf] ;fGble{stf ;d]tsf
ljifoxdf eg] Pp6} /fo sfod ePsf] kfOG5 .
plNnlvt ljifoxdf ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 ;d]t
lj:t[t kdf ljj]rgf ePsf] / ljleGg ;}4flGts,
Jojxfl/s Pj+ o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
;d]tsf cfwf/df lgisif{df k'us
] f] cj:yf x'bF f
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzaLr dt}So

/x]sf tL ljifoxdf o; Ohnf;af6 km/s

wf/0ff agfpg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . t;y{
;f] xb;Dd ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] /fo dgfl;j g}
b]lvof] .
!&= ca bf];|f] k|Zg cyf{t\ ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;af6 km/skm/s sfg"gL Joj:yf p4[t
u/L k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf k|l] ift ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df
k|:t't d'2f ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ jf
v08 -3_ dWo] s'g cfwf/df lgk0f ug'k{ g]{
xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;df
dfggLo GofofwLzaLr dt}So x'g g;s]sf
ljifox s] s] /x]5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf ljj]rgf
ug'{ jf~5gLo x'g cfpF5 .
!*= ;+oQ' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz
>L bfdf] b /k| ; fb zdf{ n ] ;jf] { R r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_
sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd / csf{ dfggLo GofofwLz
>L /fh]Gb+k| ;
| fb sf]O/fnfn] lgod # sf] pklgod
-!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf
k]z ug'{ egL /fo JoQm ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #
n] k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] clwsf/If]qnfO{ O{lt u/]sf]
5 . To;dWo] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ df
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzxsf] /fo
gldn]sf] d'2f egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] v08
-3_ df hl6n sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] d'2f
egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . tL b'j} cj:yfdf
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;n] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 Gofo lgk0f
x'gk' g]{ egL /fo JoQm ePkl5 To:tf] d'2fsf]
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] nut s6[f e} k"0f{ Ohnf;sf]
nutdf btf{ x'g] b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf eg]

1770

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 tL b'j} cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf
b]vfOPsf] 5 . t/ ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnLsf]
lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -3_ df s'g}
d'2fdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} hl6n sfg"gL k|Zgsf]
lg0f{o k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 x'g' pko'Qm 5 eGg] s'/f
;f] d'2f x]g{] ;+oQ' m Ohnf;nfO{ nflu ;f] Ohnf;n]
;f] sfg"gL k|Zg / k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 To;sf] lg0f{o
x'gk' g]{ sf/0f pNn]v u/L k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug{
cfb]z lbPsf] d'2f egL pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFbf
pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -3_ cGtu{t ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;af6 Psdt kdf To:tf] d'2fdf /fo
JoQm u/L k"0f{ Ohnf;df k7fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzdWo] s'g}
Ps GofofwLzsf] /fosf cfwf/df lgod # sf]
pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -3_ cfslif{t x'g] ge} b'j}
GofofwLzsf] dt}So ePkl5 dfq ;f] k|fjwfg
lqmofzLn x'g] b]lvG5 . t/ k|:t't d'2fdf ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzdWo] Pshgf
GofofwLzaf6 dfq hl6n sfg"gL k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{
p7fP/ k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 Gofo lgk0f x'g' kg]{
egL /fo JoQm ePsf] / csf{ dfggLo
GofofwLzaf6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] /fo JoQm ePsf]
b]lvPaf6 k|:t't d'2f ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo
GofofwLzaLr dt}So x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] g}
o; Ohnf;sf] nutdf btf{ ePsf] dfGg' kg]{
b]lvG5 . ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz
>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{n] k|:t't d'2fdf hl6n
sfg"gL k|Zg ;lGglxt /x]sf] s'/f cf}N+ ofpg' ePsf]
5 eg] csf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb|k;
| fb
sf]O/fnfn] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kg]{ /fo JoQm ug'{
ePsf] cj:yf x'bF f To;/L lgj]bgdf yk JofVof
/ ljj]rgf x'g' kg]{ eGg] Pp6f /fo / lgj]bg g}

vf/]h x'g] eGg] csf]{ /fo sfod x'g uO{ ;+oQ

' m
Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzaLr /fo gldn]sf]
eGg] :ki6 kdf b]lvG5 . t;y{ k|:t't d'2fnfO{
;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod # sf]
pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ cGtu{tsf] dfGg'kg]{
b]lvg cfof] .
ca, k|:t't d'2f k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lgk0f
x'gk' g]{ egL dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb
zdf{af6 JoQm /fo / lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7xofPsf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb|k;
| fb sf]O/fnfsf]
/fodWo] s'g /fo dgfl;j 5 < eGg] t];f| ] k|Zgdf
k|jz
] u/L ljj]rgf ug'k{ g]{ ePsf] 5 .
!(= sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|fKt g]kfn
;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\n] ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf]
bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -#_ tyf bkmf * sf]
pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd dxf/yL ?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{
k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbaf6 cjsfz lbg] / /yL
s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] kbdf
sfod d'sfod d's// ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{
sfof{Gjog x'g' cufj} /fi6kltn] jt{dfg cj:yfdf
?Sdfb s6' j fnnfO{ oyfjt\ kdf
k|wfg;]gfkltsf] x}l;otdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' x'g
egL hf/L ul/Psf] lgb]{zkq ;+ljwfg Pj+
sfg"gk|lts"n ePsfn] ;f] lgb]z
{ kq ab/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] x'bF f tTsfnLg
;+jw} flgs Pj+ ;}lgs P]gdf /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
/ pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ePsf] ;+zf]wg, tTsfnLg
k|wfg ;]gfklt ?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{ ;]jfaf6
casfz lbO{ /yL s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ sfod
d'sfod d's// ug]{ u/L ePsf] tTsfnLg g]kfn
;/sf/sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{o k|f/Deb]lv g} /2
ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ldlt @)^^.#.$ df ePsf]

1771

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

lg0f{o, tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfklt ?Sdfb s6'jfn

/ /yL s'naxfb'/ v8\sf b'j} hgf xfn ;]jf
lgj[Q e} k|w| fg ;]gfklt kbdf csf{ JolQm lgo'Qm
e};s]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ klg ljrf/ ul/g' jf~5gLo
Pj+ ljj]s;Ddt b]lvg cfpF5 .
@)= g]kfndf ePsf] bf];f| ] hgcfGbf]ng
kZrft\ g]kfnnfO{ ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s,
ax';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm, ;dfj]zL, ;+3Lo
nf]stflGqs /fHosf kdf :yflkt ug]{ qmddf
ljleGg sfg"gL Joj:yfx ePsf] kfOG5 .
To;}qmddf zfxL ;]gfsf kdf /x]sf] tTsfnLg
;]gfnfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf kdf kfGt/0f ug]{
j}wflgs cfwf/ v8f ug{sf nflu ldlt @)^#.^.!@
df ;fljssf] ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ nfO{ k|lt:yfkg
ug{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# hf/L ul/Psf] kfOG5 . of]
tYo ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfdf P]ltxfl;s
hgcfGbf]ngsf] pknlAwnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ g]kfnL
;]gfnfO{ g]kfnL hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg]
eGg] s'/f pNn]v ePaf6 klg k'li6 x'g cfpF5 .
k|:t't ljjfb k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] cjsfz;Fu
;DalGwt x'bF f ;}lgs P]gdf /x]sf] tT;DaGwL
k|fjwfg a9L ;fGble{s b]lvg cfpF5 . ;}lgs
P]gsf] bkmf !! df pd]/sf] xb tyf kbfalw
;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f] cGtu{t pkbkmf
-!_ df k|wfg ;]gfklt kbdf axfn /xg] pd]/sf]
xb, P]= pkbkmf -@_ df k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] kbfjlw
/ P]= pkbkmf -#_ df pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s}
s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos
;Dem]df ;f] cjlw k"/f x'g' cufj} k|wfg
;]gfkltnfO{ cjsfz lbg ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt pkbkmf -#_ sf]
k|fjwfgn] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] kbdf jxfn /x]sf]

JolQmnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;Dem]df

h'g;'s} ;dodf klg cjsfz lbg ;Sg] u/L
:jljj]sLo clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] eGg] a'em\g
;lsG5 . t/ ;}lgs P]gdf /x]sf] pQm k|fjwfgnfO{
;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf eGbf k[ys kdf u|x0f ug{
;lsg] eg] x'bF g} , lsgeg] ;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n
sfg"g dflgPsf] cj:yfdf cGo sfg"gx :jtM
;+ljwfgsf] cwLg x'G5g\ . of] ;+ljwfgjfbsf] Pp6f
d"ne"t kIf g} xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f ! df ;+ljwfgnfO{ g]kfnsf] d"n sfg"g egL
cfTd;ft\ ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$
df ul/Psf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf
cGtu{ t /fi6 k lt g] k fnL ;] g fsf] ;jf] { R r
k/dflwkltsf kdf /xg] / k|wfg ;]gfkltsf]
lgo'QmL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf /fi6kltn]
ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To; cltl/Qm g]kfnL
;] g fsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg
sfg" g adf] l hd dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] l;kmfl/zdf
/fi6kltn] ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t pQm wf/fdf /x]sf]
5.
@!= o; cfwf/df x]bf{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'QmL k|lqmofdf /fi6klt
;d]t ;xefuL x'g] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf b]lvG5 .
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr k/dflwklt, k|wfg
;]gfkltsf] lgo'QmL / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f,
kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgdf /fi6kltsf] e"ldsfnfO{
;+ljwfgsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wg kl5 dfq ;+ljwfgdf
;dfj]z ul/Psf] xf] . ;+ljwfgdf rf}yf] ;+zf]wg
x'g' cl3;Dd /fi6fWoIfsf kdf /fi6klt /xg]
Joj:yf e}g;s]sf] cj:yf x'bF f g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !$$ df km/s vfnsf]
Joj:yf sfod /x]sf] b]lvG5 . h;df g]kfnL

1772

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

;]gfsf] ;jf]R{ r k/dflwklt ;DaGwL Joj:yf

ul/Psf] lyPg eg] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf]
lgo'QmL / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng /
Joj:yfkg ;d]t dlGqkl/ifb\n] dfq} ug]{ :ki6
Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . /fi6fWoIfsf kdf
/fi6kltsf] Joj:yf g} g/x]sf] tTsfnLg cj:yfdf
;+ljwfg / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf k|fjwfgx Ps
cfk;df la/f]wfefifL jf c;fd~h:ok"0f{ x'g] l:ylt
klg ePg . t/ ;+ l jwfgdf ePsf] rf} y f]
;+zf]wgaf6 /fi6kltsf] Joj:yf yk e} ;f] adf]lhd
;+ljwfgsf cGo k|fjwfgnfO{ klg ;f]xLadf]lhd
;dfof]hg ug]{ qmddf ;]gf ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf
klg /fi6kltsf] e"ldsf /xg] u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr
k/dflwkltsf] kdf /fi6klt /xg], k|wfg
;]gfkltsf] lgo'QmL / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f,
kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgdf /fi6kltsf] e"ldsf
/xg] u/L Joj:yf ul/Pklg tbg'k ;}lgs P]g,
@)^# sf ;DalGwt k|fjwfgxnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf]
rf}yf] ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ePsf] /fi6kltsf] sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf
cg'sn
" kl/dfh{g ug]{ tkm{ Wofg cfs[i6 ePsf]
kfOPg . To;}sf] kl/0ff:jk ;}lgs P]g, @)^#
/ ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ePsf]
;+jw} flgs Joj:yfaLr tfbfTDotf sfod x'g
;s]g . ;+ljwfgn] /fi6kltsf] e"ldsf /xg] u/L
u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ tbg'sn
" P]gdf ;d]t ;+zf]wg
ug'{kg]{df ;}lgs P]gn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg/k]If
clwsf/sf] ljifoj:t' agfPsf] cj:yf oyfjt\
sfod /Xof] . ToxL cGof}nk"0f{ / c;fd~h:ok"0f{
sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ k|:t't ljjfb
v8f ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . To;}n] k|:t't

ljjfbnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df

ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgaf6 d'ns
' sf] ;+jw} flgs
/fi6fWoIfsf kdf /fi6klt /xg] u/L ePsf]
;+jw} flgs Joj:yf Pj+ tbg'sn
" dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
l;kmfl/zdf /fi6kltaf6 ;DkGg x'g] sfd, st{Jo
/ clwsf/sf] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf tyf ljjflbt
ljifosf] kl5Nnf] cj:yf / l:yltaf6 k[ys
/fv]/ ljZn]if0f ug{ ldNg] cj:yf b]lvg cfpFbg} .
@@= u0ftGqsf] sfof{Gjog kl5 ljBdfg
sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg ckl/xfo{
/x]sf] kl/k|I] odf ;+ljwfg / ;}lgs P]gdf /x]sf
lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ Joj:yfxnfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug]{
p2]Zon] u0ftGq ;'b9[ Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn
sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)^^ hf/L
ePsf] / ;f] P]gn] ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!
df ;d]t ;+zf]wg ul/;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 .
h;cg';f/ pkbkmf -#_ df o:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5M
pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
ePtfklg g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos
;Dem]df ;f] calw k"/f x'g' cufj} k|wfg
;]gfkltnfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf
/fi6kltn] cjsfz lbg ;Sg]5 .
@#= u0ftGq ;'b9[ Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn
sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)^^ sf]
k|:tfjgf x]bf{ To;n] k|rlnt sfg"gdf /x]sf]
/fhtGqsf] ;Gbe{ cGTo u/L u0ftflGqs
Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{ sfod ug{ / cGo s]xL
ljifoxdf ;d]t ;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{ s]xL g]kfn
sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf] tYonfO{

1773

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# df

@)^^.!).& df ePsf] pQm ;+zf]wg kl5
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zsf cfwf/df /fi6kltn]
k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cjsfz lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf
sfod x'g cfPsf] 5 . ;+zf]wg kl5sf] of] Joj:yf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ ;Fu ;fd~h:ok"0f{ x'g
k'us
] f] 5 . csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f u0ftGq ;'b9[ Ls/0f
tyf s]xL g]kfn sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf]
P]g, @)^^ df ;f] P]g, @)^% ;fn h]7 !%
ut]bl] v nfu" ePsf] dflgg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/L
;f] P]gcGtu{t ;+zf]wg Pj+ ;'wf/df k/]sf
P]gxsf] ;+zf]lwt jf kl/dflh{t k|fjwfgx
:jtM @)^%.@.!% b]lv nfu" x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 .
;}lgs P]g, @)^# klg ;f]xL cfwf/df ;+zf]wg
ePsf] x'bF f ;}lgs P]gsf ;+zf]lwt k|fjwfgx
klg @)^%.@.!% b]lv g} nfu" ePsf] dfGg'kg]{
x'G5 . ;f] ;+zf]wg / ;+zf]lwt Joj:yf nfu" x'g]
ldltsf ;DaGwdf slxF st}af6 k|Zg gp7]sf]
x'bF f To;nfO{ j}w sfg"g -Valid law_ sf kdf
dfGotf lbg' kg]{ s'/fdf b'Odt x'g ;Sb}g .
@$= o;/L ;}lgs P]gdf @)^^.!).& df
ePsf] ;+zf]wg kl5 ;fljssf] Joj:yfdf h:tf]
c:ki6tf / cGof}nsf] cj:yf ca ljBdfg
/x]sf] b]lvFb}g . k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'QmL /
cjsfzsf] ljifo ca dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf
/fi6kltdfkm{t\ sfof{Gjog x'g] ;+jw} flgs Pj+
sfg"gL Joj:yf ljBdfg 5 . o;af6 g]kfnL
;] g f;F u ;DalGwt ljifodf /fi6 k lt /
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] clwsf/If]q lglZrt / ;'iki6
x'g k'us
] f] 5 .
@%= k|:t't ljjfbsf] cGt/j:t' eg]sf]
;DdfggLo /fi6 k ltaf6 tTsfnLg k| w fg

;]gfkltnfO{ oyfjt\ k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] x}l;otdf

lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL ldlt @)^^.!.@) df hf/L
ul/Psf] lgb]z
{ kq g} xf] . ;f] lgb]z
{ kqsf] x}l;otsf
;DaGwsf ljrf/ ubf{ ;f]kqsf] efiff Pj+ To;sf]
cGt/j:t' klg x]l/g' k|f;f+lus x'G5 . ;f]
lgb]z
{ kqdf k|oQ' m efiffnfO{ x]bf{ k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{
cjsfz lbg] lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf ;+jw} flgs
Joj:yfcg' s " n lgsf; vf] H g ;DdfggLo
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ n]vL uPsf] x'bF f jt{dfg cj:yfdf
oyfjt\ kdf k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] x}l;otdf
lg/Gt/tf lbg' x'g elgPsf] kfOG5 . To;af6
klg ;f] lgb]z
{ kq hf/L ug'{ cl3 ;DdfggLo
/fi6klt / k|wfgdGqLaLr ;Dafb sfod ePsf],
;f] ;Dafbsf cfwf/df dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lg0f{o x'g
afFsL g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf tTsfnsf nflu cGtl/d
Joj:yfkgsf kdf To:tf] lgb]z
{ kq hf/L ePsf]
b]lvG5 . To:tf] cGtl/d k|sl[ tsf] lgb]z
{ gnfO{
lg0ff{os x}l;otsf] lg0f{o jf lqmofsf] ;+1f lbg
ldNg] b]lvFbg} .
@^= To;}u/L tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfklt
?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{ cjsfz lbg] / /yL
s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] kbdf
sfod d'sfod d's// ug]{ tTsfnLg g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] lg0f{o oyfjt\
sfod /x]sf] cj:yf xfn;Dd ljBdfg /x]sf]
klg 5}g . tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLsf] /fhLgfdf kl5
lj36g x'g k'us
] f] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] :yfg lng
k'us
] f] kl5Nnf] dlGqkl/ifb\n] ldlt @)^^.!.@)
sf] lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf ljlw tyf sfg"g;Ddt
gePsf] / sfof{Gjogdf k|lqmofut q'l6 /x]sf]n]
pQm lg0f{o k|f/Deb]lv g} /2 ug]{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf
;fy ldlt @)^^.#.$ df lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg]

1774

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] ldlt

@)^^.&.@) sf] kq;fy ;+nUg kqaf6 b]lvG5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] kl5Nnf] ldlt
@)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{on] kl/0ffdtM dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] k"j{ lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{o;Fu
;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofx z"Godf kl/0ft x'g
k' u ] kZrft\ ;DdfggLo /fi6 k ltn] ldlt
@)^^.!.@) df hf/L u/]sf] lgb]z
{ kqsf] cl:tTj
klg :jtM ;dfKt x'g k'us
] f] 5 . of] tYon] klg
lgj]bgdf dfu ul/Psf] cj:yf xfn ljBdfg
g/x]sf] l:yltnfO{ b]vfpF5 . csf]t{ km{, g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] lg0f{oaf6 cjsfz
lbOPsf tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfklt ?Sdfb s6'jfn
ldlt @)^^.%.@# df ;]jf lgj[Q e};s]sf] b]lvG5
eg] k|wfg ;]gfklt kbdf sfod d'sfod d's//
ul/Psf tTsfnLg /yL s'naxfb'/ v8\sf klg
;]jf lgj[Q e};s]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;/L b'j} ;}lgs
kbflwsf/Lx ;]jf lgj[Q e};s]sf / xfn k|wfg
;]gfkltsf] kbdf cs}{ JolQm jxfn /x]sf] tYo
;d]t ljjfb/lxt kdf :yflkt x'g cfPsf] 5 .
@&= o;/L ;}lgs P]g, @)^# df ;+zf]wg
e};s]sf], tTsfnLg g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;]jfaf6
cjsfz lbg] lg0f{o ul/Psf g]kfnL ;]gfsf
tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfklt ?Sdfb s6'jfn /
;]gfklt kbdf sfod d'sfod d's// ul/Psf
/yL s'naxfb'/ v8\sf b'j} ;]jf lgj[Q e};s]sf,
To;/L k|wfg ;]gfklt kbaf6 cjsfz lbg] /
sfod d'sfod d's// ug]{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o
dlGqkl/ifb\s} ldlt @)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{oaf6 /2
e};s]sf], k|wfg ;]gfklt kbdf csf{ JolQm lgo'Qm
e} sfo{/t\ /x]sf] cj:yfn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
bfo/ x'bF fsf] kl/l:ylt eGbf leGg kl/l:yltnfO{

phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ x'bF fsf]

cj:yfdf ;f/e"t kl/jt{g e};s]sf] eGg] tYo
lglj{jfb kdf :yflkt x'g cfPsf] clxn]sf]
;Gbe{df ca k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;fGble{stf
5 jf 5}g < eGg] k|Zg p7\g' klg plQs} :jfefljs
b]lvG5 .
@*= ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf lgxLt /x]sf]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If] q ;DaGwL ;+ j } w flgs
Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ df
;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu
jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ePklg ;f] pkrf/ ckof{Kt
jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg"gL xssf]
k|rngsf nflu jf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf]
s'g} ljjfbdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;+jw} flgs jf
sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lgk0fsf] nflu cfjZos /
pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L To:tf] xssf] k|rng
u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'f] nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/
;jf]R{ r cbfntnfO{ x'g] b]lvG5 . k|:t't ljjfbnfO{
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf kdf o;
cbfntdf k|j]z u/fOPsf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] lglZrt ;+jw} flgs
Pj+ sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lgk0f u/L ljjfb 6'f]
nufpg] g} xf] . lgj]bsn] s'g} JolQm ljz]if jf
;d'bfosf] xs k|rngsf nflu k|:t't lgj]bg
bfo/ u/]sf] cj:yf gx'bF f o; lgj]bgaf6 s;}sf]
xs k|rng u/fpg' kg]{ k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] cj:yf
5}g . o:tf ljjfbdf Ps kIfsf] ljho / csf]{
kIfsf] k/fhosf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] eGg] klg
x'bF g} . o;af6 ;du|df ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g] / To:tf k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f
u/L ljjfbsf] 6'f] nufOG5 .

1775

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

@(= ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo slxNo}

klg sfNklgs x'Fb}g, of] cg'e"t ug{ ;lsg]
x'G5 . eljiodf cfpg] s'g} cd's k|ZgnfO{ o;n]
;Daf]wg ug]{ eGg] klg x'bF g} . o:tf] ljifosf]
cl:tTj jt{dfgdf b]lvg' kb{5 . sfNklgs
ljifodf l/6 If]q cfslif{t x'Fb}g, of] l/6sf]
cfwf/e"t rl/q g} xf] . o; cbfntaf6 klg
oyfy{tf / jf:tljs tYoafx]s sfNklgs
;d:ofsf] lgk0f l/6 If]qaf6 x'g ;Sb}g egL
-clwjQmf k'/]Gb| cof{n;d]t lj?4 lgjf{rg
cfof]u;d]t, g]sfk @)%), k[= %(_ l;4fGt
k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf lgj]bsn]
h'g kl/l:yltdf lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] xf], ;f]
kl/l:yltdf kl/jt{g e};s]sf] b]lvG5 . To;/L
kl/l:yltdf ;f/e"t kl/jt{g e} l/6 hf/L ug's
{ f]
cf}lrTo ;dfKt e};s]sf] cj:yfdf klg ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf kdf p7fOPsf k|Zgxsf] lg/f]k0f
ul/g' kg]{ egL sltko cj:yfdf o; cbfntaf6
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf s}og\ b[i6fGtx 5g\ .
lgj]bg bfjLsf] k|of]hg ;dfKt e};s]sf] eGg]
ljjfb p7]sf] lgj]bs cRo"ts[i0f v/]n lj?4
tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno
;d]t ePsf] pTk|i] f0f ;d]tsf] d'2f -g]sfk @)%%,
lg=g+= ^^@$, k[i7 ^@#_ / ;fj{hlgs dxTj,
rf;f] / ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf p7]sf k|ZgxnfO{
l/6 lgj]bg hf/L ug{ gkg]{ u/L cj:yf kl/jt{g
e} ;s]sf] eGg] k|Zg p7]sf] lgj]bs k|eg' f/fo0f
rf}w/L lj?4 k|dv
' lgjf{rg cfo'Qm ;d]t ePsf]
pTk|i] f0f ;d]tsf] d'2f -g]sfk @)%!, lg=g+= $()%,
k[i7 #!$_ df o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt
l;4fGtxn] ;f/e"t kl/jt{gsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t
cbfnt Gofo lgk0f ug{af6 kl5 x6\g gldNg]

eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . t/ cj:yfdf

cfPsf] kl/jt{g s'g lsl;dsf] kl/jt{g xf],
To;n] s] s:tf] k|efj u|x0f u/]sf] 5, tT;DaGwL
sfg"gL Joj:yf s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 eGg] h:tf
k|ZgxnfO{ cg'Ql/t /fv]/ Gofo lgk0f ul/Fbg} .
dfly p4[t ul/Psf b'j} d'2fdf sfg"gL Joj:yfdf
kl/jt{g ePsf] lyPg, h;sf sf/0f lgj]bg
bfo/ x'bF f sfod /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf oyfjt\
/xFbf;Dd ;f] sfg"gsf] k|of]udf k'gM ;d:of
pTkGg x'bF g} eGg] ;Defjgfsf] cGTo ePsf] lyPg .
k|:t't ljjfbdf ;fljssf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
sf/0faf6 ;d:of pTkGg ePsf]df ;f] sfg"gdf
;d]t ;+zf]wg e} :ki6, jf]wuDo / lljwf/xLt
sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'bF f tL l;4fGtx k'gM
cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf klg b]lvFbg} .
#)= eljiodf /fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf
aLrdf o; lsl;dsf] lljwfsf] cj:yf cfpg
glbgsf nflu klg l/6 hf/L x'g' kg]{ eGg]
lgj]bs tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ax; lhsL/
/x]sf] 5 . t/ l/6 If]qaf6 eljiosf] cfFsng
u/L cfb]z hf/L ul/Fbg} . eljiodf o:tf] xf]nf
egL cg'dfg u/L ;Defljt ljjfbsf] k"jf{gd' fgsf
cfwf/df lgisif{df k'Ug cbfntnfO{ clek|l] /t
ug'{ cfkm}d
+ f l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] l;4fGtk|lts"n
x'G5 . o:tf] ug{ :yflkt Goflos d"No, dfGotf
/ l;4fGtxn] cg'dlt lbFbg} g\ . eljiodf cfpg]
;+jw} flgs Pj+ sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lgk0f Tolta]n}
ul/G5 . ljjfbsf] lgk0f ubf{ sNkgfzLntfaf6
xf]Og, tTsfn ljBdfg /x]sf] sfg"g, tTsfnLg
kl/l:ylt, dfu ul/Psf] pkrf/sf] k|s[lt /
:jefjnfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ lgisif{df k'lug] x'G5 .
kl/jt{gzLn cj:yfdf cfhsf] kl/l:ylt /

1776

*(@^ OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

ef]lnsf] kl/l:yltsf] ;fGble{stf ;dfg gx'g

klg ;S5, sfg"gdf Jofks kl/jt{g jf ;+zf]wg
cfpg ;S5, /fHosf] ;+/rgf, zf;sLo :jk
nufotsf s'/fx ;d]t ablng ;S5g\ . To;}n]
;dofg'sn
" x'g ;Sg] kl/jt{gsf] ;fk]Iftfdf
ljjfbsf] 6'f] nufpg' kg]{ ljifonfO{ klxn] g}
cg'dfgsf] e/df 6'f] nufpg ;lsg] x'bF g} .
#!= l/6 eg]sf] ljjfbsf] 6'f] nufpg
hf/L ul/g] cfb]z xf] . To;}n] l/6 pkrf/
k|fKt ug{ ljjfbsf] cl:tTj ljBdfg 5 eGg]
s'/f lglj{jfb kdf :yflkt x'g' kb{5 . cfb]z
hf/L x'Fbf ljjfb aNemg] cfz+sfsf] l:yltdf
o:tf] cfb]z hf/L ul/Fb}g . To;}u/L sfof{Gjog
x'g g;Sg] cj:yfdf klg l/6 hf/L ul/Fb}g .
k| : t' t ljjfbdf sfg" g f/f /fi6 k lt /
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] clwsf/If]q ;'lglZrt e};s]sf]
cj:yfdf cbfntaf6 cfb]z hf/L x'Fbf To;n]
ljjfbsf] cGTo ug'{sf] ;6[f yk cGof}n /
clglZrttfnfO{ lgDTofpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
sfg"gn] ;Daf]wg ul/;s]sf] ljifodf cbfntaf6
k'gM ;Daf]wg ug{s
' f] s'g} cf}lrTo ;d]t b]lvFbg} .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] dfu u/] h:t}
eljiodf ;DdfggLo /fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf
aLrdf clwsf/If]qfTds b[li6n] klg ljjfb
pTkGg gx'g] u/L ;}lgs P]g, @)^# df ;+zf]wg
e};s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !$$ / tbg'k x'g] u/L u0ftGq
;'b[9Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug]{
P]gf/f ;}lgs P]g, @)^# df ul/Psf] ;+zf]wg
kl5 lgj]bsn] JoQm u/]sf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf
sfg"gL c:ki6tf jf lljwfsf] cGTo e};s]sf]
5.

#@= lgj]bsn] ab/ 3f]lift ug{ dfu

u/]sf] lgb]z
{ kq cfkm}d
+ f cGtl/d k|sl[ tsf] /xL
To;n] lg0ff{os x}l;ot u|x0f g} gu/]sf] cj:yf
klg oxfF ljrf/0fLo 5 . ;f] lgb]{zkq ca
cl:tTjdf klg 5}g . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] h'g lg0f{onfO{
cfwf/ agfP/ k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ x'g cfPsf]
xf], ;f] lg0f{o / ;f] ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofx
dlGqkl/ifb\af6} ldlt @)^^.#.$ df /2 e};s]sf]
kl/k|I] odf k|:t't lgj]bgsf] cfwf/ g} ;dfKt x'g
k'us
] f] 5 . o;/L /fHosf] sfo{sf/L clwsf/lgxLt
/x]sf] lgsfoaf6 ljlwjt\ kdf ;dfwfg ul/Psf]
ljifodf Goflos lgsfoaf6 x:tIf]k ug'{ Gofof]lrt\
x'bF g} . t;y{, ;}lgs P]gdf ;+zf]wg e} lgj]bsn]
ck]Iff u/]sf] h:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf e};s]sf],
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] lg0f{o
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{on] /2
ePsf], k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] kbaf6 cjsfz lbOPsf
/ ;f] avt sfod d'sfod d's// ul/Psf b'j}
kbflwsf/L xfn ;]jflgj[Q e} ;f] kbdf csf{
JolQm lgo'Qm e};s]sf] h:tf sf/0fxn] ubf{
ca k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;fGble{stf / cf}lrTo
gb]lvO{ lgj]bg g} k|of]hgxLg e};s]sf] cj:yf
5.
##= hxfF;Dd k|:t't ljjfbsf] lgk0f
k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 x'g' kg]{ eGg] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{sf] /fosf]
;Gbe{ 5, ;f] /fodf klg ;DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6
;fljs kbdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL lgb]z
{ kq lbOPsf
tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfkltn] g} cjsfz k|fKt
ul/;s]sf] nufotsf s]xL ljifoxsf] jt{dfg
cj:yfdf ;fGble{stf /x]sf] gb]lvPsf] eGg]
s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . To; afx]ssf

1777

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

cGo ljifox s] slt sf/0faf6 s] s'g cfwf/df

k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lgk0f ul/g' kg]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf
;f] /fodf cfwf/o'Qm 9+un] pNn]v ul/Psf]
b]lvFb}g . ;fy} ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo
GofofwLzdWo] s'g} Ps GofofwLzsf] /fosf
cfwf/df ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod #
sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -3_ cfslif{t x'g] ge}
b'j} GofofwLzsf] dt}So ePkl5 dfq ;f] k|fjwfg
lqmofzLn x'g] b]lvFbf ;f] /fosf] sfg"gL cfwf/
;d]t b]lvFbg} .
#$= ca, lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] clGtd k|Zgdf
ljrf/ ubf{ dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;fGble{stf ;dfKt e};s]sf]
lgisif{df of] Ohnf; k'us
] f] x'bF f lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPg .
t;y{ lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7xofPsf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb|k;
| fb
sf]O/fnfsf] /fo dgfl;j b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .

lg0f{o g+=*(@&
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
@)^^CI))()
km};nf ldltM @)^(.(.!&.#
d'2f M r]s cgfb/ -n]gb]g_ .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f+} lhNnf, sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= #% a:g] s/dl;+x
e08f/L
lj?4
k| T oyL{ jfbLM sf7df8f} + lhNnf, sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+ = $ a:g]
s0f{axfb'/ rGb
z'? km};nf ug]M{
df=lh=Gof= >L ;To/fh u'?
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
df=d'=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/ ad
df=Gof=>L xl/k|;fb l3ld/]

Gof=k|d
] zdf{
Gof=df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f]h !$ ut] /f]h % z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t M pd]z sf]O/fnf, k'gf/fd vgfn

&
1778

a}s
+ df df}Hbft gePsf] jf kof{Kt df}Hbft
gePsf] sf/0fn] r]s cgfb/ ePsf] tYon]
dfq r]s k|fKt ug{] JolQmn] r]s hf/L
ug] { JolQmnfO{ r] s df pNn] v
ePcg';f/sf] /sd C0f lbPsf] /x]5
eGg] s'/f :jtM k|dfl0ft x'g g;Sg] .
r]s hf/L ug{] JolQmn] cfkm"n] wf/snfO{
;fk6L lbPsf] jf cGo sf/0fn] klg

*(@& s/dl;+x e08f/L lj=s0f{axfb'/ rGb

csf{] JolQmsf] gfddf r]s hf/L u/]sf]

x'g;S5 . cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] r]sdf
pNn]v ePcg';f/sf] /sd C0f lbPsf]
x'gfn] cfkm"n] e/L kfpg] xf] eGgnfO{
bfjLcg';f/sf] /sd C0f lnPsf] eGg]
tYo k|df0fxaf6 k'li6 x'gk' g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
wf/sk|lt r]s hf/L ug{] JolQm :jtM
pQ/bfoL x'g] jf lghn] r]sdf pNn]v
ePsf] /sd wf/snfO{ C0f ;/x a'emfpg]
bfloTj x'g] eGg] b]lvb}g . sfg"gL
Joj:yfcg';f/ wf/sk|lt pQ/bfoL JolQm
sf] xf] / slt /sd;Dd pQ/bfoL x'g] xf]
egL cbfntn] ;a"b k|df0f x]/L 7x/
lg0f{o ug'k{ g{] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx
lx/f /]UdL tyf afa'/fd s'jF /
ljkIfL jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx
ldlyn]zs'df/ l;+x tyf jL/]Gb|s'df/
7fs'/
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
ljlgdo clwsf/ kq P]g, @)#$ sf]
bkmf !)&
d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+= &*
km};nf
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_ sf] cfwf/df d'2f
bf]xf]ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k'g/fj]bg ;/x

bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo /

7x/ o;k|sf/ 5M
s/dl;+ x
e08f/Ln]
d;F u
?=#),)),))). lng' ePsf]df dfUbf lghn]
!%!% nfvsf b'Oy{ fg r]s lbPsf] / ;f] r]ssf]
e'QmfgL lng hfFbf vftfdf /sd gePsf] x'bF f
lghn] 7uL u/]sf] hfgsf/L kfO{ hf]x/L lbg
cfPsf] 5' eGg] s0f{axfb'/ rGbsf] hfx]/L .
hfx]/jfnf;Fu ?=!%,)),))). ;'ldqf
;fxn] lnPsL x'g . ;'ldqfn] /sd lbg l9nfO{
u/]sLn] dnfO{ cfTdljZjf;sf] nflu r]s lbg'xf];\
egL s0f{axfb'/ rGbn] eGg' ePsf]n] d}n] r]s
lbPsf] x',F eGg] Joxf]/fsf] s/dl;+x e08f/Lsf]
aofg sfuh .
d}n] /sd ;'ldqf zfxnfO{ lbPsf] xf]Og .
ljleGg ldltdf s[lif ljsf; a}s
+ , j}ls sfof{no
dxf/fhu~hdf ePsf] d]/f] vftfsf] r]s sf6L
s/dl;+x e08f/LnfO{ g} r]s lbPsf] x'F eGg]
s0f{axfb'/ rGbsf] sfuh .
ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftxaf6 k|ltjfbLn]
Ps cfk;df ldn]dtf] u/L hfx]/jfnfaf6
?=#),)),))). lnO{ a}s
+ df /sd gePsf] @
yfg r]s lbPsf] / pQm r]saf6 a}s
+ df /sd
e'QmfgL ge} 7uL u/]sf] k'li6 x'g cfPsf]n] k|ltjfbL
s/dl;+x e08f/L / ;'ldqf zfxsf] pQm sfo{
7uLsf] dxnsf] ! / @ g+= sf] s;"/ ck/fw x'bF f
P]= sf] $ g+= adf]lhd ;hfo x'g / 7uLsf] ljuf]
?=#),)),))). k|ltjfbLxaf6 hfx]/jfnfnfO{
e/fO{ kfpFm eGg] cleof]u dfubfjL .
hfx]/jfnfn] ldlt @)^).$.@) ut] ?=&
nfv, @)^).$.@# ut] ?=* nfv, @)^).(.$
ut] ddfkm{t\ ;'ldqf zfxnfO{ ?=!! nfv lbg'

1779

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

ePsf] xf] . ldlt @)^).!).! ut] daf6 ?=#)

nfv lkmtf{ lng' e} dnfO{ e/kfO{ lbg' ePsf] 5 .
;fy} ddfkm{t\ ;'ldqf zfxnfO{ ?=( nfv lbg'
ePsf] xf] . ;f] ;d]t u/L lghnfO{ lbg' kg{] ?=!%
nfv ePsf] 5, ;f]sf] d}n] df3df r]s lbPsf]
xf] . vftfdf /sd 5}g eGg] s'/f hfx]/jfnfnfO{
klg yfxf lyof] . ;'ldqfn] j}zfv;Dd klg /sd
glbPsf]n] hfx]/jfnfn] cl3Nnf] r]ssf] Dofb
e'Qmfg e};Sof] k'gM csf{] r]s lbg' eg]sf]n]
;'ldqfs} /f]xj/df c;f/ dlxgfdf e'QmfgL kfpg]
u/L d}n] j}zfv dlxgfdf csf{] r]s lbPsf] x'F .
;Dk"0f{ /sdx n]gb]g sf/f]jf/sf x'g\ . d}n]
s'g} 7uL u/]sf] 5}g eGg] Joxf]/fsf] s/dl;+x
e08f/Lsf] aofg .
r] s cgfb/ ePsf] ljifo 7uLsf]
kl/efiffleq kg{] ge} b'lgof jfbL e} rNg] ljlgdo
clwsf/kq P]g, @)#$ sf] kl/lwleq kg{]
b]lvPsf]n] ;f] d'2f ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g,
@)$( sf] cg';r
" L ! jf @ cGtu{t gkg{] x'gfn]
;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ lemsfO{ lghn] ;sf/ u/] jfbL
kIf sfod u/L o;} d'2fsf] ldl;naf6 sf/jfxL
lsgf/f ug{] eGg] ldlt @)^@.*.% sf] cfb]z .
o;df ldlt @)^@.*.% sf] cfb]zfg';f/
d]/f] ljuf] ?=#),)),))). k|ltjfbLaf6 e/fO{
kfpFm eGg] hfx]/jfnf s0f{axfb'/ rGbsf] lgj]bg .
d}n] ljkIfL;Fu k}of lnPsf] 5}g .
;'ldqf zfxn] s0f{axfb'/;Fu k};f 5 dnfO{ !%
nfvsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] 5 . dnfO{ ljZjf;
ug'{ ePg . tkfO{ ;fIfL a;L lbg'kof] eg]sf] x'bF f
lghxn] lng' lbg'df km/s gknf{ eGg] 7fgL
;fIfL ;Dd a;]sf] x'F . ;'ldqf zfx km]nf gk/]kl5
ljkIfLn] k};f gp7\g] 7fgL dpk/ ph"/L lbPsf]

x'gk' 5{ . d}n] ljkIfLs} cg'/f]wdf lbPsf] r]snfO{

unt dg;fon] k|of]u u/L lbPsf] ph"/L vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] s/dl;+x e08f/Lsf]
k|ltpQ/ kq .
jfbL bfjLadf]lhd jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6
cgfb/ ePsf] r]s b'O{ yfgdf plNnlvt ;fFjf
?=#),)),))) -tL;nfv_ / ;f] r]s cgfb/
ePsf] ldlt @)^!.#.!) af6 cfh;Dd / e/L
e/fp x'bF f;Ddsf] !) k|ltztn] x'g] Jofh;d]t
e/fO{ kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z'?
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf .
ljjflbt r]sxsf] e'QmfgL Dofb # dlxgf
dfq x'g] / vftfjfnfn] r]s hf/L u/]sf] ldltn]
# dlxgfleq wf/sn] e'QmfgLsf] nflu a}s
+ ;dIf
k]z gu/]df ;f] r]s :jtM lgliqmo x'g hfg]
x'G5 . ;f] s'/f r]s :jLsf/ ug{] wf/sn] :jtM
hfgsf/Ldf lng'kg{d] f pQm sfg"gL k|fjwfg ljk/Lt
ldlt @)^).!).@( sf] r]snfO{ ldlt @)^!.#.!)
df a}s
+ n] e'QmfgL lbg OGsf/ u/]sf] ldl;n
;+nUg kmf/fd g+= #* krf{af6} k|i6 b]lvO{ /x]sf]
cj:yfdf e'QmfgL Dofb gf3L ;s]sf] e'QmfgL lbg
gldNg] cj:yfsf] d[t r]ssf] cfwf/df z'? jfbL
g]kfn ;/sf/n] hj/h:tL d'2f agfPs} e/df
dfq b]jfgLtkm{ kl/0ft e};s]kl5 To;nfO{ k"0f{tM
gh/ cGbfh u/L ljuf] sfod u/L ul/Psf] z'?
km};nf u}/sfg"gL Pj+ q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] pQm km};nf
ab/ u/L jfbL bfjL vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
k|ltjfbLn] jfbLsf gfpFdf lvr]sf] !%!%
nfvsf b'Oy{ fg r]s k|ltjfbLsf] a}s
+ df /x]sf
vftfdf lgIf]k gePsf] sf/0fn] e'Q' mfgL x'g ;s]sf]
b]lvb}g . k|ltjfbLn] aofgdf lhsL/ lnP cg';f/

1780

*(@& s/dl;+x e08f/L lj=s0f{axfb'/ rGb

s]jn !% nfv dfq jfbLnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg'kg{d

] f
klxn]sf] r]ssf] e'QmfgL gePsf] sf/0fn] ;f]
e'QmfgL lbgsf] nflu klxn]sf] r]ssf] abnfdf
bf];f| ] r]s lvr]sf] eGg] s'/f k'li6 x'g] tYoo'Qm
;a"b k|df0f k|ltjfbLn] u'hfg{ ;s]sf] 5}g .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL :jo+n] cfkm\gf] a}s
+ df /x]sf]
vftfaf6 jfbLn] e'QmfgL kfpg] u/L !%!%
nfvsf b'O{ yfg r]s sf6]sf] / ;f] r]sxsf]
e'QmfgL lbg] cjlw gf3]sf] sf/0f e'QmfgL x'g
g;s]sf] geO{ vftfjfnfsf] vftfdf /sd gePsf]
sf/0fn] ubf{ e'QmfgL x'g g;sL cgfb/ ePsf]
b]lvg cfPsf]n] ljlgd]o clwsf/kq P]g, @)#$
sf] bkmf !)&s ;d]tsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf;d]tsf]
cfwf/df cgfb/ ePsf r]sxsf] ?=#),)),)))
/ ;f]sf] !) k|ltztn] x'g] Jofh;d]t jfbLn]
k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg] g} b]lvg cfof] . ctM
ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf sfuh k|df0fxsf] ljj]rgf
/ d"Nofg u/L ?=#),)),))). ;fFjf / ;f]sf]
!) k|ltztn] x'g] Jofh ;d]t jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6
e/L kfpg] 7x/fPsf] z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.*.& sf] km};nf ldn]s}
b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] km};nf .
s0f{ a xfb' / rGbn] ;' l dqf zfxnfO{
?=!%,)),))). C0f lbFbf d lrghfgsf] ePsf]n]
;fIfL;Dd a;]sf] x'F . ;f]sf] Jofh klg ;'ldqfn]
s0f{axfb'/nfO{ ;do ;dodf d]/} cufl8 lbg]
ub{lyg . h;sf] k|df0f s0f{axfb'/nfO{ d dfkm{t\
a'em]sf] l6kf]6sf] lnlvt lx;fjaf6 k'li6 x'G5 .
@)^) ;fndf ;'ldqf zfx ;Dks{ljxLg ePkl5
s0f{axfb'/ rGbn] dnfO{ tfs]tf ug{ yfn]kl5
lghnfO{ a}s
+ df /sd gePsf] tYo hfgsf/L

u/fO{ cfTd;Gt'li6sf] nflu kGw|nfvsf] r]s lbPsf]

x'F . ;f] ^ dlxgf kl5 klxn]sf] r]ssf] cjlw
gf3]sf]n] ;f]xL /sd afkt ldlt @)^!.#.% df
!% nfvsf] bf];f| ] r]s lbPsf] x'F . d}n] sfuh u/L
n]gb]g u/]sf] xf]Og . ljkIfL;Fu Pp6} /sd !%
nfvsf] nflu @ k6s r]s sfl6Psf] xf] . ljkIfLsf]
:jx:tfIf/n] u/]sf] lx;fj l6kf]6af6 pQm tYo
k'li6 eO{ /x]sf]df tL sfuhnfO{ k|df0fdf glnO{
ePsf] km};nfdf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #,
%$, !* tyf ljleGg d'2fdf o; cbfntaf6
k|ltkflbt l;4fGt;d]tsf] q'l6 ePsf]n] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf !@-!_ / -s_-v_ cg';f/ d'2f bf]xf]ofO{
x]/L lg;fkm kfpFm eGg];d]t s/dl;+x e08f/Lsf]
lgj]bg kq .
o;df k' g /fj] b g cbfnt kf6gn]
k|ltjfbLn] lvr]sf] elgPsf ldlt @)^).!).@(
/ @)^!.#.% sf] !%!% nfvsf] r]s u/L ?=#)
nfv g} e/L kfpg] u/L 7x/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbLn] ;f] r]ssf] af/]df cbfntdf aofg
ubf{ pQm r]s cnucnu geO{ @)^).!).@(
sf] r]ssf] e'QmfgL cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 ;f]xL
a/fa/sf] csf{] r]s sf6]sf] egL pNn]v ub{}
jfbL;Fusf] lx;fj ;DaGwsf] egL sfuh k]z
u/]sf] / ;f] sfuhftaf6 !% nfvsf] dfq lx;fj
ePsf] b]lvg'sf ;fy} s[lif ljsf; a}s
+ sf] ldlt
@)^!.#.!) df r]s lkmtf{ u/]sf] ljj/0fdf Pp6f
r]s Ps dlxgf eGbf k'/fgf] ePsf] tyf csf{]
r]s gDa/ !^)%#% sf] r]ssf] ;DaGwdf
vftfjfnf;Fu a'em\g x'g egL qmd;+Vof @ / &
df lrGx nufO{ lkmtf{ k7fPsf]af6 @ yfg r]sdWo]
! yfg k'/fgf] r]s a}s
+ sf] e'QmfgL cjlwdf a}s
+ df

1781

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

k|:t't gePsf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . k|ltjfbLn]

jfbLn] n]vL lbPsf] lx;fj ljj/0fsf] sfuhft
k]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] sfuhftsf ;DaGwdf
c=j+= &* g+=;d]tsf] k|lqmof k"/f ug'k{ g{d
] f ;f]
;d]t gu/L bfjL /sd e/L kfpg] u/L ePsf]
km};nfdf c=j+= &* g+=, k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf # / %$, n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] ^ g+= tyf
jfl0fHo a}s
+ ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)%# sf] lgod
-@_ ;d]tsf] JofVofTds q'l6 b]lvFbf Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_ adf]lhd
d'2f bf]xf]ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg]
o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
k|ltjfbLsf] k]6af]nLdf pNn]v ePsL
;'ldqf zfxnfO{ c=j+= !#( g+= adf]lhd Dofb
k7fO{ lghnfO{ a'emL aofg u/fO{ nufpsf] )##$
sf] lgj]bg ;fy} /fvL k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t o;
cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z .
s/dl;+x e08f/LnfO{ lrGb5', ljkIfL jfbL
s0f{axfb'/ rGbnfO{ lrlGbg . lghxsf] n]gb]gsf]
ljifodf dnfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g . ?=!%,)),))).
sf] r]ssf] ljifodf d;Fu n]gb]g ePsf] xf]Og
eGg] ;d]t c=j+= !#( g+= adf]lhd a'lemPsL
;'ldqf zfxsf] aofg .
jfbLn] x/lx;fj ;DaGwdf n]v/] lbPsf
sfuh;d]tsf ;Ssn lnvtx jfbLaf6 bflvn
u/fO{ c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw k"/f
u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
ldl;n ;+nUg r]sx b]vfpFbf b]vf],
b'j} r]sdf ePsf] ;lxx d]/} xf], t/ r]s g+=
!$)*%^ sf] r]s klxnf sf6]sf] xf] . pQm
r]ssf] Dofb ;dfKt ePsf]n] k'gM !^)%#% sf]
r]s sf6L lbPsf] x'F . pQm /sd ;'ldqf zfxnfO{

;fk6L lbPsf] xf] eGg] s/dl;+x e08f/Lsf] c=j+=

&* g+= adf]lhd u/]sf] ;gfvt sfuh .
ldlt @)^).!).@( ;Dd k'/fgf] x/ lx;fj
u/L /sdsf] r]s lnPsf] x'F . cbfntaf6 b]vfO{Psf]
lx;fjsf] /km sfuh 7Ls xf] . To;kl5 ldlt
@)^!.@.!! df lx;fj u/L k'gM ?=!% nfvsf]
r]s k|ltjfbL s/dl;+x e08f/Ln] jfbL s0f{axfb'/
rGbnfO{ lbPsf] xf] . k|ltjfbLaf6 kfpg' kg{]
/sd ?=#) nfv xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf]
jf/]; zDe'k;
| fb bfxfnsf] aofg sfuh .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf ;dfj]z
eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLtkm{af6 clwjQmfx lx/f /]UdL tyf
afa'/fd s'jF /n] r]s Bounce ePsf] ljifodf
n]gb]gdf d'2f nfUg ;Sb}g . s/dl;+xn] ;'ldqf
zfx / s0f{axfb'/ rGbsf] aLrdf ePsf] sf/f]jf/df
;fIfL;Dd a;]sf] / s0f{axfb'/nfO{ cfTd;Gt'li6sf]
nflu kGw| nfvsf] r]s lbPsf] cj:yf xf] . ;f]
r]ssf] cjlw e'QmfgL ePkl5 k'gM ;f]xL /sdafkt
gofF r]s lbPsf] eGg] s'/f jfbLsf] :jx:tfIf/sf]
l6kf]6af6 k|i6 x'G5 . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6
ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f pN6L x'gk' 5{ egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL jfbLtkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmfx ldlyn]zs'df/ l;+x tyf jL/]Gb|sd' f/
7fs'/n] k|ltjfbL s/dl;+x e08f/Ln] kGw|kGw|
nfvsf] b'O{j6f r]s jfbLsf] gfddf lvr]sf]
;DaGwdf ljjfb 5}g . r]s cgfb/ ePsf]
;DaGwdf 7uL d'2f rn]sf]df cbfntaf6 g}
b'lgofFjfbLdf kl/0ft ePsf] xf] . ;Dk"0f{ ;a"b
k|df0f d"Nofg u/L ePsf] z'? tyf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]s} x'bF f ;b/ x'gk' 5{ egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] .

1782

*(@& s/dl;+x e08f/L lj=s0f{axfb'/ rGb

pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]

ug'e
{ Psf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL k]z ePsf ldl;n
sfuhftx cWoog u/L OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf] OG;fkm
ldn]sf] 5, 5}g < k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fjb]g lhsL/
k'Ug ;S5, ;Sb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg{]
b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbL s/d
l;+x e08f/Ln] ?=tL; nfv lng' ePsf]df ;f]
/sd dfUbf !%!% nfvsf] b'O{ yfg r]s lbg'
ePsf]df e'QmfgL lng hfFbf vftfdf /sd geO{
7uL u/]sf]n] sf/jfxL ul/kfpmF egL 7uL ;DaGwdf
k/]sf hfx]/Laf6 p7fg ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
hfx]/jfnf;Fu ?=kGw| nfv ;'ldqf zfxn] lnPsL
x'g\ . lghn] /sd a'emfpg l9nf u/]sf]n]
hfx]/jfnfsf] ljZjf;sf] nflu d}n] kGw| nfvsf]
r]s b'O{ k6s lbPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbL
s/d l;+x e08f/Lsf] aofg /x]5 . z'? lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^#.*.& df r]s cgfb/
ePsf] ljifo 7uLsf] kl/efiffleq kg{] geO{ ljlgdo
clwsf/kq P]g, @)#$ sf] kg{] ePsf]n] k|:t't
d'2f b'lgofFjfbLdf kl/0ft x'g] km};nfcg';f/
b'lgofFjfbLdf kl/0ft ePsf]df jfbLsf] bfjLcg';f/
cgfb/ ePsf] r]s b'O{ yfgdf plNnlvt
?=#),)),))). / ;f]sf] !) k|ltztn] x'g]
Jofh;d]t k|ltjfbLaf6 jfbLn] e/L kfpg]
7x/fPsf] b]lvG5 . z'? cbfntaf6 ePsf] OG;fkm
;b/ x'g] 7x/]sf]df k|ltjfbLsf] o; cbfntdf
d'2f bf]xf]ofpg] lgj]bg k/L o; cbfntaf6
lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] /x]5 .
#= k|:t't d'2f ;/sf/ jfbL kmf}hbf/L
7uL d'2faf6 b'lgofjfbL b]jfgL ljlgdo clwsf/kq

P]g, @)#$ cGtu{t kl/0ft x'g] u/L lhNnf

cbfntaf6 ePsf] km} ; nfdf lrQ a' e mfO{
hfx]/jfnfn] d'2f ;sf/ ug's
{ f ;fy} k|ltjfbLn]
;d]t k'g/fj]bg gu/L lrQ a'emfO{ a;]sf] b]lvFbf
;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/L /xg k/]g . jfbL
bfjLcg';f/ !%!% nfvsf] b'O{ yfg r]s cgfb/
ePsf] ljifodf jfbLn] bfjL u/]cg';f/sf] /sd
k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf
d'Vo kn] lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvof] .
$= k|:t't d'2fdf jfbLn] !%!% nfvsf]
r]s yfg b'O{ a}s
+ df df}Hbft geO{ cgfb/ ePsf]n]
k|ltjfbLaf6 ?=#),)),))). e/L kfpg' kg{]
eGg] bfjL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ lghn] s] s'g
ldltdf s;/L tL; nfv C0f lbPsf] xf] eGg]
s'/fsf] pQm r]snfO{ k'li6 ug{] cGo lnvt
k|df0fx k]z bflvn ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .
%= jfbL s0f{axfb'/ rGbaf6 ;'ldqf zfxn]
lnPsf] C0fsf] ljifodf cfkm" ;fIfL a;]sf]n]
jfbLnfO{ ljZjf;sf lgldQ ldlt @)^).!).@(
df ?=!%,)),))). sf] r]s lbPsf] / ;f]sf]
Dofb e'Qmfg ePkl5 k'gM ;f]xL /sdafkt ldlt
@)^!.#.% df csf]{ !% nfvsf] r]s lbPsf] x'bF f
jfbLnfO{ a'emfpg afFsL /sd kGw| nfv dfq xf]
eGg] lghn] cbfnt ;dIfsf] aofg tyf o;
cbfntdf k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kqdf lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvg cfpF5 . o;/L k|ltjfbL s/dl;+x e08f/Ln]
cfkm"n] g} jfbLaf6 C0f lnO{ vfPsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{
c:jLsf/ u/]klg cfkm"n] jfbLnfO{ ljZjf; lbnfO{
lghaf6 ?=kGw| nfv lnO{ ;'ldqf zfxnfO{ lbPsf]
s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfkm"n] jfbLaf6
/sd lnO{ ;'ldqf zfxnfO{ lbPsf] s'/fsf] k'li6sf]
nflu lghnfO{ u/fPsf] ((,%),))). sf] skfnL

1783

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

td;'ssf] k|ltlnlk;d]t k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

k|ltjfbL s/dl;+x e08f/Ln] jfbL s0f{axfb'/
rGbaf6 lnPsf] /sd ;'ldqf zfxnfO{ lbPsf] xf]
xf]Og eGg] ljifo o; d'2faf6 lg/f]k0f x'g] ljifo
gePsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/L /xg k/]g .
t/ ljj]lrt tYoaf6 k|ltjfbLn] jfbLaf6
?=!%,)),))). /sd lnO{ ;f] afkt kGw| nfvsf]
r]s jfbLnfO{ lbPsf] eGg] tYonfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf]
dfGg' kg{] x'g cfof] .
^= jfbLsf] jf/];n] o; cbfnt ;dIf
c=j++= &* g+= adf]lhd aofg ubf{ ;d]t
k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg] #),)),))). afFsL 5
egL aofg u/]sf] ePklg s'g ldltdf slt /sd
s'g ;|ft] af6 lbPsf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] ljZjf;k|b
ljj/0f jf k|df0fx cbfntdf k]z ug{ ;s]sf]
b]lvb}g . k|ltjfbLn] lhNnf cbfntdf aofg
ubf{ ldlt @)^).$.@) ut] ?=& nfv / ldlt
@)^).$.@# df * nfv u/L hDdf kGw| nfv
k}o+ f / ldlt @)^).(.$ df ?=!!,)),))).
;d]t ddfkm{t ;'ldqf zfxnfO{ lbg' ePsf] xf] .
ldlt @)^).!).! df lghn] daf6
?=@),)),))). lkmtf{ lng' eO{ ;f]sf] e/kfO{
lbg' ePsf] 5 . ;fy} lghn] P]= df3 $ ut]
ddfkm{t ;'ldqfnfO{ ( nfv lbg' ePsf]n] lghnfO{
lbg'kg{] /sd kGw| nfv 5 egL aofg u/L ;f]sf]
k|df0f :jk jfbL k|ltjfbLaLr /sd n]gb]g
u/]sf ljleGg ldltsf l6kf]6x k]z u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] l6kf]6df plNnlvt tYoxnfO{
jfbLsf] jf/];n] o; cbfnt;dIf aofg ubf{
c:jLsf/ u/L ;k|df0f v08g u/]sf] b]lvb}g .
&= j:t'tM a}s
+ df df}Hbft gePsf] jf
kof{Kt df}Hbft gePsf] sf/0fn] r]s cgfb/

ePsf] tYon] dfq r]s k|fKt ug{] JolQmn] r]s

hf/L ug{] JolQmnfO{ r]sdf pNn]v ePcg';f/sf]
/sd C0f lbPsf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f :jtM k|dfl0ft
x'g ;Sb}g . r]s hf/L ug{] JolQmn] cfkm"n]
wf/snfO{ ;fk6L lbPsf] jf cGo sf/0fn] klg
csf{] JolQmsf] gfddf r]s hf/L u/]sf] x'g;S5 .
jfbLn] cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] r]sdf pNn]v
ePcg';f/sf] /sd k|ltjfbLnfO{ C0f lbPsf]
x'gfn] cfkm"n] e/L kfpg] xf] eGgnfO{ bfjLcg';f/sf]
/sd k|ltjfbLn] jfbLaf6 C0f lnPsf] eGg] tYo
k|df0fxaf6 k'li6 ug'{ kb{5 .
*= ljlgdo clwsf/ kq P]g, @)#$
sf] bkmf !)& df ljlgdo clwsf/kq cgfb/
u/]sf] cj:yfdf wf/s jf b/kL7 ul/Psf]
JolQmk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] kIfn] Joxf]g{' kg{] Ifltk"lt{
/sd lgwf{/0f ubf{ b]xfoadf]lhd u/L lgwf{/0f
ul/g]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm
bkmfdf ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ klg
wf/sk|lt r]s hf/L ug{] JolQm :jtM pQ/bfoL
x'g] jf lghn] r]sdf pNn]v ePsf] /sd
wf/snfO{ C0f ;/x a'emfpg] bfloTj x'g] eGg]
b]lvb}g . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ wf/sk|lt
pQ/bfoL JolQm sf] xf] / slt /sd;Dd
pQ/bfoL x'g] xf] egL cbfntn] ;a"b k|df0f
x]//] 7x/ lg0f{o ug'k{ g{] x'G5 . sfg"gdf plNnlvt
k|fjwfgsf] JofVof ubf{ :jfefljs cy{df dgfl;j
Pj+ Gofof]lrt\ kl/0ffd lg:sg] u/L JofVof
ug'{kb{5 . k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbL s/dl;+x
e08f/Ln] jfbLnfO{ ldlt @)^).!).@( df !%
nfvsf] r]s lbPkl5 ;f] r]s tTsfn cgfb/
ePkl5 km] l / csf{ ] sf/f] j f/ u/L jfbLn]
k|ltjfbLnfO{ k'gM C0f lbPsf] eGg] jfbL bfjL

1784

*(@& s/dl;+x e08f/L lj=s0f{axfb'/ rGb

b]lvb}g . gtM Pp6f r]s cgfb/ ePkl5 k'gM

;f]xL JolQmnfO{ ;f]xL /sd a/fa/sf] C0f lbPsf]
xf]nf eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ts{;+ut x'g ;S5 .
klxnf] r]s k|fKt u/]sf] sl/j $ dlxgf eGbf
a9L cjlw;Dd a}+sdf k|:t't;Dd gu/L ;fy}
/fvL k'gM ldlt @)^!.#.% df csf{] r]s k|fKt
u/]kl5 dfq ldlt @)^!.#.!) df b'j} r]sx
a}+sdf k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvgfn] Pp6} /sdsf
nflu b'O{ k6s !%!% nfv /sdsf] r]s
lvr] s f] eGg] k| l tjfbLsf] lhsL/ cGo
l6kf]6;d]tsf kl/l:ylthGo k|df0fxaf6 k'li6
ePsf] b]lvg cfof] .
(= t;y{ ljj]lrt cfwf/ k|df0fxaf6
k|:t't d'2fdf jfbLn] cfkm"n] k|ltjfbLaf6 k|fKt
u/]sf b'j} r]sxsf] hDdf #),)),))).
k| l tjfbLnfO{ C0f lbPsf] eGg] bfjLnfO{
k|df0fxf/f k'li6 u/]sf] b]lvg cfPg . k|ltjfbL
s/dl;+x e08f/Ln] kGw| nfv ?k}ofF jfbLaf6
lnPsf] tYonfO{ :jLsf/ u/L cbfntdf aofg
u/]sf] b]lvgfn] ;f] kGw|nfv /sd jfbLn]
k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg] x'G5 . ctM kGw| nfv /
r]s lkmtf{ ePsf] ldlt @)^!.#.!) b]lv ;f]sf]
!) k|ltztn] e/L e/fpsf] ldlt;Ddsf] Jofh
;d]t dfq jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 ljlgdo clwsf/
kq P]g, @)#$ cg';f/ e/fO{ kfpg] 7x/ ug'{
kg{d
] f tL; nfv / ;f]sf] Jofh;d]t e/L kfpg]
7x/ u/]sf] z'? cbfntsf] OG;fkm ;b/ ug{]
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] OG;fkm ;f] xb;Dd
gldn]sf]n] s]xL pN6L x'G5 . jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6
?=!% nfv / ;f] s f] !) k| l tztn] ldlt
@)^!.#.!) b]lv e/L e/fp x'bF fsf ldlt;Ddsf]
Jofh ;d]t e/fO{ kfpg] 7x5{ . c? tk;Ln
adf]lhd ug"{ .

tk;Ln
dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvPadf]lhd
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] OG;fkm s]xL pN6L
eO{ jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 kGw|nfv e/L kfpg]
7x/]sf]n] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^#.*.& sf] km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08sf] l;=g+=
! df /fv]sf] nut sf u/L r]s cgfb/ ePsf]
ldlt @)^!.#.!) b]lv ljuf] e/L e/fp x'bF fsf
ldlt;Ddsf] ?=!%,)),))). / ;f]sf] !)
k|ltztn] x'g] Jofh;d]t jfbLn] k|ltjfbLsf] g]kfn
;/xbleqsf] h]yf b]vfO{ sfg"gsf Dofbleq
b/vf:t lbP nfUg] b:t"/ lnO{ ;fFjf Jofh jfbLnfO{
e/fO{ lbg' egL z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntnfO{
nut lbg" =========== !
jfbLn] z'? cbfntdf d'2f ;sf/ ubf{
ldlt @)^@.!!.% df /fv]sf] ljuf] ?=#),)),))).
sf] x'g] sf]6k{ mL / cGo b:t"/afkt ?=##,&**.
dWo] jfbLn] dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvPadf]lhd
;fFjf ?=!%,)),))). ljuf] e/L kfpg] 7x/]sf]n]
;f] /sdsf] x'g] !*,&&). jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6
e/L kfpg]df k|ltjfbLn] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
ubf{ z'? sf]6k{ mLafkt ?=##,&&). w/f}6Ldf hDdf
u/]sf] tyf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ nfUg] z'? sf]6k{ mLsf]
!% k|ltztafkt ?=!),!#!. sf]6k{ mL bfv]nf
u/]sf] b]lvFbf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ nfUg] sf]6k{ mL dWo]af6
?=!%,)),))). ljuf] a/fa/sf] !% k|ltztn]
nfUg] sf]6k{ mL ?=%,)^%. k|ltjfbLn] jfbLaf6
e/fO{ kfpg] ePsf]n] k|ltjfbLn] o; cbfntdf
w/f}6Ldf /fv]sf] /sd ?=##,&**. dWo]af6
?=!#,&)%. jfbLn] sfg"gsf Dofbleq b/vf:t
lbP sfg"gadf]lhd jfbLnfO{ e/fO{ lbg" . ;f]

1785

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

w/f}6 /sddWo]af6 afFsL ?=@),)^%. k|ltjfbLn]

lkmtf{ dfUg b/vf:t lbP k| l tjfbLnfO{
sfg"gadf]lhd lkmtf{ lbg" =====@
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
a'emfO{ lbg" ============ #

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn k'; !& ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n

&

lg0f{o g+=*(@*
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
;+jt\ @)^%WO)%$%
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.@.!&.$

ljifo M k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM dlxnf sfg"g / ljsf; d~r / cfgf]
tkm{af6 ;d]t clwjQmf dL/f 9+u' fgf
;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]t
JolQmut Pj+ lghL xslxtsf] k|Zg gb]lvO{
dlxnfxsf] c+ z xssf] ;DklQ
/Iffnufotsf ljifo;F u ;DalGwt
ljifodf ;j{;fwf/0f ;a}sf] rf;f] /
;/f]sf/ /xg hfg] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs
1786

;/f]sf/ /x]sf] ljifosf] lg/f]k0fsf] nflu

sfg" g Joj;foLsf] kdf /x] s f
lgj]bsxnfO{ cbfnt k|jz
] ug]{ xsb}of
g/x]sf] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
s'g p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu s] s:tf] sfg"g
agfpg] jf gagfpg] eGg] ljifo
ljwflosfsf] Psnf} 6 L If] q flwsf/
-Exclusive Jurisdiction_ cGtu{t kg]{
s'/f xf] . zlQmk[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtn]
ljwflosL bfo/f -Legislative domain_
sf] sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] ljifodf ;fdfGotof
Gofokflnsfn] x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] .
ljwflosL k|1f -Legislation wisdom_
leqsf sfg"gdf ;+zf]wgsf ;fy} cfjZos
gofF sfg"gsf] lgdf{0fsf] ljifodf k|efj
kfg]{ u/L cbfntL sf/jfxL pko'Qm
gdflgg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
sfg"gsf] Joj:yf ;do;fk]If x'gk' b{5 .
;do cg' s " n g/x] s f] Joj:yf jf
k|fjwfgnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L /fHon]
;+ljwfgsf] efjgfljk/Lt gx'g] u/L sfg"g
agfpg ;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
dlxnfsf] ;DklQ;DaGwL xs ;+/If0f /
k|rngsf ;DaGwdf kfl/jfl/s sfg"gsf
Joj:yfx ;do;fk]If ;dfof]lht x'gk' g]{
x'bF f ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ ljifoxdf sfg"g
lgdf{0fsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ k'ofpg' egL
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]tsf gfpFdf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L
x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_

*(@* dlxnf sfg"g / ljsf; d~r ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf dL/f 9'u+ fgf

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ls/0f
kf}8n
]
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^^ c %, lg=g+= *!#*
g]sfk @)^^ c %, lg=g++ *!^#
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !#-#_, !)&-@_
d'ns
' L P]g c+za08fsf] !) g+=
d'ns
' L P]g nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $ g+=
d'ns
' L P]g c=j=!&!-s_ g+=
cfb]z
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& -@_ adf]lhd
btf{ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
l6kf]6 / lg0f{o o;k|sf/ 5 M
dlxnf sfg"g / ljsf; d~r dlxnf
ju{sf] xs lxt /Iff, ;zQmLs/0f, pTyfg /
ljsf;sf] ;fy} sfg"gL xs clwsf/ :yflkt
u/fpg], To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] / tL
sfg"gL clwsf/sf] jf:tljs k|rng pkef]u eP
gePsf] cWoog ug],{ jf:tljs pkef]usf] nflu
kxn ug]{ p2]Zon] :yflkt ;+:yf xf] .

OHhtcfdbcg' ; f/ vfg nfpg /

cfjZostfcg';f/ plrt lzIfflbIff / :jf:Yo
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug'k{ g]{ 5 ;f] gu/] c+z lbg'
k5{ . nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $ g+=df n]lvPsf s'/fdf
eg] ;f]xLadf]lhd x'G5 eGg] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $g+= n] ;f;"
;;'/f ;d]t eO{ jf nf]Ug]n] dfq vfg nfpg
glbO{ 3/af6 lgsfnf u/]df jf a/fa/ s'6kL6
u/L b'Mv lbg] u/]df jf nf]Ug]n] csL{ :jf:gL
NofPdf jf /fv]df To:tL :jf:gLn] nf]Ug]sf] c+zaf6
cfgf] c+z 5'ofO{ lng kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . To:t} nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $-s_ n] nf]Ug] /
:jf:gLsf] ;DaGwljR5]b ePdf lghx aLr
c+za08f ePdf vfg nfpg vr{ 5'ofpg' kg]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . c+za08fsf] !* g+=n] c+z
geP klg dfgf] 5'lO{ leGg a;]df jf /lhi6]z
g
u/L vlt pklt cfcfgf] u/L cfgf] lx:;f;Fu
dfq /fvL vfg] lkpg] u/]df Ps} 7fpFdf eP klg
dfgf] 5'lO{ leGg ePsf] 7x5{ . To:t} j'emfPsf]
wg nfPsf] C0f cfcfgf] x'G5 eGg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ljjfxjf/Lsf] ( g+=sf] b]xfo ^
n] c+za08fsf] !) g+=adf]lhd :jf:gLn] c+z
lnO{ leGg a;]df, nf]Ug]n] csL{ :jf:gL dflg;;Fu
ljjfx ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; Joj:yfn]
ubf{ sltko dlxnfx nf]Ug]af6 kLl8t x'bF fx'bF }
klg csf]{ lajfx ug{af6 /f]Sg klg c+z lnO{
leGg x'g rfxb}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf nf]Ug];uF
a:g g;sL dfgf rfdn lnO{ 5'} a:g afWo
5g\ .

d'ns
' L P]g, c+za08fsf] !) g+= n] afa'
cfdfsf] hLp 5p~h]n c+z lbg 5f]/f5f]/Ln] afj'
cfdfnfO{ afWo u/fpg ;Sg] 5}gg\ . d clxn]
5'lg eGg] 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ afj' cfdfn] s/ nufO{
d'ns
' L P]gdf ePsf] ;+zf]wgn] dlxnfsf]
5'ofpg klg x'bF g} . :jf:gLn] klg nf]Ug]sf] hLp
[ ;DklQdf sfg"gL xs :yflkt u/]sf] 5 .
5pGh]n nf]Ug]sf] d~h"/L ljgf c+z lnO{ 5'lg k}ts
kfpFlbg . nf]Ug], afa', cfdfn] :jf:gL 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f
1787

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

-#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zdf dlxnfsf]

;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . :jf:gL dflg;n]
nf]Ug] dflg; ;/x cfgf] xssf] ;DklQ cfkm"vz
' L
ug{ kfpg] ePsf]n] lghnfO{ klg cfgf] ;DklQsf]
:jfdL agfPsf] tYo :ki6 5 . ;DklQsf]
:jfldTjdf cfgf] xssf] ;DklQpk/ :jfldTj
sfod /xg] / :jfldTjcGtu{t s'g} ;DklQsf]
k|of]u ug]{ jf c?nfO{ xs x:tfGt/0f ug]{ ;d]tsf]
clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'G5g\ .

Tolts} x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf pgsf] cufl8

dfgf] 5'lP/ a:g] afx]s csf]{ ;xh ljsNk
b]lVbg . To;}n] dfgf] 5'lP/;Dd a;]sf] x'lG5g\ .
t/ o:tf] cj:yfdf c+za08fsf] !) g+=Pj+ !*
g+=sf] Joj:yfsf l:yltdf pgsf] ;uf]nsf]
;DklQdf ;f/jfg kx'r
F klg /xg ;Sg] cj:yf
x'bF g} . To;}n] pgsf] ;DklQdf klg nf]Ug]n] leGg
a;]sf] >LdtLnfO{ ;DklQaf6 jl~rt ug],{ ePsf]
;DklQ a]rljvg ug]{ jf ;DklQ klg cGo
c+lzof/af6 gubdf lng] cfd k|rng xfn klg
ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf sfg"gsf]
;DklQ dflysf] dlxnfsf] ;dfg clwsf/ ck|ToIf
kdf ;dfKt x'g] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

;dfgtfsf] ;f/e"t l;4fGtnfO{ sfg"gL

;dfgtfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{
ljz]if cf}hf/sf] kdf x]l/G5 . To;}n] g]kfndf
ljBdfg n}ls cGt/nfO{ cGTo ug{ Pp6f
/0fgLlts x:tIf]ksf] kdf ;f/e"t ;dfgtfnfO{
;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf
lnOPsf] 5 .
pko'Q
{ m Joj:yfxnfO{ dlxnfxn] Jojxf/df
;+ljwfg Pj+ k|rlnt sfg"gn] dlxnfnfO{ pkef]u ug{sf] nflu cyf{t\ sfg"gdf ePsf
;fDklQs clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] ePtfklg c+z Joj:yfxnfO{ jf:tljs kdf sfof{Gjogdf
' L P]g c+za08fsf] dxnsf]
glnO{ ;Lkm{ dfgfrfdn lnO{ 5'} a;]sf] cj:yfdf Nofpg jt{dfg d'ns
pgsf] c+z efu lgwf{/0f eO{ ;s]sf] x'bF g} . Joj:yfadf] l hd c+ z a08fsf] !) g+ = Pj+
h;n] ubf{ klg pgsf] efusf] ;DklQ c=j=!&! nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $ g+=adf]lhd dfgfrfdn lnO{
-s_ adf]lhd To:tf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /xg;Sg] a;]sf] cj:yfdf, dfgfrfdnsf] d'2f bfo/
cj:yf 5}g . lsgsL c=j= !&!-s_ n] rn eO{;s]kl5 c=j= !&! -s_ g+= df ;d]t ;+zf]wg
crn ;DklQ jf ljuf] bfjL ePsf] d'2fdf jf u/L c+lzof/sf] ;DklQ a]r ljvg ug{ /f]Ssf
xs j]xssf] k|Zg p7]sf] d'2fdf dfq rn crn /fVg'kg],{ nf]Ug]afa'n] :jf:gL dfq} jf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{
;DklQ /f]Ssf u/L oyfl:yltdf /fVg];Ddsf] ;d]t 3/af6 lgsfnf u/]kl5 cyjf d'2f bfo/
Joj:yf 5 . o:tf Joj:yfaf6 Pp6L dlxnf hf] u/]kl5 nf]Ug]afa'n] cfgf] c+zafktsf] xftxft}
nf]Ug], ;f;", ;;'/faf6 ckx]lnt 5g\ / pgLx;Fu a'emL lnO{ c+z 5f]8kq ug]{ xfnsf] k|rng /f]Sg
;fydf a:g ;Sg] x}l;otdf 5}gg\ t/ c+z lnO{ yk sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{, c+za08f lnFbflbFbf c+z
5'} a:g klg rfxGgg\ . lsgls pgnfO{ kfl/jfl/s lng] JolQmdf cfl>t c+lzof/ ePdf lghxnfO{
;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf klg 5 . pgn] ;f;" ;;'/f ;d]t ;fIfL /fvL c+za08f ug]{ Joj:yfsf ;fy}
nf]Ug];uF k'gld{ngsf] ck]Iff klg u/]sL x'lG5g\ dfgfrfdn d'2f k/]kl5 ;DklQ a]rlavg / s'g}
/ nf]Ug]n] csf]{ ljjfx gu/f];\ eGg] ck]Iff klg klg tl/sfn] xs x:tfGt/0f ug]{ u/fpg] ePsf]df
1788

*(@* dlxnf sfg"g / ljsf; d~r ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

To:tf] sfo{ :jtM ab/ ePsf] dflgg] sfg"gL

Joj:yf ug{ jt{dfg d'ns
' L P]gdf ;+zf]wgsf
;fy} cfjZos gofF sfg" g lgdf{ 0 f ug{
k/dfb]znufot hf] rflxg] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] dfubfjL .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] . lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] .
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb
afx]s kGw| lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL
ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf lbg' eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lgj]bsn] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg'
kg]{ :ki6 cfwf/ / sf/0f lgj]bgdf v'nfpg
;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{cjlwe/
sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ nufotsf] Joj:yfksLo
lhDd]jf/L ;d]t o;n] k"/f ug'k{ g]{ ;+jw} flgs
lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] sf/0fn] dfq o:tf ljjfbdf
ljkIfL agfpg' cf}lrTok"0f{ x'bF g} .
lgj]bg kqdf s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] jf e]befjk"0f{ /x]sf] eGg] dfubfjL
lgj]bssf] geO{ ljBdfg Jojxf/sf] sf/0f
dlxnfsf] ;DklQ clwsf/sf] /fd|f] ;+/If0f x'g
g;s]sf]n] sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg u/L yk Joj:yf
x'gk' g]{ eGg] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !)& f/f ;DdfgLt cbfntnfO{
k|bQ c;fwf/0f clwsf/cGtu{t s'g} sfg"gdf
;+zf]wg u/L cd's lsl;dsf] Joj:yf ug'{ egL
;d:t/sf] ljwflosL cnfO{ cfb]z ug{;Sg]
clwsf/ ;dfj]z ePsf] dfGg ldNb}g . of] ljwflosL
csf] Psnf}6L clwsf/If]qleqsf] ljifo xf] .
ctM lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efsf] xsdf
s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg g/x]sfn]

k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;+ljwfg

;efsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6
lgj]lbsfsf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf]
xf] . To;sf] :ki6 lhsL/ glnO{ lagf cfwf/ /
sf/0f c;DalGwt ljifodf ljkIfL agfPsf]
b]lvG5 . hxfF;Dd d'n'sL P]gsf] cbfntL
aGbf]j:tsf] dxnsf] !&!-s_ g+=sf] k|fjwfg
;+zf]wg ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ 5, ;f]
;DaGwdf /fHosf] s'g} Sector sf nflu s] s:tf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cfjZostf kb{5, P]gdf s]
Joj:yf x'gk5{, ;dfhdf s] s:tf] sfg"gsf]
cjZostf 5 / tL sfg"gxdf s] s] k|jfwfg
/xg'k5{ eGg] s'/f ljwflosfsf] clwsf/If]q
cGtu{tsf] ljifoj:t' ePsf] / ljwflosfsf] To:tf]
Domain of Legislative Wisdom df Gofokflnsfn]
k|jz
] ug'{ x'bF g} elgG5 . s'g P]g s;/L ;+zf]wg
ug]{ eGg] dfu lgj]bsn] lng g;Sg] x'gfn] P]g
;+zf]wg x'gkg]{ egL ul/Psf] dfu sfg"g;Ddt
5}g . s] s:tf] P]g lgdf{0f jf ;+zf]wg ug]{ eGg]
s'/f ljwflosfsf] Psnf}6L clwsf/If]qleq kg]{
ljifo ePsf] / To:tf] ljifodf l/6 If]q cfslif{t
x'g ;Sb}g .
Pp6} l/6 lgj]bgaf6 s'g} cd's ljifodf
sfg"g agfpg], csf]{ s'g} cd"s ljifosf] sfg"g
;+zf]wg ug]{ tYo k|zf;lgs / gLltut ljifodf
cfb]z dfu ug]{ ljifo l/6 lgj]bg;DaGwL :yflkt
cEof;k|lts"n 5 . dlxnfsf] xs, lxt, /
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ g]kfn sfg"gdf ljleGg
Joj:yfx u/L cfgf] Ifdtf / ;fwg ;|ft] n]
EofP;Dd kl/jt{ g / ljsf;sf] ultnfO{

1789

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

cfTd;ft ub}{ ljleGg sfg"gxdf ;fdlos

;'wf/x ePs} 5g\ . sfg"gL ;'wf/ eGg] ljifo
lg/Gt/ kdf rNg] nfdf] k|lqmof x'gfn] s'g}
sfn v08sf] s'g} ljGb'df ;a} s'/f Ps}rf]l6
Pp6} lg0f{oaf6 ;'wf/ x'g] klg xf]Og . g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& sf]
k|fjwfg Academic exercise sf] nflu v'Nnf
ul/Psf] xf]Og . o;y{ l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
d' n ' s L P] g c+ z a08fsf] dxnsf]
Joj:yfadf]lhd dfgfrfdnsf] d'2f bfo/ eO{
;s]kl5 c=j+= !&! s g+=df ;d]t ;+zf]wg u/L
c+lzof/sf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg kfpg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf ug]{ ;DaGwdf pQm !&!s g+=sf] Joj:yf
ljlw lgdf{tfn] csf]{ p2]Zo cyf{t\ ljjflbt
;DklQdf s'g} lsl;dsf] lgdf{0f ug{ jf eO{
/x] s f] lgdf{ 0 f laufg{ jf ef} l ts :jk
kl/jt{g;d]tsf sfo{ /f]Sg]tkm{ nlIft ePsf]
x'bF f ;f] Joj:yf c+za08fsf] xsdf ;d]t nfu"
x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /xFbg} . Pp6f p2]Zosf] nflu
to ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cGo k|of]hgdf
klg nfu" x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /xb}g . Pp6f p2]Zosf]
nflu to ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cGo
k|of]hgdf klg nfu" ug'{ jf ;+zf]wg ug'{ cl3
To;n] kfg]{ k|efj / c;/sf ljifodf cWoog g}
geO{ ljgf cfwf/ lgSof}n
{ x'g ;Sb}g . c+za08fsf]
!) g+= Pj+ nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $ g+=adf]lhd dfgfrfdn
lnO{ a;]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf dlxnfsf] ;Fuf]nsf]
;DklQ a]rljvg ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf ug]{
;DaGwdf c+za08fsf] !) g+=+ df afa'cfdfsf] hLp
5p~h]n jf :jf:gLn] klg nf]Ug]sf] hLp 5p~h]n

lghxsf] d~h"/L ljgf 5'lg gkfpg] /

OHhtcfdbcg';f/ vfg nfpg plrt lzIffsf]
Joj:yf ug'k{ g]{ pNn]v 5 . ;fy} nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf]
$ g+= df dfgfrfdnsf] ;Gbe{ geO{ ;f;" ;;'/f
jf nf]Ug]n] vfg nfpg glbO{ 3/af6 lgsfnf
u/]df c+z lng kfpg] :ki6 pNn]v ePs} 5 .
n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= df c+z gePsf c+lzof/n]
;uf]nsf] crn ;DklQ a]rlavg ubf{ Psf3/sf
;a} ;fIfL a;]sf] jf lghxsf] d~h"/Lsf] lnvt
ul/lbPsf] eP dfq kSsf 7xg]{ :ki6 sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x]sf] tkm{ cWoog ljrf/ gu/L tyf
Pp6f p2]Zosf nflu ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
csf]{ p2]Zo / k|of]hg;Fu hf]8L sfNklgs JofVof
u/L bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
d'ns
' L P]g, cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] !&!
s g+=df rn crn ;DklQ jf ljuf] bfjL tyf
xs j]xssf] k|Zg p7]sf] d'2fdf ljjflbt crn
;DklQ oyfl:yltdf kIfn] lgj]bg lbPdf
cbfntn] d'2fsf] k|sl[ t / cf}lrTotf x]/L jfbL
bfjL k'Ug] b]lvPdf ;DklQ /f]Ssf ug{ jf cGo
pko'Qm cfb]z ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] /
cj:yfcg';f/ dfgf rfdnsf] d'2fdf ;d]t ;f]
Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g] g} x'bF f 5'} sfg"gL Joj:yf
ul//xg' kg]{ b]lvb}g . c+za08fsf] !) g+= /
nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $ g+= adf]lhd dfgf rfdn lnO{
a;]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf dlxnfsf] ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ
a]rljvg ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf ul/kfpFm eGg]
lgj]bg lhsL/ ;DaGwdf ;f] gDj/df :jf:gLn]
nf]Ug] ;+u c+z 5'ofO{ lng kfpg];Ddsf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] xf] .

1790

*(@* dlxnf sfg"g / ljsf; d~r ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

c+ z 5f] 8 kq;DaGwL Joj:yf

c+lzof/xsf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu ePsf] Joj:yf
xf] . s'g} c+lzof/sf] d~h"/L gePdf c+za08fsf]
dxnadf]lhd ;j} c+lzof/x aLr c+za08f
x'g] c+z 5f]8kq ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;DalGwt
kIfsf] :j]R5fdf cfwfl/t ljifo ePsf]n] To;nfO{
/f]Sg] u/L yk sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ s'g}
cf}lrTo g} b]lvb}g . c+za08f ubf{ c+z lng]
JolQmsf cfl>t c+lzof/nfO{ ;fIfL /fVg'kg]{
sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/
;DaGwdf c+za08fsf] dxnsf] # g+=n] c+za08f
ubf{ ;fIfL ;d]t /fvL ug'{kg]{ oy]i6 Joj:yf
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . c+za08f d'ntM c+lzof/x
jLr x'g] Ps lsl;dsf] s/f/ ePsf]n] lghsf
cfl>t c+zLof/nfO{ g} ;fIfL /fVg' g} kg]{ sfg"gL
afWotf g} b]lvFb}g . dfgf rfdnsf] d'2f k/]kl5
;DklQ x:tfGt/0f ePsf]df :jtM ab/efuL
u/fO{ kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ ;DaGwdf s]
s:tf] cj:yfdf ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f ubf{ ab/
u/fpg ;Sg] eGg] ;DaGwdf k|rlnt sfg"gdf
ePsf] Joj:yf kof{Kt g} ePsf] x'bF f ;f] ;DaGwdf
yk sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos / jf~5gLo
b]lvb}g eGg] sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+ljwfg ;ef
Joj:yf dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .

dfgf rfdnsf] d'2f bfo/ u/]kZrft\, dfgf

rfdn lnO{ a;]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t ;+uf]nsf]
;DklQ j]rljvg eO/x]sf] 5 . nf]Ug]afa'n]
cfgf] c+zafktsf] ;DklQ rndf dfq j'emL
lnO{ c+z 5f]8kq ug]{ k|rngn] dlxnfn] c+z
xssf] k"0f{ pkef]u ug{ g;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
jt{ d fg d' n ' s L P] g cbfntL jGbf] j :t,
c+za08fsf] dxn ;d]tdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg
u/L dlxnfsf] c+z xsafkt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]
;DklQsf] ;fy{s pkef]u ug{ ;DklQ lglZrt\
cj:yfdf /f]Ssf /fVg] d'n'sL P]gdf ;+zf]wgsf
;fy} pko'Qm sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfn
;/sf/sf gfpFdf k/dfb]z nufotsf cGo
pko' Q m cfb] z hf/L ul/kfpF m egL ax;
ug'{eof] . ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{ n o;d] t sf tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{ n osf ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf ls/0f kf}8n
] n] lgj]bssf] d'ns
' L
P] g df /x] s f] sfg" g L Joj:yf ;+ l jwfg;+ u
aflemPsf] jf e]befjk"0f{ /x]sf] eGg] bfjL
/x] s f] 5} g . c+ z a08f / dfgf rfdnsf]
ljifo;+u ;DalGwt ljifodf sfg"g ePsf]
Joj:yf ;+zf]wgsf nflu cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] dfubfjL /x]sf]df pQm sfg"g ;+zf]wg
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z Pj+ gof lgdf{0fsf] ljifo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bsxsf tkm{af6 jflx/sf] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h xf];\ egL ax;
:jo+ ljfg clwjQmf dL/f 9'+ufgfn] g]kfnsf] ug'{eof] .
cGtl/d ;++ljwfgn] dlxnfnfO{ ;dfgtfsf]
lgj]bs / ljkIfLtkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
xssf ;fy} ;DklQ;DaGwL xs k|bfg u/]sf] sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'e{ Psf] pko'Q{ m ax;;d]t
5 . ;+ljwfg / sfg"gf/f k|bQ xssf] jf:tljs ;'gL k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bg dfubfjLadf]lhdsf]
k|ltkmnsf] cg'e"lt dlxnfn] ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ljifosf
xfnsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ckof{Kt 5 . dlxnfn] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
1791

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;dfgtfsf]

;f/e"t l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxfl/s kdf sfof{Gjog
ug]{ ljz]if cf}hf/sf] kdf sfg"gnfO{ x]l/G5 .
g]kfndf ljBdfg n}ls cGt/nfO{ cGTo ug{
Pp6f /0fgLlts x:tIf]ksf] kdf ;f/e"t
;dfgtfnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf]
k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zdf dlxnfsf] ;+/If0fsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . :jf:gL dflg;n] nf]Ug] dflg;
;/x cfgf] xssf] ;DklQ cfkm"v'zL ug{ kfpg]
x'Fbf sfg"gn] ;DklQsf] :jfdL agfPsf] tYo
:ki6 5 . ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gn] ;DklQ;DaGwL
k|bQ xsnfO{ dlxnfxn] Jojxf/df pkef]u
ug{sf] nflu jt{dfg d'n'sL P]gdf ;+zf]wgsf
;fy} gofF sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] 68\sf/f] vfFrf] /x]sf]
5 . d' n ' s L P] g c+ z a08fsf] dxnsf]
Joj:yfadf] l hd c+ z a08fsf] !) g+ = Pj+
nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $ g+= adf]lhd dfgfrfdn lnO{
a;]sf] cj:yfdf, dfgfrfdnsf] d'2f bfo/
eO;s]kl5 d'n'sL P]g c=j=!&! -s_ g+= df
;+zf]wg u/L c+lzof/sf] ;DklQ a]r ljvg ug{
gkfpg] u/L /f]Ssf /flvg'kg],{ nf]Ug]afa'n] :jf:gL
dfq} jf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;d]t 3/af6 lgsfnf
u/]kl5 cyjf d'2f bfo/ u/]kl5 nf]Ug]afa'n]
cfgf] c+zafktsf] xftxft} a'emL lnO{ c+z
5f]8kq ug]{ xfnsf] k|rng /f]Sg yk sfg"gL
Joj:yf ug{, c+za08f lnFbf lbFbf c+z lng]
JolQmdf cfl>t c+lzof/ ePdf lghxnfO{
;d]t ;fIfL /fvL c+za08f ug]{ Joj:yfsf ;fy}
dfgfrfdn d'2f k/]kl5 ;DklQ a]rlavg /
s'g} klg tl/sfn] xs x:tfGt/0f ug]{ u/fpg]
ePsf]df To:tf] sfo{ :jtM ab/ ePsf] dflgg]

sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ jt{dfg d'n'sL P]gdf

;+zf]wgsf ;fy} cfjZos gofF sfg"g lgdf{0f
ug{ k/dfb]znufot hf] rflxg] cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] dfubfjL / g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& f/f
;DdfgLt cbfntnfO{ k| b Q c;fwf/0f
clwsf/cGtu{t s'g} sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg u/L jf
gofF sfg"g lgdf{0f u/L cd's lsl;dsf] Joj:yf
ug'{ egL ;d:t/sf] ljwflosL cnfO{ cfb]z
ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ;dfj]z ePsf] dfGg ldNb}g .
o; k| s f/sf] ljwflosL csf] Psnf} 6 L
clwsf/If]qleqsf] ljifodf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd
s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg
g/x]sfn] lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfLsf]
lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] kfOof] .
#= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_
adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ lgxLt /x]sf] egL
btf{ x'g cfPsf] b]lvof] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ df o;
cbfntnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf
;dfj]z ePsf] ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf]
lgk0f u/L k"0f{ Gofo k|bfg ug{ h'g;'s}
cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/sf cnfjf s;}sf]
lghL xssf] ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ
df}lns xs ckx/0f ePsf] cj:yfdf To:tf]
xs k|rng u/fpg jf cGo g]kfn sfg"gn]
k| b fg u/] s f] sfg" g L xs ckx/0f ePsf]
cj:yfdf klg To:tf] xs k|rng u/fpg]
cGo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf ePklg
To:tf] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg x'g] ePdf
klg To;/L u}/sfg"gL tl/sfaf6 ckxl/t lghL

1792

*(@* dlxnf sfg"g / ljsf; d~r ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

xs k|rng u/fpg ;Sg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q clwsf/ / ;+/If0f ;d]tsf] k|Tofe"lt lbOPsf]
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
5 . To:t} wf/f !( n] ;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/
$= k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;DaGwdf lgj]bsx k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ffkq,
{
sfg"gsf] If]qdf sfo{/t\ sfg"g Joj;foLsf] cnfjf !($* sf] wf/f ! n] dlxnfnfO{ cfTd;Ddfgk"js
dfgj clwsf/ / sfg"gL /fHo ;DaGwdf sfd afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . dlxnf
ub}{ cfPsf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdf cfj4 /x]sf] lj?4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf] e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL
' m /fi6 ;+3Lo dxf;lGw, !(&( -The UN
eGg] lgj]bg n]vaf6 b]lvG5 . b]zsf] sfg"gL ;+oQ
Joj:yf dlxnfsf] nflu ckof{Kt /x]sf] eGg]
;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf] ljifodf lgj]bsxnfO{
cle?rL / rf;f] x'g' c:jfefljs b]lvb}g . l/6
lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] ljifodf lgj]bsxsf]
JolQmut Pj+ lghL xslxtsf] k|Zg gb]lvO{
dlxnfxsf] c+ z xssf] ;DklQ /Iff;F u
nufotsf ljifo;+u ;DalGwt b]lvFbf To:tf]
ljifodf ;j{;fwf/0f ;a}s
+ f] rf;f] / ;/f]sf/
/xg hfg] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] k|:t't
ljifosf] lg/f]k0fsf] nflu sfg"g Joj;foLsf] kdf
/x]sf lgj]bsxnfO{ cbfnt k|jz
] ug]{ xsb}of
g/x]sf] eGg ldn]g .
%= k|:t't d'2fdf bfjLsf] ljifo dlxnfsf]
c+z xsnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ jt{dfg d'ns
' L P]gdf
/x]sf] c+za08f, nf]Ug]:jf:gL, cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf]
dxndf ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ckof{Kt /x]sf]n]
;f] ;+zf]wgsf ;fy} yk sfg"g ;d]tsf] lgdf{0f
ug{ k/dfb]znufotsf pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] /x]sfn] sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg / yk
sfg"g lgdf{0f;d]tsf nflu o; cbfntnfO{
k/dfb]z hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ /xg] g/xg] eGg]
;DaGwdf ljj]rgf u/L Goflos lgisif{df k'Ug'kg]{
b]lvg cfof] .
^= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !# n] ;Dk"0f{ gful/snfO{ ;dfgtfsf]

Convention on the Elimination of all forms off

Discrimination Against Woman, 1979_

n] :ki6tM
dlxnf tyf k'?ifaLr ;j} k|sf/sf e]befj ug]{
tyf dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ;j} If]qdf ;dfgtf
sfod ug]{ p2]Zo lnOPsf] 5 . pQm dxf;lGwsf]
wf/f & df dlxnf lj?4 ;fdflhs hLjgdf x'g]
e]befj cGTo x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL
cGt{/fli6o ;Demf}tf kq !(^^ -International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966_ /
cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts;DaGwL cGt{/fli6o
k|lt1fkq !(^^ -International covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966_ sf
Joj:yfaf6 sfg"gsf b[li6df ;j} JolQm ;dfg
x'g,] ;a}nfO{ sfg"gL ;+/If0fsf] xs k|fKt x'g,]
/fHon] ;DklQ, ln jf c? s'g} klg cfwf/df
vf;u/L dlxnf / k'?ifaLr e]befj ug{ gx'g]
:ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . plNnlvt ;lGw ;Demf}tfnfO{
g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/L cg'df]bg u/]sf] cj:yf
b]lvG5 . ;dfgtfsf] ;f/e"t l;4fGtsf ;fy}
cGt/f{li6o ;lGw ;Demf}tfaf6 l;lh{t bfloTj
jxg u/L k'?if / dlxnfaLr x'g] / x'g ;Sg]
lje]bsf] cGTo ug]{ st{Jo / bfloTj g]kfn
;/sf/df /x]sf]df ljjfb 5}g . ;dfg x}l;ot /
cj:yfdf /x]sf aLr e]befj ul/G5 eg] Tof]

1793

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

lgZro klg ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtljk/Lt x'G5 .

t/ oxfF d' n ' s L P] g cbfntL aGbf] j :t,
nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] / c+za08fsf] dxndf ePsf]
Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu jflemPsf] eGg] geO{ dlxnfn]
c+zafkt k|fKt ug]{ ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff ug{ d'ns
' L
P]gdf ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ckof{Kt x'Fbf
;+zf]wgsf ;fy} yk sfg"g Joj:yf lgdf{0f ul/kfpFm
eGg] /x]sf] kfOof] .
&= g] k fnsf] cGtl/d ;+ l jwfgn]
zlQmk[ysLs/0f / zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGt
c+uLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fHosf cx h:t}
Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf, sfo{kflnsf nufot
cGo ;+ j } w flgs csf sfd, st{ J o /
clwsf/x ;+j}wflgs Joj:yff/f lgwf{l/t
ul/Psf 5g\ . To;sf] bfo/df /xL tL
;+:yfxn] sfo{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn]
ljwflosfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs clVtof/L
leq /xL ljwflosfn] Pp6f lglZrt ljBflosL
gLlt jf l;4fGt agfO{ To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog
ug{ sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ ljwflosfsf]
If]qflwsf/leqsf] ljifo xf] . s'g p2]Zo k|flKtsf
nflu s] s:tf] sfg"g agfpg] jf gagfpg]
eGg] ljifo ljwflosfsf] Psnf}6L If]qflwsf/
-Exclusive Juridiction_ cGtu{t kg]{ s'/f xf] .
zlQmk[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtn] ljwflosL bfo/f
-Legislative domain_ sf] sfg"g lgdf{0fsf]
ljifodf ;fdfGotof Gofokflnsfn] x:tIf]k
ug{ ldNg] x' F b } g . cyf{ t ljwflosL k| 1 f
- Legislation wisdom _ leqsf sfg" g df
;+ z f] w gsf ;fy} cfjZos gofF sfg" g sf]
lgdf{0fsf] ljifodf k|efj kfg]{ u/L cbfntL
sf/jfxL pko'Qm dflgb}g .

*= o; cbfntaf6 o:t} k|sl[ tsf] bfjLsf]

ljifodf sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg Pj+ gofF sfg"g lgdf{0f
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leqsf] sfo{ g/x]sf] egL
ljleGg d'2fx -g]sfk @)^^, c %, lg=g+=
*!#*, g]sfk @)^^, c %, lg=g++ *!^# ;d]tsf_
df l;4fGt k|ltkflbt eO{ cg'z/0f eO{ cfPsf]
kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]adf]lhd
d'ns
' L P]gdf ;+zf]wgsf ;fy} yk gofF sfg"g
lgdf{0f ug]{ clwsf/If]qsf] ljifo ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yfadf]lhd cGo lgsfosf] x'bF f cbfntn]
x:tIf]k ug{ dgfl;a b]lvg gcfPsf]n] lgj]bg
dfu adf]lhd k/dfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] cj:yf
b]lvPg .
(= sfg"gsf] Joj:yf ;do ;fk]If
x'g'kb{5 . ;do cg's"n g/x]sf] Joj:yf jf
k|fjwfgnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L /fHon] ;+ljwfgsf]
efjgfljk/Lt gx'g] u/L sfg"g agfpg ;lsg] g}
x'G5 . of] /fHosf] bfloTjsf] ljifo klg xf] .
dlxnfsf] xs lxt / clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{
g]kfn sfg"gdf ljleGg Joj:yfx u/L cfgf]
Ifdtf / ;fwg ;|ft] n] EofP;Dd kl/jt{g /
ljsf; ultnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ljleGg sfg"g
;d;fdlos ;'wf/x ePsf / kl5 ul/b} n}hfg]
k| l tj4tf g] k fn ;/sf/ k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvFbf
dlxnf xs lxtsf nflu sfg"gdf ;do;fk]If
;'wf/sf ;fy} yk gofF sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug{
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ePsf] kfOof] .
!)= g]kfnsf] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfsf] dd{
/ p2]Zo, g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& adf]lhd
/fHon] axg ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/
/fvL dlxnfsf] ;DklQ;DaGwL xs ;+/If0f /

1794

*(@( lg/fsf/ alhdo ;d]t lj=;/f]hgL alhdo ;d]t

k| r ngsf ;DaGwdf kfl/jfl/s sfg" g sf

Joj:yfx ;do;fk]If ;dfof]lht x'gk' g]{ s'/fdf
b'Od
{ t x'g ;Sb}g . l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ ljifoxdf sfg"g lgdf{0fsf
;DaGwdf ljrf/ k'ofpg' egL ljkIfL g]kfn
;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]tsf gfpFdf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L x'g]
7x5{ . o; cfb]zsf] k|ltlnkL ljkIfLxsf]
hfgsf/L lgldQ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{
/ km};nf sfof{Gjog dxflgb]z
{ gfnonfO{ ;d]t
lbO{ d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L lgodfg';f/
a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM kGb]xL lhNnf, l;4fy{gu/

gu/kflnsf, j8f g+= % a:g] lg/fsf/
alhdo ;d]t
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM kGb]xL lhNnf, l;4fy{gu/
gu/kflnsf, j8f g+= % a:g] dy'/fk|;fb
alhdosf] d'=;= u/L cfgf xsdf ;d]t
P]=P]= a:g] ;/f]hgL alhdo ;d]t
z'? km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L /fh]zs'df/ sfn]
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
df=d'=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf
df=Gof=>L s]zjk|;fb d}gfnL

k|f=8f=Gof=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn h]7 !& ut] /f]h $ z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t MufoqLk|;fb /]UdL

&
lg0f{o g+=*(@(
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
)^%CI)!^*
km};nf ldltM @)^(.(.#.#
d'2f M ldnfkq ab/, c+z gfd;f/L .
1795

d'ns
' L P]g, c=a+= *^ g+= df jl0f{t
cGt/\j:t' k|s6 kdf gb]lvP;Dd
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf clGtd e}
a:b5 / j:g' klg kb{5 . sfg"gadf]lhd
ePsf] ldnfkq cGoyf eO{ ab/
geP;Dd To;n] d'2fsf] lglZrt
cGTosf] k|jGw u5{ . cbfntaf6 ePsf]
ldnfkq ldnfkqstf{sf] j+zh jf
gft]bf/sf] dfu adf]lhd ab/ ub}{ hfg]
xf] eg] km};nf clGtdtf -Finality of
decision_ sf] l;4fGtljk/Lt x'g uO{
;du| Gofo Joj:yfsf] :yfloTjdf afwf
k'Ug hfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
ldnfkq eg]s} d'2fsf kIfxsf] O{R5f
/ ;xdltsf] kl/0ffdsf] b:tfj]h

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

ePsfn] ;a} cfGtl/s O{R5f / rfxgf

ldnfkqdf k| s 6 x' g ;Sb} g g\ .
ldnfkqdf plNnlvt zt{x d'2fsf
kIfxsf] d~h"/L / ;xdltcg'k g}
lgwf{/0f x'g] ub{5g\ . tL zt{xdf
d'2fsf kIfx afx]s c? JolQmsf]
d~h"/Lsf] h?/t klg kb}g{ . ;DalGwt
kIfsf] d~h"/Ln] kfpg' kg]{ ;DklQeGbf
3l6a9L x'g] u/L ldnfkq ug]{ egL
ldnfkqsf] zt{df plNnlvt ug{ ;lsg]
x'gfn] ;DklQ 3l6a9L ePsf] eGg]
sf/0faf6 dfq} ldnfkq ab/sf] cfwf/
x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf lji0f'k;
| fb
afF:sf]6f
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg al/i7 clwjQmf
/fdk|;fb >]i7 Pj+ ljfg clwjQmf
g/]Gb|k;
| fb uf}td
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^(, c #, lg=g+=*&!^, k[= %)$
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'ns
' L P]g, c=a+= *^ g+=
cfb]z
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
a'6jnaf6 ePsf] km};nfpk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd o; cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M

d"n k'?if s[i0fnfn alhdo, lghsf]

5f]/f dy'/f, dy'/fsf] >LdtL ;/f]hgL x'gx' G' 5 .
s[i0fnfnsf] k/nf]s e};s]sf] 5 . dy'/f /
;/f]hgLaf6 rf/ 5f]/fx ;+of]u, ;~ho, :jod
/ ;+od alhdosf] hGd ePsf], ;~ho alhdosf]
>LdtL jfbL lgd{nf / 5f]/fx qmdzM lg/fsf/
/ ;+:sf/ xf},F dy'/fsf ;a} 5f]/fxsf] ljjfx
e};s]sf] 5 . c+lzof/x aLr /Ltk"js
{ c+za08f
ePsf] 5}g . ljkIfLxnfO{ c+z lbg' kof] eGbf
@)^)#!) ut] kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntaf6
c+z d'2fdf ldnfkq u/L xfdLaLr c+za08f
e};s]sf] 5 egL hjfkm lbPsf]n] cbfntdf uO{
a'bf ljkIfLxn] b]=bf=g+= !$#% sf] c+z d'2f
bfo/ u/fO{ ldnfkq u/L c+z lng] lbg] u/L xfd|f]
xslxtljk/Ltsf] sfo{ u/]sf] x'bF f cGofodf k/L
lkm/fb ug{ cfPsf 5f}+ . t;y{, ljkIfLx aLr
ePsf] @)^)#!) sf] ldnfkq ab/ u/L
;Dk" 0 f{ rn, crn >L;DklQsf] kmfF 6 jf/L
ljkIfLxaf6 lemsfO{ ^ efu nufO{ ;~ho
alhdosf] ! efudf $ efu nufO{ ! efu
;~hosf] k/;f/L # efu c+z xfdL jfbLxnfO{
lbnfO{ gfd;f/L u/fO{ kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lkm/fbkq .
jfbLxnfO{ d ;d]tn] ;uf]ndf /fvL
OHhtcfdbcg';f/ vfg nfpg lbPsf] x'Fbf
c+z lbg'kg]{ xf]Og, ldlt @)^)#!) sf]
ldnfkq c;dfg ePsf] egL d cfkmF} Gofosf
vflt/ ;DdfgLt cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5' .
o:tf] cj:yfdf d;Fu s'g} ;DklQ gePsf]n]
jfbLxn] daf6 c+z kfpg' kg]{ xf]Og eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;~ho alhdon]
lbPsf] k|ltpQ/kq .

1796

*(@( lg/fsf/ alhdo ;d]t lj=;/f]hgL alhdo ;d]t

ljkIfLsf nf]Ug] ;~ho alhdon]

3/;f/df @)%( ;fn r}q * ut] a08fkq
v8f ug]{ s'/fdf c;xdt hgfO{ kGb]xL lhNnf
cbfntdf b]=g+= !$#% sf] c+z d'2f lbO{
ldnfkqdf ;xdt eO{ @)^)#!) df ldnfkq
ePsf] xf] . ;~ho alhdon] k|fKt u/]sf]
;DklQaf6 ljkIfLxn] c+z kfpg] x'bF f pQm
ldnfkq s'g} xfntdf ab/efuL 5}g . ljkIfLsf]
lkm/fb bfjL vf/]hefuL 5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL dy'/fk|;fb alhdo, ;/f]hgL alhdo,
;+of]u alhdo, :jod alhdo, ;+od alhdo
;d]tsf] ;+oQ
' m k|ltpQ/kq .
ldlt @)^)#!) df ePsf]
ldnfkqaf6 oL jfbLxsf klt Pj+ lktf ;~ho
alhdon] kfPsf] ;DklQ Gofof] l rt\ Pj+
;dfg'kflts kdf ljt/0f eOcfPsf] gb]lvPsf]
/ :jo+ c+lzof/f pQm ldnfkqdf ;Gt'i6 geO{
bjfjdf ldnfkq u/fOof] elg/x]sf] cj:yfdf
kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] ;f] ldnfkq
Gofof]lrt\ gb]lvFbf ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca
tfobftLdf plNnlvt ;Dk"0f{ rn crn
;DklQdf % efu nufO{ ;~ho alhdosf] c+z
xsdf kg]{ ! efunfO{ $ efu nufO{ ;f]af6 #
efu c+z jfbLxsf] gfddf gfd;f/L ;d]t x'g]
7x5{ eGg] kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf]
km};nf .
kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfdf
lrQ a'em]g, Jofkf/ Joj;fosf xtf{stf{ oL
jfbLxsf klt Pj+ lktf ;~ho alhdon]
;dfhsf nAwk|ltli7t JolQmx 3/df e]nf
u/fO{ g/d s/d ldnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ rn crn
;DklQ / pBf]u k|lti7fg;d]tsf] ;DklQ

d"Nofg u/L u/fO{ ldnfkq n]vL n]vfO{ To;nfO{

sfg"gL kn] j}wflgstf lbg @)^)#!) df
kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldnfkq u/L c+z
efu lng'lbg' u/]kl5 k'gM lghn] xfd|f] lj?4
ldnfkq ab/ / hfn;fhL d'2f bfo/ u/]sf]df
;f] cbfntaf6 @)^@#@* df jfbL bfjL
gk'Ug] / vf/]h x'g] 7x/L ldnfkq sfod} /x]ePsf]
cj:yfdf xfn cfP/ cfgf >LdtL / gfafns
5f]/f prfnL k'gM d'2f lbg c=a+= *@ g++ adf]lhd
ldNb}g . ;fy} lgd{nf alhdon] gfafns
5f]/fxsf] tkm{af6 d'2f bfo/ ubf{ c=a+= *#
g+= adf]lhd cg'dlt;Dd lnPsf] gb]lvPsf]n]
jfbL bfjLadf]lhd ldnfkq ab/ / c+z kfpg]
u/L ePsf] ;f] km};nf c=a+= *@, !*@ g+= /
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %$ ;d]tsf] k|ToIf
k|lts"n x'bF f pN6L u/L jfbL bfjLaf6 k'm;{b
kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;/f]hgL
alhdo, :jod alhdo / ;+od alhdosf]
;+oQ
' m k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df jfbLxsf klt Pj+ lktf ;~ho
alhdo ;d]tsf d"n c+lzof/fx aLr c+z
d'2f k/L ldnfkq ePsf] / oL jfbLx ;f] c+z
d'2fsf jfbL k|ltjfbLxsf ;dfg txsf
c+lzof/x g/x]sf] l:yltdf d"n c+lzof/x
aLr ePsf] ldnfkq ab/ x'g] 7xofPsf] z'?sf]
km};nf km/s kg{;Sg] b]lv+bf 5nkmnsf nflu
k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
a'6jnaf6 ePsf] cfb]z .
o;df ;dfg txsf c+lzof/sf] aLrdf
ldnfkq ePsf] b]lvPsf], ldnfkq ubf{ s]xL
;DklQ lng' lbg' u/L ldnfkq u/]sf] b]lvPsf],

1797

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

pQm ldnfkq ab/df :jo+ jfbL ;~hon] bfo/

u/]sf] d'2fdf jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] u/L km};nf
ePsf] b]lvPsf], jfbL ;~hosf] >LdtL tyf
5f]/fxaf6 k|:t't ldnfkq ab/ d'2f k/]sf]
b]lvPsf]n] jfbLx lgh ;~hosf k|ToIf cfl>t
c+lzof/f ePsfn] ;~ho;Fu lghxn] c+z
kfpg] xs ;'/lIft g} x'bF f z'? kGb]xL lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f]
km};nf pN6L e} jfbLxsf] bfjL gk'Ug] 7x5{
eGg] ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, a'6jnsf]
km};nf .
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, a'6jnsf] km};nfdf
lrQ a'em]g . b]=g+= !$#% sf] c+z d'2fdf
ldnfkq x'Fbf xfd|f] c+z xs d]6\g] p2]Zon]
xfdL jfbLxsf klt lktf ;~hosf] c+z
efudf wgeGbf C0f w]/} kg]{ u/L / ePsf]
;DklQsf] ;d'lrt ljt/0f gu/L ldnfkq
ul/Psf] 5 . xfd|f] c+z xs dfg]{ b'/f;on] g}
;~hosf] c+z efudf wgeGbf C0f w]/} kfl/Psf]
cj:yf 5 . ;~hosf] c+z efudf @! nfv
rfgr'g wg / &) nfvsf] C0fsf] bfloTj
yf]kl/Paf6 xfd|f] c+z xs d]l6g uPsf] :ki6
b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, a'6jnaf6 km};nf
x'Fbf cfk;L ;xdltdf 3l6a9L u/L ldnfkq
x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf] / jfbLxsf] c+z xs dfg]{
p2]Zon] ldnfkq ePsf] gb]lvPsf] eGg]
;d]tsf q'l6k"0f{ cfwf/ lnOPsf] 5 . t;y{,
pQm km};nfdf g]sfk @)%@, lg=g+= %)^# df
k|ltkflbt l;4fGt tyf c+za08fsf] dxndf
plNnlvt sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] ljk/Lt e} q'l6k"0f{
x'Fbf ;f] km};nf ab/ u/L z'? kGb]xL lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ ;b/ sfod /flvkfpFm

eGg] ;d]tsf] lgd{nf alhdo ;d]tsf] o;

cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df k'g/fj]bs jfbL lgd{nf alhdo
;d]tn] klt ;~ho alhdo tyf ;;'/f dy'/f
alhdo ;d]tsf aLr ePsf] ldnfkq ab/ u/L
c+zdf bfjf u/]sf] / jfbLn] ab/sf] dfu u/]sf]
@)^)#!) sf] ldnfkqdf c+lzof/dWo]sf
k'g/fj]bssf klt ;~ho alhdon] kfPsf]
;DklQ Gofof]lrt\ Pj+ ;dfg'kflts kdf ljt/0f
e} cfPsf] gb]lvPsf] kl/k]I| odf pQm ldnfkq
ab/ gu/L jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7xofPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, a'6jnsf], km};nf k|df0f
d"Nofgsf] b[li6n] km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf
k|ToyL{nfO{ lemsfO cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bg;lxtsf] z'? ldl;n cWoog u/L
k'g/fj]bs lgd{nf alhdo ;d]tsf] tkm{af6
ljfg clwjQmf lji0f'k;
| fb afF:sf]6fn] cfgf]
kIfn] ljkIfL ;/f]hgL alhdo ;d]t;Fu c+z
dfu ubf{ ltdLxsf klt tyf xfdLx aLr
c+za08f e};s]sf] 5 egL hjfkm lbPsf]n]
tt\;DaGwdf a'bf ;~ho alhdon] ;/f]hgL
alhdo ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ kGb]xL lhNnf
cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ u/L pQm d'2fdf ldnfkq
ubf{ jfbLxsf] c+z xs d]6g\ ] p2]Zon] ePsf]
;DklQ nf]k u/L / ;DklQsf] Gofof]lrt\ Pj+
;dfg'kflts ljt/0f gu/L ljkIfLx aLr ldlt
@)^)#!) df ldnfkq ePsf]df ;f] ldnfkq
ab/ u/L ;~hosf] c+z xsdWo]af6 # v08sf]
! v08 c+z xs kfpFm egL lkm/fb k/]sf]

1798

*(@( lg/fsf/ alhdo ;d]t lj=;/f]hgL alhdo ;d]t

cj:yf 5 . lkm/fbLxsf] c+z xs dfg{

ljkIfLxn] ePsf] ;DklQ nf]k u/L ;DklQ
Gofof]lrt\ / ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f gu/L 3l6a9L
u/L c+z lng' lbg' u/L jfbLxsf klt lktfsf]
efudf wgeGbf C0f w]/} kf/L ldnfkq ul/Psf]
cj:yf 5 . To;tkm{ Wofg glbO{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 km} ; nf x' F b f ;dfg txsf
c+lzof/faLrdf ldnfkq ePsf], ldnfkqsf
kIfxsf] lkm/fb gk/L cfl>t kl/jf/sf] tkm{af6
lkm/fb bfo/ x'g cfPsf] b]lvPsf], ldnfkq
b'/fzok"0f{ 9+uaf6 ePsf] gb]lvPsf], ldnfkq
x'bF f 3l6a9L u/L ldnfkq ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]
tyf jfbLxsf] c+z xs dfg]{ p2]Zon] ldnfkq
ePsf] gb]lvPsf] eGg] ;d]tsf cfwf/df ldnfkq
ab/ x'g] 7xofPsf] z'? kGb]xL lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL
k'Ug g;Sg] 7xofO{ km};nf ePsf] 5 . t;y{,
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, a'6jnsf] pQm km};nf q'l6k"0f{
x'bF f pQm km};nf ab/ u/L lkm/fb bfjLadf]lhd
ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ ;/f]hgL alhdo ;d]tsf]
tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf /fdk|;fb >]i7
Pj+ ljfg clwjQmf g/]Gb|k|;fb uf}tdn]
ljkIfLsf klt tyf lktf ;~ho alhdon]
cfgf] kIf ;/f]hgL alhdo ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL
agfO{ kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntdf c+z d'2f bfo/
u/]sf]df pQm d'2fdf c+z lng'lbg' u/L ldlt
@)^)#!) df ldnfkq e};s]sf] 5 . ;Ifd
lgsfo / ;Ifd kIfxsf aLrdf ePsf] ldnfkq
ab/ x'g ;Sg] cj:yf x'bF g} . jfbLxn] ;~hosf]
c+z xsdWo]af6 c+z kfpg] x'bF f 5'L leGg
e};s]sf c+lzof/faf6 c+zsf] bfjf ug{ ldNb}g .

Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/ ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL

C0f wg ;dfg'kflts lx;fan] ljt/0f u/L
ldnfkq ul/Psf] cj:yf x'Fbf z'? kGb]xL
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ pN6L u/L jfbL
bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
a'6jnsf] km};nf ldn]s} x'bF f ;b/ ul/kfpmF
egL ug'e
{ Psf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
b'j} kIfsf sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax;
;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't d'2fdf ldnfkq
ab/ x'g] 7xofPsf] z'? kGb]xL lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL
k'Ug g;Sg] 7xofO{ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
a'6jnsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g / k'g/fj]bssf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;S5, ;Sb}g x]/L lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
k|:t't d'2fdf jfbLn] cfgf klt tyf
lktf / ljkIfLx aLr kGb] x L lhNnf
cbfntdf c+z d'2f bfo/ u/L u/fO{ pQm c+z
d'2fdf kfpg'' kg]{ ;DklQsf] Gofof]lrt\ /
;dfg'kflts ljt/0f gu/L ;~hosf] c+z efudf
wgeGbf C0f w]/} kf/L ePsf] ;DklQ ;d]tnfO{
nf]k u/L xfd|f] c+z xs d]6g\ ] p2]Zon] 3l6a9L
u/L ldlt @)^)#!) df ldnfkq u/]sf]n]
pQm ldnfkq ab/ u/L ;~hosf] c+ z
xsdWo]af6 $ v08sf] # v08 c+z lbnfO{
gfd;f/L;d]t ul/kfpmF egL dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
@= k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] lkm/fb bfjL Pj+
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/adf]lhd ldlt @)^)#!)
df k'g/fj]bssf klt tyf lktf Pj+ k|ToyL{
;/f]hgL alhdo ;d]tsf aLrdf ePsf] ldnfkq
ab/ x'g] gx'g] ;DaGwdf lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
jfbLsf klt lktf ;~ho alhdon] oL k|ToyL{

1799

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

;/f]hgL alhdo ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ kGb]xL

lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] b]=g+= !$#% sf]
c+z d'2fdf jfbL bfjL 5f8L ePsf] C0fwg
afF 8 kmfF 8 u/] / c+ z lng' l bg' u/L ldlt
@)^)#!) df ldnfkq u/]sf] eGg] k|df0fdf
cfPsf] pQm c+z d'2fsf] ldnfkqaf6 b]lvg
cfpF5 . ;f] ldnfkqdf a08f ePsf] ;DklQ
x]bf{ oL k'g/fjb]ssf klt lktf ;~hosf] c+z
efudf l;4fy{gu/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= $ u
sf] ls=g+= !@)$ ;d]tsf hUuf, n'lDagL ljljw
Jofkf/ s]Gb|;d]tsf Jofkfl/s kmd{ / ;f]sf]
sf/f]af/ Pj+ C0f wg ;d]t kg{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
ldl;n ;+ n Ug ;Dk" 0 f{ sfuhftsf] ;du|
cWoogaf6 k'g/fj]bssf klt, lktf ;~ho /
k|ToyL{ ;/f]hgL;d]tsf] kl/jf/ ;uf]ndf /xFbf
a:bf Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/;d]tdf ;+nUg /xL
pBf]u Joj;fo;d]tdf ;+nUg /x]sf] eGg] b]lvg
cfpF5 . ;f]xL cfwf/, sf/0faf6 hUufsf] cnfjf
lxdfnL 3/, n'lDagL ljljw Jofkf/ s]Gb| ;d]tsf]
Jofkfl/s kmd{ jfbLxsf klt lktfsf] c+z
efudf kf/L ldnfkq ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
ldnfkq eg]s} cfk;L ;xdltaf6 x'g] ePsf]n]
jfbL k|ltjfbLaLr ePsf] ;xdltcg';f/ ldnfkq
x'g ;Sg] g} b]lvG5 . ;f]cg';f/ ldnfkq x'bF f
pQm d'2fsf jfbL ;~hosf] c+zefudf n'lDagL
ljljw Jofkf/ s]Gb| ;d]tsf] Jofkfl/s kmd{ /
;f] kmd{sf] sf/f]jf/ ubf{ nfu]sf] C0f ;d]t
lghsf] c+z efudf kf/L ePsf] ldnfkqnfO{
cGoyf eGg ldNg] b]lvPg .
#= plNnlvt c+z d'2fdf ePsf] ldnfkq
ab/ ul/kfpmF egL pQm d'2fsf jfbL :jo+
;~ho alhdon] ;/f]hgL alhdo ;d]tnfO{

ljkIfL agfO{ kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/

u/]sf] ldnfkq ab/ u/L c+z gfd;f/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] d'2fdf jfbL bfjL vf/]h x'g] 7x/L km};nf
eO{ clGtd eO{ a;]sf] eGg] k|df0fdf cfPsf]
pQm d'2fsf] ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftaf6 b]lvg
cfpF5 . k|:t't d'2fdf b]=g++ !$#% sf] d'2fdf
ePsf] ldnfkq ab/sf] dfu ug]{ oL lgd{nf,
lg/fsf/ / ;+:sf/ alhdo b]=g+= !$#% sf] c+z
d'2fsf jfbL k|ltjfbL ;/x ;dfg k':tfsf
c+lzof/f geO{ pQm d'2fsf jfbL ;~ho
alhdosf >LdtL tyf 5f]/fx /x]sf] eGg]
b]lvG5 . d"n c+lzof/sf aLrdf ePsf] ldnfkq
oL k'g/fj]bs lgd{nf alhdo ;d]tsf] c+z xs
dfg]{ lgotaf6 ePsf] lyof] eGg] k|dfl0ft x'g
gcfPsf] l:yltdf ;f] ldnfkqnfO{ cGoyf eGg
ldNg] b]lvPg .
$= cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] s'g} d'2fdf
d'2fsf kIfn] ldnfkq ug{ rfxG5g\ eg] d'2fsf
b'j} kIfnfO{ ldnfkqsf] Joxf]/f k9L afFrL ;'gfO{
To;sf] dtna / kl/0ffd ;d]t ;DemfpFbf
a'emfpFbf ;d]t ldnfkq ug{ d~h"/ ePdf dfq
ldnfkq x'g ;S5 . d'ns
' L P]g, c=a+= *^ g+=
df jl0f{t cGt/j:t' k|s6 kdf gb]lvP;Dd
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf clGtd e} a:b5 /
j:g' klg kb{5 . sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] ldnfkq
cGoyf eO{ ab/ geP;Dd To;n] d'2fsf] lglZrt
cGTosf] k|aGw u5{ . cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldnfkq
ldnfkqstf{sf] j+zh jf gft]bf/sf] dfu
adf]lhd ab/ ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] km};nf clGtdtf
-Finality of decision_ sf] l;4fGtljk/Lt x'g
uO{ ;du| Gofo Joj:yfsf] :yfloTjdf afwf
k'Ug hfG5 .

1800

*(@( lg/fsf/ alhdo ;d]t lj=;/f]hgL alhdo ;d]t

%= k|:t't d'2fdf oL k'g/fj]bsxn]

xfd|f] c+z xs d]6g\ ] p2]Zon] c+zdf 3l6a9L
u/L lng' lbg' u/]sf], ;DklQsf] Gofof]lrt\ /
;dfg'kflts ljt/0f gu/]sf] tyf wgeGbf C0f
w]/} x'g] u/L cfgf] klt lktfsf] efudf kf/L
ldnfkq u/]sf]n] pQm d'2fdf ePsf] ldnfkq
ab/ ul/kfpmF egL lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
t/, ldnfkq eg]s} d'2fsf kIfxsf] O{R5f /
;xdltsf] kl/0ffdsf] b:tfj]h xf] . d'2fsf
kIfxsf ;a} cfGtl/s O{R5f / rfxgf
ldnfkqdf k|s6 x'g ;Sb}gg\ . ldnfkqdf
plNnlvt zt{x d'2fsf kIfxsf] d~h"/L /
;xdltcg'k g} lgwf{/0f x'g] ub{5g\ . tL
zt{xdf d'2fsf kIfxafx]s c? JolQmsf]
d~h"/Lsf] h?/t klg kb}g{ . ;DalGwt kIfsf]
d~h"/Ln] kfpg' kg]{ ;DklQeGbf 3l6a9L x'g]
u/L ldnfkq ug]{ egL ;f] ldnfkqsf] zt{df
plNnlvt ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn] ;DklQ 3l6a9L
ePsf] eGg] sf/0faf6 dfq} ldnfkq ab/sf]
cfwf/ x'g g;Sg] x'bF f b]=g+= !$#% sf] d'2fsf
ldnfkqstf{xsf] aLrdf oL k'g/fj]bsxsf]
c+z xs dfg]{ b'/fzolgxLt /x]sf] eGg] tYout
Pj+ j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ / k|df0faf6 :yflkt x'g
;s]sf] b]lvFbg} .
^= lkm/fbkqnufot k|df0fdf cfPsf
;du| ldl;nsf] cWoogaf6 b]=g+= !$#% sf]
d'2fsf jfbL ;~ho alhdosf] Psdfq >LdtL
oL lgd{nf alhdo / b'O{ 5f]/fxdf oL k'g/fj]bs
lg/fsf/ / ;+:sf/afx]s c? >LdtL 5f]/fx
/x]sf] b]lvFb}g . cfk"mdfly cfl>t kl/jf/
k'g/fj]bsafx]s c? sf]xL klg gePsf] l:yltdf
k'g/fj]bssf klt lktf ;~ho alhdon]

k'g/fj]bsxsf] c+z xs dfg]{ p2]Zo /

b'/fzoo'Qm efjgfn] lghxnfO{ k|lts"n c;/
kg]{ u/L ldnfkq u/] xf]nfg\ egL eGg g;lsg]
/ ;f] ug'k{ g]{ cfwf/ / sf/0f;d]t k'g/fj]bs
jfbLxn] pNn]v u/L cfgf] bfjL vDaL/ u/fpg
;s]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] b]=g+= !$#% sf] d'2fdf oL
lgd{nf alhdo ;d]tsf klt lktf tyf ;/f]hgL
alhdo ;d]tsf aLrdf ldlt @)^)#!)
df ePsf] ldnfkq ab/ ug{ ldNg] b]lvPg .
&= o;sf ;fy} o:t} ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z
ePsf] k'g/fj]bs jfbL uf}/f yf ;d]t lj?4
k|ltjfbL ;f]x/t yfsf] d'=;= ug]{ a]rgL y?gL
;d]t ePsf] )^&CI!!(^ sf] a08fkq c+z
Pj+ ldnfkq ab/ d'2fdf klt, lktf ldnfkq
ug{ sfg"gg\ ;Ifd JolQm xf] . klt lktff/f
ul/Psf] sfo{n] ;fDklQs xs k|fKt ug]{
JolQmxsf] xs b'/fzok"js
{ ckxl/t ePsf]
gb]lvFbf;Dd cbfntaf6 ;DkGg km};nf,
l8;ld;, ldnfkq / vf/]hL km};nf ab/ x'g
g;Sg] Joj:yf c=a+= *^ g+= n] u/]sf] xf] .
cbfntaf6 ;DkGg x'g] km};nf, l8;ld;,
ldnfkq / vf/]hn] ;'lglZrttfsf] k|Tofe"lt /
d'2fsf] lglZrt cGTosf] k|jGw u5{ / of] ck]Iff
sfg"gL k|0ffnL / Gofo Joj:yfsf] :yfloTjsf]
nflu ckl/xfo{ x'g] egL o; cbfnt ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^*!@* df km};nf e}
g]sfk @)^(, c;f/, lg=g+= *&!^, k[i7 %)$
df l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkflbt ePsf] b]lvPaf6
pQm l;4fGtcg';f/ klg k'g/fj]bsxsf] lhsL/
k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvPg .
*= t;y{, dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ a'bf
Pj+ k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] cfwf/df z'?

1801

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntn] b]=g+= !$#% sf] c+z

d'2fdf pQm d'2fsf jfbL k|ltjfbLaLr ldlt
@)^)#!) df ePsf] ldnfkq ab/ x'g]
7xofPsf] km};nfnfO{ pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL
k'Ug g;Sg] 7xofO{ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
a'6jnsf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
a'emfO{ lbg" .

lj4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM adaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{sf] hfx]/Ln]
g]kfn ;/sf/
z' km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L ljZjd+un cfq]o
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L df]xgaxfb'/ sfsL{
df=Gof=>L /]jGtaxfb'/ s'jF /

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn k'; # ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M jf;'ba] kf}8n
]

&
lg0f{o g+=*(#)
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
)^& CR-)@!)
km};nf ldltM @)^(.%.!#.$
d'2f M st{Jo Hofg .
k'g/fjb]s k|ltjfbLM lhNnf kfFry/ kf}jf;f/tfk
uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ! 3/ e} xfn sf/fuf/
zfvf kfFry/df y'gfdf /x]sf z'qm/fh
ljZjsdf{
1802

jf/bft k|ltjfbLs} 3/ sf]7fleq x'gs

' f]
;fy;fy} /ftsf] ;do eGg] klg b]lvPsf]
cj:yfdf o:tf] :yfg / ;dodf rZdlbb\
ujfxsf] cefj /xg' :jfefljs g} x'G5
/ ;a} jf/bft Pj+ ck/fwdf rZdlbb\
ujfx x'gk} 5{ eGg] klg 5}g . s;"/bf/n]
u/]sf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft x'g ck/fwsf]
cg';Gwfg x'bF f ljleGg sf]0fxaf6 k|fKt
tYo Pj+ cleJoQm ePsf egfO{xnfO{
kl/l:ylthGo k|df0fxaf6 ;dly{t eg]
x'gk' g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
kTgL;Fu s'g} sf/0fn] a]dn
] x'bF d
} f dfg'{
kg]{ cj:yf / sf/0f x'bF g} . afFRg kfpg]
dflg;sf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] . s'g}
klg axfgfafhL, sf/0f, cj:yf jf
kl/l:yltn] klg ;f] clwsf/ xgg\ x'g'
x'bF g} . cfgf] ;+/IfsTjdf /x]sL, cfkm"n]
;b}j /Iff ug'{kg]{ kTgLnfO{ df/]sf]
cj:yfdf c=a+= !** g+= sf] k|of]u u/L
;hfo 36fpg] cj:yf / sf/0f gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_

*(#) z'qm/fh ljZjsdf{ lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

k'g/fj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf n}gaxfb'/

yfkf
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^%, c !!, lg=g+ *)#(,
k[i7 !#^(
;Da4 sfg"gM

lg:s]sf], sfgsf] hf]gL{ efudf gLnf] eO{ ;'lGgPsf],

3fF6L 6fpsf] xNnfpFbf efFlrPsf] h:tf] eO{ xlNng]
ePsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] nf; k|sl[ t d'rN' sf .
ldlt @)^$.#.@% ut]sf lbg /flt d]/L
lbbL ;f]ddfof lj=s=nfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf]
eGg] ;'gL hfgsf/L kfO{ ldlt @)^$.#.@^ ut]sf
lbg pQm 36gf:yndf cfO{ x]bf{ cfFvfsf] sf];
d'ns
' L P]g Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !, !#-#_ gLnf] eO{ ;'lGgPsf] gfs, sfgaf6 /ut au]sf],
c=a+ !** g+=
3fF6Ldf 8f]/Lsf] 8fd geO{ cf}n
F fsf] 8fd h:tf]
b]lvPsf], cGo z/L/sf] efu;d]t x]bf{ st{Jo
km};nf
u/L df/]sf] k'li6 x'g cfPsf] x'bF f ck/fwLnfO{
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kqmfp u/L sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL xf];\ eGg]
Onfdsf] km};nfpk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* ;d]tsf] adaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{sf] hfx]/L b/vf:t .
sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
d]/f] >LdtLnfO{ cfheGbf !) jif{ cufl8
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / lrlnlbg, # a:g] kxndfg lj=s=sf] 5f]/L
7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
;f]ddfof lj=s=;Fu neDofl/h u/L eufO{
ldlt @)^$.#.@% ut]sf lbg /flt NofPsf]df b'O{ j6f afnaRrf ;d]t e};s]sf]
a]ns
' fsf] vfgf vfO{ >LdtL / d ;Fu} ;'ts
] f]df 5 . cfheGbf ! dlxgf cufl8 d / d]/f] >LdtL
/flt d}n] >LdtLnfO{ cf]5o\ fgdf 5fDbf ge]6L /fFs] ahf/ uPsf] avt d}n] klxnfb]lv g} lrghfg
vf]htnf; ubf{ 5fgfsf] afF;sf] anf]df em'l08O{ ePsf] /fO{ hftsL s]6LnfO{ e]6L lgh;Fu ukmufkm
cfTdxTof ul//x]sf] b]vL cfdfnfO{ af]nfPsf]df u/]sf]df ;f] s'/f >LdtLnfO{ lrQ a'em]sf] lyPg .
cfdfn] pQm 8f]/L sf6\g' eof] . To;kl5 ufpFsf ;f]xL ljifonfO{ lnP/ xfdL b'ja} Lr jfbljjfb
dflg;x e]nf eO{ /ftel/ FuL ljxfg ePkl5 x'bF f ldlt @)^$.#.@% ut]sf lbg d}n] l/;n]
of] hfx]/L lbg cfPsf] 5' . d]/f] >LdtLnfO{ sf]xL >LdtLnfO{ Ps emfKk' lbPF . lgh g yflng\ .
s;}n] st{Jo u/L df/] d/fPsf] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t To;kl5 d sf]7fdf uPF . lgh l/;n] ufpFdf
Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/L b/vf:t .
uO{ /S;L vfO{ Ps af]tn /S;L ;d]t lnO{ cfO{
lhNnf kfFry/, kf}jf;f/tfk uf=lj=;=j8f / dnfO{ klg /S;L vfg' egL . d}n] /S;L vfGg
g+= ! l:yt k|ltjfbL z'qm/fh lj=s=sf] 3/sf] eGbf tF d}n] lbPsf] s] vflGy;\, t]/L >LdtLn]
blIf0fkl ;fO8df nf5L ufF;s
] f], ;f]xL nf5L lbPsf] kf] vfG5;\ egL hjfkm lbPsL x'bF f dnfO{
ufF;s
] f] 7fpFsf] sf]7fleq d[tssf] nf; vf6df l/; p7L lghnfO{ 3fF6Ldf afFwL 5fgfsf] afF;sf]
;'tfO{ /fv]sf], d[tssf] nf;nfO{ ;/;tL{ x]bf{ anf]df em'08ofO{ kl5 cfdfnfO{ af]nfO{ 8f]/L
b'j} cfFvfsf] sf]; ;'lGgPsf], gfs sfgaf6 /ut sf6\g nufO{ e"OF { vf6df /fvL cGo ufpFsf
1803

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

dflg;xnfO{ af]nfO{ xf] xNnf u/]sf] xF' . d}n] g}

d]/f] >LdtLnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf] x'F eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL z'qm/fh lj=s=sf] ;fljtL
aofg .
dl:tisdf /Qm cfk"lt{ /fd|/L x'g g;sL
:gfo' k|0ffnLn] sfd ug{ g;sL lghsf] d[To'
ePsf] Joxf]/f k|dfl0ft ul/G5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg .
ldlt @)^$.#.@% ut]sf lbg /flt xfdL
;'tL lgbfPsf] cj:yfdf lgh z'qm/fh lj=s=xf]
xNnf ub}{ cfof] . s] eof] egL lghnfO{ ;f]wk'5
ubf{ d]/f] >LdtL em'08L cfTdxTof u/L d[To'
ePsf] x'bF f xNnfvNnf u/]sf] egL lghn] eg]kl5
s] /x]5 egL 36gf:yndf uO{ nf; x]bf{ em'08L
cfTdxTof u/L d[To' ePh:tf] gnfuL sf] s;n]
df/]5 egL a'b} hfFbf lgh k|ltjfbLn] cfkm}n]
>LdtLnfO{ df/L em'08\ofPsf] eGg] a'lemPsf] x'bF f
lghnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL xf];\ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/sf] l:dtf r]Dh', sljtf r]Dh', dlgtf
r]Dh', rGb|dfof s], ;Demgf r]Dh' / s[lt
r]Dh' ;d]tn] u/]sf] Ps}ldnfgsf] 5'f5'}
sfuh .
ldlt @)^$.#.@% ut]sf lbg /flt
xf]xNnf x'bF f s] eP5 egL hfFbf z'qm/fh lj=s=sf]
>LdtL em'08L cfTdxTof u/L d/]sf] egL vf6df
;'tfO{ /fv]sf] lyof] . x]bf{ cfkm}F d/]sf] h:tf]
nfu]sf] lyPg . xfn a'b} hfFbf k|ltjfbLn] g}
>LdtLnfO{ df/]sf] eGg] lghaf6 v'Ng cfPsf]
x'bF f lghnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL xf];\ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/sf] Ps} ldnfgsf] j:t'l:ylt d'rN' sf .
ldlt @)^$.#.@% ut]sf] lbg /flt d]/f]
5f]/f z'qm/fh lj=s=n] >LdtL e'ml08O{ egL dnfO{

af]nfPsf]n] s] eP5 egL hfFbf lgh a'xf/L

em'l08/x]sL lyO{ . d}n] 8f]/L sf6L vf6df ;'tfpFbf
dl/;s]sL /lx5 . To;kl5 ufpFdf xf]xNnf u/L
ufpFsf dflg;x cfO{ /ftel/ FuL ef]lnkN6
ljxfg k|x/Ldf va/ u/]sf xf}F . lghx /fd|f;
] uF
ldnf]dtf] u/L a;]sf lyP . xfn a'bf d]/f]
5f]/fn] df/]sf] egL aofg;d]t lbPsf] x'bF f lghn]
>LdtLnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf] x'Fbf lghnfO{
sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL xf];\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL z'qm/fh lj=s=sf] cfdf jif{ ^@ sL
lemDsLdfof lj=s=sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^$.#.@% ut]sf lbg d]/f]
bfh'efph" ufpFdf lbgel/ sfd u/L cfO{ a]ns
' f
3/df cfO{ vfgf vfPkl5 ;'t] . /flt s/Lj !
ah] d]/f] cfdf lemSsLdfof lj=s=n] dnfO{ t]/f]
efph" em'08L cfTdxTof u/L dl/5 egL ;'gfPsf]n]
d p7L x]bf{ efph" dl//x]sf] b]vL x]bf{ em'08L d/]
h:tf] dnfO{ nfu]g . xfn a'bf d]/f] bfh'n]
efph"nfO{ g} df/]sf] eGg] a'lemPsf]n] lghpk/
sf/jfxL xf];\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jL/dfg
lj=s=sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^$.#.@% ut]sf lbg d, z'qm/fh
lghsf] >LdtL ;f]ddfof, /fh]Gb| g]Djfsf] v]tfnf
eO{ sfd u/]sf lyof}F . sfd ubf{ s]6Lsf] ljifodf
jfbljjfb ePsf] lyof] . xfn ufpFdf a'bf
z'qm/fhn] g} cfgL >LdtLnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf]
x'bF f lghnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] rGb|aL/ lj=s=sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^$.#.@% ut]sf lbg lbgel/
z'qm/fh lj=s=, ;f]ddfof lj=s=rGb|jL/ lj=s=d]/f]
v]tdf sfd u/L a]ns
' f cfcfgf] 3/df uPsf
lyP . ;f]ddfofsf] d[To'sf] ;DaGwdf z'qm/fh

1804

*(#) z'qm/fh ljZjsdf{ lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

cfkm}n
F ] d}n] g} df/]sf] egL ;fljtL aofg lbPsf]
x'Fbf lghpk/ sf/jfxL ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] /fh]Gb| g]Djfsf] sfuh .
a'lemPsf ;a"b k|df0faf6 k|ltjfbL
z'qm/fh lj=s=n] cfgf] >LdtL ;f]ddfof
lj=s=nfO{ 3fF6Ldf c7\ofO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf]
b]lvO{ lghn] d'ns
' L P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]
! g++ tyf !#-#_ g++ ljk/Ltsf] s;"/ u/]sfn]
lghnfO{ ;f]xL Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_
adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpmF eGg] cleof]u kq .
ldlt @)^$.#.@^ ut]sf lbg d[ts d]/f]
>LdtL;Fu HofdL sfd ug{ /fh]Gb| g]Djfsf]
3/df uPsf lyof}F . ;f] lbge/ ToxfF sfd u/L
a]ns
' f %=#) ah]sf] ;dodf cfgf] 3/df kmsL{
cfof}F . sfd ubf{ s]6Lsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/
>LdtL;Fu ljjfb eof] . d}n] lghnfO{ xftn]
9f8df PskN6 lxsf{Pkl5 lgh ufpFdf uO{
l5d]sLsf]df uO{ Ps dfgf /S;L klg lnP/
cfOg . dnfO{ ;d]t vfg cg'/f]w u/]sf]df d}n]
vfg OGsf/ ubf{ k'gM s]6Ls} ljifonfO{ lnP/
ljjfb ePsf] lyof] . /flt lgb|faf6 JoFl' emFbf d[ts
;f]ddfof em'l08/x]sf] b]vL s/fPF . d]/f] efO,
efph", cfdfx klg cfP . cfdfn] 3fF6Ldf
afFws
] f] ;n sfl6g . ;f] ;dodf ufpF 3/sf
cGo dflg;x klg cfOk'u] . >LdtLnfO{ d}n]
st{Jo u/L df/]sf] xf]Og . lgh cfkm} em'08L
cfTdxTof u/L d/]sL x'bF f cleof]u dfubfjLaf6
;kmfO kfpmF eGg] k|ltjfbL z'qm/fh ljZjsdf{n]
cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
d[tssf] nf; k|sl[ t d'rN' sf / zj
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgaf6 d[tssf] 3fF6L g} efFlrPsf]
cj:yf b]lvFbf klxnfb]lv g} d[tsnfO{ dfg]{ l/;OjL

dg;fo geP klg d[ts;Fu jfbljjfb eO{

k|ltjfbLn] d[tssf] 3fF6L c7\ofPsf] / d[ts
56k6fpFbf ;d]t g5f8L 3fF6L \ofls/x]sf
sf/0faf6 d[tssf] Hofg dg{ uPsf] b]lvFbf
d[tsnfO{ dbf{sf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLsf] dfg{]
dg;fo lyPg xf]nf egL cy{ nufpg ;lsg]
cj:yf gb]lvPsf]n] ldl;n ;+nUg sfuh
k|df0fxaf6 k|ltjfbL z'qm/fh ljZjsdf{n]
cleof]u dfubfjLcg';f/sf] s;"/ u/]sf] tYo
k' l i6 ePsf] b] l vF b f lghnfO{ d' n ' s L P] g ,
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+ = cg' ; f/
;j{Zj;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g] 7x5{ .
lghnfO{ ;j{Zj;lxtsf] hGds}bsf] ;hfo ubf{
rsf]{ kg]{ b]lvFbf c=a+ !** g++ adf]lhd lghnfO{
!) jif{ s}b x'gk' g]{ /fo JoQm u/]sf] 5' . ;fws
hfx]/ u/L clGtd eO{ cfPadf]lhd ug'{ eGg]
z' kfFry/ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.#.!^
ut]sf] km};nf .
z' cbfntn] km};nf ubf{ clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] d]/f] aofgnfO{ cfwf/ u|x0f
u/L km};nf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . d}n] cbfntdf
cfO{ aofg ubf{ cg';Gwfgdf ePsf] d]/f] aofg
dnfO{ oftgf lbO{ ;xL5fk u/fPsf] xf] egL
v'nfPsf]df hfx]/L b/vf:t, askq, nf;hfFr
d'rN' sf / zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgaf6 d}n] d[tsnfO{
df/]sf] eGg] k'li6 ePsf] egL k|df0fxsf] ljj]rgf
g} gu/L xr'jfsf] e/df ePsf] z'sf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL z'qm/fh ljZjsdf{sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df d[ t ssf] d[ T o' k' g /fj] b ss}
st{Joaf6 ePsf] xf] eGg] lghsf] df}sfsf] aofgdf

1805

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

eP klg cbfntsf] aofgdf df}sfsf] aofg

oftgfaf6 u/fOPsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] / lghsf]
st{Jo k'li6 x'g] cGo k|df0fsf] cefjdf z'sf]
km};nf km/s kg{;Sg] b]lvFbf k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L
jsLn sfof{no OnfdnfO{ cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L
u/fO{ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLtkm{af6 ax; k}/jL
ug{ j}tlgs jsLnnfO{ ;d]t k]zLsf] ;"rgf lbO{
lgodfg';f/ ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf]
cfb]z .
k| l tjfbLsf] clwsf/k| f Kt clwsf/L
;dIfsf] ;fljtL aofg, ldl;n ;+nUg nf;
k| s [ l t d' r ' N sf, zj k/LIf0f k| l tj] b g /
hfx]/jfnfsf] askq ;d]taf6 d[tssf] d[To'
k|ltjfbLsf] st{Joaf6 ePsf] eGg] k'li6 eO/x]sf]
cj:yfdf lgh k|ltjfbL lgbf]i{ f /x]5g\ egL eGg
;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPg . t;y{, pk/f]Qm plNnlvt
cfwf/ k|df0fxaf6 k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{
d'ns
' L P]g Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] ! g+ ljk/Lt
!#-#_ g++ sf] s;"/df P]=dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= cg';f/
;j{Zj;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g] 7x/ u/L
z' kfFry/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt
@)^%.#.!^ sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g]
7x5{ . c=a+ !** g++ adf]lhd /fo JoQm u/]sf]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbL /
d[ts nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] ;DaGw b]lvPsf], k|ltjfbLn]
d[tsnfO{ dfg'{kg]{;Ddsf] k"j{ l/;OjL /x]sf]
gb]lvPsf], csf]{ dlxnf;Fu af]nrfn u/]sf] ljifodf
jfbljjfb eO{ dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/]sf] cj:yfdf
cfg} >LdtLsf] st{Jo u/L df/]sf] cj:yf ePaf6
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;j{Zj;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo ubf{
rsf]{ kg{ hfg] b]lvFbf lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ c=a+
!** g+= adf]lhd !)-bz_ jif{ dfq s}bsf]

;hfo x'gkg]{ u/L z' kfFry/ lhNnf cbfntn]

JoQm u/]sf] /fo dgfl;j b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{
eGg] ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] km};nf .
hfx]/jfnf rZdlbb\ ujfx gePsf] tyf
lghn] 36gf 36]sf] ;'gL st{Jo u/]sf]df ljZjf;
nfU5 egL lbPsf] hfx]/L b/vf:t Pj+ askqnfO{
ljZj;gLo k|df0f dfGg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g .
k|x/L;dIf ePsf] d]/f] aofg :jtGqk"js
{ ePsf]
xf]Og egL d}n] cbfntdf cf/f]lkt s;"/df k"0f{
OGsf/ /xL aofg u/]sf] 5' . d}n] >LdtLnfO{
jfbLjjfb u/L 3fF6L lyr]/ df/]sf] eP 3/df
ePsf d]/f] 5f]/f5f]/L tyf cfdfn] ;f] b]Vg' ;'Gg'kg]{
lyof] . ;f] x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . t;y{,
ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0fxsf] oyf]lrt\ d"Nofg
gu/L dnfO{ bf]ifL 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
Onfdsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ;f] km};nf ab/
u/L em"f cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
k' g /fj] b g;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L
k'g/fj]bssf tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf n}gaxfb'/
yfkfn] k'g/fj]bsn] :jtGqk"js
{ cbfntdf aofg
ubf{ cf/f]lkt s;"/df OGsf/ /x]sf], k|ltjfbLn]
d[tsnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf] b]Vg] rZdlbb\ ujfx
klg sf]xL g/x]sf] / cfgL kTgLnfO{ dfg'k{ g]{
;Ddsf] sf/0f klg ldl;naf6 gb]lvPsf]
cj:yfdf cg'dfg / ts{sf] e/df k'g/fj]bsnfO{
bf]ifL 7x/ u/L ePsf] z' lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nfnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ;f] km};nf pN6L u/L cleof]u

1806

*(#) z'qm/fh ljZjsdf{ lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

bfjLaf6 k'g/fj]bsnfO{ ;kmfO lbnfO{ kfpmF egL

ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ax; ;'gL
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt Onfdsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g /
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf], xf]Og
eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
k|ltjfbL z'qm/fh lj=s=n] cfgL >LdtL
;f]ddfof lj=s=nfO{ 3fF6Ldf c7\ofO{ st{Jo u/L
df/]sf] b]lvFbf k|ltjfbL z'qm/fh lj=s=n] d'ns
' L
P]g Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] ! g+= ljk/Lt P]= sf]
!#-#_ g+= sf] s;"/ u/]sf] x'bF f lghnfO{ ;f]xL !#
-#_ g++ adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpmF eGg] cleof]u
dfu bfjL b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbL z'qm/fh lj=s=
df}sfdf clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf aofg ubf{
cf/f]lkt s;"/df ;fljt /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg]
cbfnt;dIf OGsf/L /xL aofg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
z' kfFry/ lhNnf cbfntn] oL k|ltjfbLn]
cleof]u dfu bfjLcg';f/sf] s;"/ u/]sf] k'li6
ePsf] egL ;j{Zj;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g]
7xofO{ lghnfO{ !) jif{ s}bsf] ;hfo x'gk' g]{
/fo;d]t JoQm u/]sf]df ;f] /fo;lxtsf] km};nf
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdaf6 ;b/ ePsf]df
To;pk/ k|ltjfbLn] cfkm" lgbf]i{ f ePsf]n] ;kmfO
kfpg'kg]{ egL o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]
b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ oL k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnf rZdlbb\ ujfx gePsf]
x'Fbf lghsf] egfO{ ljZj;gLo gePsf] tyf
cbfnt;dIf ePsf] aofgdf cfkm" cf/f]lkt
s;"/df k"0f{ OGsf/ /x]sf]n] cleof]u bfjLaf6
;kmfO kfpg' kg]{ eGg] d'Vo k'g/fj]bg lhsL/

lnPsf] b]lvG5 . oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn]

cbfnt;dIf cfgL >LdtL ;f]ddfofnfO{ d}n]
st{Jo u/L df/]sf] xf]Og . lgh cfkm} em'08L
cfTdxTof u/]sL x'g egL cf/f]lkt s;"/df OGsf/
/xL aofg u/]sf] ePklg lgh k|ltjfbLn] df}sfdf
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf aofg ubf{ >LdtL
;f]ddfof;Fu cs}{ Ps s]6Lsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/
cufl8b]lv g} jfbljjfb emu8f x'g] u/]sf] /
jf/bft ePsf] lbg klg ;f]xL ljifonfO{ lnP/
jfbljjfb ePsf] tt\kZrft d >LdtL ;'ts
] f]
7fpFdf uO{ b'j} xftn] 3fF6L \ofsL lbPsf]df
>LdtL Psl5g 56\k6fO{ / d/L . To;kl5 d
cfkm" ck/fwaf6 aRgsf] nflu ;nn] >LdtLsf]
3fF 6 Ldf afF w L em' 0 8ofPF egL jf/bftsf]
l;nl;n]af/ j0f{g ub}{ cfkm"n] u/]sf] s;"/ pNn]v
u/] s f] kfOG5 . oL k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLn]
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] ;fljtL aofg
:jtGqk"js
{ ePsf] xf]Og egL 7f]; / j:t'lgi7
k|df0faf6 :yflkt ug{ ;s]sf] kfOFbg} .
#= k|:t't d'2fsf] jf/bft k|ltjfbLs} 3/
sf]7fleqsf] x'gs
' f] ;fy;fy} /ftsf] ;do eGg]
klg b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] :yfg / ;dodf rZdlbb\
ujfxsf] cefj /xg' :jfefljs g} x'G5 / ;a}
jf/bft Pj+ ck/fwdf rZdlbb\ ujfx x'gk} 5{
eGg] klg 5}g . s;"/bf/n] u/]sf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft
x'g ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg x'bF f ljleGg sf]0fxaf6
k|fKt tYo Pj+ cleJoQm ePsf egfOxnfO{
kl/l:ylthGo k|df0fxaf6 ;dly{t eg] cjZo
g} x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . k|ltjfbLsf] clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIfsf] ;fljtL aofgnfO{ hfx]/jfnf
adaxfb' / ljZjsdf{ , df} s fdf cg' ; Gwfg
clwsf/L;dIf sfuh ug]{ lemDsLdfof lj=s=,

1807

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

jL/dfg lj=s=, /fh]Gb| g]Djf, l:dtf r]Dh' Pj+

j:t'l:ylt d'r'Nsfsf dflg;xsf] egfOn]
;dly{t eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L d[tssf]
gfs, sfgaf6 /ut lgl:sPsf], sfgsf] hf]gL{
efudf gLnf] eO{ ;'lgPsf] 3fF6L 6fpsf] xNnfpFbf
efFlrPsf] h:tf] eO{ xlNng] ePsf] eGg] nf;
k|sl[ t d'rN' sf / dlitisdf /Qm cfk"lt{ /fd|/L
x'g g;sL :gfo' k|0ffnLn] sfd ug{ g;sL d[tssf]
d[To' ePsf] eGg] zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] Joxf]/f
;d]tn] k|ltjfbLsf] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L
;dIfsf] ;fljtL aofgnfO{ yk k'li6 ul//x]sf]
kfOG5 .
$= ctM dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/ k|df0faf6
oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] cfgL >LdtL ;f]ddfof
lj=s=nfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf] lglj{jfb kdf
k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf]n] lgh k|ltjfbL z'qm/fh
ljZjsdf{nfO{ d'ns
' L P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]
!#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;j{Zj;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo
ug]{ 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] km};nf
ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .
%= ca, oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{ c=a+
!** g+= adf]lhd !) -bz_ jif{ dfq s}bsf]
;hfo x'gk' g]{ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdaf6
JoQm /fosf ;DaGwaf6 ljrf/ ubf{ oL k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL z'qm/fh lj=s= / d[ts ;f]ddfof lj=s=
klt kTgL gftfsf dflg; /x]sf / >LdtLn]
csf]{ :jf:gL dflg;;Fusf] ;DaGwsf] ljifonfO{
lnP/ ;w} Jo ug]{ u/]sf] sf/0faf6 jfbljjfb
emu8f kg]{ u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . k|:t't jf/bftsf]
hl/of klg ;f]xL ljifoj:t' /x]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf]
5 . o;/L csf]{ :jf:gL dflg;;Fusf] ;DaGwsf]

hl/ofaf6 lbp;f]bl] v g} ePsf] emu8f ljjfbsf]

sf/0faf6 jf/bftsf] /flt cfFkm}n] >LdtLnfO{
3fF6L lyrL df/L em'08\ofO{ lbPsf] egL k|ltjfbL
s;"/df ;fljt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . kTgL;Fu s'g}
sf/0fn] a]dn
] x'bF d
} f dfg'{ kg]{ cj:yf / sf/0f
x'bF g} . afFRg kfpg] dflg;sf] g};lu{s clwsf/
xf] . s'g} klg axfgfafhL, sf/0f, cj:yf jf
kl/l:yltn] klg ;f] clwsf/ xgg\ x'g' x'bF g} .
cfgf] ;+/IfsTjdf /x]sL, cfkm"n] ;b}j /Iff
ug'k{ g]{ kTgLnfO{ df/]sf] cj:yfdf c=a+ !** g+=
sf] k|of]u u/L ;hfo 36fpg] cj:yf / sf/0f
x'bF g} . d'ns
' L P]g, c=a+ !** sf] k|of]u u/L
;hfo 36fpg] /fo JoQm ug]{ ;fdfGo lgod
geO{ o;sf] k|of]u ckjfb x'g] / c=a+ !** g+=
sf] k|of]u u/L ;hfo 36fpFbf cbfntn] Hofg
dg{ uPsf] sf/0f, cj:yf / kl/l:ylt, ck/fwsf]
tof/L of]hgf tyf cleo'Qm / kLl8tsf aLr
k" j { l/;O{ j L, ;DaGw, ck/fwdf ;+ n Ug
cleo'Qmxsf] ;+Vof, k|of]u ul/Psf] xltof/,
dg]s
{ f] z/L/df b]lvPsf] 3fprf]6, Hofg dfl/Psf]
7fpF cj:yf, 36gf:yn / ;do, cleo'Qmsf]
rl/q tyf cfk/flws /]s8{ cflb ljleGg s'/f /
cj:yfxsf] ljrf/ k'ofpg'kg]{ egL k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL uf]ljGbaxfb'/ sfsL{ lj4 g]kfn ;/sf/
ePsf] st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf ghL/ l;4fGt ;d]t
k|ltkfbg -g]sfk @)^%, kmfu'g lg=g+ *)#(
k[i7 !#^(_ ePsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ;f]
ghL/df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt / cj:yfxsf] pNn]v
u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ 36L ;hfo x'gk' g]{ egL /fo
nufPsf] klg kfOFbg} . k|:t't jf/bftnfO{ x]bf{
eljtJo xf] ls egL z+sf ug'k{ g];
{ Ddsf] cj:yf
klg b]lv+bg} . k|ltjfbLn] cfgf] ;+/IfsTjleq

1808

*(#! uf]bfj/Lb]jL /fhk'tgL ;d]t lj=zDe'gf/fo0f l;+x /fhk't ;d]t

/x]sL cfgL >LdtLnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf]

cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ klg lghnfO{ 36L ;hfo
x'gk' g]{ lrQa'bf] cfwf/ Pj+ sf/0f /x]sf] b]lvFbg} .
o:tf] cj:yfdf c=a+ !** g+= adf]lhd 36L
;hfo ug]{ u/L hfx]/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
Onfdsf] /fo;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
km} ; nfsf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt
sf/uf/dfkm{t\ s}bdf /x]sf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{
lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .

lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM ;Kt/L lhNnf a/;fOg uf=lj=;=
j8f g= $ j:g] zDe'gf/fo0f l;+x /fhk't
;d]t
z'? k}m;nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L nLnfk|;fb uf}td
k'g/fj]bg k}m;nf ug]M{
df=d'=Gof=>L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
df=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb vgfn

Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx

Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} !# ut] /f]h $ z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t M jf;'bj] kf}8n

]

&
lg0f{o g+=*(#!
;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/LzrGb| nfn
)^%-CI ))@%
km};nf ldltM @)^(.$.@!.!
d'2f M lnnfd ab/ btf{ ab/, btf{ sfod .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM ;Kt/L lhNnf xg'dfggu/
uf=lj=;=j8f g+ ( xfn j/;fOg j8f
g= $ j:g] uf]bfj/Lb]jL /fhk'tgL ;d]t
1809

k}m;nfsf] hgfp lbg] c=j= !(# g+

adf]lhdsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf / c=j= !(&
g+= cg'k k}m;nfsf] k|ltlnlk ;f/]sf]
ldltdWo]af6 k'g/fj]bg ug]{ sfg"gL
Joj:yfdWo] h'g;'s} dfWodaf6 ePklg
d'2fsf kIfsf] tk{maf6 sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t
u/]sf] Dofbleq k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf]
cj:yfdf sfg" g n] lgwf{ l /t u/] s f]
Dofbleq} k'g/fj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] s'/fnfO{
cGoyf eGGf gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
Psk6s cfgf] xsef]usf] hUufsf]
x:tfGt/0f u/L :j]R5fn] cfk"mn] ;f] xs
kl/jt{g ul/;s]kl5 To:tf] hUufsf]
;DaGwdf s'g} pkof]u, 5"6 jf nfe
k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ /xg g;Sg] .
k|fljlws sf/0fn] btf{ x'g g;s]s} sf/0f
xs lgliqmo ug]{ clwsf/ gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
lglj{jfb xs ef]usf] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf
ePdf dfq jf:tljs :jfdLn] cfgf]
:jfldTj x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg] x'G5 .

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

u}/:jfdLn] :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f ug]{

cj:yf geP;Dd u} / :jfdLaf6
x:tfGt/0f ePsf] :jfldTjnfO{ sfg"gtM
dfGotf k|fKt u/]sf] ;Demg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
Psk6s sfg"gtM cfgf] :jfldTjsf] xs
6'6fO{ :jfldTj kl/jt{g ul/;s]kl5
bf=vf x'g g;ls/x]s} sf/0faf6 ;f]
hUufsf] :jfldTj cfk"mdf cGt{lgxLt 5
egL hUuf lwtf] /fVg d~h"/L lbO{ hUuf
lwtf]df /fvL C0fLn] C0f r'Qmf ug{
g;s]s} sf/0f lnnfd u/]sf] / ;f] lnnfd
/Ltk"js
{ ePs} sf/0f t];f| ] kIfn] :jfldTj
u|x0f ug{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
k'g/fj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf
k|zGgs[i0f bf;
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
c=j= %(, !(# jf !(& g+=
km};nf
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhaf6 ldlt @)^%.%.@% df ePsf]
k}m;nfpk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
( adf]lhd o; cbfnt ;dIf bfo/ x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo P+j 7x/ o; k|sf/
5 M
ljkIfLdWo]sL uf]bfj/Ln] xfdL lkm/fbLaf6
@)#$.&.@# ut] ?=!%)). j'emL cfgf] kltnfO{

;d]t d~h"/Ldf /fvL lhNnf ;Kt/L, uf=lj=;=

j/;fOg j8f g+ %-s_ ls=g= !($ sf] !)!
hUuf /fhLgfdf kfl/t ul/lbg' ePsf]df lghn]
Dofbleq /lhi6z
] g kfl/t u/L glbbf ;Kt/L
lhNnf cbfntdf gfln; k/L pQm /fhLgfdf
lnvt kfl/t x'g] 7x/L k}m;nf eO{ @)#%.!).@(
df rng k"hL{ ;d]t kfPsf] cfwf/af6 /lhi6z
] g
kfl/t u/fO{ ;f]dWo] )!)) hUufdf df5f
kfngsf] nflu kf]v/L lgdf{0f u/L afFsL hUufdf
jf; tyf cGo jfnL;d]t nufPsf lyof}F .
/fdcf}tf/ l;+xsf] 5f]/f xfdL bfh'efO{ ljkIfLdWo]
zDe'gf/fo0f l;+x lghfdtL ;+:Yffdf sfo{/t\ x'bF f
bf=vf= u/fpg cfhef]ln eGb} k'm;{b gx'bF f bf=vf
u/fpg g;s] klg /lhi6]zg ePsf] ldltn]
cfh;Dd ef]urng u/L cfPsf 5f} . ;f] hUufdf
ePsf] kf]v/Lsf] df5f ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0fn] dfg]{
d/fpg] s'/f yfxf kfO{ kf]v/Ldf hFfbf ;f] kf]v/L
hUuf lhNnf ;xsf/L sfof{non] lnnfd ubf{
;sf/]sf] x'F egL lgh /fdgf/fo0fn] ldlt
@)%@.%.@$ ut] eg]sf] / ldlt @)%@.%.@* ut]
gSsn lnO{ yfxf kfPsf] x'F . pQm hUufdf xs g}
gk'uL ljkIfL z}nG] b|sd
' f/ l;+xn] ljkIfL ;xsf/L
;+:YffnfO{ @)#$.*.#) df ul/lbPsf] C0f
td;'saf6 pQm ;+:Yffsf] xs g} gk'us
] f]n] ab/efuL
5 ;f] td;'sdf ljkIfL uf]bfj/Lb]jLsf] ;xL5fk
k/]sf] klg 5}g . ;f] ls=g=!($sf] !)! hUuf
xfdL lkm/fbLsf] xs ef] u sf] eO{ ljkIfL
/fdgf/fo0fn] u}/sfg"gL lnnfd ;sf/ ub}d
{ f
lghsf] xs k'Ug] xf]Og t;y{ lhNnf ;xsf/L
;+:yf /fhlj/fh tyf ;xsf/L ;+:Yff xg'dfggu/n]
@)%@.#.!* df u/]sf] pQm lnnfd ab/ u/L
ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0fsf] btf{ ab/ u/L xfdL lkm/fbLsf]

1810

*(#! uf]bfj/Lb]jL /fhk'tgL ;d]t lj=zDe'gf/fo0f l;+x /fhk't ;d]t

gfpdf btf{;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t ;Kt/L

lhNnf cbfntdf k/]sf] lkm/fb bfjL .
C0f ga'emfPsf]n] ;xsf/L ;+:Yff ln=
xg'dfggu/sf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] @)%@.@.%
sf] lg0f{oaf6 lhNnf ;xsf/L sfof{no ;Kt/LnfO{
;xsf/L P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf #( adf]lhd lhNnf
;xsf/L sfof{no ;Kt/Ln] JolQmsf] hfo h]yfaf6
;xsf/L lgod, @)$( sf] lgod @$ adf]lhd
;f] sfo{ljlw ckgfO{ lnnfd ljqmL ug]{ sfg"gL
k| l qmof ckgfO{ ldlt @)%@.@.!^ ut] s f]
/fhlj/fhaf6 k|sflzt x'g] ;fKtflxs ;"rgfdf
;DalGwt C0f lng] JolQmsf] hUufsf] ljj/0f
;lxt ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no, dfnkf]t sfof{no tyf
/fhlj/fh gu/kflnsfsf] k|ltlglw;d]t /fvL
lgodfg';f/ lnnfd ul/Psf]n] lnnfd ab/ x'gk' g]{
xf]Og eGg] lhNnf ;xsf/L sfof{no ;Kt/Lsf
tk{maf6 sf=d'= ;xsf/L clws[t ljxf/L ofbjsf]
;Kt/L lhNnf cbfnt;dIf k]z ePsf] k|ltpQ/
lhsL/ .
z}nG] b|sd
' f/ l;+xn] o; ;+:Yffaf6 ldlt
@)#$.*.@ ut]df C0f ln+bf uf]bfj/Lb]jLn] cfgf]
gfpFsf] pQm !)! hUuf lwtf] /fv]sf] x'bF f ;f]
hUuf o; ;+:yfaf6 ldlt @)#(.@.#) df /f]Ssf
/fvL lgh z}n]Gb|s'df/ l;+xn] o; ;+:Yffaf6
lnPsf] C0f gj'emfPsf]n] uf]bfj/Lb]jLsf gfpFsf]
pQm !)! hUuf ldlt @)%@.#.!* ut]
lgodfg';f/ sfg"gsf] /Lt k'ofO{ lnnfd u/]
u/fPsf] x'bF f ;f] lnnfd ab/ x'gk' g]{ xf]Og eGg]
;d]tsf] k|ltjfbL ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8
;~rfns ;ldlt xg' d fggu/sf] cWoIf
cfgGbnfn kl/of/sf] k|ltpQ/kq .

z} n ] G b| s ' d f/ l;+ x n] hUufwgL

uf]bfj/Lb]jLsf] d~h"/L lnO{ plNnlvt hUuf lwtf]
/fvL ;xsf/L ;+:Yffaf6 C0f lnPsf] xf] . d~h"/L
glnO{ hUuf lwtf] /fvL C0f lnPsf] eGg] s'/f
em"7f xf] . d /fdgf/fo0fn] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
k|sflzt e} /Ltk"kj{s lnnfd x'bF f lnnfddf
lnPsf] x'F . j]/Ltsf] eP ;f]xL jvt ph"/ ug'k{ g]{
lyof] ;f] ;d]t gu/]sf]n] d /fdgf/fo0fn] lnPsf]
hUufsf] lnnfdL ab/ x'gk' g]{ xf]Og eGg] k|ltjfbL
uf]bfj/Lb]jL tyf /fdgf/fo0f ofbjsf] ;Kt/L
lhNnf cbfntdf k/]sf] ;+oQ
' m k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ .
d k|ltjfbLn] hUufwgL uf]bfj/Lb]jLsf]
d~h"/L lnO{ pQm hUuf lwtf] /fvL ;xsf/L
;+:yfaf6 C0f lnPsf] xf] . lkm/fbdf d~h"/L
glnO{ C0f lnPsf] eGg] s'/f unt xf] . To:t}
k|ltjfbL /fdgf/fo0fn] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt
e} hUuf lnnfd x'bF f hUuf lnnfddf lnPsf]
xf] . ljkIfLsf] xs k'Ug] eP ;f]xL jvt ph"/
ug'k{ g]{ lyof] ph"/L u/L sf/jfxL grnfPsf] x'bF f
lnnfd ab/ x'gk' g]{ xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
z}nG] b|sd
' f/ l;+xsf] ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntdf
k/]sf] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ .
jfbLsf] ;fIfL tyf k| l tjfbLxsf
;fIfL;d]tn] z'? lhNnf cbfntdf u/]sf] jskq
ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] .
bfv]n vf/]h /f]Ssf ePsf] tYonfO{
n'sfP/ kfl/t lnvtnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL hUufwgL
k|df0fk"hf{ k|flKtsf nflu s'g} k|of; gu/L a:g'n]
jfbLsf] bfjLsf] lsQfdf xsflwsf/ kSsf gePsf]
/ ef]uflwsf/sf] k|df0f ;d]t bflvn ug{ ;s]sf]
gb]lv+bf lghsf] bfjLsf] hUufdf ef]u ePsf]
dfGg gldNg] x'bF f jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{

1811

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6

ldlt @)%$.*.!^ df ePsf] k}m;nf .
PstkmL{ k|df0f j'emL k|rlnt P]g
sfg"gsf] ljk/Lt cy{ u/L jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg]
7xofPsf] z'? ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nf
pN6L u/L lkm/fb bfjLadf]lhd Gofo OG;fkm
kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt /fhlj/fhdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
ldlt @)#$.&.@# df lnvt kfl/t
u/L glbPsf]n] gfln; k/L kfl/t x'g] 7x/L
k}m;nf eO{ kfl/t ePsf] hUuf lnnfd ePsf]
b]lv+bf k}m;nf / lnvtsf] cl:tTj sfod /xL
/x] s f] l:yltdf jfbL bfjL k' U g g;Sg]
7xofPsf] z'?sf] OG;fkm km/s kg{ ;Sg]
b] l v+ b f 5nkmnsf] nflu ljkIfL lemsfO{
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhaf6 ePsf] cfb]z .
jfbLn] 3/;f/df /fhLgfdf lnO{ cbfntsf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ ljjfbsf] hUuf dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6
jfbLsf] gfddf kfl/t e} ;f] cj:yfdf C0fLsf]
gfddf jrt C0f;Dd b]lvPsf] sf/0f tTsfn
bflvn vf/]h gePsf] b]lvPtfklg hUuf khgLsf]
@-s_ g+ adf]lhd hlxn];s
' } klg bf=vf= ug{
;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPsf]n] ;f] hUufdf jfbLsf]
xs gePsf] eGg ldNb}g . k|ltjfbLn] bf]xf]/f]
kf/L lwtf] lbPsf] hUufsf] xsaf6 jfbL jl~rt
x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gx'bF f jfbLsf] xs ef]u gePsf]
cfwf/df jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/fO{ ePsf]
z'? ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nf pN6L e}
ldlt @)%@.#.!* df k|ltjfbLx aLr ePsf]
lnnfdL sfo{ ab/ e} ;f] cfwf/df ePsf] btf{
;d]t ab/ e} jfbLsf gfddf btf{ x'g] 7x5{ eGg]

;d]t k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 ldlt

@)%^.^.!! df ePsf] k}m;nf .
;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nfpk/
k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf
k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb hf/L e} /Ltk"js
{ tfd]n ePsf]
cj:yfdf ;f] s'/f n'sfO{ gSsn ;f/]sf] ldltaf6
k'g/fj]bg btf{ u/]sf] tYo ljkIfL ;kmf xft
lnP/ cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf] dfGg ldNb}g .
tfd]n ePsf] Dofbaf6} k'g/fj]bg ug'k{ g]d
{ f unt
tYo b]vfO{ gSsn ;f/L lnPsf] ldltnfO{ cfwf/
dfgL btf{ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg vf/]h ug'k{ g]d{ f ;f]tk{m
s]xL gjf]nL ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf]
OG;fkm ab/efuL x'bF f ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf]
k|ltjfbLx /fdgf/fo0f ofbj ;d]tsf] ;jf]R{ r
cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
z'? ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nfpk/
k'g/fj]bg ug'{ egL jfbLxsf gfddf #% lbg]
k'g/fj]bg Dofb ldlt @)%$.!!.$ df tfd]n
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] tfd]n ePsf] #% lbg] Dofbdf
k'g/fj]bg gu/L ldlt @)%$.!@.% df gSsn
;f/L yfxf kfPsf] eGg] cfwf/ b]vfO{ bfo/ ePsf]
k'g/fj]bgaf6 z'?sf] k}m;nf pN6L u/L lnnfd
ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf]
k}m;nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lv+bf ljkIfL lemsfO{
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z .
jfbLsf] gfddf z'? ;Kt/L lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%$.!!.( df k'g/fj]bg Dofb
tfd]n ePsf] z'? ldl;naf6 b]lvO{ /x]sf] / ;f]
Dofb st}af6 ab/ ge} sfod /x]sf] cj:yfdf
jfbLn] k'g/fj]bg Dofb hf/L gePsf] egL Joxf]/f
9Ff6L c=j= !(& g+= adf]lhd k}m;nfsf] gSsn

1812

*(#! uf]bfj/Lb]jL /fhk'tgL ;d]t lj=zDe'gf/fo0f l;+x /fhk't ;d]t

;f/]sf] cfwf/df Dofb sfod u/L k'g/fj]bg btf{

u/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nf ;f] ;DaGwdf
s]xL af]ns
] f] kfOPg . c=j= !(# g+= adf]lhd
kIfsf gfddf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb hf/L e} ;s]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] Dofbadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug'k{ g]{ xf]
jf c=j= !(& g+ adf]lhdsf] k}m;nfsf] gSsn
;f/]sf] cfwf/df Dofb sfod u/L k'g/fj]bg
ug'{kg]{ xf] k|:t't d'2fdf ;f] sfg"gL k|Zgsf]
lg/fs/0f x'gk' g]{ b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;DaGwdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nfdf s]xL pNn]v ePsf]
gkfObf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] ldlt
@)%^.^.!! sf] k}m;nf ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 cj
;f] k|Zg ;d]tsf] lg/fs/0f u/L sfg"gadf]lhd
lg0f{o ug'{ egL ldl;n k7fO{ lbg" eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^@.@.!&
df ePsf] k}m;nf .
o;} ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.@.!&
sf] k}m;nfadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhdf
bfo/ ePsf] .
z}n]Gb|s'df/ l;+xsf] C0f td;'ssf]
5foFfk|lt ldl;n ;+nUg /x] klg / ;f]sf] ldlt
@)#$.*.@) eg] klg ;f] lnvt /lhi6z
] g kf;
ePsf] b]lvb}g . uf]bfj/Lb]jLn] ;'/If0f /fVg d~h"/L
slxn] lbPsf] xf] ;f] k|df0f k|ltjfbLaf6 k]z
ePsf] b]lvb}g C0f c;"nL gePsf]n] lnnfd
u/L j9L /sd lghn] ldlt @)%@.#.!( df
sfuh u/L lnPsf] 5fofFkl| t k]z ePsf] b]lvof] .
k'g/fj]bssf] lnvt /lhi6z
] g kf; ePsf] lnvt
/x]sf] t/ lnnfd ug{ cfwf/ jgfPsf sfuhx
3/;f/sf] dfq ePsf] o; cj:yfdf /lhi6z
] g
kf; u/L xs g} 6'6L ;s]sf]df uf]bfj/Lb]jLsf]
hUuf egL k'g/fjb]s jfbLsf] xs e};s]sf]

hUufnfO{ lnnfd ug] { u/fpg] sfdnfO{

sfg" g adf] l hd ePsf] eGg ldn] g . jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd lnnfd / ;f]af6 ePsf] btf{;d]t
ab/ eO{ jfbLsf gfddf btf{ x'g] u/L z'?sf]
k}m;nf pN6L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 ldlt @)^%.%.@% df ePsf]
k}m;nf .
ljkIfLxn] ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf]
ldlt @)%$.*.!^ sf] k}m;nf ldlt @)%$.!@.%
df gSsn ;f/L ;f] ldltn] #% lbgsf] k'g/fj]bgsf]
Dofbleq} @)%%.!.% sf lbg k'g/fj]bg kq btf{
u/fPsf] s'/fdf ljjfb gePklg c=j=%( g+
cGtu{tsf] Dofb ydfpg] ;'ljwf ljkIfLn] pkef]u
gu/L gSsn ;f/]sf] ldltn] #% lbgsf] k'g/fj]bg
Dofbleq k'g/fj]bg btf{ u/fPsf lyP . gSsn
;f/L yfxf kfPsf] slyt ldlt @)%$.!@.% eGbf
klxnf g} ldlt @)%$.!!.( df g} lghxsf
gfpF s f] k' g /fj] b g Dofb tfd] n e} ldlt
@)%$.!@.!$ ;Dd dfq k'g/fj]bg Dofb ePsf]
/ ;f] Dofb tfd]nLnfO{ s;}n] ab/ gu/]kl5 :j+F
k'g/fj]bsn] c=j= %( g+= cGtu{t yfldkfpFm
egL dfu g} gu/]sf] cj:yfdf Dofb g3fO{ btf{
ePsf] k'g/fj]bg kqnfO{ c=j= %( g+ cGtu{t
cbfntn] Dofb yfDg OGsf/ gu/L Dofbleq}
k'g/fj]bg ul/Psf] eGg] cfwf/ lnO{ ul/Psf]
sfo{ c=j=!(#, !(& g+= sf] k|lts"n 5 . c=j=
%( g+= sf] Dofb cbfnt :jo+n] yfdL lbg] Dofb
ge} kIfn] cj:yf / sf/0f b]vfO{ dfu u/]df dfq
cbfntn] yfdL lbg] xf] . cbfntn] :j]R5fn] yk
u/L lbg] xf]Og . dfnkf]t sfof{no ;Kt/Ldf
/f]Ssf /x]sf] hUufsf] lwtf] lnnfdsf] ;"rgf
k|sfzg e} ;f] ;"rgf;d]t /fvL k|lqmof k"/f u/L

1813

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

@)%@.#.!* df lnnfd x'Fbf ;j} eGbf j9L

?=%^,))). df lnnfd ;sf/ ePsf] n ]
xg'dfggu/ ;xsf/L ;+:Yff lnld6]8nfO{ ltg'k{ g]{
/sd sf u/L jfFsL /sd ?=#*,(^^.@$
uf]bfj/Lb]jLnfO{ ldlt @)%@.#.!( df j'emfOPsf]
/ pQm lnnfdL k|lqmof lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
;Kt/L, dfnkf]t sfof{no ;Kt/L ;d]tsf] /f]xj/df
ePsf]n] lnnfdL k|lqmof sfg"gljk/Lt 5}g .
@)#$.&.@# sf] 3/;f/sf] /fhLgfdfsf] lnvt
ldlt @)#%.!.@@ df lnvt kfl/ttk{m lkm/fb
k/]sf] / ldlt @)#%.(.!! sf] PstkmL{ k}m;nf /
ldlt @)#%.!).@( sf] rngk" h L{ n ] ldlt
@)#%.!!.@) df lnvt /lhi6z
] g eP klg ;f]
lnvt /lhi6z
] g x'bF f g} lnvtdf C0fLsf] gfddf
C0f jrt aFfsL /x]sf] eGg] / bf=vf /f]Ssf x'g]
u/L kfl/t egL s}lkmot hgfO{ lnvt kfl/t
ePaf6 ;f] hUuf ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] C0fafkt
/f]Ssf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;xsf/L clen]vaf6} lnvt
kfl/tsf] d'2f kg'e
{ Gbf klxnf g} ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf]
C0fafkt /f]Ssf /x]sf] sfuhnfO{ e]mn u/L
lnvt kfl/t u/fPklg ;f]af6 xs kSsf gx'g]
b]lvFbfb]lvFb} klg xbDofb gf3f]sf] k'g/fj]bgkqsf]
hl/ofaf6 z'?sf] k}m;nf pN6L ul/Psf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] k|ltjfbL uf]bfj/Lb]jL
;d]tsf] o; cbfnt;dIf k]z ePsf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf ;+nUg ldl;n
sfuhft cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bssf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L k|zGgs[i0f bf;sf]
ax; ;d]t ;'lgof]] . ldl;n cWoog ubf{, ;Kt/L

lhNnf cbfntsf] k} m ;nf k" h L{ a df] l hdsf]

/lhi6z
] g kfl/t ePsf] lhNnf ;Kt/L j/;fOg
uf=lj=;=j8f g+ %-s_ ls=g= !($ sf] !)!
hUufdf lkm/fbLxsf] xs ef]u ePsf]df ljkIfL
/fdgf/fo0fn] pQm hUuf u}/sfg"gL tj/n] lnnfd
;sf/ u/L xfd|f] xsdf c;/ k/]sf] tyf pQm
sfo{ ;xsf/L ;+:yf xg'dfg gu/af6 ldlt
@)%@.#.!% df ePsf] lnnfd;DaGwL sfo{ ePaf6
;f] lnnfd;DaGwL sfo{ tyf ljkIfLn] ;sf/
u/]sf] sfo{ u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n] pQm lnnfd ab/
u/L lkm/fbLsf gfpFdf btf{ sfod ul/kfpFm eGg]
d'Vo bfjL;lxtsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb ePsf]
b]lvG5 . z'? ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 bfjL
k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/fO{ k}m;nf ePsf]df ;f]xL
k}m;nfnfO{ txtx x'Fb} sf/jfxL x'Fbf ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 ldlt
@)%^.^.!! df ePsf] k} m ;nf ab/ u/L
sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o ug'{ egL k}m;nf ePsf]df
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 k'gM lg0f{o x'bF f
z'?sf] k}m;nf pN6L u/L bfjLadf]lhdsf] lnnfd
/ ;f] lnnfdaf6 ePsf] btf{ ;d]t ab/ e}
jfbLsf gfddf bfjLsf] hUuf btf{ sfod x'g] u/L
ldlt @)^%.%.@% df k}m;nf ePsf] / ;f]
k}m;nfpk/ k|ltjfbLxsf tk{maf6 k|:t't
k'g/fj]bg k/L lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf] b]lvof] .
@= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 z'?
;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/fO{
ePsf] k}m;nfnfO{ pN6L u/L bfjLadf]lhd lnnfd
ab/ e} jfbLsf gfddf btf{ sfod x'g] 7xofO{
ePsf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] 5 5}g lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
b]lvof] . OG;fkmtk{m ljrf/ ubf{ oL k'g/fj]bsn]
;j{ky| d Dofbsf ;DaGwdf k|Zg p7fPsf] b]lv+bf

1814

*(#! uf]bfj/Lb]jL /fhk'tgL ;d]t lj=zDe'gf/fo0f l;+x /fhk't ;d]t

lghn] p7fPsf] klxnf] k|Zgtk{m x]bf{, k|ToyL{xn]

z'? ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] k}m;nfsf]
gSsn;f/L ;f] gSsn ;f/]sf] ldltn] #% lbgleq
k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] t/ lghxsf gfpdf @)%$.!!.(
df k'g/fj]bg Dofb tfd]n ePsf]df ;f] Dofbleq
k'g/fj]bg gu/L gSsn ;f/]sf] ldltaf6 %( g+
Dofb yfldPsf] egL cfklQ hgfO{ k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ldl;n ;+nUg k'g/fj]bg
kq x]bf{ ldlt @)%%.!.!) df pQm k'g/fj]bg
kq bfo/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . z'? ;Kt/L lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ePsf] k}m;nfsf] ldlt @)%$. !@.%
df k'g/fj]bsn] k}m;nfsf] k|ltlnkL lnPsf] /
;f]xL ldltaf6 u0fgf u/L @)%%.!.!) df k'g/fj]bg
bfo/ ePsf] b]lv+bf ;f] k'g/fj]bg kq Dofbleq
bfo/ ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg x'g
cfpF5 . cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg Dofb
g} j]jf:tf u/L j:g] jf cGo dg;fon] cbfntsf]
DofbnfO{ lgliqmo u/fO{ Dofb gfg uPsf] cj:yf
klg b]lvGg . k}m;nfsf] hgfp lbg] c=j= !(# g+
adf]lhdsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf / c=j= !(& g+
cg'k k}m;nfsf] k|ltlnkL ;f/]sf] ldltdWo]af6
k'g/fj]bg ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yfdWo] h'g;'s}
dfWodaf6 ePklg d'2fsf kIfsf] tk{maf6 sfg"gn]
lgwf{l/t u/]sf] Dofbleq k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf]
5 eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf oL k|ToyL{n] sfg"gn]
lgwf{l/t u/]sf] Dofbleq} k'g/fj]bg bfo/ u/]sf]
s'/fnfO{ cGoyf eGGf ldNg] b]lvGGf . c=j= !(#
g+ jf !(& g+ adf]lhdsf] lgwf{l/t Dofb gf3L kg{
cfPsf k'g/fj]bg kqsf] xsdf s'g DofbnfO{
u0fgf ug]{ eGg] cj:Yff k|:t't d'2fsf] /f]xdf
b]lvg cfpFbg} . k|ToyL{xn] z'? ;Kt/L lhNnf
cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] ldlt @)%$.!!.( sf]

k'g/fj]bg Dofbsf] u0fgf jf k|ToyL{x cfk}mn]

ldlt @)%$.!@.% df k}m;nfsf] gSsn ;f/L ;f]
gSsn ;f/]sf] ldltaf6 Dofbleq k'g/fj]bg bfo/
x'gk' g]{ x'G5 . c=j=!(# jf !(& sf] b'j} cj:Yff
JotLt e} c=j= %( g+= cg'ksf] yfDg] ydfpg]
Dofbsf] k|of]u ubf{ Dofb gfg ;Sg] cj:yf eP
To;df ljrf/ u/L k}m;nfsf] /f]xaf6 af]Ng'kg]{
x' G 5 . t/ k| : t' t ljjfbdf c=j=!(& g+ =
adf]lhdsf] gSsn ;f/]sf] Dofbn] yfDg] ydfpg]
Dofbleq} k'g/fj]bg bfo/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
k'g/fj]bg Dofb hf/L e} tfd]n ePsf] ldlt
@)%$.!!.( af6 c=j=%( g+= adf]lhd yfDbf
;d]t @)%%.!.!) sf] bfo/L ldlt ^% lbgleq}
kg]{ b]lvG5 . c=j= %( g+ n] k|bfg u/]sf]
;'ljwfleqs} yfDg] Dofb #) lbg;lxtsf] ^%
lbgleq k'g/fj]bg bfo/ ePsf] cj:yfdf
k|ToyL{xn] @)%$.!!.( df k'g/fj]bg Dofb tfd]n
ePsf] ldltn] k'g/fj]bg ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L
gSsn ;f/]sf] ldltn] k'g/fj]bg bfo/ u/]sf]
eGg] oL k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/sf
;DaGwdf c? ljj]rgf ug'k{ g]{ b]lvg cfPg .
#= cj bf];f| ] k|Zgtk{m ljrf/ ubf{, lkm/fbLn]
k|ltjfbL /fdgf/fo0f ofbjn] lnnfd ;sf/ u/L
cfgf gfpdf btf{ sfod u/fPsf] ;Kt/L lhNnf
j/;fOg uf=lj=;= j8f g= %-s_ ls=g= !($
sf] If]qkmn !)! hUufsf] btf{ / ;f] btf{
ab/efuL 5 ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo bfjL lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . bfjLsf] hUuf xg'dfggu/ ;xsf/L
;+:Yffdf lwtf] /flvPsf] / ;f] lwtf]afktsf] C0f
gj'emfPsf sf/0f xg'dfggu/ ;xsf/L ;+:Yff
lnld6]8sf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%@.@.%
sf] lg0f{oaf6 ;xsf/L sfof{no ;Kt/Ln] ;xsf/L

1815

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

lgod @)$( sf] lgod @% adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof /

sfo{ljlwsf cfwf/df ldlt @)%@.@.!^ sf] ;"rgf
;d]t k|sfzg u/L ;f] cfwf/df /Lt k'ofO{
lnnfd ul/Psf], uf]bfj/Lb]jLsf] d~h"/L lnO{
z}nG] b|sd
' f/n] ;f] hUuf lwtf] /fvL C0f lnPsf]
/ ;f] C0f glt/]sf] sf/0f hUuf lnnfd ul/Psf]
eGg] ;d]tsf] z}nG] b|sd
' f/ tyf ;xsf/L ;+:Yff
lnld6]8 ;d]tsf] k|ltjfbLxsf] k|ltpQ/
Joxf]/faf6 b]lvG5 . oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
uf]bfj/Lb]jLsf] gfpFdf btf{ sfod /x]sf] bfjLsf]
ls=g+ !($ sf] !)! hUufsf ;DaGwdf k|:t't
ljjfb l;h{gf ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{ jfbLxn]
bfjLsf] hUuf ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nfaf6
cfgf gfpFdf bf=vf x'g] 7x/L dfnkf]t sfof{no
;Kt/Laf6 kfl/t ;d]t ePsf] t/ bf=vf= x'g
g;s]sf]n] ;f] hUuf cfgf gfpFdf xs sfod
x'g g;s]klg ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0f ofbj, ;d]tn]
cfgf] gfpdf ;sf/ u/L lng kfpg] xf]Ogg\ egL
lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . oxL hUuf z}nG] b|sd
' f/
l;+xn] ;xsf/L ;+:Yff xg'dfggu/df lwtf] /fv]sf]
/ ;f] lwtf] /fvL lnPsf] C0f r'Qmf ug{ g;s]sf
sf/0f lwtf] /flvPsf] hUuf lnnfd e} pQm
lnnfd ;sf/ u/L /fdgf/fo0fn] cfgf gfpFdf
bf=vf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf]
k}m;nfn] k|fKt x'g cfPsf] xscg'k bfjLsf]
hUuf dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 /lhi6z
] g;d]t e}
k|ToyL{xsf] gfddf bf=vf= ;d]t x'g g;s]sf]
eGg] cj:yf ldl;n Joxf] / faf6 b] l vG5 .
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof cjnDag u/L /lhi6z
]\ g
kfl/t u/L lbPkl5 oL k'g/fjb]s uf]bfj/Lb]jLsf]
pQm hUufdf sfg"gtM bfjL /xg ;Sg] b]lvb}g .

lghsf] d~h"/L lnO{ z}nG] b|sd

' f/ l;+xn] ;f] hUuf
lwtf]df /fvL C0f lnPsf] / ;f] C0f r'Qmf ug{
g;s]sf sf/0f pQm hUuf lwtf] ;'/If0fdf /fVg]
;xsf/L ;+:Yff xg'dfggu/n] sfg"gsf] k|lqmof
k"/f u/L eGg] cfwf/df lnnfd u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
Psk6s cfgf] xsef]usf] hUufsf] x:tfGt/0f
u/L :j]R5fn] cfk"mn] ;f] xs kl/jt{g ul/;s]kl5
To:tf] hUufsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} pkof]u, 5"6 jf
nfe k| f Kt ug] { clwsf/ oL k' g /fj] b s
uf]bfj/Lb]jLdf /xg ;Sg] x'bg} . k|fljlws sf/0fn]
btf{ x'g g;s]s} sf/0f k|ToyL{ zDe' gf/fo0f l;+x
/fhk't / ;lrtfgGb /fhk'tsf] xs lgliqmo ug]{
clwsf/ ;d]t oL uf]bfj/Lb]jL, z}nG] b|sd
' f/ l;+x
tyf pQm ;xsf/L ;+:Yff xg'dfggu/ ;d]tnfO{
x'bg} .
%= lwtf] lng] lgsfon] klg ;f] lwtf]
sfg"gadf]lhd lwtf] /fVg of]Uo 5 jf 5}g ;f]
lwtf]sf] jf:tljs wgL sf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] osLg
ug{' k|f/lDes bfloTj x'g cfpF5 . To:tf] bfloTjsf]
Vofn} gu/L xs 5fl8;s]sf JolQmsf] d~h"/L jf
;xdtLaf6 dfq} lwtf] ;'/If0f kSsf 7x5{ egL
cg'dfgsf e/df shf{ k|jfx ug'{ dgfl;j x'bF g} .
k|:t't lwtf]df cbfntsf] k}m;nfadf]lhd sfod
x'g cfPsf] pQm ls=g+ !($ sf] hUufsf] jf:tljs
:jfldTj uf]bfj/Lb]jLaf6 ;/]sf] cj:yf lghn]
ul/lbPsf] ldlt @)#%.!).@( sf] /fhLgfdfsf]
k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvG5 . o:tf] sfg"gadf]lhdsf]
lnvtsf] cl:tTj oyfjt /lx/x]sf] cj:yfdf
lwtf] ;'/If0f /fv]sf] hUuf lnnfd ljqmL e} cGo
JolQmsf gfpdf x:tfGt/0f x'g ;Sg] xf]Og eg]
cfgf] xs g} sfg"gtM 6'l6;s]sf] cj:yfdf lghsf]
xs sfod} 5 eGg] 7fgL ul/Psf] sf/f]jf/n]

1816

*(#@ j'l4s'df/L u'? lj=;Gtf]if u'?

sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg ;Sg] klg xFb' g} . lglj{jfb

xs ef]usf] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf ePdf dfq
jf:tljs :jfdLn] cfgf] :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f
ug{ ;Sg] x'G5 . u}/:jfdLn] :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f
ug]{ cj:yf geP;Dd u}/:jfdLaf6 x:tfGt/0f
ePsf] :jfldTjnfO{ sfg"gtM dfGotf k|fKt u/]sf]
;Demg ldNg] x'bF g} .
^= o:tf] cj:yfdf xs 6'6fO;s]sf]
uf]bfj/Lb]jLsf] d~h"/L lnO{ ;'/If0f /fv]sf] lwtf]
sfg"gadf]lhd lnnfd ePsf]n] ;f] lnnfd
sfg"gcg'ksf] 5 egL dfGg ldNg] b]lvPg .
Psk6s sfg"gtM cfgf] :jfldTjsf] xs 6'6fO{
:jfldTj kl/jt{g u/L ;s]kl5 bf=vf x'g
g;ls/x]s} sf/0faf6 ;f] hUufsf] :jfldTj cfk"mdf
cGt/\lgxLt 5 egL hUuf lwtf] /fVg d~h"/L
lbO{ hUuf lwtf]df /fvL C0fLn] C0f r'Qmf ug{
g;s]s} sf/0f lnnfd u/]sf] / ;f] lnnfd /Ltk"js
{
ePs} sf/0f t];f| ] kIfn] :jfldTj u|x0f ug{ ;Sg]
cy{ u/L ePsf] ;xsf/L ;+:Yff xg'dfggu/sf]
lnnfd;DaGwL sfo{ ;b/ ug{ ldNg] gb]lvFbf
uf]bfj/Lb]jLsf] ;xdlt lnO{ lwtf] /fv]sf] hUufdf
C0fLn] C0f r'Qmf ug{ g;s]af6 ;f] bfjLsf]
ls=g= !($ sf] hUuf lnnfd ePsf] / ;f]
lnnfd sfo{ sfg"gcg'k ePsf] eGg] oL
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLsf] k' g /fj] b g lhsL/
sfg"g;+ut b]lvg cfPg .
&= t;y{ j/;fOg uf=lj=;=j8f g+
%-s_ ls=g+=!($ sf] !)! sf] hUuf xg'dfggu/
;xsf/L ;+:yfaf6 ldlt @)%@.#.!* df ePsf]
lnnfd / ;f] lnnfdaf6 ePsf] btf{;d]t ab/
u/L jfbL bfjLadf]lhd bfjLsf] hUuf jfbLsf
gfpFdf btf{ sfod x'g] 7x/fO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt

/fhlj/fhaf6 ldlt @)^%.%.@% df ePsf] k}m;nf

ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;St}g . k|:t't d'2fsf]
bfo/Lsf]sf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfn
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fpg @! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k:| ffb uf}td

&
lg0f{o g+=*(#@
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L a}Bgfy pkfWofo
)^^CI!)!^
km};nf ldltM @)^(.#.@).$
d'2fM c+z .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf:sL lhNnf, kf]v/f
p=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !! km"njf/L a:g]
jif{ $^ sL a'l4s'df/L u'?
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM sf:sL lhNnf, kf]v/f p=d=g=kf=
j8f g++ !) j:g] wgk|;fbsf] 5f]/f jif{
@* sf] ;Gtf]if u'?

1817

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

as;kq lnvtnfO{ /flhi6z

] g kfl/t
ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu leGgleGg 9fFrf
k|of]udf Nofpg' egL dfnkf]t ljefusf
gfddf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_

z'? km};nf ug]M{

df=lh=Gof=>L kjgs'df/ zdf{
k'g/fj]bg km};nfM
df=Gof=>L v]d/fh zdf{
df=Gof=>L rf]nG] b| zdz]/ h=j=/f=
xfn}sf] as;kq eGg] / /fhLgfdf eGg]
s'/f :jfefj}n] xs x:tfGt/0f ug]{
;DaGwL leGgleGg lsl;dsf tl/sf
ePsfn] Pp6f tl/sfsf] lnvtaf6 csf]{
lnvtsf] k|of]hg xfl;n x'g g;Sg] .
/lhi6z
] g ug]{ k|of]hgfy{ gub lnPsf]
s'/f n]lvPsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfq cfwf/
dfgL bftfnfO{ ;xof]u u/L v'zL t'NofO{
hUuf as; kfPsf] cl:tTjnfO{ cgb]vf
u/L To;/L kfPsf] hUufnfO{ v/Lb u/L
lnPsf] eGg] cy{ u/L pQm hUuf a08f
nfUg] ;DklQ xf] egL lgisif{df k'Ug
gldNg] .
as;kq d"No j]u/} lbOg] / To:tf] k|fKt
ug]n
{ ] klg lghL kdf k|of]u ug{ kfpg]
x'bF f o:tf] ;DklQ c+lzof/x aLr a08f
;d]t nfUg g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
/fhLgfdf / as;kqsf] b'j} lnvtnfO{
/lhi6z
] g kfl/t ug]{ 9fFrf Ps} lsl;dsf]
/x]sf] sf/0faf6 hg;fwf/0fsf] ;DklQ
ef]urng ug]{ ;fDklQs clwsf/df
sfg"gL hl6ntf / lljwf l;h{gf ug]{
u/]sf]n] o:tf hg;fwf/0f;Fu k|ToIf
;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf]
k| d f0fsf kdf /xg] /fhLgfdf /

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo

xl/k|;fb ;'jb] L / uf]kfn zdf{ ;fksf]6f
k|ToyL{ jfbLsf] tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo
hogf/fo0f kf}8n
] / ;Gtf]ifs'df/ kf08]
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'ns
' L P]g, c+za08f dxnsf] !* g+=
/lhi6z
] gsf] ! g+=
km};nf
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
sf:sLsf] ldlt @)^%.!@.%.$ sf] km};nf o;
cbfntaf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g @)$* sf] bkmf
!@ adf]lhd bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg eO{
k'g/fj]bgsf] kdf bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ b]xfo adf]lhd 5 M
ljkIfL xh' / a' a f dLgaxfb' / u' ? ,
xh'/cfdf rGb|sd
' f/L u'?sf] sf]vaf6 sfsf
tog k|;fb u'?, km'k" lrgs'df/L u'?, zf/bf
u'? / d]/f lktf wgk|;fb u'?sf] hfohGd
ePsf]df d]/f lktfsf] @)$$.!!.@( df d[To'
ePsf] xf] . lktf / d]/L cfdf dgfb]jL u'?sf]
bfDkTo ;DaGwaf6 d ;Gtf]if u'?sf] @)#*.$.!(
df hGd e} ldlt @)$$.*.!$ df cfdf dgfb]jL
/ lktfaLr o;} cbfntaf6 5f]8kq u/L j:g'
ePsf]df lktfn] sfG5Lcfdf a'l4s'df/L;+u ljjfx

1818

*(#@ j'l4s'df/L u'? lj=;Gtf]if u'?

u/L pxfFtk{maf6 Ps jlxgL ;'l:dtfsf] hGd

ePsf] 5 . km'k" zf/bf, d / jlxgL ;'l:dtfsf]
ljjfx x'g jfFsL 5 .
a'afsf] d[To' ePsf], cfdfn] klxnf g}
5f]8kq u/L j:g' ePsfn] 3/df /fd|f] jftfj/0f
gkfpFbf d}n] /fd|f;
] uF k9g n]Vg ;lsg . xfn
s]xL Joj;fo ug'k{ g]{ 7fgL @)^@.$.! sf] lbg
3/df ljkIfLdWo]sf xh'/a'af tyf xh'/cfdf /
sfsf ;d]t;+u lktfsf] efuaf6 kfpg' kg]{ d]/f]
efusf] c+z dfUbf ljkIfLxn]] c+z lbGgf} hfg]sf]
u/ egL Ps} :j/df eg]sf]n] jfWo e} cbfntsf]
z/0fdf cfPsf] 5' . cfhsf ldlt;Dd xfdLxsf]
a08fkq ePsf] 5}g . a08f ug'k{ g]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ
ljkIfLxsf] lhDdfdf 5 . c+ z a08fsf]
@),@!,@@,@# / @$g+ ;d] t sf cfwf/df
ljkIfLxaf6 tfobftL kmfF6jf/L dfuL lkm/fb
k/]sf] cl3Nnf] lbgnfO{ dfg' cnu ePsf] ldlt
sfod u/L ;Dk"0f{ >L ;DklQaf6 ljjfx x'g
afFsL km'k" zf/bf, d lkm/fbL tyf jlxgL ;'l:dtfsf]
ljjfx vr{ k/;f/L d"n kdf ljkIfLx dWo]sf
dLgaxfb'/ !, rGb|sd
' f/L !, togk|;fb !, zf/bf
u'? ! tyf lktf wgk|;fb ! ;d]t u/L d"n
c+lzof/f % hgf sfod u/L ;f]dWo] lktfsf] !
c+znfO{ d lkm/fbL !, ljkIfL sfG5Lcfdf
a'l4s'df/L ! / jlxgL ;'l:dtf ! ;d]tsf] # efu
nufO{ ;f] # efudWo]af6 d]/f] ! efu c+z 5'6o\ fO{
lbnfO{ e/fO{ Gofo OG;fkm ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] lkm/fb kq .
d k|ltjfbL dLgk|;fb ef/tLo ;]gfdf
etL{ eO{ k]G;gdf cfPsf] x'F . d k]G;gdf cfpFbfsf]
cj:yfdf g} jfbLsf lktf wd{k;
| fb u'?nfO{
etL{ u/fO{ cfPsf] x'F . jfbLsf lktf wgk|;fb /

lghsL cfdf dgfb] j L u' ? sf] aLrdf

;DaGwljR5]b ePsf] xf] . ;DaGwljR5]b kZrft\
ljkIfLsf lktf wgk| ; fb k| l tjfbLdWo] s L
a'l4s'df/LnfO{ lnO{ ;a} kl/jf/;Fu 5'L leGg e}
cnu a;]sf x'g\ . a'l4s'df/L;+u ljjfx ePsf]
sf/0f g} ;DaGwljR5]b ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 .
wgk|;fb u'/sf] ef/tLo ;]gfdf sfo{/t\ /x]s}
cj:yfdf ldlt @)$$.!!.@( df d[To' ePsf]
xf] . xfd|f] jf:tljs 3/ kj{t lhNnfdf kb{5 .
xfd|f] ePsf] k}ts
[ ;DklQ h] 5 kj{tsf] e'stfn]
uf=lj=;=df g} 5 . ljkIfLsf lktf ef/tLo ;]gfdf
sfo{/t\ x'bF fsf] cj:yfdf g} d[To' x'g uPsf]n]
tTsfnLg cj:yfdf p;n] kfpg' kg]{ tnj
;~rosf]if, Ifltk"lt{ -/x]nkx]n_ / !% jif{;Dd
k|fKt x'g] tnj / ;f] kl5 k|fKt x'g] k]G;g
;d]tsf] /sd jfbLsf] afa' wgk|;fbn] a'em] sf]
xf] . c+z ;d]t ljkIfL jfbL / lghsL ;fgLcfdf
a'l4s'df/Ln] ;dfg kdf a'emL cfdf a'l4s'df/Lsf
gfpFdf hUuf lsg]/ 3/ jgfO{ j;L cfPsf x'g\ .
ljkIfLn] cfgf] efusf] k};f s] u/] yfxf ePg .
u'? hfltsf] ;+:sf/cg';f/ d}n] ljkIfLsf] afa'sf]
d[To' ;+:sf/ c3f}d
{ f vr{ ePsf] k};f / lji0f'
u'?nfO{ lt/L lbPsf] qmdzM #@,))). / $%,))).
k}of ltdLxn] lbg'k5{ Nofp egL dfUbf ;f]
lbg'k5{ eGg] 7fgL ;f] vfg] krfpg] p2]Zoaf6
dfq of] em"7f d'2f lbPsf x'g\ ljkIfL jfbLnfO{
xfdLn] c+z lbg'kg]{ xf]Og .
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf] d tkk|;fb u'?, zf/bf
u'? / rGb|sd
' f/L u'?n] jfbLnfO{ c+z lbg'kg]{
xf]Og . jfbLsf lktf wgk|;fb u'?sf] d[To'kZrft\
lghn] kfpg] tnj ef/tLo sfg"gcg';f/ d
wgk|;fbsL cfdf rGb|sd
' f/Ln] kfpg' kg]{ xf] .

1819

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

5f]/f wgk|;fb klxn] g} 5'L leGg eO{ cfgf]

c+z lnO{ cnu j;]sfn] lghsf] d[To'kZrft\
d}n] lng g}lts kdf gldNg] x'bF f lghs} 5f]/f
jfbLnfO{ lbPsf] xf] . ljkIfLn] c+z lnO{ leGg
j;]sf] ;d]t x'bF f k|:t't lkm/fb vf/]h ul/kfpFm .
ljkIfLsf] afa' wgk|;fb hLljt x'b} 5'L leGg e}
cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] c+zsf] ;DklQaf6 ljkIfLsL
;fgLcfdf k|ltjfbL a'l4s'df/Ln] cfgf] gfpFdf
hUuf lsgL jl;cfPsL 5g\ . d dLgaxfb'/
ef/tLo ;]gfdf x'Fbf s]xL d]/f] sdfO{ / d
rGb|sd
' f/Ln] cfgf] k]jfaf6 v/Lb u/]sf] lghL
cfh{gsf] ;DklQ :qL c+zwgsf] @, % g+ n] c+z
lbg' kb}g{ ;f] jfx]s d rGb|sd
' f/L;+u s]xL klg
5}g eg] d dLgaxfb'/;Fu ePsf] k}ts
[ ;DklQ
kj{t e'stfn] uf=lj=;=d} 5 . ;f] jfx]s cGo
;DklQ d;Fu s]xL 5}g . xfdLpk/ k|:t't lkm/fb
lbg c=j= *@ g+ n] ljkIfL jfbLnfO{ clwsf/
5}g . k|:t't lkm/fb c+za08fsf] #) g+ sf] k|lts"n
x'bF f vf/]h ul/kfpFm . OG;fk}m x'g] xf] eg] klg
jfbLsf] afa'n] d dLgaxfb'/af6 c+z lnO{ leGg
a;L cfgf] vltpklt u/L j;]sf] ;+nUg sfuh
Pj+ ljkIfLsL ;fgLcfdfn] u/]sf] ldnfkqaf6
;d]t b]lv+bf xfdLxsf] xsdf c+z kfpFm eGg]
ljkIfL jfbLsf] bfjLaf6 cnu k'm;{b u/fO{ kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dLgaxfb'/ u'? ;d]tsf]
k|ltpQ/ kq .
d]/f klt;Fu ldlt @)#%.!).!@ df ljjfx
eO{ 3/jf/ ePkl5 >Ldfg\ ef/tLo ;]gfdf egf{
eO{ sfo{/t\ /xFbf d ;+oQ
' m kl/jf/;Fu ldnL
a;L cfPsL lyPF . ;a} Jojxf/ afh] aHo}n] ub}{
cfpg' ePsf] xf] . kltn] sdfPsf] /sd ;a} ah}
rGb|sd' f/L / afh] dLgaxfb'/sf] xftdf lbFb} cfpg'

eof] . d]/f kltsf] @)$$.!!.@( df d[To' x'bF f d

ule{0fL cj:yfdf lyPF . ldlt @)$%.#.@! df
5f]/Lsf] hGd ePsf] xf] . 5f]/L hGd]sf] !!cf}+
lbgdf d]/L cfdf dnfO{ e]6g\ egL kj{t dfOtaf6
cfPsf] cj:yfdf cGo k|ltjfbLxn] ;+oQ' m kdf
d / d]/L 5f]/LnfO{ 3/df vfg a:g glbO{
lgsfn]sfn] dfOtL 3/df u} dfOtLs} cf8 e/f];fdf
5f]/LnfO{ x]/rfx u/L j;]sf] cj:yf 5 . 5f]/L
;'l:dtf $ jif{sL ePkl5 3/ hfFbf a:g glbPsfn]
kf]v/f p=d=g=kf=j8f g+= @ k"mnjf/L l:yt
dfOtLsf] ;xof]udf a:b} 5f]/LnfO{ k7gkf7g
u/fpb} cfPsL 5' . c+z nfUg] ;DklQ d]/f]
lhDdfdf 5}g . o; cj:yfdf ljkIfL jfbLn] d
;d]t;Fu c+z dfUg] cfwf/ s]xL 5}g . d]/f] lghL
cfh{g afx]s cGo k}ts
[ ;DklQ d]/f] lhDdfdf
5}g . ePsf] k}ts
[ ;DklQ ;a} afh] aHo} ;d]tsf
3/klsf JolQmx;+u ePsf] hfgsf/L x'bF fx'b}
d;+u c+z dfUg ldNb}g . d}n] kfpg] c+zsf]
;DklQ klg cGo k|ltjfbLx;+u} 5 . @)$%
;fnb]lv cGo k|ltjfbLx ;d]tn] d / d]/L
5f]/LnfO{ 3/af6 hj/\h:tL lgsfnf u/]sfn]
dfOtLsf] z/0fdf a;L cfPsL / k}ts
[ ;DklQ
;d]t d]/f gfpFdf gePsf] cj:yfdf daf6 jfbLn]
c+z k|fKt ug]{ cj:yf gx'bF f em"7f lkm/fb bfjLaf6
cnu k'm;{b kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] a'l4s'df/L
u'?sf] k|ltpQ/ kq .
k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfLsf] jskq eO{ ldl;n
;+nUg /x]sf] /x]5 .
afh] dLgaxfb'/ u'? ;d]t;+uaf6 %
efusf] ! efu a'afsf] efudWo]af6 d}n] ! efu
cfdf a'l4s'df/Ln] ! efu / bfO ;Gtf]ifn] !
efu c+z kfpg] xf] eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] c=j=
!#( g+= a'lemPsL ;'l:dtf u'?n] u/]sf] aofg .

1820

*(#@ j'l4s'df/L u'? lj=;Gtf]if u'?

jfbL k|ltjfbLaf6 c+zsf] tfobftL

kmfF6jf/L k]z e} ldl;n ;+nUg /x]5 .
o;df jfbL k|ltjfbLsf] aLrdf gftfdf
ljjfb gePsf], jfbLn] c+z lnO{ 5'L leGg
ePsf] eGg] cfwf/ k|df0f k|ltjfbL kIfaf6
k]z bflvnf x'g g;sL Psf;Fuf]ndf a;]sf]
b]lvPsf] / o; cbfntsf ldlt @)^#.)!.@&
sf] cfb]z oyfjt} sfod /x]sf]n] jfbLsf afa'
wgk|;fb u'?n] c+z j'e]msf] eGg] k'li6 gx'Fbf
jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 c+z kfpg] g} b]lv+bf
tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf plNnlvt >L;DklQdWo]
k|ltjfbL rGb|s'df/L u'?sf gfpFdf ls=g=
%!(& / ls=g+ !@@% sf] hUuf a08f gnfUg]
egL k|ltjfbLxn] cfcfgf] xsdf lhsL/
lnPtfklg ;f] k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf]n] pQm b'j}
kmfF6jf/Ldf plNnlvt ;DklQ a08f nfUg] b]lv+bf
pQm ;DklQaf6 k|ltjfbL zf/bf u'?sf] ljjfx
vr{ k/;f/L afFsL ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQnfO{ % efu
nufO{ % efusf] ! efu jfbLsf afa' wgk|;fb
u'?sf gfpFdf kg]{ ;DklQaf6 jfbL ;Gtf]if
u'? / j'lemPsL k|ltjfbL ;'l:dtf u'?sf]
ljjfx vr{ k/;f/L pQm ;DklQnfO{ # efu
nufO{ # efusf] ! efu lkm/fb dfu
bfjLadf]lhd k|ltjfbLaf6 jfbLn] c+z kfpg]
7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sf:sL lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^$.)@.@&.! sf]
k}m;nf .
ljkIfLsf afa'sf] d[To'kZrft\ lghn] kfpg]
/sd, ;~rosf]if, Ifltk"lt{ Pj+ k]G;g ;d]tsf]
/sddf s'g} b[li6 lbOPg . d rGb|sd
' f/L u'?n]
cfgf] bfOhf] k]jfaf6 v/Lb u/]sf] ls=g= %!(&
/ ls=g+ !@@% ;d]tsf hUuf a08f nfUg] u/L

ePsf] k}m;nf uDeL/ q'l6k"0f{ 5 eGg] ;d]t

Joxf]/fsf] rGb|sd
' f/L u'? ;d]tn] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf]v/fdf lbPsf] k'g/fj]bg .
d}n] xf=j= u/L lnPsf] ls=g+= $)*&,
$)*( sf] hUuf / ;f] hUufdf ag]sf] 3/ ;d]t
a08f nfUg] u/L ePsf] z'? sf:sL lhNnf
cbfntsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsfn] ab/ u/L
k|ltpQ/ lhsL/adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] a'l4s'df/L u'?n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf]v/fdf lbPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df xfn}sf] as;kqaf6 k|fKt u/]sf]
lghL cfh{gsf] ;DklQ ;d]t a08f nufPsf]
z'?sf] k}m;nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lv+bf 5nkmnsf]
nflu k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ cfP jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf]v/fsf] cfb]z .
o;df jfbL ;Gtf]if u'?sf afa' tyf
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL a'l4s'df/L u'?sf :j= klt
wgk|;fb u'? ef/tLo ;}lgs ;]jfdf sfo{/t\
/x]s} cj:yfdf d[To' ePsf] / lghsf] d[To'kZrft
lghn] kfpg] k]G;gnufotsf cGo ;'ljwfsf]
s;n], slxn], s] slt k|fKt u/]sf x'g\ ;Dk"0f{
ljj/0f k'g/fj]bsx / k|ToyL{ b'j} kIfaf6 c=j=
!## g+ adf]lhd sfuh u/fO{ eP ;f]sf] k|df0f
;d]t k]z ug{ nufO{ k'/fgf] d'2f x'bF f !% lbgleq
sfo{ ;DkGg u/L lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/faf6
ePsf] cfb]zfg';f/sf] sfuh u/fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg
eO{ ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] .
a'l4s'df/L u'?n] ls=g+= $)*& /
$)*(, rGb|sd
' f/L u'?n] ls=g+= %!(& / !@@%
;d]tsf hUuf a08f ug{ s/ nfUg] hUufx

1821

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

xf]Og c+za08fsf] !* g+= tyf :qL c+zwgsf] !

/ % g+= n] a08f ug'{ gkg]{ lghL cfh{gsf x'g\
egL bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . rGb|s'df/L u'?
;d]tsf k|ltjfbLxn] pQm lhsL/ lnPtfklg
;f] s' / fnfO{ k' l i6 ug] { bx| f ] k| d f0f lgh
k|ltjfbLxn] k]z ug{ ;ls/x]sf] cj:yf gx'bF f
tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf plNnlvt ;Dk"0f{ rncrn
;DklQ a08f nfUg] g} b]lvg cfof] . pQm ;DklQaf6
k|ltjfbL zf/bf u'?sf] ljjfx vr{ k/;f/L jfFsL
;Dk"0f{ ;DklQnfO{ % efu nufO{ % efusf] !
efu jfbL ;Gtf]if u'?sf afa' wgk|;fb u'?sf]
efudf kg]{ ;DklQaf6 jfbL ;Gtf]if u'? /
c=j+= !#( g+= cg';f/ a'lemPsL k|ltjfbL ;'l:dtf
u'?sf] ljjfx vr{ k/;f/L pQm ;DklQnfO{ #
efu nufO{ # efusf] ! efu lkm/fb dfu
bfjLadf]lhd k|ltjfbLaf6 jfbLn] c+z kfpg]
7xofPsf] z'? sf:sL lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^$.@.@& sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g]
7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf]v/fsf] ldlt @)^%.!@.)%.$ sf] km};nf .
ldlt @)%).@.!& df ldtlbbL zLnf
u'? lbg] / d ldtjlxgL a'l4s'df/L u'? lng]
u/L lghL tj/n] xf=j= u/L k|fKt u/]sf] ls=g+=
$)*& / ls=g+= $)*( ;d]tsf hUuf / ;f]
hUufdf cfg} cfh{gn] agfPsf] 3/ ;d]t a08f
nufpg] u/L u/]sf] km};nf c+za08fsf] !* g+=
sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfk|lts"n 5 . c+za08fsf] !*
g+= / :qL c+zwgsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{ /
;fk]IftfnfO{ ;d]t x]/L s'g} klg c+lzof/sf]
gfpFdf /x]sf] ;DklQ k}ts
[ jf lghL cfh{gsf]
cfkm"vz
' ug{ kfpg] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf]
lg/f]k0f g} gu/L ul/Psf] pQm km};nf uDeL/

q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]l/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t

Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL a'l4s'df/L u'?n] o; cbfnt
bfo/ u/]sf] lgj]bg .
o;df bfjLsf] ls=g+= $)*& / $)*(
sf] hUuf lgj]lbsf a'l4s'df/L u'?n] cfgf] dLt
gftfsL lbbL zLnf u'?af6 ldlt @)%).@.!&
df xfn}sf] as;kqaf6 kfPsf] eGg] pQm ldltsf]
kfl/t lnvtaf6 b]lvFbf To:tf] lghL tj/af6
as; kfPsf] hUuf c+za08fsf] dxnsf] !* g+=
adf]lhd kfpg]sf] lghL 7x/L cfkm"vz
' ug{ kfpg]
/ a08fug{ s/ gnfUg] k|sl[ tsf] hUuf ePsf]
b]lvPsf]n] ;f]df jfbLnfO{ c+z lbnfpg] 7xofPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/fsf] km};nfdf c+za08fsf]
dxnsf] !* g+=, c=j+= !*$ s=g+= tyf k|df0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf # / %$ ;d]tsf] JofVofTds
q'l6 ljBdfg /x]sf] b]lvFbf Gofo k|zf;g
P]g,@)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -s_ sf]
cfwf/df k|:t't d'2fdf bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg
ul/lbPsf] 5 . sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ eGg] ldlt
@)^&.@.&.^ sf] cfb]z .
o; cbftnaf6 ePsf] plNnlvt ldltsf]
cfb]zcg';f/ k|:t't d'4f k'g/fj]bgsf] kdf
btf{ x'g cfPsf] .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg clwjQmfo xl/k|;fb ;'jb] L / uf]kfn
zdf{ ;fksf]6fn] k|ltjfbL a'l4s'df/L u'?n]
as;kqaf6 k|fKt u/]sf hUuf / ;f]df cfg}
cfh{gn] agfPsf] 3/ a08f gx'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf
/xFbf/xFb} pQm 3/ hUuf a08f nufpg] u/L
ePsf] z'? Pj+ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/faf6
ePsf] km};nf c+za08fsf] !* g+= ljk/Lt 5 .

1822

*(#@ j'l4s'df/L u'? lj=;Gtf]if u'?

as;kqsf] lnlvt Joxf]/fdf ;xof]u u/]afkt

xfn}sf] as;kq lbPsf] eGg] :ki6 pNn]v x'bF fxFb' }
pQm ;DklQ a08f nfUg] u/]sf] km};nf ab/efuL
x'bF f ab/ x'gk' 5{ egL ax; ug'e
{ of] . k|ToyL{
jfbLsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfo
hogf/fo0f kf}8n
] / ;Gtf]ifs'df/ kf08]n] jfbL
k| l tjfbLx aLr c+ z a08f ePs} 5} g .
Psf;uf]ndf /x]sf] cj:yfdf tfobftLdf cfPsf]
;DklQ a08f gnfUg] eGg] xFb' g} . k|ltjfbLn]
as; lnPsf] egL lhsL/ lnOPsf hUufx
gub lt/L v/Lb u/L lnPsf hUuf x'gF . as;
kq n]lvb}df as;kqaf6 kfPsf] eGg gldNg]
x'bF f z'? Pj+ k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf
ldn]s} x'bF f ;b/ x'gk' 5{ egL ax; k|:t't ug'e{ of] .
plNnlvt ax; ;'Gg'sf ;fy} ldl;n
;+nUg k|df0f sfuhxsf] cWoog u/L z'?
sf:sL lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/fsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5,
5}g < / k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;S5,
;Sb}g < eGg] ;DaGwdf g} x]/L OG;fkm lbg'kg]{
b]lvof] .
@= o;df xfn;Dd xfdLx aLr a08f
ePsf] 5}g . lktfsf] :ju{jf; eO{ ;s]sf] 5 .
a08f x'gk' g]{ ;DklQ ljkIfL lhDdf x'bF f d ;d]tsf]
ljjfx vr{ k/;f/L lktfsf] sfod x'g] c+z
efudWo]af6 # efu nufO{ ;f]sf] ! efu c+z
kfpFm eGg] jfbLsf] lkm/fb lhsL/ b]lvG5 . jfbLsf
lktfn] lgwgk"j{ g} cfkm\gf] efusf] c+z lnO{ 5'l
leGg e};s]sf x'g . lghL cfh{gsf] ;DklQaf6
jfbLnfO{ c+z lbg'kg]{ xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbLxsf] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ b]lvG5 . xfn}sf]
as;kqaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] ;DklQ klg a08f

nufpg] u/L ePsf] z'?sf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf]

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/fsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
ePsf]n] bf]xf]ofO{ x]l/kfpFm egL k|ltjfbL a'l4s'df/L
u'?8sf] lgj]bgdf d'2f bf]xf]ofO lbg lg:;f
k|bfg eO{ k|:t't d'2f k'g/fj]bgsf] kdf btf{
x'gF cfPsf] b]lvof] .
#= cGo k|ltjfbLxn] jfbLn] jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd c+z kfpg] eGg] z'? / k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nfdf lrQ a'emfO{ g} a;]sf /
lghL cfh{gsf] ;DklQ ;d]tdf a08f nufpg]
u/]sf] xb;Dd pQm km};nf bf]xf]ofO{ x]/L kfpmF
egL )^^-RI-!@!% sf] lgj]bs k|ltjfbL rGb|sd' f/L
u'? / ljkIfL jfbL ;Gtf]if u'? eO{ o;} nufpsf]
kdf bfo/ ePsf] lgj]bgdf d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{]
lg:;f k|bfg ug{ ldn]g egL cfb]z e};s]sf] 5 .
$= cj k'g/fj]lbsf a'l4s'df/Ln] lnPsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/sf] ;DaGwdf OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/
ubf{, cfkm"n] xfn}bl] vsf] as;kqaf6 k|fKt u/]sf
hUufxaf6 ;d]t jfbLn] c+z kfpg] egL u/]sf]
z'? / k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] OG;fkm k'glj{rf/
x'gk' g]{ eGg] g} k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
b]lvG5 . jfbLsf lktf tyf oL k|ltjfbLsf klt
:j= wgk|;fbtkm{sf oL jfbL k|ltjfbL / log}
k|ltjfbLaf6 hGd]sL 5f]/L u/L # hgf c+lzof/
ePsf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvb}g . oL k|ltjfbL
jfbLsL ;f}tg] L cfdf ePsLdf klg ljjfb b]lvb}g .
cfkm"nfO{ ;f;" ;;'/f ;d]tn] 3/af6 lgsfn]sfn]
dfOtLdf a:b} cfPsL / cfkm";Fu xfn}sf]
as;kqaf6 kfPsf] ;DklQ jfx]s jfbLnfO{ c+z
lbg'kg],{ s'g} ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ gePsf] eGg] oL
k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvof] . oL k|ltjfbLn]
z'? sf:sL lhNnf cbfntdf ldlt @)^#.)@.!*

1823

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

df k]z u/]sf] tfobftL kmf6jf/Ldf plNnlvt

ls=g+= $)*& / ls=g+= $)*( sf hUufx
as;kqaf6 k|fKt u/]sfn] cfkm"vz
' ug{ kfpg]
;DklQ x'bF f ;f] a08f ug{ s/ gnfUg] eGg]]
b]lvG5 . pQm lhsL/nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ ;Gbe{df
k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)%).@.!& df /=g+= &%%(
af6 kfl/t as;kq lnvtsf] kmf] 6 f] s kL
k|df0f:jk k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lbg] zLnf u'?
/ lng] a'l4s'df/L u'? ePsf] xfn}sf] as;kq
lnvtsf] d'lb|t Joxf]/f (Printed Matter) df gub
?=!(,))) -pGgfO{; xhf/_ 3/;f/df a'emL
lnvtadf]lhdsf] crn ;DklQ xfn}sf] as;kq
ul/lbPsf] eGg] Joxf]/f n]vfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL]
lnvtsf] xs 5fl8Psf] crn;DklQsf] ljj/0fdf
d]/f gfpFdf hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ePsf] /f]Ssf
lwtf]df gk/]sf] plNnlvt hUuf ldt gftfaf6
j}gL tkfO{ a'l4s'df/L u'?n] dnfO{ Jojxf/df
;xof]u ul/cfPafkt xfn}sf] as;kq n]lvlbof
eGg] Joxf]/f n]lvPsf] ;d]t b]lvG5 . kf]v/f
pkgu/kflnsfleqsf] % cfgf eGbf a9L hUuf
lnvtdf n]lvPsf] ?=!(,))) -pGgfO{; xhf/_
dfqdf v/Lb ug{ ;lsg] s'/fnfO{ ;dfGo kdf
g} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsb}g . km]l/ kfl/t lnvtdf
xfn}sf] as;kq n]lvFbfn]lvb} k|ltjfbLn] pQm
hUufx gub /sd lt/L /fhLgfdfaf6 v/Lb
u/]sf x'g\ eGfL oyfy{ k|df0f ljgf eGg ;d]t
;lsg] xFb' g} . xfn}sf] as;kq eGg] / /fhLgfdf
eGg] s'/f :jfefj}n] xs x:tfGt/0f ug]{ ;DaGwL
leGgleGg lsl;dsf tl/sfx x'g\ . oL tl/sfdWo]
Pp6f tl/sfsf] lnvtaf6 csf]{ lnvtsf] k|of]hg
xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g . hUufhldg h:tf] crn
;DklQ xs x:tfGt/0f u/L lnFbflbFbf /sd lt/L

v/Lb u/L lnOG5 eg] ;f]sf] ;DaGwdf /fhLgfdfsf]

lnvt v8f ul/G5 / s;}nfO{ ;]jf 6xn u/L
l/emfP afktdf s'g} d"No glnO{ crn ;DklQ
xs x:tfGt/0f u/L ;f]sf] k|df0f:jk v8f
ul/g] sfuhnfO{ as;kqsf] lnvt elgG5 .
s;}af6 lghL tj/n] bfg jf as; kfO{
as;kqsf] lnvt u/L xs x:tfGt/0f u/L lbPsf]
crn ;DklQ kfpg]sf] lghL ;DklQ x'g] e}
s;}nfO{ c+za08f u/L lbg s/ gnfUg] egL
c+za08fsf] !* g+= n] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfn] To:tf] as;af6
kfPsf] ;DklQnfO{ c+za08f ug]{ ;DklQaf6 jfx]s
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oL k|ltjfbL jfbL ;/xs} c+lzof/
b]lvPsf] / lghn] kfPsf] xfn}bl] vsf] as; kq
lnvtdf plNnlvt ;DklQaf6 jfbLn] c+z
kfpg'kg]{ cj:yf c+za08fsf] !* g+= sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfaf6 b]lvb}g . oL k|ltjfbLn]] 3/sf] d'Vo
eO{ Jojxf/ ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf] ;d]tsf] cj:yf
klg ldl;n k|df0faf6 b]lvb}g . k|ltjfbLn] bflvn
u/]sf] xfn}bl] vsf] kfl/t as;kqsf] lnvtsf]
Joxf]/fdf ;xof]u u/L l/emfPafktdf hUuf as;
u/L lbPsf] Joxf]/f v'nfO{ lbPsf]] b]lvG5 . ;f]
b]lvFbfb]lv+b} /lhi6z
] g ug]{ k|of]hgfy{ gub lnPsf]
s'/f n]lvPsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfq cfwf/ dfgL
bftfnfO{ ;xof]u u/L v'zL t'NofO{ hUuf as;
kfPsf] cl:tTjnfO{ cgb]vf u/L To;/L kfPsf]
hUufnfO{ v/Lb u/L lnPsf] eGg] cy{ u/L pQm
hUuf a08f nfUg] ;DklQ xf] egL lgisif{df k'Ug
;d]t ldNb}g . as;kq lbOg] sf/0ftkm{ x]l/+bf
klg of] d"No j]u/} lbOg] / To:tf] k|fKt ug]n
{ ] klg
lghL kdf k|of]u ug{ kfpg] x'G5 . ;fy} o:tf]
;DklQ c+lzof/x aLr a08f ;d]t nfUb}g .

1824

*(#@ j'l4s'df/L u'? lj=;Gtf]if u'?

%= t;y{, k|ltjfbL a'l4s'df/L u'?n]

as;af6 kfPsf] ls=g+= $)*& / $)*( sf
hUuf / ;f]df ag]sf] 3/ a08f nfUg] k|sl[ tsf]
gb]lvPsf]df ;f] a08f nfUg] u/L ePsf] z'?
sf:sL lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/fsf] ldlt @)^%.!@.%.$
sf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd s]xL pN6L x'G5 .
^= crn ;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0f ug]{
ljleGg k|lqmofx dWo] cfgf] xsef]u ePsf]
3/ hUuf cflb crn ljqmL u/L xs 5f]8L
lbPsf] k|df0f:jk ul/g] lnvtnfO{ /fhLgfdfsf]
lnvt elgg] / d"Noj]u/} s;}n] s;}nfO{ ;]jf
6xn u/]afkt jf 3/ Jojxf/df ;/;xof]u
k'ofPafkt jf as; kfpg]sf] zLn:jefjaf6
v'zL ePsf] sf/0faf6 3/ hUuf cflb crn
;DklQ aS;L; lbP/ To;sf] k|df0f:jk n]vLlbg]
lnvtnfO{ as;kq elgG5 . b'js
} f] pTklQ /
k|of]hg;d]t km/skm/s /x]sf] x'G5 . as; lbOg]
;DklQ d"Noj]u/} lbOg] k|rng /lxcfPsf] 5 .
as;kqnfO{ d'n'sL P]g, /lhi6]zgsf] ! g+=
cg';f/ /lhi6z
] g ug'k{ g]{ clgjfo{ sfg"gL Joj:yf
u/]sf] / /lhi6z
] g ubf{ a'emfpg' kg]{ /fhZj
/sd lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgfy{ d"No pNn]v u/L
To:tf] lnvt /lhi6z
] g ug]{ ul/Psf] k|rng
b]lvG5 . /fhLgfdf / as;kqsf] p2]Zo / k|of]hg
;d]t km/skm/s /x]sf] / b'js
} f] k|flKtsf] tl/sf
;d]t km/s /x]sf] ;Gbe{df km/s km/s k|sl[ tsf
b'j} lnvtnfO{ /lhi6z
] g kfl/t ug]{ ;Gbe{df
xfn;Dd klg km/skm/s 9fFrf lgwf{/0f u/L
k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsPsf] kfOb}g . o;/L b'j}
lnvtnfO{ /lhi6]zg kfl/t ug]{ 9fFrf Ps}
lsl;dsf] /x]sf] sf/0faf6 o;n] hg;fwf/0fsf]

;DklQ ef]u rng ug]{ ;fDklQs clwsf/df

sfg"gL hl6ntf / lljwf l;h{gf ug]{ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . o:tf e|do'Qm / lljwfhgs Joj:yfsf]
;dfwfg gvf]Hg] xf] eg] as;kqaf6 ;DklQ
k|fKt ubf{sf] kl/0ffddf klg hlxn];s
' } c:ki6tf
sfod /xL g} /xg]] oyfy{tfnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsb}g .
To;}n] o:tf hg;fwf/0f;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg]
;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] k|df0fsf kdf /xg]
/fhLgfdf / as;kq lnvtnfO{ /flhi6z
] g kfl/t
ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu leGgleGg 9fFrf k|of]udf
Nofpg' egL dfnkf] t ljefusf gfddf
lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . c? tk;Ln
adf]lhd ug'{ .
tk;Ln
dfly OG;fkm v08df pNn]v ePadf]lhd
k|ltjfbL a'l4s'df/L u'?n] xfn}sf] as;kqdfkm{t\
k|fKt u/]sf ls=g+= $)*& / $)*( hUuf /
;f]df ag]sf] Ps tn] cf/= l;=;L= 3/;d]t
a08f nfUg] egL u/]sf] z'? / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf]v/fsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd pN6L e} pQm ls=g+=
sf hUufx / ;f]df ag]sf] 3/ jfbLnfO{ a08f
gnfUg] x'bF f pQm ls=g+= $)*& / $)*( sf
hUuf ;f]df ag]sf] 3/;d]taf6 jfbLn] c+z 5'6o\ fO{
lng kfpg] egL z'? sf:sL lhNnf cbfntn]
/fv]sf] nut cj sfod g/xg] x'bF[ f ;f] xb;Dddf
pQm nut sf u/L of] km};nfadf]lhdsf] nut
cWofjlws ug'{ egL z'? sf:sL lhNnf cbfntdf
n]vL k7fpg" ======
!
dfly O{ G ;fkm vG8df plNnlvt
ePadf] l hd /fhLgfdf / as;kq lnvt
/lhi6z
] g kfl/t ug]{ leGgleGg 9fFrf k|of]udf

1825

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

Nofpg] eGg] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ n]vL

k7fpg' egL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ n]vL
k7fO{ ;f] s f] hfgsf/L km} ; nf sfof{ G jog
lgb]z
{ gfnonfO{ ;d]t lbg" =========@
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg"==========#
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ @) ut] /f]h $ df z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t Mafa'/fd ;'jb] L

&
lg0f{o g+=*(##
;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
)^&WO!!(*
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.$.@*.!
ljifo M pTk|i] f0f, ;d]t .
l/6 lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf=d=g=kf j8f
g+= #@ a:g] clwjQmf ;'lgn /~hgl;+x
;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]t
1826

a9'jf ljz'4 ;]jf;DaGwL sfg"gsf]

k|zf;lgs ljifo ePsf]n] ;f]sf] ;DaGwdf
;]jf;DaGwL sfg"gadf]lhd cfgf] :jfy{
jf ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] JolQm afx]s c?n]
k|Zg p7fpg g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
lgtfGt leGg k|s[ltsf] ;]jf;DaGwL
sfg"gadf]lhd ul/g] a9'jfsf] ljifodf
;fy{ s ;/f] s f/ gePsf] JolQmsf]
lgj]bgaf6 dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L
ug]{ cj:yf gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
Ps} hl/ofaf6 z' ? x' g ] k| Z gdf
;/f]sf/jfnf jfx]ssf cGo lgj]bsxn]
lgj]bg dfly lgj]bg yk u/L z[v
\ nf
afFwL GofonfO{ cGToxLg k|lqmofdf n}hfg
dgfl;j gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
sf]xL JolQm s'g} kbdf jxfn /x]s} sf/0fn]
dfq} ck/fw cg';Gwfg x'g g;Sg]
b]lvFb}g . To;}n] a9'jfnfO{ s;"/sf]
bfloTjaf6 d'lQmsf] kdf lng gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
s;"/sf] cg';Gwfgsf nflu n]vL k7fpg]
sfo{ :jo+df cleof]hg jf Goflos lg0f{o
x' b } g . ck/fw cg' ; Gwfgsf] nflu
n]lvPsf] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
kqnfO{ g} cfwf/ dfgL a9'jf ab/ ug{
jf cGo cof]Uotf tf]Sg jf To:tf] ug{
;lsG5 eGg] 7fGg' ;d]t sfg"g, Gofo /
ljj]s;Ddt b]lvg gcfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_

*(## ;'lgn /~hgl;+x ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

Pp6f 36gfdf Psfsf] xssf] ;+/If0f

ubf{ csf{sf] xssf] cGoyf pNn+3g x'g
glbg' klg Gofosf] /f]xdf plQs} uDeL/
ljifo x'g hfG5 . sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f
rnfpg' k"j{ g} s;"/ k|dfl0ft x'bF fsf]
h:tf] cfk/flws bfloTjsf] kl/0ffd ef]Ug
nufpg' Gofosf] /f]xdf gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g eljio;Dd
x'g glbg lg/f]wfTds kdf JolQmsf]
pko'Qmtfsf] k/LIf0f u/L lgo'QmL ug],{
kb:yfkg ug],{ :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ jf a9'jf
ug]{ jf gug]{ s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!%_
l/6 lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx ;'lgn
/~hg l;+x, uf]ljGb aGbL, cDd/ /fpt
bLk]Gb| emf
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmfo
k'ik/fh sf]O/fnf / ;"ok{ ;
| fb sf]O/fnf,
;xGofoflwjQmfqo o'j/fh ;'jb] L, ls/0f
kf}8n
] , wd{/fh kf}8n
] Pj+ ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf ab| L axfb' / sfsL{ , ljfg
clwjQmfx 8f=o' j /fh ;u| f } n f,
8f=ledf{hg' cfrfo{, /fdgf/fo0f la8f/L,
/ljGb| e/fO{
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( -;+zf]wg ;lxt_
sf] lgod @&-@_
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !@^-%_
nf]s;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ sf] bkmf
!^ / !&

cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)& -@_ cGtu{t
o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf]] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5 M
ljut s] x L ;dob] l v dfgj
clwsf/sdL{x / sfg"g Joj;foLxn] p7fPsf
;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fxnfO{
/fHo ;+oGqxn] j]jf:tf ub}{ cfPsf] cj:yf
5 . ;f]xL l;nl;nfdf ljkIfLxsf] sfdn] dfgj
clwsf/sf] k|j4{g / ljlwsf] zf;gdf cj/f]w /
kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ yk ddf{xt l;h{gf ug]{ u/L
ljkIfLx k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no,
u[xdGqL, g]kfn k|x/L dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg
sfof{no gS;fnn] st{Jo Hofg d'2fsf cleo'Qmsf]
kdf /x]sf ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgfnfO{ PcfOhL
h:tf] kbdf lgo'QmL u/]sf] / ;f] sfo{af6 d'ns
' df
b08xLgtfn] k|>o kfPsf] tyf ljlwsf] zf;gsf]
pkxf; u/]sf]n] of] ljifo ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifo;d]t kg{ uPsf] x'bF f o;df xfd|f] ;/f]sf/
/xg u} ;f] lg0f{o ab/ u/fpg] cGo k|efjsf/L
pkrf/sf] cefjdf jfWo e} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ adf]lhd
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf 5f}+ .
j]kQf tyf u}/Goflos xTof cleof]udf
ls6fgL hfx]/L k/]sf ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgfpk/
d' 2 fsf] cg' ; Gwfg ug' { k g] { bfloTj ePsf
ljkIfLxn] ;f] bfloTj jxg gul//x]s} cj:yfdf
sfg"gL /fHodf ljlwsf] zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt
/ g]kfn kIf /fi6 ePsf cGt/fli6o sfg"g
cGtu{t bfloTj k|lts"n x'g] u/L xfn lgh

1827

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

s'j/] l;+x /fgfn] PcfOhL kbsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfnL

;Sg'ePsf] 5 . j]kQf kfg]{ tyf st{Jo Hofg
d'2fsf] cleo'Qmsf] kdf cf/f]k ef]lu/x]sf
lghnfO{ PcfOhL h:tf] kbdf lgo'QmL u/L
lhDd]jf/L lbOg' cg'lrt, u}/sfg"gL, u}/;+jw} flgs,
k|hftflGqs k4ltsf] d"No dfGotf ;d]tsf] klg
ljk/Lt 5 . o;} ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] cfb]zn]
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no wg'iffdf d"nbfo/Ldf
bfo/ e} st{Jo Hofgsf] cleof]usf] kdf
cf/f]lkt /x]sf / cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/fdf /x]sf
lgh s'j/] l;+x /fgfnfO{ ljgf k|ltikwf{ / lghdfly
nfu]sf] cf/f]ksf] qmddf ;'/Iff ;]jf h:tf]
dxTjk"0f{ If]qsf] PcfOhL kbdf a9'jf ugf{n]
;DdfgLt cbfntsf] ckx]ngf;d]t x'g k'us
] f]
5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / /Iff ug{ cl8u
/x]sf] k|ltj4tf;lxtsf] g]kfn ljifodf ePsf]
o'lkcf/ 5nkmndf ljZjhut;dIf g]kfn
;/sf/n] hfx]/ u/]sf] 5 . ;f] k|ltj4tfk|lt
j]jf:tf ub}{ uDeL/ k|sf/sf] dfgjclwsf/
pNn+3g tyf b'kof]usf] bf]ifLnfO{ a9'jf ul/g'n]
lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL ;/sf/sf] dfGotfnfO{
pkxf; u/]sf] 5 .
s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs kbsf] JolQmnfO{
kmf}hbf/L cleof]u nfu]kl5 /fHosf] s'g} klg
;fgf] eGbf ;fgf] kbdf jxfn /x]sf]df ;d]t
lgh JolQm lgnlDjt x'g] sfg"gL dfGotf /x]sf]
5 . lgh kbdf jxfn e} /xg] xf] eg] ;f] d'2fsf]
cg';Gwfgdf k|ToIf k|efj kfg],{ kbLo b'kof]usf]
dfWodn] k|df0fsf] nf]k ug]{ tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{
clwsf/Lxdf cg'lrt k|efj kg{ u} kLl8tn]
Gofo k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] k|i6} /x]sf] 5 . ljlwsf]
zf;g ePsf] d'ns
' df o:tf] sfo{ plrt x'g

;Sb}g . lgh s'j/] l;+x /fgfpk/ dfgj clwsf/

pNn+3gsf] cleof]u nfu]sf] / lghn] k|x/Ln]
cg';Gwfg ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf Pp6f c;n
gful/s / lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lsf] x}l;otn]
cg';Gwfgsf] kdf vl6Psf] k|x/L;dIf pkl:yt
eO cfkm"dfly nfu]sf] cleof]usf] af/]df jofg
lbg' xf] . kmf}hbf/L cleof]usf] o; dfGotfnfO{
pNn+3g ug'{ eg]sf] sfg"gL zf;gsf] ckx]ngf
;d]t xf] . ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgfn] To;f] gubf{
k|x/Lsf] pRr cf]xbfdf x'bF f kmf}hbf/L Gofosf]
k| l qmofaf6 pGd' l Qm kfOG5 eGg] ;Gb] z
cfdgful/sdf ;Dk|i] f0f x'G5 . dfgjclwsf/sf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq, !($* sf] wf/f *, gful/s
tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/fli6o
cg'jGw, !(^^ nfO{ ;g\ !((! sf] d] !@ tfl/vdf
g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/L o;sf] kIf /fi6 ePsf]
5 . of] cg'jGwsf] wf/f @-#_ n] k|efjsf/L
pkrf/sf] xs;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 /
k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] xscGtu{t Gofosf] xs
dxTjk"0f{ tTjsf] kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . pQm
k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] xsnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{
/fHon] ckgfpg' k g] { ljleGg pkfox /
tl/sfxsf] ;DaGwdf klg o; cg'jGwn]
;DalGwt kIf /fi6pk/ ljleGg bfloTjx l;h{gf
u/]sf] 5 . To:tf] bfloTjcGtu{t cg';Gwfg ug'k{ g]{
bfloTj tyf cf/f]kLnfO{ cleof]hg ug]{ s'/f
;d] t kb{ 5 . cGt/fli6 o cg' j Gwsf]
k|fjwfgcg'k bf]ifLnfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf NofO{
kLl8tnfO{ ;hfo ug'k{ g]d{ f ;f] gu/L pN6} k'/:s[t
ul/g' plrt x'g ;Sb}g . a9'jf ul/Psf s'j/] l;+x
/fgf @)^) ;fn c;f]h @! ut] hgsk'/sf]
s6}ofrf}/Laf6 dfcf]jfbL kf6L{kl| t cf:yf /fv]s}

1828

*(## ;'lgn /~hgl;+x ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

e/df kqmfp u/L a]kQf kfl/Psf z}nG] b| ofbj,

b'jxL, & wg'iff, lht]Gb| emf, hgsk'/ $, wg'iff,
k|df]b gf/fo0f d08n s'yf{ ! wg'iff, b'uz
{] s'df/
nfe, hgsk'/ !), wg'iff, ;+lhjs'df/ s0f{,
hgsk'/ !), wg'iff u/L kfFr hgf JolQmnfO{
kqmfp u/L j]kQf kf/L xTofdf ;+nUg /xg]
sfo{df :jo+ ;+nUg /x]sf] s'/f k|x/L gfoj
dxflg/LIfs bLk]Gb|axfb'/ lji6sf] cWoIftfdf
ul7t % ;b:oLo ;ldltn] k|x/L dxflg/LIfs
;dIf k]z u/]sf] @)^@.!!.@% sf] k|ltj]bgaf6
:ki6 x'G5 . h]ge
] f dxf;lGwsf] ;femf wf/f # n]
lu/tf/ ul/Psf] JolQmsf] hLjg ;'/lIft ub}{
aGws agfpg], a]kQf kfg]{ / cdfgjLo Jojxf/
ug]{ h:tf Joxf/nfO{ lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . ;+oQ
' m
/fi6;3
+ f/f a]kQf jgfOg] sfo{ lj?4 ;+/If0f
dxf;lGw kfl/t -International Convention for
Protection of all Persons from Enforced
Disappearance_

ePsf] tyf @))^ sf] wf/f %

n] gful/s j]kQf kfg]{ sfdnfO{ dfgjtf la/f]wL
ck/fwsf] -Crime Against Humanity_ kdf
kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . bLk' elgg] ;+hLjs'df/
s0f{nfO{ lbg bxf8} lu/tf/ u/L @ jif{ #
dlxgf;Dd l:ylt ;fj{hlgs gu/L u}/Goflos
xTof u/L nf;;d]t j]kQf kf/]sf]n] ;f] ck/fwhGo
sfo{df ;+nUg cleo'Qmxsf] gfd ;d]t ls6fgL
kdf pNn]v u/L wg'iff lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf
ljz]if cfGtl/s btf{ ho lszf]/nfn !@@*
ldlt @)^#.#.@% lhjIfLb]jL d08n btf{ g+=
!@*( ldlt @)^#.#.@% /x] s f] d f ;jf] { R r
cbfntaf6 km};nf x'bF f d"n 8fo/Ldf btf{ ePsf]
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . lgh s'j/] l;+x /fgf tTsfnLg
cj:yfdf wg'iffsf] k|x/L pk/LIfs -SP) /x]sf] /

lghn] sfg"gadf]lhd kbLo bfloTjcg';f/

cfkm"nfO{ tf]ss
] f] lhDd]jf/L k"/f gu/L u}/Goflos
h:tf] h3Go ck/fwdf ;+nUg /x]sf] s'/f /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] ldlt @)^$.!).@% df
r=g+= (*! ;+/If0f @*(& k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\ ljifo cfof]hgfsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog
;DaGwdf l;kmfl/z, kqklqsfdf lgl:sPsf]
;dfrf/ / kLl8t kl/jf/xsf hfx]/L btf{ /
aofgxaf6 ;d]t k'li6 x'G5 . ;DdfgLt ;jf]R{ r
cbfntaf6 ePsf] @)^% df3 @) ut]sf]
k/dfb]zsf] km};nfkZrft\ dfq hfx]/L b/vf:t
btf{ ePsf] cj:yf / ;f] k/dfb]zdf ;DdfgLt
cbfntn] :ki6 kdf kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] nfdf] /
:ki6 JofVof u/L ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g,
@)$( sf] cg';r
" L ! sf] 9fFrfdf hfx]/L b/vf:t
btf{ ug{ NofPkl5 ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL lgodfjnL,
@)%% sf] lgod #-@_ adf]lhd e/kfO{ lbO{
sfg"gadf]lhd cg';Gwfg tyf txsLsftsf]
sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg' egL km};nf ePsf]
cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . s'g} klg JolQm jf kbflwsf/L
lj?4 d'ns
' L P]g Hofg;DaGwL dxnadf]lhd
sf/jfxL u/L kfpg ls6fgL hfx]/L k/]kl5 ;f]sf]
cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ sfg"gL
Joj:yf ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf # df /x]sf] / hfx]/LnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL k|df0f
nf]k jf gf; x'g glbg / ck/fwL pDsg gkfpg]
Joj:yf bkmf $ n] u/]sf] 5 . ;+jw} flgs dfGotf
kfPsf] /fli6 o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u n]
@)^$.!).!% df cfof]usf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog
ug{ dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ u/]sf] l;kmfl/zdf k|x/L
jl/i7 pk/LIfs r'8faxfb'/ >]i7, lhNnf k|x/L
sfof{no wg'iffsf] tTsfnLg k|x/L pk/LIfs

1829

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

s'j/] l;+x /fgf, lhNnf wg'iff wf/fkfgL uf=lj=;=

l:yt ;}lgs Jof/]s ->L g+=( jflxgL_ lhNnfsf
tTsfnLg d]h/ cg"k clwsf/L / ;+oQ
' m ;'/Iff
kmf}hnfO{ cfb]z lbg] / lgb]z
{ g lbg] tTsfnLg
k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/L /]jtL/d0f sfn] ;d]tsf]
;+nUgtf /x]sf] egL cg';Gwfgaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 .
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ h:tf] ;+jw} flgs lgsfo
tyf ;DdfgLt >L ;jf]R{ r cbfntn] pQm 36gfsf]
cg';Gwfgsf nflu k/dfb]z hf/L u/]sf] cj:yfdf
d'Vo cleof]uL /x]sf tTsfnLg jl/i7 k|x/L
pk/LIfsnfO{ jt{dfg ;dodf PcfOhL kbdf
a9'jf / kbef/sf] lhDd]jf/L lbgfn] sfg"gL /fHosf]
pkxf; ePsf] 5 ;fy} cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z ;d]tsf]
pNn+3g ePsf] 5 .
;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf ^ / & n] cg';Gwfgsf] clwsf/ k|x/LnfO{
dfq lbPsf] / ;f]xL k|x/Lsf k|dv
' cf/f]kL /x]sf]
cj:yfdf k|x/Ln] lgikIf kdf ljZj;gLo
cg';Gwfg unf{ egL ljZjf;sf] cfwf/ ug{ klg
;lsGg . pgL kbdf /x]df k|df0f nf]k x'g ;Sg]
k|an ;Defjgf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . k|x/L P]g,
@)!@ sf] -;+zf]wg ;lxt @)^^_ sf] bkmf (,(
-#_ n] /fhkqf+lst k|x/L clws[tnfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/n] / cGo dftxt bhf{sf clws[t hjfgnfO{
tf]lsPadf]lhd k|x/L dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L cltl/Qm
dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L dxflg/LIfs jf c~rn
pk/LIfsn] a/vf:t ug{, ;]jfaf6 x6fpg, bhf{
jf tnj 36fpg jf c? ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg]
Joj:yf cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f] gu/L pN6}
k|fT] ;fxg :jk a9'jf / kb:yfkg u/L sfg"gL
/fHosf] pkxf; u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L pQm P]gsf]
bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf $ cg';f/ k|x/L dxflg/LIfsn]

ug'k{ g]]{ st{Jo kfng ubf{ c;fjwfgL / nfk/jfxL

u/]sf jf s'g} st{Jo kfng ug{af6 aRgsf] nflu
cfkm"n] s]xL u/L ;f] st{Jo kfng ug{ cof]Uo
ePdf jf cg'zf;g e+u u/]df jf cGoyf cg'lrt
cfr/0f u/]df lghnfO{ tf]lsPsf] clws[tn] avf{:t
ug{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg, bhf{ jf tna 36fpg jf
cfjZos ;Dem] tf]lsPadf]lhd b]xfosf] ;hfo
ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] tyf P]gsf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf
$ sf] -u_ cg';f/ dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/Lsf] kbaf6
x6fpg] jf ljz]if tna eQf kfPsf] lemSg] k|fjwfg
ePsf]df ;f]cg';f/ s]xL gul/Psf]n] P]gsf]
k|fjwfgsf] pNn+3g ePsf] k|i6 b]lvG5 . To;}u/L
P]=P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] -s_ d'2f rnfpg afwf
gkg]{ egL bkmf ( adf]lhd sf/jfxL jf ;hfo
ePs} sf/0fn] of] P]g jf k|rlnt cGo g]kfn
sfg"gcGtu{t d'2f rNgdf s'g} afwf ePsf]
gdflgg] Joj:yf 5 . o;/L ljkIfLxn] ;?jf
a9'jf ubf{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z / ;xdlt
;d]t lng'kg],{ nf]s;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ sf]
bkmf !^ ;fdfGo l;4fGt lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]
P]=sf] bkmf !& df ;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf
jf k|x/L ;]jf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbdf
lgo'QmL / a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo
l;2fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{
lng' kb{5 eGg] Joj:yf ;d]t 5 .
dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf]
cf/f]k nfu]sf JolQmxnfO{ ;fj{hlgs kbdf
a9'jf u/L sfo{ef/ ug{ lbg gx'g] jf kbdf
ePsfnfO{ ;d]t kbaf6 lgnlDjt u/]/ dfq
cg';Gwfg cl3 a9fpg' kg]{ ;DaGwdf cGt/fli6o
:t/df y'k}| dfkb08 / l;4fGtx ljsl;t ePsf
5g\ . u}/Goflos / :j]R5frf/L xTofsf] k|efjsf/L

1830

*(## ;'lgn /~hgl;+x ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

/f] s yfd / cg' ; Gwfg;DaGwL /fi6 ; + 3 Lo

l;4fGtx tyf oftgf / cGo s'/f, cdfgjLo
jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfosf] k|efjsf/L
cg';Gwfg / clen]vsf /fi6;3
+ Lo l;4fGtxn]
o; lsl;dsf 36gfdf ;+nUg /xL cf/f]k nfu]sf
JolQmxnfO{ k|ToIf k/f]If kdf ;fj{hlgs kb
jf zlQmdf /xgaf6 x6fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . k|x/L ;]jfsf] zlQmzfnL kbdf ul/Psf]
u}/sfg"gL a9'jf / lgo'QmLn] ljkIfLn] rfn'
cg';GwfgnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ c;/ / kLl8t tyf
;fIfLnfO{ cfgf s'/f eGgdf sl7gfO{ l;h{gf
ug]{ cj:yf /xG5 . ctM pQm a9'jf / kbaxfnLn]
kLl8tsf] Gofo kfpg] xsdf r'gf}tL v8f ug]{
ePsf]n] dfly plNnlvt cfwf/df ljkIfL
s'j]/l;+x /fgfnfO{ PcfOhL kbdf a9'jf ug]{ /
kbef/ u|x0f u/fpg] ldlt @)^*.#.* sf] g]kfn
;/sf/sf] lg0f{o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !# / @$ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt
ePsf]n] ;f] lg0f{o tyf lghn] kbef/ u|x0f
u/]kZrft\ lghaf6 eP u/]sf sfdsf/jfxLx
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L k/dfb]znufot
pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm .
;fy} lgh s'j]/l;+x /fgf kbdf lg/Gt/ /lx/xg]
xf] eg] k|df0fsf] nf]k ug]{ kbLo b'kof]u u/L
k|x/Lpk/ cg'lrt k|efj ug]{ / cfkm"cg's"n
lg0f{o u/fpg ;Sg] / kLl8tn] Gofo kfpg]
xsaf6 ;d]t jl~rt x'gk' g]{ ePsf]n] of] ljjfbsf]
6'f] gnfu];Ddsf] nflu PcfOhLsf] x}l;otn]
s'g} klg sfd gug'{ gu/fpg' egL cGtl/d
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf]
clwjQmf ;'gLn /~hgl;+x ;d]tsf tkm{af6
k]z ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]

dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] <
hf/L x'g' gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP ;f]sf] sf/0f /
cfwf/ v'nfO{ of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn]
af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm
k]z ug'{ egL ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k]z
ePkl5 jf Dofb gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ .
cGtl/d cfb]z 5nkmnsf] nflu ldlt @)^*.#.@&
sf] k]zL tf]sL ;f]sf] ;"rgf ljkIfLxnfO{ lbg' /
ldlt @)^*.#.@& ;DdnfO{ s'j/] l;+x /fgfnfO{
PcfOhLsf] x}l;otn] To:tf] s'g} sfo{ gug'{
gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 ;f]sf] ;"rgf ljkIfLxnfO{
lbO{ dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] u/]sf] cg';Gwfg
lg0f{o sfof{Gjog;DaGwL ldlt @)^$.!).!% sf]
;Ssn kmfon dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\
lemsfpg' / k|:t't ljjfbsf] ufDeLo{tfnfO{ ljrf/
ubf{ rfF8f] lg/fs/0f x'g pko'Qm b]lvPsf]n]
cu|flwsf/ k|bfg ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]tsf] o;
cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^*.#.@! df ePsf] cfb]z .
ljkIfL s'j]/l;+x /fgfsf] ;DaGwdf
p7fPsf dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g / lghsf]
a9'jfsf]kl| qmofut q'l6 / sfg"gL j}Btf;DaGwL
k|Zgxsf] lgk0f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd
lg0f{oaf6 x'g] cj:yf afFsL g} /x]sf]n] ;'ljwf
;Gt'ng / ck"/0fLo Ifltsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t
ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgfn] PcfOhLsf] sfd sfh
ug{ gkfpg] egL cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{
gb]lvO{ o; cbfntaf6 @)^*.#.@! df hf/L
ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]znfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ /xg'
k/]g t/, of] cbfnt dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fk|lt

1831

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

uDeL/ / ;+jb] gzLn eOcfPsf] / ;f] cg';f/sf]

;+jw} flgs bfloTjsf] lgjf{x ;w}+ u/L g} /xg]
tYosf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgfpk/
k/]sf] hfx]/L b/vf:t / lgh;d]t pk/ cg';Gwfg
u/L sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ug'{ egL /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u n] k| w fgdGqLnfO{
@)^$.!).!% df n]vL k7fO;s]sf]]n] To;
cg';Gwfgsf] k|ultsf] ljj/0f o; cbfntnfO{
hfgsf/L u/fpgsf ;fy} clxn];Dd pQm d'2fsf]
cg';Gwfgsf] nflu sf/jfxL cufl8 ga9fPsf]
eP ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf]
lgod $-!_ cg';f/ ck/fwsf] txsLsft ug]{
k|of]hgsf nflu clwsf/ k|fKt k|x/L gfoj
pk/LIfs bhf{sf] clws[t tf]sL lgikIf, :jtGq
/ k|efjsf/L 9+un] cg';Gwfg ug{ u/fpg /
ljkIfL agfOPsf / @)^*.#.* sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lg0f{oaf6 PcfOhLdf a9'jf ePsf s'j/] l;+x /fgfn]
;f] cg';Gwfg sfo{df s'g} x:tIf]k ug{ jf k|efj
kfg{ g;Sg] s'/fsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf u/L ;f]
d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg ePsf] k|ultsf] hfgsf/L k|To]s
dlxgfdf o; cbfntnfO{ / /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]unfO{ klg u/fpFb} hfg' egL ljkIfL
k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no, u[xdGqL / k|x/L k|wfg
sfof{nonfO{ n]vL k7fpg' eGg] ;d]tsf] o;
cbfnt ;+o+ Q
' m Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^*.#.@( df
ePsf] cfb]z .
cfof]usf] s'g} ;+nUgtf ljgf a9'jf
ul/Psf] ljifonfO{ l/6 lgj]bsn] ;d]t :jLsf/
u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] ljifodf s]xL af]nL /xg k/]g .
hxfF;Dd nf]s;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ sf] bkmf
!& adf]lhd nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ adf]lhdsf]
;fdfGo l;4fGtcg'k gePsf] eGg] lhsL/ 5

;f] ;DaGwdf cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^*.#.( df

===cfof]uf/f k/fdz{ lbOPsf] k|x/L ;]jfsf] kbdf
lgo'QmL / a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fdfGo
l;4fGtsf] kl/R5]b\ @ bkmf $# sf] v08 -s_ df
k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs / k|x/L gfoj
dxflg/LIfs kbdf a9'jf ubf{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]
cWoIf jf lghn] tf]ss
] f] cfof]usf] ;b:osf]
cWoIftfdf ul7t a9'jf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf
ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . pQm a9'jf ;ldltsf] a}7s g}
ga;L l;kmfl/z;d]t gePsf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/L
tyf lghL ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 k|x/L cltl/Qm
dxflg/LIfssf] kbdf a9'jf ul/Psf] eGg]
;dfrf/sf ;DaGwdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] Wofg
cfs[i6 ePsf] 5 . tt\;DaGwdf s] ePsf] xf]
ljj/0f ;lxtsf] k|ltlqmof d'Vo ;lrj, k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no / ;lrj, u[x
dGqfnoaf6 dfu ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f]
lg0f{ o adf] l hd ;DalGwt kbflwsf/L;F u
ljj/0f;lxtsf] k|ltlqmof dfu ul/;lsPsf] x'bF f
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]tsf] ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]usftkm{af6 o;
cbfnt;dIf k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k| x /L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs kbdf
a9'jf;DaGwL ljifosf ;DaGwdf k|x/L cltl/Qm
dxflg/LIfs kbdf a9' j f -k| x /L gfoa
dxflg/LIfs s'j]/l;+x /fgfnfO{_ ug]{ ljifosf]
u[x dGqfnosf] g++= ^@()^*.#.& sf] k|:tfj
d=k=a}=;= !$)^* ldlt @)^*.#.* sf]
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf k]z x'bF f k|x/L lgodfjnL,
@)$( -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] lgod @&-@_ adf]lhd
k| x /L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfsdf a9' j f u/L
dxfgu/Lo k|x/L cfo'Qmsf] sfof{no /fgLkf]v/Lsf

1832

*(## ;'lgn /~hgl;+x ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs >L ch'{gh+u zfxL

lgnDjgdf /x]sf] x'Fbf lghsf] b/aGbL k|x/L
k|wfg sfof{no sfo{ ljefudf ;f/L ;f] vfnL
x'g cfpg] :yfgdf kb:yfkg ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf]
xf] . hxfF;Dd u}/Goflos xTofdf ;+nUg /x]sf]
eGg] k|Zg 5, tT;DaGwdf lgj]bsn] ;f] s'/fnfO{
k'li6 ug]{ s'g} k|df0f ;d]t k]z ug{ ;s]sf]
kfOb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -%_
sf] Joj:yfsf cfwf/df x]bf{ cbfntaf6 s;"/
7x/ geP;Dd s]jn s'g} s;"/df ph"/L k/]sf]
sf/0fn] dfq s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ;+ljwfg tyf
sfg"g k|bQ xs clwsf/af6 al~rt ug{ ;lsg]
Joj:yf klg x'Fb}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
@)^# sf] wf/f !#%-@_ adf]lhd s;}sf lj?4
s'g} ph"/L k/L cg';Gwfg eO{ d'2f rnfpg]
grnfpg] clwsf/If]q dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{
tf]lsPsf] x'Fbf lgh s'j]/l;+x /fgfnfO{ s'g} d'2f
rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug]{
lgsfo k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
klg xf]Og . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg]
;d]tsf] ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 o; cbfnt ;dIf k]z
ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
a9'jf ePsf s'j/] l;+x /fgfsf] lj?4df
s'g} klg kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cleof]u nfuL cbfntdf
d'2f bfo/ ePsf] cj:yf;d]t gb]lvPsf] / lgh
cf]xbfdf g} /xL sfg"gadf]lhd cfkm"nfO{ 7]lsPsf]
sfd sfh u/L /x]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gadf]lhd
ul/Psf] a9'jfnfO{ cGoyf eGg ;lsg] cj:yf
gePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]tsf] ljkIfL u[xdGqL s[i0faxfb'/ dx/fsf]
o; cbfnt;dIf k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] u/]sf]

l;kmfl/zsf cfwf/df s'j/] l;+x /fgf s;"/bf/
7x/ e} g;s]sf], l/6 lgj]bsxnfO{ ck"/0fLo
Iflt;d]t gePsf] / cGtl/d cfb]zn] lg/Gt/tf
gkfPsf] cj:yfdf k|f/lDes b[li6af6} l/6 lgj]bg
vf/] h efuL 5 . sfg" g adf] l hd ;DalGwt
lgsfof/f ePsf] a9'jfsf] ljifo ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf] ljifo x'g g;Sg] / ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6
@)^%.!).@) df k/dfb]z hf/L e} ;DalGwt
kLl8t JolQmx pQm cfb]zk|lt ;Gt'i6 /x]sf]
cj:yfdf lgk0f e};s]sf] ljifonfO{ t];f| ] JolQmn]
cbfntdf p7fg ug]{ xsb}of 5}g . dfgj clwsf/
cfof] u n] bf] i fL 7x/ gu/L 5fgaLg tyf
cg';Gwfgsf nflu dfq l;kmfl/z u/]cg';f/
g] k fn ;/sf/af6 zj pTvgg\ 8L=Pg=P=
k/LIf0fnufotsf cg';Gwfg k|lqmofx cufl8
a9fO/x]sf], 36gf k|dfl0ft gePsf], JolQmxsf]
klxrfg ge};s]sf] cj:yfdf hfx]/Lsf] Joxf]/fn]
jf cleof]un] JolQmsf] lgbf]l{ iftfsf] cj:yfnfO{
cGoyf ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$-%_ df cleof]u
k|dfl0ft geP;Dd a]s;"/ dflgg] xs k|Tofe"t
u/]sf] tyf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/
;DaGwL cGt/fli6o cg'aGw !(^^ sf] wf/f !$
-@_ n] ;f] xsnfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] kdf
;d]t k|ltljlDjt u/]sf] 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{
Ifdtf, pQ/bfloTj axg ug{ ;Sg] v'aL /
jl/i7td\ pDd]bjf/sf cfwf/df k|x/L gfoj
dxflg/LIfsx dWo]af6 ljBdfg g]kfn k|x/L
P] g , lgodfjnL, tyf cGo k| x /L pRr
clwsf/LxnfO{ a9' j f ubf{ ckgfOPsf
k|lqmofcg';f/ g} g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf]

1833

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

ldlt @)^*.)*.)# sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ dnfO{

g]kfn k|x/Lsf] k|zf;g tkm{sf] k|x/L cltl/Qm
dxflg/LIfs kbdf a9'jf u/L kb:yfkg ul/Psf]
xf] . wg'iff lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf P;kL kbdf
sfo{/t\ /x]sf] a]nf a]kQf tyf u}/Goflos
xTof;DaGwL k|Zg p7]sf], hfx]/L bvf{:t k/]sf] /
cg';Gwfg cufl8 a9fpg ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ePsf] / pQm 36gfdf d]/f]
s'g} k|sf/sf] ;+nUgtf g/x]sf]n] pQm jf/bft;Fu
d]/f] a9'jfsf] ljifo ;DalGwt 5}g . k|x/L
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod ^ n] dxfgu/Lo
k|x/L sfof{nosf] k|ToIf /]vb]v tyf lgoGq0fdf
/xg]u/L lgoGq0f >[vnf /fv]sf] / lgod #@-s_
n] dxfgu/Lo k|x/L sfof{no k|d'vsf] sfd
st{Josf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . d sfo{/t\ /x]sf]
kbLo lhDd]jf/Laf6 l/6 lgj]bgdf plNnlvt
wg'iff lhNnfcGtu{tsf] ljifoj:t'sf] cg';Gwfgsf]
sfo{df k|ToIf jf k/f]If s'gk} lg lsl;dsf] k|efj
daf6 x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . csf]{ pkrf/sf]
ljBdfgtf /x]sf] cj:yfdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]
k|lqmofsf] s'/fnfO{ lnP/ l/6 If]qdf k|jz
] ug{
ldNg] xf]Og . g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|x/L P]g /
lgodadf]lhd sfg"gn] tf]s]cg';f/ lgoldt
k|lqmofcGtu{t d]/f] a9'jf u/]sf] ljifo ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf] ljifo / l/6 If]qleq kg{ ;Sg] xf]Og .
o; ljifodf ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 x:tIf]k ug{
ldNb}g . l/6 lgj]bg kg'c
{ l3 g} d]/f] b'O{ tx
a9'jf ePsf], cg';Gwfgdf s'g} k|sf/sf] k|efj
gk/]sf], k|df0f nf]k u/fPsf] jf k|efj kf/]sf]
s'g} s'/f ePsf] eGg] j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ gePaf6
lgj] b ssf] dfu adf] l hd g] k fn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)^*.*.# df ePsf] a9'jf

lg0f{o ab/ x'gk' g]{ xf]Og l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm

eGg] ;d]tsf] ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgfsf] tkm{af6
o; cbfnt;dIf k]z ePsf]] lnlvt hjfkm .
s'j/] l;+x /fgf o;k"j{ k|x/L pk/LIfsaf6
k|x/L al/i7 pk/LIfs x'bF } @)^%.)&.!* ut]
g]kfn ;/sf/af6} ePsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ k|x/L gfoj
dxflg/LIfssf] bhf{df a9'jf x'bF f;Dd lgh s'j/] l;+x
/fgfaf6 lgj]bsn] cfgf] lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf]
wg'iffsf] 36gf ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg sfo{df afwf
k'Ug] sfd ePsf] egL s'g} cfwf/ pNn]v u/L
lzsfot k]z u/]sf] gx'bF f xfnsf] a9'jfaf6 klg
;flwsf/ sfof{noaf6 x'g] cg';Gwfgdf k|efj
k5{ egL cg'dfg nufpg ldNb}g . xfnsf]
a9'jfkZrft\ /xg] lghsf] lhDd]jf/L sfo{If]qsf]
k|sl[ tsf] sf/0f klg ;flwsf/ /x]sf] sfof{noaf6
x'g] cg';Gwfg sfo{df afwf k'Ug hfg] gx'bF f
cg';Gwfgdf afwf k'Ug hfG5 eg]s} e/df o;
sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL u/fpg ldNg] gx'bF f l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]tsf] ljkIfL k|x/L
k|wfg sfof{no gS;fnsf tkm{af6 P]=sf k|x/L
dxflg/LIfs /ljGb|kt| fk zfxsf] o; cbfnt;dIf
k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf l/6
lgj]bssf tkm{af6 lgj]bs clwjQmf >L ;'lgn
/~hgl;+x, clwjQmf >L uf]ljGb aGbL, >L cDd/
/fpt tyf >L bLk]Gb| emfn] ax; ug'{eof] .
Ohnf;;dIf ax; k|f/De ub}{ pkl:yt ljfg
sfg"g Joj;foLn] cfgf] ax;df ldlt @)^).^.@!
ut] kfFr hgf JolQmxnfO{ ;dftL a]kQf kfl/Psf]
/ ;f] sfo{df k|x/Lf/f k|qmfp u/L ;f]xL lbg
;]gfnfO{ a'emfPsf] eGg] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/

1834

*(## ;'lgn /~hgl;+x ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

cfof]u;d]taf6 lg0f{o ePsf]n] ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x

/fgf tTsfnLg cj:yfdf wg'iff lhNnfdf sfo{/t\
/x]sf] cj:yfdf lghsf] ;+nUgtf;d]t /x]sf]
tYoaf6 k'li6 ePsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf]
pNn+3g u/]sf ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgfnfO{ a9'jf
ug]{ u/L ePsf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{on]
b08xLgtfnfO{ k|>o lbPsf] 5 . ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x
/fgf JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{df ;+nUg eP gePsf]
ljifo cg';Gwfgaf6 b]lvg] s'/f eP klg lgh
k|x/L ;+u7gsf] pRr kbdf jxfn /xL a9'jf
;d]t ePsf] / lghn] ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 .
lgh u}/Goflos xTofdf ;+nUg eO{ dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNn+3gdf ;+nUg ePsf] egL /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u ;d]tn] lg0f{o u/L
sf/jfxLsf nflu k|wfgdGqL ;dIf l;kmfl/z
u/L ;s]sf] / ljkIfL s'j]/l;+x /fgf k|x/L
pk/LIfssf] x}l;otn] tTsfnLg ;dodf wg'iff
lhNnfdf /xL k|x/L ;+u7gsf] lhDd]jf/ JolQm
ePaf6 lghn] u}/lhDd]jf/ tl/sfaf6 e"ldsf
lgjf{x u/]sf]df To:tf] JolQmnfO{ a9'jf ug{ ldNg]
xf]Og . dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g u/]sf] JolQmnfO{
a9'jf ug{ ;DalGwt sfg"gn] /f]s gnufPsf]
eGb}df dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;lGwsf] g]kfn
kIf ePsf] sf/0f tL cGt{/fli6o ;lGwsf]
dd{cg'k /fHon] dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g
u/]sf] cf/f]k nfuL sf/jfxLsf nflu l;kmfl/z
u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ k|x/L ;+u7g h:tf] lhDd]jf/
;+u7gsf] kbdf a9'jf ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . u}/Goflos
xTofsf] ljifo ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ePsf]
/ o:tf] u}/sfg"gL sfo{df ;+nUg ePsf] JolQmsf]
xsdf lghsf] a9' j fsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/

cbfnt;dIf k|:t't x'g] clwsf/ lgj]bsxnfO{

5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ sf] bkmf !& n]
ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgfnfO{ a9'jf ubf{ ;d]t nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf]df
;f] ePsf] b]lvb}g . ljkIfL s'j' /] l;+x /fgfsf]
a9'jf;DaGwL k|Zg dfq} p7fP/ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
k/]sf] cj:yf xf]Og . ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgfnfO{
a9'jf ug{ k|rlnt sfg"gn] /f]s gnufPsf] eGb}df
sdhf]/ sfg"gL ;+/rgfsf] ;xf/f lnO{ uDeL/
dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ ljkIfL
;/sf/af6 a9'jf ug'{ cfkm}df u}/lhDd]jf/L sfo{
xf] . ;'/Iff lgsfo h:tf] ;+jb] gzLn ;]jfdf
axfn /x]sf kbflwsf/LxnfO{ a9'jf ug'{ eGbf
klxnf lghn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf v]ns
] f]
e"ldsf tyf dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gdf ;+nUg
eP gePsf] h:tf s'/fsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ Vetting
k|0ffnLsf] ;d]t Vofn /fVg' cfjZos x'G5 .
Vetting s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] af/]df k|rlnt
g]kfn sfg"gdf vf; Joj:yf / k/Dk/f geP
klg ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 o; ;DaGwdf
cfjZos Joj:yf x'g g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfpFdf
lgb]z
{ g hf/L x'g ;d]t cfjZos 5 . /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]uaf6 ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgf
dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3gdf bf]ifL kfOPsf] :ki6
ePsf] cj:yfdf lghnfO{ lgnDjg ug'{kg]{
cGt/fli6 o dfkb08 ;d] t ePsf] n ] l/6
lgj]bsxaf6 lghsf] a9'jf /2 x'gk' 5{ eGg]
cf;on] g} l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ePsf] xf] .
;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] l;4fGtdf Vetting klg
kg]{ / o;n] ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f u/L dfgj
clwsf/ pNn+3gdf ;+nUg ePsf] JolQmxsf]
;DaGwdf ug'k{ g]{ sf/jfxL tyf lghnfO{ tf]lsg]

1835

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjsf ;DaGwdf lgwf{/0f ubf{

lghnfO{ k/LIf0f ug'k{ g]{ dfGotf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .
dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3gdf /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg ;d]taf6 bf]ifL b]lvPsf
ljkIfL s' j ] / l;+ x /fgfnfO{ k| x /L cltl/Qm
dxflg/LIfs -PcfOhL_ kbdf a9'jf ug]{ u/L
ePsf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL x'bF f
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgfsf]
a9'jf pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ x'gk' 5{ ;fy}
Vetting s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] af/]df g]kfnL
sfg"gdf vf; Joj:yf / k/Dk/f gePaf6 ;f]
;d]tsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddf cfjZos
cfb]z hf/L x'gk' 5{ egL ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmf >L k'ik/fh sf]O/fnf,
;"ok{ ;
| fb sf]O/fnf, ;xGofoflwjQmfqo >L o'j/fh
;'jb] L, >L ls/0f kf}8n
] , >L wd{/fh kf}8n
] n]
;/sf/sftkm{af6 k|lt/Iff ub}{ l/6 lgj]bsxnfO{
k|:t't a9'jf;DaGwL ljjfbdf ;/f]sf/ kg]{ u/L
l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of 5}g . a9'jfsf]
ljifopk/ a9'jf gx'g] kIfn] dfq To:tf] a9'jfnfO{
ab/ dfu u/L kfpg l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{
clwsf/ /xG5 . l/6 lgj]bsx sfg"g Joj;foLsf]
x}l;otn] dfq} ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj
ug{ ;dy{ x'gx' G' g . ljjflbt ljifodf ;+nUg
elgPsf s'j/] l;+x /fgfsf] JolQm j]kQf kfg]{ egL
elgPsf] 36gfsf ;DaGwdf osLg eP gePsf]
cj:yf ljBdfg geO{ cg';Gwfg cfg} qmddf
hf/L 5 . ;'/Iff lgsfodf jxfn /xL cfgf] sfo{
;Dkfbg ul//x]sf JolQmsf xsdf s'g} 36gf
ljz]if;Fu hf]8L lghsf] a9'jf x'g] sfg"gadf]lhdsf]
k| l qmofnfO{ r' g f} t L lbg] clwsf/ l/6

lgj]bsxnfO{ 5}g . k|x/L ;]jf h:tf] ;+:yfdf

s'j/] l;+x /fgf lg/Gt/ /lx/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
lghnfO{ ;]jf;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gn] a9'jf x'g
/f]s nufPsf] cj:yf gePsf] / sfg"gadf]lhdsf]
a9'jfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] clwsf/ lgj]bsxnfO{
/xFbg} . k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] a9'jfdf
dsf{ kg]{ kIfn] dfq k|Zg p7fpg ;Sg] xf] . s'g}
36gf ljz]ifdf ;+nUg /x]sf] egL cf/f]k
nufOPsf]df To:tf] cf/f]k d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L jf
;Ifd cbfntaf6 s;"/ 7x/ geP;Dd k|rlnt
sfg"gn] /f]s gnufPsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] JolQmnfO{
a9'jf ug{ gldNg] eGg] xf]Og . ljkIfL agfOPsf
s'j/] l;+x /fgfn] ljjflbt 36gfsf] cg';Gwfgsf]
ljifonfO{ lnP/ s] s;/L k|efj kfg{ ;Sg'xG' 5
eGg] s'/f l/6 lgj]bgdf :ki6 5}g . lghn] g}
JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ jf dfg]{ qmddf k|ToIf e"ldsf
v]ns
] f] jf lgh ;+nUg /x]sf] eGg] :ki6 cfwf/
geOsg lghnfO{ 36gfd} ;+nUg ePsf] egL
eGg ldNb}g . Gsfnsf] 36gfsf] k|ZgnfO{ lnP/
a9'jf;Fu hf]8g\ ldNg] xf]Og . s;"/ k|dfl0ft
ePsf] cj:yf 5}g . s;"/ k|dfl0ft ePsf]
cj:yfdf dfq lgh lj?4 k|Zg p7fpg ;Sg'
:jfefljs x'G5 . cg';Gwfgsf qmddf s'j/] l;+x
/fgfn] cg';GwfgnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ of] o:tf] sfo{
u/] egL l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] 5}g .
lgj]bssf] ts{df cfwfl/t /x]/ k|:t't ljjfbdf
lgisif{df k'Ug' dgfl;a x'bF g} . k|:t't ljjfb
s'j/] l;+x /fgfsf] a9'jfsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ k/]sf]
b]lvFbf a9'jfaf6 dsf{ kg]{ kIf cbfnt;dIf
pkl:yt geO{ sfg"g Joj;foLn] k|ltlglwTj
u/]sf sf/0f lghL ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/ egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . s'j/] l;+x /fgf

1836

*(## ;'lgn /~hgl;+x ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

P;kL, P;P;kL, l8cfOhL x'b} k|x/L cltl/Qm

dxflg/LIfs -PcfOhL_ df a9'jf ePsf] cj:yfdf
xfn cfP/ ljjfb ug's
{ f] cf}lrTo 5}g . l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' b{5 egL ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgfsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{,
clwjQmfx 8f=>L o'j/fh ;u|fn
} f, 8f=>L ledf{hg'
cfrfo{, >L /fdgf/fo0f la8f/L, >L /ljGb| e/fO{n]
ax; k|f/De ub}{ ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf]
k/dfb]zadf]lhd ljjflbt ljifosf] d'2fdf
cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{ hf/L /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . xfd|f]
kIfsf] kbflwsf/ sf7df8f}d+ f /x]sf] / cg';Gwfg
ug]{ :yn wg'iffdf /x]sf sf/0f lghn] cg';Gwfg
sf/jfxLnfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g .
kLl8txn] g} pkrf/ vf]hL cfjZos cfb]z;d]t
k|fKt ul/;s]sf] / ljjflbt 36gfsf ;DaGwdf
cg';Gwfg eO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsxnfO{
kIfsf] a9'jf;DaGwL lgtfGt JolQmut ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifo lnO pkl:yt x'g] xsb}of 5}g . cg';Gwfgdf
x:tIf]k gu/f];\ eGg] k|Zg hfx]/jfnf jf kLl8tn]
g} ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf;Dd x'G5 . l/6 lgj]bsxn]
kIfsf] kl5Nnf] a9'jfnfO{ dfq} 5fg]/ k|Zg p7fPsf]
b]lvG5 . xfd|f] kIfpk/ z+sf ul/Ps} cfwf/df
lghn] lgjf{x u/]sf] ;]jfafkt kbf]Gglt x'g kfpg]
xssf] k|lqmofut ljifonfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ldNg]
xf]Og . kIfsf] a9'jf sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] / ;f]
a9'jfpk/ dsf{ k/]sf s'g} pDd]bjf/xn] r'gf}tL
lbg ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf]
a9'jfnfO{ ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 x:tIf]k ug{ ldNg]
xf]Og . xfd|f] kIfsf] a9'jfaf6 lgj]bssf] s] s:tf]
xs xgg\ eof] ;f] s'/f lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvb}g . cbfnt jf ;Ifd lgsfoaf6 kIfpk/

nfu]sf] cf/f]k k'i6\ofFO{ geP;Dd lghnfO{

lgbf]l{ iftfsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt x'g] x'G5 . xfd|f] kIf
s'j/] l;+x /fgf bf]ifL k|dfl0ft e};s]sf] geO{ z+lst
dfq} b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
ePsf] lghsf] a9'jfnfO{ cGoyf eGg ;d]t ldNg]
x'bg} . k|rlnt sfg"gn] a9'jfsf] nflu :ki6 kdf
/f]s gnufP;Dd xfd|f] kIf a9'jfsf] nflu of]Uo
x'g] / ;]jf;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gn] :ki6 u/]sf]
cfwf/af6 kIfsf] a9'jf ePsf] sf/0f To:tf] a9'jf
ab/ x'g;Sg] cj:yf 5}g t;y{ l/6 lgj]bg hf/L
x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
egL ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ax; k}/jL ug{
pkl:yt x'g' ePsf lgj]bs clwjQmf tyf
lghxsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt cGo ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foL, ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmfx tyf
;xGofofwLjQmfx Pj+ ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgfsf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf tyf
cGo clwjQmfxsf] ax;;d]t ;'gL k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] p7fPsf k|Zgxsf] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
;j{ k | y d lgj] b sxn] k| : t' t l/6
lgj]bgdf @)^) ;fn c;f]h @! ut] hgsk'/sf]
s6}ofrf}/Laf6 j]kQf kfl/Psf z}n]Gb| ofbj
;d]tsf kfFr hgf JolQmnfO{ kqmfp u/L a]kQf
kf/L xTofdf ;+nUg /xL dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g
u/]sf] sfo{df k|ToIf e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] elgPsf
ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgfnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 g]kfn
k|x/Lsf] k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs -PcfOhL_
kbdf a9'jf ug]{ u/L ePsf] ldlt @)^*.#. * sf]
lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL ePsf] / ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgf

1837

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

ljutdf dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3gsf] 36gfdf

;+nUg eO{ /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] bf]ifL
;d]t 7xofO{ ;s]sf] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/n] k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs -PcfOhL_
kbdf a9'jf ug'{ cGt{/fli6o dfgj clwsf/sf]
dfkb08 / l;4fGtljk/Lt ePsf] tyf pQm
a9'jf / kbjxfnLn] kLl8tsf] Gofo kfpg] xsdf
r'gf}tL v8f ug]{ ePsf]n] ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgfnfO{
k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs -PcfOhL_ kbdf
a9'jf ug]{ / kbef/ u|x0f u/fpg] u/L g]kfn
;/sf/af6 ldlt @)^*.#.* df ePsf] lg0f{o
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L k/dfb]znufot
pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bs
clwjQmf ;'lgn /~hg l;+x / lbk]Gb| emfn]
k|:t't ljjfbnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf]
kdf pNn]v u/L k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/
u/]sf] b]lvof] .
ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/f
x]bf{ k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs kbdf a9'jf
;DaGwL ljifosf ;DaGwdf k|x/L cltl/Qm
dxflg/LIfs kbdf k|x/L gfoa dxflg/LIfs
s'j]/l;+x /fgfnfO{ j9'jf ug]{ ljifosf] u[x
dGqfnosf] g++= ^@()^*.#.& sf] k|:tfj
d=k=a}=;= !$)^* ldlt @)^*.#.* sf]
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf k]z x'bF f k|x/L lgodfjnL,
@)$( -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] lgod @&-@_ adf]lhd
k| x /L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfsdf a9' j f u/L
dxfgu/Lo k|x/L cfo'Qmsf] sfof{no /fgLkf]v/Lsf
k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs >L ch'g{ h+u zfxL
lgnDjgdf /x]sf] x'bF f lghsf] b/aGbL k|x/L k|wfg
sfof{no sfo{ ljefudf ;f/L ;f] vfnL x'g cfpg]

:yfgdf kb:yfkg ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] xf] eGg]

;d] t Joxf] / f pNn] v u/L a9' j f k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd ePaf6 lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf]Og eGg] ;d]t lnlvt
hjfkm k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
@= j:t'tM ljkIfL s'j]/l;+x /fgfnfO{
k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs kbdf u/]sf] j9'jf
ab/sf] dfu ePsf] ;Gbe{df k|:t't ljjfb
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb xf] xf]Og eGg] k|Zgdf
ljrf/ ug'k{ /]sf] 5 . lgj]bsxn] ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x
/fgfnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^*.#.* sf]
lg0f{oaf6 k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs -PcfOhL_
kbdf a9'jf ug]{ / kbef/ u|x0f u/fpg] sfo{nfO{
r'gf}tL lbO{ l/6 bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljjflbt
a9'jfsf] ljifo;Fu lo lgj]bsxn] s'g} ;fy{s
;DaGw b]vfpg ;s]sf] klg b]lvGg . ljjflbt
ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} ;fy{s ;/f]sf/ g/xg]
ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo egL
cbfnt k|jz
] ug]{ k|jl[ tnfO{ a9fjf lbg ldNb}g .
a9'jf ljz'4 ;]jf;DaGwL sfg"gsf] k|zf;lgs
ljifo xf] . o:tf] a9'jf ljz'4 ;]jf;DaGwL sfg"gsf]
k|zf;lgs ljifo ePsf]n] ;f]sf] ;DaGwdf
;]jf;DaGwL sfg"gadf]lhd cfgf] :jfy{ jf ;/f]sf/
/x]sf] JolQm afx]s c?n] k|Zg p7fpg ;Sg]
ljifo b]lvb}g . ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgfsf] a9'jfaf6
lgj]bsxsf] of] o:tf] xs xgg\ ePsf] eGg]
lgj]bgdf v'nfPsf] b]lvb}g . a9'jf h:tf] lgtfGt
k|zf;lgs k|sl[ tsf] sfo{af6 x'g ;Sg] xs xgg\df
To:tf] sfo{af6 dsf{ kg]{ jf ;f] sfo{af6 xs
xgg\ ePsf] JolQm g} pQm a9'jfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbO{
cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt x'g' jf~5gLo x'g cfpF5 .
To;}n] o:tf ljifodf xsb}ofsf] :ki6tf b]vfpg

1838

*(## ;'lgn /~hgl;+x ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

clgjfo{ x'G5 . k|:t't a9'jf;DaGwL ljifosf]

xsdf oL l/6 lgj]bsxn] a9'jf;Fu ;DalGwt
;fy{s ;/f]sf/sf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ ;s]sf]
b]lvPg . k|rlnt sfg"gn] l;h{gf u/L ;~rfng
u/]sf] ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt ;+u7gdf sfo{/t\
sd{rf/Lsf] kbf]Glgtsf] ljifonfO{ dsf{ kg]{ kIfn]
afx]s r'gf}tL lbg] xsb}of cGo hf] sf]xL JolQmnfO{
/x]sf] b]lvFbg} .
#= hxfF;Dd l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsxn]
dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL pNn+3gsf] ljifonfO{
cfwf/ agfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] tTj ljBdfg
/x]sf] egL ts{ ug'{ ePsf] s'/f 5, dfgj clwsf/
pNn+3g;DaGwL s'g} s;"/ jf sfo{ u/]sf] xf] eg]
To;sf] nflu ;DalGwt sfg"gcGtu{t 5'}
sf/jfxLsf] vf]hL ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . To:tf] ljifosf]
dfusf] ;DaGwdf a9'jf;DaGwL ljjfbn] ;Daf]wg
ug]{ s'/f cfpFbg} . To;df klg ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x
/fgfpk/ JolQm j]kQf kf/]sf] eGg] ph"/Lsf] /f]xdf
lgj]bsxn] pk/f]Qm dfu ug{ cfPsf] b]lvP
klg JolQm a]kQf kfl/Psf] eg]sf] kLl8t jf
lghsf] kl/jf/sf] tkm{af6 lghxsf] k|ltlglwTj
ug]{ lx;fjn] ;d]t k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf]
b]lvb}g . o;/L lgtfGt leGg k|sl[ tsf] ;]jf;DaGwL
sfg"gadf]lhd ul/g] a9'jfsf] ljifodf ;fy{s
;/f]sf/ gePsf] JolQmsf] lgj]bgaf6 dfu adf]lhd
cfb]z hf/L ug]{ cj:yf b]lvg cfpFbg} .
$= lgj]bsxn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
pNn]v u/]sf] jf/bft ;DaGwL ljjflbt a]kQf
kf/]sf] eGg] ljifodf 36gfaf6 kLl8t JolQmn] g}
o; cbfntaf6 pkrf/sf] dfu u/L k/dfb]z
hf/L e} cg';Gwfgsf] k|lqmof rfn' /x]sf] eGg]
b]lvPsf]df ca pQm 36gfaf6 kLl8t JolQm jf

lghxsf kl/jf/ jfx]ssf oL lgj]bsxn] cfgf]

tkm{af6 ph"/ ug{ cfpg'sf] cf}lrTo b]lvb}g .
Ps} hl/ofaf6 z'? x'g] k|Zgdf ;/f]sf/jfnf
afx]ssf cGo lgj]bsxn] lgj]bg dfly lgj]bg
yk u/L z[v
\ nf afFwL GofonfO{ cGtxLg k|lqmofdf
n} h fg d' g fl;j x' F b } g . o; cbfntsf]
k/dfb]zadf]lhdsf]] cg';Gwfg k|lqmofdf x:tIf]k
ug]{ cfz+sf ljBdfg 5 egL lgj]bsxn] ;f]
tYosf] ljZj;gLo tj/n] b]vfpg ;s]sf]
b]lvFbg} . ljjflbt jf/bftsf] ljifodf ;+nUg
ePsf] eGg] ;dodf ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x /fgf wg'iff
lhNnfsf] P;kL ePsf]df dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un]
cg';Gwfg sf/jfxLtkm{ n]vL k7fPkZrft\ lgh
s'j/] l;+x /fgf P;P;kL, l8cfOhLdf a9'jf x'bF }
xfn k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs -PcfOhL_ df
a9'jf ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; cl3sf] kbdf a9'jf
x'bF f lgj]bsxn] cfklQ gu/]sf]n] clxn] cfklQ
ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f =v'nfpg ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . kLl8t
kl/jf/af6 ;d]t x:tIf]k ePsf] jf x'g ;Sg]
To:tf] lzsfot st} u/]sf] b]lvb}g .
%= j9'jfsf] k|lqmof ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf]
eGbf leGg k|lqmof x'g] x'gfn] ljkIfL s'j/] l;+x
/fgf h'g;'s} tx jf kbdf /x] klg sfg"gadf]lhd
ck/fw cg';Gwfg x'g g;Sg] b]lvGg / k|x/L
;+u7g leq} dflyNnf] txsf] kbdf cfl;g JolQmx
pk/ jxfn 5Fb} cg';Gwfg e} d'2f rnfpg]
u/]sf] cGo d'2fxaf6 ;d]t b]lvG5 . s;"/df
;+nUg ePsf] cj:yfdf h'g;'s} txdf jxfn /x]
eP klg kmf}hbf/L sfg"gadf]lhd ck/fw
cg';Gwfg ug'k{ g]{ / ;f] x'g ;Sg] g} b]lvG5 .
sf]xL JolQm s'g} kbdf jxfn /x]s} sf/0fn] dfq}
ck/fw cg';Gwfg x'g g;Sg] b]lvFbg} . To;}n]

1839

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

a9'jfnfO{ s;"/sf] bfloTjaf6 d'lQmsf] kdf

lng ldNg] b]lvb}g .
^= hxfF;Dd Gsfndf ePsf] dfgj
clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] ph"/Lsf] ;DaGwdf ePsf]
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] lg0f{osf] s'/f 5 pQm
cfof]un] ljjflbt 36gfsf af/]df ck/fw
cg';Gwfg Pj+ sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ 7xofO{ ;f]
k|of]hgsf] nflu n]vL k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]
adf]lhd ck/fw cg';Gwfg u/L cleof]hg u/]sf]
jf Goflos lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] cj:yf eg]
b]lvGg . s;"/sf] cg';Gwfgsf nflu n]vL k7fpg]
sfo{ :jo+df cleof]hg jf Goflos lg0f{o x'bg} .
cg';Gwfgsf nflu n]vL k7fpg] sfo{ / s;"/
7x/ x'g'sf] aLrdf hldg cf;dfgsf] cGt/
kg]{ x'gfn] ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] nflu n]lvPsf]
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] kqnfO{ g}
cfwf/ dfgL lgh s'j/] l;+x /fgfsf] k|x/L cltl/Qm
dxflg/LIfs -PcfOhL_ kbdf ePsf] a9'jf ab/
ug{ jf cGo cof]Uotf tf]Sg jf To:tf] ug{
;lsG5 eGg] 7fGg' ;d]t sfg"g, Gofo /
ljj]s;Ddt b]lvg cfpb}g . t/ ljrf/0fLo
s'/f s] 5 eg] dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] 36gf
Pp6f uDeL/ / ;+j]bgzLn s'/f xf] . To:tf]
36gfnfO{ sfg"gsf] 3]/fleq Nofpg / Gofosf]
clGtd ljGb';Dd zL3|fltzL3| k'ofpg' /fHo /
;a}sf] st{Jo x'G5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3gsf]
36gfaf6 kLl8tnfO{ Gofo / /fxt lbg'kg]{ x'G5
eg] To:tf] dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] 36gfsf]
Gofo lg/f]k0f ubf{ k|rlnt ;+ljwfg, P]g, sfg"g
/ dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt{/fli6o sfg"g
tyf l;4fGtsf] cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfsf] st}
klg pNn+3g gug]{ s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt ;'lglZrt

ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3gsf x/]s

36gfxdf ;dodf g} / k| e fjsf/L
cg' ; Gwfgb] l v Goflos k| l qmofaf6 6' f] d f
k'ofpg] r]i6f ug'{ /fHosf] x/]s csf] cljefHo
pQ/bfloTj aGb5 . sfg"gadf]lhd ug'k{ g]{ sfo{
gug]{ jf gug'{kg]{ sfo{ u/]df jf ug{ lbO/x]df
tyf To;af6 dfgj clwsf/ h:tf] k|Zgdf
k|efljt x'g lbO/x]df dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g
jf cd" s 36gfn] cGo xsxsf] ;d] t
pNn+3gsf] z[\vnf afFWg ;Sb5 / dfgj
clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] ;+:s[ltsf] pk]Iff dfgj
clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f x'g] eo
/xG5 . dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g ug]{x eg]sf
JolQmxdf b08xLgtfsf] cg'e"lt hfu[t x'g
;Sb5 / To; eoaf6 yk cjfl~5t sfo{ x'g
;Sb5 eg] dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] 36gfaf6
kLl8t JolQmn] eg] sfg"gL pkrf/ / Gofosf]
cg'el" tsf] cefjdf cfgf] xs clwsf/ pkef]u
ug]{ s'/f t k/} hfcf];\ cfgf] JolQmut ;'/Iff
;d] t sf] s' / fdf c;' / lIft dx;" ; u/L
:jj~rgfsf] lzsf/ x'g ;S5 . o:tf] ;fdflhs
dgf]lj1fgsf] ljsf; x'g lbPdf ;dfhsf] ;du|
:jf:Yo / ljsf; k|efljt x'g] vt/f /xG5 .
To;}n] dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] ;fgf] jf 7"nf]
h'g;'s} cf/f]k jf u'gf;f]sf] df}sfdf g} ;d'lrt
;Daf]wg x'g clgjfo{ b]lvG5 . cGoyf kLl8tsf]
c;xfokgsf] t s] s'/f :jo+ dfgj clwsf/
pNn+3gstf{sf] kdf cf/f]lkt JolQmxn] klg
;kmfOsf] plrt cj;/ kfpg g;sL ljleGg
nf~5gf / To;sf b'ikl/0ffdx ef]Ug afWo
x'g k'U5 . o:tf] cj:yf s;}sf nflu klg
af~5gLo x'g ;Sb}g .

1840

*(## ;'lgn /~hgl;+x ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

&= dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] k|Zg

:jefj}n] uDeL/ / ;+j]bgzLn x'G5 . To;df
klg ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kbdf cfl;g
JolQmsf pk/ nfUg] To:tf cf/f]kx emg a9L
;Da]bgzLn x'G5g . To;}n] o;nfO{ xn'sf]
kdf lsdfy{ lng x'b}g . kLl8t Pj+ cf/f]lkt
JolQm b'j}sf] nflu zL3| cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg
/ lg/f]k0f h?/L x'G5 cGoyf b'j} kIfn] cf
cfgf] 9+un] lk/f]lnO/xg] / Gofosf] lgiklQ
eg] k|efljt eO/xg] cj:yf /xG5 . kLl8tsf
hfx]/L jf ;"rgfxdf sf/jfxL gx'g] cgL
cf/f]lkt pk/ klg tYout cg';Gwfg lgisif{
eGbfklg cfu|x k"jf{u|x rNg lbO/xg] xf] eg]
Gofon] lgsf; kfpg ;Sb}g . To;}n] o:tf]
s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;Daf]wg ug{
cltcfjZos x'g cfpF5 . pk/f]Qm k[i7e"lddf
k|:t't d'2fsf] ;Gbe{df ljkIfL s'j]/l;+x /fgf
pk/sf] hfx]/L Pj+ o; cbfntsf] k/dfb]z
;d]tsf] /f]xdf cg';Gwfg k|lqmof 6'f]df k'ofpg
h?/L b]lvG5 . cg';Gwfg k|lqmofsf] lgisif{af6
eGbf cGo jfXo cf/f] k , k| T of/f] k jf
ljZjf;xsf] cfwf/df s;}nfO{ x]g{ yflnof]
eg] Tof] sfg"g;Ddt gx'g] t 5b}5 . To;sf
cnfjf ljj]s / o'lQm;+ut klg x'b}g . xfnsf]
cj:yf;Dd lgh s' j ] / l;+ x /fgfpk/ s' g }
cf} k rfl/s cleof] h g;Dd klg gePsf]
cj:yfdf cf/f]kx :yflkt eP ;/x dfgL
s'g} cGo kl/0ffdx l;h{gf ug{ gldNg] b]lvG5 .
Pp6f 36gfdf Psfsf] xssf] ;+/If0f ubf{
csf{sf] xssf] cGoyf pNn+3g x'g glbg' klg
Gofosf] /f]xdf plts} uDeL/ ljifo x'g hfG5 .
sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f rnfpg' k"j{ g} s;"/ k|dfl0ft

x'bF fsf] h:tf] cfk/flws bfloTjsf] kl/0ffd ef]Ug

nufpg' Gofosf] /f]xdf ldNb}g . of] Pp6f ax't}
ljrf/0fLo / ;Gt'lnt 9+un] x]g'{kg]{ s'/f xf] .
*= hxfF;Dd dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf]
cf/f]k nfu]sf] e} To:tf] JolQmaf6 efjL lbgdf
yk dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g x'g glbg / b08xLgtf
a9\g glbg ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kbdf To:tf]
JolQmnfO{ /xg glbg jf To:tf kbsf] lhDd]jf/L
g;'Dkg] Joj:yf x'gk' g]{ eGg] k|Zg 5, of] k|Zg
Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg b]lvPsf] 5 .
(= dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug'k{ g]{ /
To;sf] pNn+3gsf] ljifonfO{ /fHon] ;+jb] gzLn
eP/ tbf?vtfsf ;fy Goflos k|lqmofdf Nofpg
sf/jfxL ug]{ tyf To:tf JolQmaf6 dfgj
clwsf/sf] yk pNn+ 3 g x' g af6 arfpg
;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf]] ;fGble{s / cfjZos
sfg"gnufotsf] k"jf{wf/ v8f u/L cljnDa
lqmofzLn x'gk' g]{ xf] . o:t} k|Zg pkl:yt x'bF f
o; cbfntaf6 o; cbfntaf6 @)^$ ;fnsf]
l/6 g+= )*^# sf] lgj]bs nLnfw/ e08f/L ;d]t
lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{ n o ;d] t ePsf] k/dfb] z d' 2 fdf
;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofodf Gsfnsf 36gfxsf]
;du|tfdf d"Nofg u/L /0fgLlts pkrf/ ug]{
b[li6sf]0f lnOg] / ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg,
;To cGj]if0f, ;+:yfut ;'wf/ / k/LIf0fnufotsf
ljljw kIfdf r/0fj4 ljrf/ u/L ;a} sfddf
r':ttf jf k|efjsfl/tf ;'lglZrt ug]{u/L
sfg"gx, ;Lkx / ;+:yfut Ifdtfx ljBdfg
x'g' h?/L ePsf] tYodf ;d]t k|z:t k|sfz
kf/L cfjZos Joj:yfsf] nflu g] k fn
;/sf/;dIf n]vL k7fPsf] cj:yf klg xf] .

1841

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

!)= /fHosf] ;Qf k|of]u ug]{ dxTjk"0f{

cxdf sfd ug]x{ ;+ljwfg, k|rlnt P]g
sfg"g, / dfgj clwsf/k|lt cf:yfjfg\ x'gk} g]{
x'G5 . lghxsf] clen]vaf6 sfg"gsf] pNn+3gsf]
Oltxf; eP gePsf], lghx pk/ nufOPsf]
cf/f]lkt / k|dfl0ft sfo{sf] uDeL/tf, kLl8tsf]
Gofodf kx'r
F sf] l:ylt, pknAw k|df0fsf] d"Nofg
cflb s'/fxsf] ljrf/ u/L ;fj{hlgs kbdf
/x]sf lhDd]jf/ JolQmxnfO{ cem vf;u/L b]zsf]
zflGt ;'/Iff tyf cdgrog sfod /fVg lhDd]jf/L
tf] l sPsf ;' / IffsdL{ tyf k| z f;sLo
clwsf/Lxsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLtf
ljrf/ u/]/ / lghxaf6 dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g
x'g g;Sg] ;'lglZrttf;lxt To:tf] lhDd]jf/L
tf]Sg jf~5gLo x'G5 .
!!= vf; u/]/ ljut Gsfndf ePsf
dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gfxsf ;DaGwdf
;Daf]wg ug{ zflGt ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePkZrft\
G/t kIfxsf] HofbtL / ljjfbxsf]
;dfwfgsf] nflu ;To lgk0f tyf d]nldnfk
cfof]u, j]kQf;DaGwL cfof]u h:tf ;+oGqsf]
:yfkgf ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ul/Psf] eP klg
g] k fn ;/sf/af6 xfn;Dd To;sf] s' g }
sfof{Gjog u/]sf] kfOb}g . kmn:jk dfgj
clwsf/ pNn+ 3 gsf 36gfxsf] af/] d f
ljlw;Ddt ;Daf]wg x'g ;s]g / b08xLgtf
sfod} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf]
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf]
b[li6n] ljleGg ;+oGq Pj+ k|lqmofx tf]lsPsf]
dWo] clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df k/LIf0f k4lt (Vetting
Process) dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . t/ g]kfn sfg"gdf
o; ;DaGwL g t vf; Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 g

t o; ;DaGwdf s'g} sfg"gL dfkb08 lgdf{0f

x'g ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . lhDd]jf/ dflgPsf] JolQmsf]
g}lts lhDd]jf/Lleq lghn] lng] lg0f{osf xsdf
jflx/af6 s;}n] s]xL eGg ;Sg] s'/f ePg .
t/, ;dfhdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f
u/L sfg"gL /fHosf] dfWodf/f zflGtk"0f{
;fdflhs Joj:yf sfod ug{ /fHon]
;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf cfjZostfnfO{ k"lt{
ug]{ lbzfdf 7f]; sbd rfNg'kg]{ x'G5 . cGoyf
dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] cf/f]k nflu /xg] jf
dfgj clwsf/k|lt cgf:yf b]vfPsf] eP klg
dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iff ug'k{ g]{ k|sl[ tsf] lhDd]jf/L
;'Dkg] sfd eO/xg ;S5 . To;}n] To:tf]
czf]egLo / cjfl~5t l:yltx x'g glbgsf]
nflu ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] Joj:yfkgsf]
lx;fjn] h?/L x'g] pko'Qmtf;DaGwL k/LIf0f
k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ug{ cfjZos sfg"g agfO{
Jojl:yt ug{ ljkIfL g] k fn ;/sf/sf]
bfloTj;d]t x'g cfpg] x'Fbf ;f] ;DaGwdf
cfjZos sfg"g Pj+ gLlt agfO{ Jojl:yt ug{
g]kfn ;/sf/ cu|;/ x'g'kg]{ g} b]lvg cfpF5 .
!@= ca g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !@^-%_ adf]lhd sf] k|lqmof
k"/f ug'{kg]{ gkg]{ ;DaGwL k|Zgtkm{ k|j]z u/f} .
lgj]bsn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !@^-%_ adf]lhd nf]s;]jf cfof]u;+u
;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ;DaGwdf k/fdz{ lng'kg]{
;+jw} flgs Joj:yf /x]sf]df ;f]sf] kfngf gu/]sf]
egL ts{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm wf/f !@^-%_ df
;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf jf k|x/L ;]jf jf
cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'QmL / a9'jf
ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf

1842

*(## ;'lgn /~hgl;+x ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ 5 eGg]

:ki6 ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL
;+j}wflgs Joj:yfcg'k g]kfn ;/sf/af6 oL
ljkIfL s'j]/l;+x /fgfnfO{ PcfOhL kbdf a9'jf
ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf
nf] s ;] j f cfof] u ;F u k/fdz{ lnPsf] s' / f
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 klg
b]lvb}g . gt ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/n] oL s'j/] l;+x
/fgfnfO{ PcfOhL kbdf a9'jf ubf{ nf]s;]jf
cfof]u;Fu k/fdz{ lnPsf] egL To:tf] lhsL/
lng ;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
!#= ;+ljwfgsf] pQm wf/f !@^-%_
adf]lhd nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{
eGg] afWofTds Joj:yf eO{ ;f] Joj:yfcg'k
afWofTds kdf nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 k/fdz{
lng'kg]{df ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|x/L
;+u7gsf] ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'QmL / a9'jf ubf{
ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ glnOsg k|x/L
;+u7gsf] lgo'QmL Pj+ a9'jfnfO{ lg/Gt/ ug'{
s'g} xfntdf klg :jLsfo{ x'g ;Sg] ePg .
ljkIfL s' j ] / l;+ x /fgfnfO{ k| x /L cltl/Qm
dxflg/LIfs -PcfOhL_ kbdf a9'jf ug'{ eGbf
cl3 / ;f] a9'jf eGbf kl5 xfn;Dd o:t}
/Ltn] ;a} lgo'QmL Pj+ a9'jf ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf]n]
k|:t't ljifonfO{ dfq} 5'ofO{ ljrf/ ug{ dgfl;j
ePg . t/ ;+ljwfgadf]lhd ug'{kg]{ sfd gu/L
km/s 9+un] lg0f{o ug]{ k/Dk/fnfO{ dfGotf lbO
/xg ldNg] ePg . ca cfOGbf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !@^-%_ sf] Joj:yf /
nf]s;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ sf] bkmf !^ / !&
sf] clwgdf /xL k|x/L ;+u7gdf lgo'QmL /

a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf]

ljifodf clgjfo{ kdf nf]s;]jf cfof]u;Fu
k/fdz{ lnO{ lgo'QmL Pj+ a9'jf ug]{ ug'{ ljkIfL
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, g]kfn
;/sf/ u[xdGqfno, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{nosf]
;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL bfloTj x'g cfpF5 eg]
;+ljwfg tyf nf]s;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^
adf]lhd ljkIfL+ nf]s;]jf cfof]un] klg ljkIfL
g]kfn ;/sf/sf pk/f]Qm dGqfnoxn] tL
lgsfodf lgo'QmL jf a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{
;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf k/fdz{ lbg' nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] st{Jo ;d]t x'g cfpF5 . t;y{ ca
cfOGbf k|x/L ;]jfdf lgo'QmL, a9'jfnufotsf
sfo{ ubf{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !@^-%_ sf] Joj:yf / nf]s;]jf cfof]u
P]g, @)^^ sf] bkmf !^ / !& adf]lhdsf]
k|lqmof / ;fdfGo l;4fGtnfO{ clgjfo{ kdf
cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ b]lvg cfpF5 .
!$= lgisif{df l/6 lgj]bsn] ljjflbt
a9'jfsf] ljifo;Fu cfgf] s'g} ;fy{s ;DaGw
ljgf / kLl8tsf] k| l tlglwTj klg u/] s f]
gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/
u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / o; cbfntn] ljjflbt ljifodf
;fy{s ;/f]sf/ g/x]sf] JolQmnfO{ lgj]bg lbg]
xsb}ofnfO{ :yflkt ug{ ;d]t gldNg] / o:tf]
k|j[ltnfO{ a9fjf lbg ;d]t gldNg] x'gfn] tyf
ljkIfL s'j]/l;+x /fgf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
a9'jf x'g cof]Uo gb]lvPsf] e} lghsf] e};s]sf]
a9'jf ab/ ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf lghsf] a9'jf ab/
x' g ] 7xb} { g . a9' j f ab/tkm{ s f] ] xb;Dd
lgj]bsxsf] lgj]bg bfjL k'Ug ;Sb}g . ;f]
xb;Dd lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .

1843

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

!%= oL l/6 lgj]bsxn] p7fPsf] csf]{

dxTjk"0f{ ljifosf] kdf /x]sf] dfgj clwsf/sf]
pNn+3gsf] ljifo / ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLtfsf]
;Gbe{ n fO{ ljrf/ ubf{ , dfgj clwsf/sf]
pNn+3gsf] 36gf ;DaGwdf ;dfhdf lbuf] zflGt
/ Gofosf] jftfj/0f agfpg ;fj{ h lgs
pQ/bfloTjsf] lhDd]jf/L ;'Dkbf To:tf] sfo{sf]
nflu cg's"n b]lvg] JolQmxsf] klxrfg u/L
lhDd] j f/L ;' D kg pko' Q m x' G 5 . dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNn+3g eljio;Dd x'g glbg
lg/f]wfTds kdf To:tf] cfwf/df JolQmsf]
pko'Qmtfsf] k/LIf0f u/L lgo'QmL ug],{ kb:yfkg
ug]{, :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ jf a9'jf ug]{ jf gug]{
s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ljutsf] dfgj
clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] 36gfdf ;+nUg eP gePsf]
/ dfgj clwsf/ Pj+ sfg"gL /fHodf cf:yf eP
gePsf] gx]/L s'g} ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj axg
ug]{ JolQmnfO{ /fHo;Qfsf] pkof]u ug]{ lsl;dsf]
vf; lhDd]jf/L lbFbf /fHo / ;j{;fwf/0f yk
;+s6df kg{ ;Sg] x'gfn] ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf]
Joj:yf ug{ / vf; u/L ;fj{hlgs kbdf
lgo'QmL tyf j9'jfnufotsf cGo sf/jfxL
ubf{ pk/f]Qm adf]lhd lhDd]jf/L lbg ;fj{hlgs
pQ/bfloTj axg ug]{ To:tf] kbflwsf/Ln] dfgj
clwsf/ pNn+3g u/] gu/]sf] s'/fsf] k/LIf0f
u/L lhDd]jf/L ;'Dkg] ;DaGwdf k/LIf0f k|lqmof
-Vetting process) ;DaGwL vf; sfg"gsf] Joj:yf
xfn;Dd lgdf{0f gePsf] / o; cbfntaf6
nLnfw/ e08f/Lsf] lgj]bgdf ;d]t ;f] ;DaGwdf
cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddf
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L e};s]sf] cj:yfdf klg k/LIf0f
k|lqmof;DaGwL cfjZos u[xsfo{ eO/x]sf] eGg]

;d]t cj:yf gb]lvFbf kl/If0f k|lqmof k|z:t

ug]{ lx;fjn] cfjZos sfg"g Pj+ dfkb08
tf]sL ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg
ljkIfL g] k fn ;/sf/ k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf gfddf lgb]{zgfTds
cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ .
!^= ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no ;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 ;d]t
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@^
-%_ tyf nf]s;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ sf] bkmf
!^ / !& sf] efjgfcg'k k|x/L ;+u7gdf
lgo'QmL Pj+ a9'jfsf ;DaGwdf ckgfpg'kg]{
;fdfGo l;4fGtsf ljifodf nf]s;]jf cfof]u;Fu
k/fdz{ u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] ca cfOGbf pQm
;+jw} flgs Pj+ sfg"gL k|fjwfg clgjfo{ kdf
ckgfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]u;Fu k/fdz{ lnO{ dfq}
g]kfn k|x/L ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'QmL jf a9'jf;DaGwL
sfo{ cl3 a9fpg' egL g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x
dGqfno, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no tyf ljkIfL
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g]
7x5{ . k| : t' t cfb] z sf] hfgsf/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLxnfO{
lbg' . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pSt /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=ts{/fh e6[
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ;fpg @* ut] /f]h ! df z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k;

| fb uf}td

1844

&

*(#$ clg?b|sd' f/ ;fx ;d]t lj=s[lif ljsf; a}s

+ ln=;'g;/L ;d]t

lnnfd e} bf=vf=btf{ ;d]t eO;s]sf]]

cj:yfdf lnnfd ab/sf] nflu ;DalGwt
lhNnf cbfntdf ph"/L lnO{ hfg ;Sg]
x'bF f j}s
+ lNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ x'bF fx'b}
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qaf6 af]Ng gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
C0fLn] C0f ln+bfs} cj:yfdf lwtf]
/flvPsf] hUufsf] ;do ;Ldfleq C0f
glt/] ;f] lwtf] hUufaf6 c;"n u/L
lng' egL d~h"/L u/L xs kl/Tofu
u/] s f] ;d] t sf cj:yfdf sfg" g L
k|lqmofadf]lhd ljlw;Ddt\ tj/af6 lwtf]
hUuf lnnfd j9fj9df ljkIfLn] j9L
df]ndf j9fj9af6 ;sf/ u/]sf] e} lghsf
gfddf bf=vf= btf{ ;d]t e};s]kl5 xfn
cfP/ C0fLsf 5f]/fxn] a}s
+ sf] C0f
c;"nL k|lqmofnfO{ lgik|efjL / lg:t]h
t'Nofpg] u/L ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf]
lgoldt k| l qmofaf6 ljrlnt e}
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/L lbPsf]
lgj]bgaf6 ;+jw} flgs xs clwsf/df
cf3ft k'us
] f] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_

lg0f{o g+=*(#$
;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/tjxfb'/ sfsL{
)^&wo )*@$
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!@.@$.^
ljifo M pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM ;'g;/L lhNnf, vgf/ uf=lj=;=j8f g=
% j:g] clg?b|sd
' f/ ;fx ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM s[lif ljsf; a}s
+ ln= zfvf sfof{no,
b'xjL, ;'g;/L ;d]t
lnnfd;DaGwL sf/jfxLsf] ;fj{hlgs
;"rgf klqsfdf k|sflzt u/L 8fFs lnnfd
j9fj9f/f j9L 8fFs jf]Ng]nfO{ lnnfd
u/]sf] tYonfO{ cGoyf eGg gldNg] .
lnnfdsf] 8fFs g]kfnL gful/s hf] h;n]
klg af]nL lng ;Sg] x'bF f ;j} eGbf j9L
8fFs af]nL lnnfd hUuf :jLsf/]sf]nfO{
u}/sfg"gL eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
;fj{hlgs kdf af]nkq cfXjfg u/L
j9fj9 u/L lnnfd ul/Psf] cj:yfdf
Go"gtd\ d"No sfod ul/Psf] csf]
k|efjsf/L e"ldsf /xFbg} . lwtf] /flvPsf]
h]yf hUufsf] lwtf] /fVbf sfod ul/Psf]
d"Nofg eGbf sd d"Nofg ePsf] eGg]
gx'Fbf cGofok"0f{ / u}/sfg"gL 9+un]
d" N ofg u/L lnnfd ePsf] eGg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_

lgj]bs tk{maf6M ljfg clwjQmfo jf]0f{jxfb'/

sfsL{ / r'8fdl0f kf]v/]n
ljkIfL tk{ m af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
sf] d nk| s fz l3ld/] , clwjQmfx
lgd{ns'df/ pkfWofo / hgs/fd kf}8n
] ,
O{Zj/Lk|;fb kf]v/]n / /fdrGb| ;'jb] L
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM

1845

a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)%*
ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL lgodfjnL,
@)%(

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& -@_ adf]lhd
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
lgj]bssf lktf ;'/G] b| ;fxsf] cfgf]
gfddf dfnkf]t sfof{no ;'g;/Ldf btf{ /x]sf]
lhNnf ;'g;/L vgf/ uf=lj=;= j8f g= %-s_
ls=g= &@ sf] h=lj= )^!) hUuf ljkIfLnfO{
lwtf] lbO{ ldlt @)^).(.@( df td;'s u/L
e};L kfngsf nflu ?=$),))). -rfnL;
xhf/_ k}of C0f lng' ePsf]df e};L lj/fdL
eO{ d/L Joj;fo 3f6fdf kg{ uPsf] sf/0f lktfn]
ljkIfL s[lif ljsf; a}s
+ af6 lnPsf] C0f ;dodf
ltg{ g;s] klg C0f ltg{ k|of;/t /x]s} cj:yfdf
lktf ;'/G] b| ;fxsf] ldlt @)^&.^.@( df d[To'
eof] .
lktfsf] d[To' ePkZrft\ ljkIfL s[lif
ljsf; a}s
+ af6 lnPsf] shf{ /sd a'emfpg' kof]
egL xfdL lgj]bsx ldlt @)^&.!).% ut]
ljkIfL s[lif ljsf; a}s
+ df uO{ xfd|f lktfn]
lnPsf] shf{sf] ;fFjf Jofh slt eof] lx;fj u/L
lbg'xf];\ xfdL j'emfpF5f} eGbf tkfO{sf] a'afn]
shf{ ln+bf lwtf] lbPsf] ls=g+ &@ h=lj= )^
!) hUuf lnnfd u/L C0f r'Qmf uof} . cj
k}ofF j'emfpg ldNb}g egL hjfkm lbg'eof] .
xfdLnfO{ lnnfdL ;"rgf g} glbO{ s;/L lwtf]
lnnfd ug'e{ of] egL dfnkf]t sfof{no ;'g;/Laf6
ldlt @)^&.!).!$ ut] bf=vf= gfd;f/L
lg0f{o;d]tsf gSsn ;f/L ln+bf ljkIfLxn] ;f]
xfd|f] hUufsf] d"No 36fO{ cjd"Nog u/L xfdLnfO{

lbPsf elgPsf ;"rgf ;d]t ljkIfLn] em"7f]

Joxf]/f hgfO{ xfd|f] jtg cGt} b]vfO{ cfk}mn]
j' l emlnO{ u' k r' k u/fO{ k| f s[ l ts Gofosf]
l;4fGtljk/Lt u} / sfg" g L tj/af6 ldlt
@)^&.$.@% df lwtf] lnnfd ug]{ lg0f{o u/L
;f]xL cfwf/df gfddf gfd;f/L u/L lbg' egL
r=g= &# ldlt @)^&.$.@^ df bf=vf=sf] nflu
k7fO{ gfd;f/L bf=vf= x'g] u/L ldlt @)^&.$.@&
df lg0f{o ;d]t eP ul/Psf] /x]5 . xfd|f] :yfoL
3/ j;f]jf; lhNnf ;'g;/L vgf/ uf=lj=;=j8f
g= % df x'bF fx'b} ljkIfLxn] jblgot;fy g]kfn
;/sf/n] Jofh ldgfxf x'g] u/L lbPsf] ;"rgf /
lnnfdL ;"rgf ;d]tdf em"7f Joxf]/f n]vL ;j}
;"rgfx ljkIfL /fh]z ;fx / lghsf 5f]/fn]
dfq a'emL u'kr'k /fvL xfdLnfO{ yfxf glbO{
ablgot ;fy sfdx ePsf /x]5g\ . To;/L
ePsf] pQm ;Dk"0f{ b"lift sfdsf/jfxLxaf6
xfd|f] nfvf}sf] ;DklQ lng]vfg] lgot ePsf] x'bF f
;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf g} glbO{ ePsf tL ;Dk"0f{
sfdsf/jfxLx k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt
5g\ . pQm xfd|f] hUufsf] pQ/ k"j{ / klZrd
blIf0f b'jt} k{m ;fljsb]lv af6f]n] 5f]Psf] / k"j{
pQ/tk{msf] ufpF j:tL hfg] af6f] xfn u|fe]n
;d]t ePsf] 5 . ;e]{ gfkLs} ;dodf af6f]
/x]sf] tYo ;e]{ gfkL gS;f 6;
] af6 klg :ki6
b]lvG5 . o;/L ;fljs ;e]{ gS;f x'bF fs} ;dodf
b'jt} k{m af6f]n] 5f]Psf] hUufnfO{ ljkIfL vgf/
uf=lj=;=n] u/L lbPsf] 3/af6f]sf] l;kmfl/zdf
af6f] gePsf] egL l;kmfl/z u/L lbO{ lnO{ xfd|f]
hUufsf] d"Nofg 36fO{ cjd"Nog ePsf] 5 .
xfnsf] k|rlnt rngrNtLsf] jhf/efp
cg';f/ k|ltsf # nfv eGbf j9L d"Nodf

1846

*(#$ clg?b|sd' f/ ;fx ;d]t lj=s[lif ljsf; a}s

+ ln=;'g;/L ;d]t

v/Lb ljqmL x'g] )^!)sf] hUufnfO{ dfq

?=!,#),!)). df jf]nsjf]n u/]sf] egL lnnfd
8fFs ;sf/ ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{af6 a}+ssf] C0f
c;"npk/ ug]{ eGbf klg xfdL lgj]bsxsf]
;j{Zjx/0f ug]{ jblgot k|i6 5 . g]kfn
;/sf/n] /lhi6]zg k|of]hgsf nflu cf=j=
@)^^.)^& sf nflu tf]s]sf] Go"gtd\ d"No
k|ltsf ?=@,@),))). sfod ul/Psf]n] xfd|f]
)^!) hUufsf] Go"gtd\ d"No ?=!$,#),))).
x'G5 ;f] tYonfO{ ;d]t j]jf:tf u/L jblgot
;fy ljkIfL /fh]z ;fxn] ?=!,#),!)). df
lnnfd ;sf/ ug]{ / a}+snfO{ C0fLn] j'emfpg]
?=^),#$*. s6fO{ jfFsL /sd lkmtf{ lbO{ hUuf
/fh]z ;fxsf gfdf bf=vf= u/L lbg] u/L ePsf]
lnnfdL sfo{ sfg"gL /fHosf] l;4fGtk|lts"n
5.
xfd|f] hUufsf] b'jt} k{m u|fe]n df]6/ af6f]n]
5'g] hUufnfO{ af6f]n] g5'g] hUufsf] Go"gtd
d"Nofg eGbf klg sd d"No x'g] u/L lnnfd
ul/Psf] / ljkIfL dfnkf]t sfof{no ;'g;/Ln]
ldlt @)^&.$.@& df u/]sf] bf=vf= lg0f{odf
;d]t plNnlvt hUufsf] /lhi6]zg kmfF6af6
n]vL cfPcg';f/ k|ltsf ?=#),))). n] )
^!) hUufsf] ?=!,(%,))). egL d"No sfod
u/L ;f]sf] @ k|ltztn] x'g] ?=#,()). bf=vf
b:t"/ ljkIfL /fh]zn] j'emfPaf6 ;fljsb]lv
xfn;Dd b'j} tk{m df]6/af6f]n] 5f]Psf] hUufnfO{
jblgot ;fy af6f]n] g5'g] hUufsf] Go"gtd
d"No eGbf klg sd d"Nodf lnnfd 8fFs ;sf/
u/L u/fO{ xfd|f] ;DklQ;DaGwL df}lns xsdf
k|ToIf c;/ k'ofOPsf] plNnlvt tYoaf6 k'li6
x'G5 .

ctM plNnlvt bkmf bkmfxsf cfwf/df

ljkIfLaf6 lktfn] lwtf]df /fv]sf] ls=g+ &@ sf]
h=lj= )^!) hUufsf] /lhi6z
] g k|of]hgsf
nflu tf]lsPsf] d"Nofg ?=!,(%,))). eGbf
klg sd d"No ?=!,#),!)). df xfd|f] nfvf}sf]
;DkltnfO{ ljkIfLaf6 ldlt @)^&.$.@% df
u}/sfg"gL kdf 8Ffs lnnfd ug]{ u/L ePsf]
lg0f{o, ljkIfL g+ ^ n] em"7f Joxf]/f hgfO{ ljkIfL
s[lif ljsf; a}s
+ af6 ldlt @)^#.(.!^, ldlt
@)^%.(.(, ldlt @)^%.!@.@^, ldlt @)^^.*.!!,
ldlt @)^&.#.@!, ldlt @)^$.$.@% df k|l] ift
Dofb ;"rgf, ;f] hUuf ljkIfL /fh]z ;fxsf
gfddf bf=vf= gfd;f/L ul/lbg' egL ljkIfL
s[lif ljsf; a}s
+ n] ldlt @)^&.$.@& df lbPsf]
bf=vf gfd;f/L k"hL{, ;f] bf=vf= gfd;f/L k"hL{sf
cfwf/df ljkIfL dfnkf]t sfof{no ;'g;/Ln]
ldlt @)^&.$.@& df u/]sf] bf=vf= gfd;f/L
lg0f{o, ljkIfL vgf/ uf=lj=;=n] ldlt @)^&.$.@&
df ul/lbPsf] l;kmfl/z nufot ljkIfLxaf6
xfn;DDf eP ul/Psf plNnlvt lnnfd 8Ffs
bf=vf= btf{;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxLx a}s
+
tyf ljQLo ;+:Yff;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
%& ;d]t tyf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt
x'gs
' f ;fy} plNnlvt ljkIfLxsf u}/sfg"gL
sfdsf/jfxLaf6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !# / wf/f !(-!_-@_ f/f k|bQ xfd|f]
;DklQ;DaGwL df}lns xssf] ckx/0f x'g uO{
k|rngdf cf3ft k'Ug uPsf]n] ljkIfLxaf6
ldlt @)^&.$.@% df ul/Psf] lnnfd / ;f]
;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxLx / ;f] u}/sfg"gL
lnnfdsf cfwf/df ;f] lnnfd ;sf/ ug]{ ljkIfL
/fh]z ;fxsf gfddf bf=vf= btf{ ug]{ u/L dfnkf]t

1847

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

sfof{no ;'g;/Laf6 ldlt @)^&.$.@& df ePsf]

bf=vf= lg0f{o ;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/
u/L lgj]bsxaf6 ;fFjf Jofh j'emL lng' egL
k/dfb]znufot hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z
jf k"hL{ hf/L u/L plNnlvt ls=g+= &@ sf]
hUufsf] ef}lts :jk kl/jt{g x'g] u/L s'gk} lg
ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f gug'{ gu/fpg', a}s
+ tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfdf lwtf]jGws /fVg] nufotsf] s'gk} lg
k|sf/n] xs x:tfGt/0f ljqmL ljt/0f gug'{ gu/fpg'
egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] <
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb
jfx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm
cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z
ug'{ .
cGtl/d cfb]z dfusf] ;Gbe{df ljrf/
ubf{ lwtf] /x]sf] hUuf lnnfd ljqmL ubf{ lgj]bsnfO{
;"rgf glbO{ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt
;'gj' fOsf] df}sf glbOPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/
/x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'f]
gnfu];Dd pQm hUufsf] ef}lts :jk kl/jt{g
x'g] s'g} sfo{ gug'{ ;f] hUuf s'g} a}s
+ tyf ljQLo
;+:Yffdf lwtf] jGws, /fhLgfdf, ;'qmL ljqmL jf
xs x:tfGt/0f gug'{ gu/fpg' oyfl:yltdf /fVg'
egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . ljkIfLxnfO{
of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.!!.!( sf] cfb]z .

lgj]bsn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] lh= ;'g;/L

vgf/ uf=lj=;= j8f g= % s ls=g+= &@ sf]
h=lj=)^!) hUuf s[lif ljsf; a}s
+ zfvf
sfof{no b'xjLsf] k=;+= @ v @.!%@%( r=g+ &#
ldlt @)^&.$.@^ sf] kq ;fy k|fKt lwtf] lnnfd,
8F f s j8fj8 d' r ' N sf ;f] x L a} + s sf] ldlt
@)^&.$.@& sf] bf=vf= lg0f{ocg';f/ /fh]zs'df/
;fxsf gfddf bf=vf= ul/Psf] x'bF f o; sfof{nosf]
bf=vf= lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt ePsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfnkf]t
sfof{no ;'g;/Lsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsxsf] a'afnfO{ shf{
j'emfpg k7fPsf] ;"rgfsf] vj/ glbg], C0fLnfO{
Jofh ldgfxfsf] ;"rgf glbg],5"6 ;x'lnot lbPsf]
kqsf] hfgsf/L glbg] l/6 lgj]bsxsf] a'afsf]
7]ufgf unt pNn]v ug],{ a}s
+ af6 hf/L ePsf]
lwtf] lnnfdL kq / klqsfsf] ;"rgf Pj+ :d/0f
kqnufotsf Goflos b[li6n] lgj]bssf a'afsf]
gfddf hf/L ePsf] tyf lgj]bsn] kfpg' kg]{
egL bfjL lnOPsf] ;"rgfx lgj]bsxnfO{
hfgsf/L lbgaf6 u'kr'k /fVg] sfdsf/jfxLxdf
o; uf=lj=;=sf] s'g} ;+nUgtf 5}g . s[lif ljsf;
a}s
+ ln= zfvf sfof{no b'xjL, ;'g;/Ln] lgj]bsn]
pNn]v u/]sf] hUuf lnnfd ubf{ o; uf=lj=;=sf]
lg0f{os e"ldsf /xg] ljifo klg x}g . ;'/G] b|
;fxsf] xsdf /fh]z ;fxn] l;kmfl/z kfpFm egL
lbPsf] lgj]bgdf uf=lj=;= n] l;kmfl/z lbPsf]
xf] . uf=lj=;=sf] l;kmfl/z eGbf cufl8 g} lnnfdL
k|lqmof ;lsPsf]n] lnnfdL k|lqmofdf uf=lj=;=sf]
l;kmfl/zsf] s'g} e"ldsf ;d]t gePsf] x'bF f ljkIfL
lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] hUufsf] lnnfdL k|lqmofdf
o; uf=lj=;=sf] l;kmfl/zsf] s'g} e"ldsf gx/sf]n]

1848

*(#$ clg?b|sd' f/ ;fx ;d]t lj=s[lif ljsf; a}s

+ ln=;'g;/L ;d]t

sfg"gadf]lhd x'g ;b/ cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t

Joxf]/fsf] gd"gf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no
vgf/sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLxsf] lgj]bg n]vcg';f/ lj=;=
@)^&.^.@( ut] g]kfndf d[To' ePsf] ljkIfLxsf]
afa' ;'/G] b| ;fx k'gM ef/tdf @)^&.(.! df d[To'
x'g] eGg] crDdsf] tYox ljkIfLxn] pNn]v
u/]sf]af6 ;j{ky| d ljkIfLxsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf
plNnlvt tYox k|yd b[li6df g} em"7f agfj6L
/ sfNklgs x'g\ eGg] :jtM k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 .
o;sf] k'li6sf] nflu lgdGq0ff kq / ljxf/
;/sf/sf] d[To' btf{ k|df0f kqx ;DdfgLt
Ohnf;sf] hfgsf/Lsf] k|of]hgfy{ k]z u/]sf] 5' .
C0fL ;'/G] b| ;fxn] a}s
+ ;+u u/]sf] sj'lnotgfdf
adf] l hd efvfleq C0f r' Q mf gu/] d f
sj'lnotadf]lhd lwtf]df /x]sf] crn ;DklQ
lnnfd u/L a}s
+ sf] n]gf /sd c;"npk/ u/]df
d~h"/ 5 egL a}s
+ nfO{ sfuh ul/lbPsf] / ;f]
Joxf]/f ljkIfLxnfO{ ;d]t yfxf 5, pQm
sj'lnotgfdfnfO{ ljkIfLxn] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf]
cj:yf gx'bF f afa'sf] d[To'kl5 afa'n] vfPsf] C0f
ltg{ uPsf] egL lnnfd eO{ ;f] adf]lhd d]/f
gfpFdf bf=vf= btf{ eO{ ef]u u/]sf] hUufdf
ljkIfLxsf] s'g} xs g/x]sf]af6 ljkIfLxsf]
;DklQ;DaGwL ;+jw} flgs xs xgg\ gePsf] x'bF f
cbfntnfO{ 9fF6g\ ] ljkIfLxsf] lgj]bg vf/]h
u/L kfpg cg'/f]w ub{5' .
s[lif ljsf; a}s
+ n] cfgf] n]gf /sd
sfg"gadf]lhd c;"npk/ ug{ kfpg] g} x'bF f a}s
+
tyf ljQLo ;+:Yff ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
%& cg';f/ a}s
+ n] lwtf]df /x]sf] C0fLsf] crn
;DklQ lnnfd u/]sf]df ljjfb 5}g . a}s
+ n] C0f

ltg{sf] nflu ljkIfLsf afa'sf gfpFdf ;fj{hlgs

;"rgf lb+bf / tf]lsPsf] ;dodf C0f glt/]
lwtf]sf] hUuf ;DklQ lnnfd ul/g] egL /fli6o
b}lgs klqsf g]kfn ;dfrf/ kq jif{ !%, c
!&#, c;f/ !* ut] @)^& df ;"rgf k|sflzt
ubf{ klg ljkIfLsf afa'n] C0f glt/]sf x'bF f pQm
hUuf lnnfd ul/Psf] xf] . d'ns
' L P]g c=j=@(
g+ / Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf & sf]
If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t pkrf/sf] af6f] guO{ l/6
If]qdf k|jz
] u/]sf] ljkIfLxsf] lgj]bg sfg"gL
b[li6sf]0f / g]sfk @)^^, k[= !#@@, lg=g= *@)$
df k|ltkflbt l;4fGtn] klg vf/]hefuL 5 .
a}s
+ n] sfg"gL sfo{ljlwsf] kfngf gu/L lnnfd
u/]sf] eGg] ljkIfLxsf] bfjL gePsf] x'bF f lnnfd
k|lqmof Goflos k/LIf0fsf] ljifo aGg ;St}g .
lnnfd ab/sf] dfubfjLdf o;
;DdfgLt cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf]
pkrf/ cfslif{t x'b}g . a}+slNks pkrf/sf]
af6f] ePsf] cj:yfdf ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!)&-@_ ljk/Lt 5 . a}+sn] u/]sf] lnnfddf
lrQ gj'e]m ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntdf lnnfd
ab/ u/fpg hfg ;Sg] a}slNks pkrf/sf]
cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf]df ;f] gu/L l/6 If]qdf
cfPsf] ljkIfLsf] bfjL k| l tkflbt
l;4fGtljk/Lt 5 . o:t} ljifo j:t' ePsf]
;+jt\ @)%# ;fnsf] l/=g+= @@%^ wd{gfy
ofbj lj?4 s[lif ljsf; a}+s /fhlj/fh ;d]t
ePsf] pTk|i] f0f d'2fdf o; ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6
ldlt @)%%.!@.( df l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf]
x'Fbf lnnfd ab/ u/fpg ;DalGwt lhNnf
cbfntdf hfg' kg]{ a}+slNks pkrf/sf] cj:yf

1849

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

ljBdfg ePsf]n] l/6 vf/]h x'g] egL ghL/

l;4fGt sfod /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . k|:t't l/6
lgj] b gdf klg s[ l if ljsf; a} + s n] u/] s f]
lnnfdpk/sf] ph" / L ePsf] x' F b f k| : t' t
ljkIfLxsf] bfjLdf k|j]z u/L x]l/g' kg]{
cj:Yffsf] l/6 lgj]bg xf]Og . ljkIfLxsf
afa' ;'/]Gb| ;fx / s[lif ljsf; a}+saLr ePsf]
;Demf}tfcg';f/ C0f r'Qmf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf
lnvtdf ePsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;a"b k|df0fsf]
d" N ofg u/L OG;fkm lbg k| : t' t l/6
lgj]bgaf6 ldNb}g . ljkIfLxsf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/] h ul/kfpF m eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf]
/fh]zs'df/ ;fxsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLxsf lktf ;'/]Gb|s'df/ ;fxn]
o; a}s
+ af6 e};L kfngsf p2]Zon] cfg} gfddf
btf{ ;| ] : tf /x] s f] lhNnf ;' g ;/L, vgf/
uf=lj=;=j8f g+ % s sf] ls=g+ &@ sf] If]qkmn
)^!) sf] hUuf ;'/If0fafkt lwtf]] lbO{ /f]Ssf
/fvL ?=$),))). C0f :jLs[t eO{ k6s k6s
C0f k|jfx ePsf] lyof] . C0f k|jfx ePsf]
s'/fnfO{ ljkIfLxn] :jLsf/]sf] cj:yf /x]sf]
5 . C0fLn] lnPsf] shf{ ;dodf r'Qmf gu/L
efvf g3fO{ zt{ ;Demf}tf pNn+3g u/]sf]n] a}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:Yff;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
%& adf]lhd shf{ c;"npk/ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf
C0fLnfO{ k6s k6s t/tfs]tf u/]sf] / ;f]
kqx C0fLsf efO{ /fh]z ;fxn] j'b} u/]sf]
;f] dfq geO{ #% lbgleq shf{ j'emfpg
Nofpg'xf]nf egL ldlt @)^#.(.^ ut]sf] /fhwfgL
b}lgs klqsfdf #% lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg
ubf{ ;d]t shf{ gj'emfpg' ePsf]n] a}+sn] jfWo
eO{ a}+ssf] ldlt @)^&.#.* sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd

ldlt @)^&.#.!* sf] g]kfn ;dfrf/ kq

b}lgsdf ldlt @)^&.$.@& ut]sf lbg lwtf]
lnnfd x'g] ;"rgf k|sfzg ePsf] / ;f]xL lbg
j;]sf] 8fFs a9fa9 ;ldltsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ j9L
8fFs jf]Ng] /fh]z ;fxn] lwtf] ;sf/ u/]sf] x'Fbf
a}s
+ n] lgodadf]lhd u/]sf] lwtf] lnnfd sfo{nfO{
cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . kqklqsfdf ;fj{hlgs
;"rgf k|sfzg ePsf] s'/fdf lghsf lktf
;'/]Gb| ;fxn] ldlt @)^&.$.@* df lbPsf]
d~h"/gfdfdf lnnfd ldlt ;d]t hfgsf/L
ePsf] s'/f pNn]v ePsf]n] C0fLnfO{ lnnfd
;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ s'/fsf] hfgsf/L x'Fbfx'b} xfdLn]
yfxf kfPgf} eGg ldNg] xf]Og . ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
k|sfzg ePsf] s'/fnfO{ yfx} ePg egL lbPsf]
em"7f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm . lwtf] d"Nofg
ug]{ clwsf/ a}+snfO{ g} /x]sf] x'Fbf lwtf]sf]
j:t'ut cj:yf x]/L a}+sn] u/]sf] d"NofgnfO{
cGoyf eGg ldNb}g .
lwtf] lnnfd 8fFs a9fa9 ubf{ j9L
jf]nsjf]n ug]{ /fh]z ;fxn] ?=!,#),!)). df
lwtf] ;sf/ u/]sf] x'bF f C0f sf u/L jfFsL /x]sf]
/sd ?=^(,&%@. lgh ljkIfLsf lktf ;'/]Gb|
;fxn] cfgf] efO /fh]z ;fxn] pQm lwtf] ;sf/
u/L C0f r'Qmf eO{ d}n] kfpg' kg]{ jfFsL /sd
d]/f] efO{ /fh]z ;fxnfO{ g} lkmtf{ e'QmfgL lbPdf
d]/f] k"0f{ d~h"/L 5 egL ldlt @)^&.$.@* df
d~h"/Lgfdf ;d]t u/L lbPsf]df lghsf efO
/fh]z ;fxn] pQm lwtf] ;sf/ u/L afFsL /x]sf]
/sd ldlt @)^&.$.#) df a}+saf6 lkmtf{ ;d]t
nfg' ePsf]n] o;/L 3/sf d"nL cfgf] lktfn]
u/L lbPsf] d~h"/gfdfnfO{ 9fs5f]k u/L lbPsf]
em"7f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t

1850

*(#$ clg?b|sd' f/ ;fx ;d]t lj=s[lif ljsf; a}s

+ ln=;'g;/L ;d]t

Joxf]/fsf] s[lif ljsf; a}+s b'xjLsf] lnlvt

hjfkm .
d]/f] gfpFdf bf=vf=btf{ eO{ lglj{jfbkdf
ef]u ul//x]sf]df o; ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] cGtl/d
cfb]zadf]lhd pQm hUuf /f]Ssf /x]sf]df dnfO{
;fx|} dsf{ k/]sf] 5 . pQm d]/f] crn ;DklQ d}n]
ef]u Jojxf/ ug{af6 al~rt x'g k'us
] f] 5' .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] d]/f] ;DklQ
/f]lsg'n] dnfO{ ck'/0fLo Iflt e}/x]sf] x'bF f d]/f]
s'/f g;'gL ldlt @)^&.!!.!( df hf/L ePsf]
cGtl/d cfb]z ab/ u/L kfpg ;fb/ lgj]bg
ub{5' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL /fh]zs'df/
;fxn] lbPsf] @)^&-FN-)#$@ sf] lgj]bg kq .
ljkIfLxaf6 lnlvt hjfkm k/L c
k'lu;s]sf] b]lvPsf]n] cGtl/d cfb]z vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bgsf ;DaGWfdf k"0f{ ;'gj' fO
x'bF fsf jvt lgk0f x'g pko'Qm b]lvPsf] x'bF f
k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{ cu|flwsf/ k|bfg ul/lbPsf]
5 . lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]tsf] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.#.^ sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmfo jf]0f{jxfb'/ sfsL{ / r'8fdl0f
kf]v/]nn] lgj]bssf lktf ;'/]Gb| ;fxn] h]yf
hUuf lwtf] lbO{ s[lif ljsf; a}+s vgf/af6
e};L kfng Joj;fo ug{ @)^).(.@( df shf{
lnO{ Joj;fo ub}{ /xFbf 3f6fdf uPsf] cj:yf
5 . Joj;fo 3f6fdf uP klg C0f ltg{ k|of;/t\
/xFbf /xFb} d[To' ePkl5 C0f ltg{ 5f]/fx
hfFbf h]yf hUuf lnnfd e};s]sf] /x]5 . ljkIfL
/fh]zs'df/ ;fxsf] ldn]dtf]df ljkIfLxn] h]yf

lbPsf] hUuf lnnfd u/fO{ bf=vf= gfd;f/L

u/L lnPsf] sfo{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL
P] g , @)^# sf] wf/f %&, k| f s[ l ts Gofo
l;4fGtljk/Lt e} ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;DklQ;DaGwL
xsdf cf3ft k'u]sf]n] ljkIfLxaf6 ePsf]
ldlt @)^&.$.@% sf] lnnfd / ;f] kl5sf
;Dk"0f{ sfo{x ab/ u/L lktfn] vfPsf] C0f
/sd j'emL hUuf kIfsf] sfod hf/L kfpg
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
egL ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . ljkIfL s[lif ljsf;
a}+s ln= zfvf sfof{no b'xjL ;d]tsf tk{maf6
pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf sf]dnk|sfz
l3ld/], clwjQmf4o lgd{ns'df/ pkfWofo /
hgs/fd kf}8n
] n] C0fLn] a}s
+ af6 lnPsf] C0fsf]
;fFjf Jofh s]xL gj'emfO{ efvf gf3]sf] sf/0f
a}+sn] cfgf] n]gf /sd P]g sfg"gsf] /Lt
k'ofO{ lnnfd u/L c;"n u/L j9L /sd lkmtf{
ul/Psf] sfo{df s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 gx'Fbf l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL ax; lhsL/ k|:t't
ug'{eof] . To;}u/L k|ToyL{ uf=lj=;=sf] tk{maf6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf O{Zj/Lk|;fb kf]v/]nn]
l/6 lgj]bgdf plNnlvt a}+sdf lwtf] /x]sf]
hUufsf] lnnfd sf/jfxLdf uf=lj=;=sf] s'g}
;+nUgtf g/xg] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
egL ax; lhsL/ k|:t't ug'{eof] . To;}u/L
ljkIfL /fh]zs'df/ ;fxsf tk{maf6 pkl:yt
ljfg clwjQmf /fdrGb| ;' j ] b Ln] a} + s n]
ljlw;Ddt\ tl/sfaf6 u/]sf] lnnfd sfo{df
;xefuL e} lnnfd ;sf/ u/]sf] sfo{af6
lgj]bsxsf] xsdf s'g} cf3ft gkg]{ x'Fbf l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ax; lhsL/ k|:t't
ug'{eof] .

1851

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

o;/L lgj]bs / ljkIfLxsf tk{maf6

pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf]
ax; lhsL/ ;'gL l/6 lgj]bgkq;lxtsf] ldl;n
sfuhftx cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bsxn] dfu
u/]adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ xf] xf]Og lg0f{o
ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otk{m ljrf/ ubf{, lktf ;'/G] b|
;fxn] ;'g;/L lhNnf vgf/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+= %
s ls=g= &@ sf] )^!) hUuf s[lif ljsf;
a}s
+ ln= zfvf sfof{no b'xjLdf lwtf] lbO{ e};L
kfng Joj;fo ug{sf nflu ?=$),))). shf{
ldlt @)^).(.@( df lnPsf] eGg]df ljjfb 5}g .
shf{ lng] C0fLn] cfkm"n] lnPsf] C0fsf] ;fFjf
Jofh gj'emfO{ j;]sf] cj:yfdf lgh C0fL ;'/G] b|
;fxsf] ldlt @)^&.^.@( df d[To' ePsf] eGg]df
klg ljjfb 5}g . C0fL ;'/G] b| ;fxn] cfkm"n]
lnPsf] C0f /sdsf] ;fFjf Jofh /sd efvf leq
gj'emfO{ a;]sf] / oL lgj]bs 5f]/fxn] klg
lnnfd ljqmL x'g' eGbf cufl8 j'emfpg] s'g}
kxn jf k|of; u/]sf] eGg g;s]af6 gj'emfO{
r'k nfuL j;]sf] eGg] lgj]bsxsf] lgj]bg
n]vsf] tYoaf6 b]lvG5 .
#= cfgf] hUuf lwtf] /fvL a}s
+ af6 shf{
lnPkl5 a}s
+ sf] ;fFjf Jofh /sd a}s
+ sf] lgodfg';f/
lgwf{l/t ;dodf j'emfpFb} hfg' kg]{ bfloTj To:tf]
shf{ lng] C0fLdf g} /xg] x'G5 . t/ o;df C0fLn]
cfk"mn] lnPsf] shf{sf] s'g} klg ls:tf ;fFjf Jofh
j'emfPsf] eGg] b]lvGg . C0fLn] lnPsf] a}s
+ sf] C0fsf]
;fFjf Jofh s] s;/L slt ls:tfdf j'emfpg] eGg]
s'/f a}s
+ / C0fLaLr ePsf] cfk;L ;xdtLsf
cfwf/df a}+ssf] lgodfg';f/ lgwf{/0f u/L
tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] kl/lw / ;Ldfleq /xL sf/f]jf/

ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . o:tf] sf/f]jf/df a}s

+ n] C0f nufgL
ubf{ cfgf] nufgL g8'jf]; eGgfsf nflu h]yf
hdfgL jf lwtf] lng] ub{5 / To:tf] h]yf jf
lwtf]nfO{ cfgf] gfddf hdfgLsf] kdf /fVg] ub{5 .
$= C0fLn] C0f lnbf lsg=+&@ sf] )^
!) sf] hUuf lwtf] hdfgL lbPsf] / C0fsf] ;fFjf
Jofh glt/] ;f] lwtf] hdfgt /fv]sf] h]yfaf6
c;"npk/ ug{ d~h"/Lsf] lnvt u/L C0f lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . lnPsf] C0fsf] Joxf]g{' kg]{ bfloTj lgh
C0fL ;'/G] b| ;fxn] gJoxf]/k] l5 cyf{t\ C0fsf]
;fFjf Jofh a}s
+ nfO{ gj'emfPkl5 C0f kjf{x ug]{
a}s
+ n] lbPsf] C0f c;"n u/L lng lwtf] hdfgtdf
/flvPsf] h]yfaf6 g} C0f c;"nL ug{ ;Sg]
b]lvG5 .
%= h]yf lwtf] hdfgL /fvL C0f lng]
lgh C0fLn] a}+saf6 lnPsf] C0fsf] ;Ffjf Jofh
tf]lsPsf] ;dodf tf]lsPadf]lhd j'emfpFb} hfg'
kg]{df gj'emfO{ a}+s;+usf] ;Dks{ljxLg ePkl5
klg a}+saf6 k6sk6s t/ tfs]tf u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . a}+saf6 k6sk6s t/ tfs]tf ubf{
klg lgh C0fLn] cfgf] bfloTj k"/f u/]sf]
cj:yf b]lvGGf . o;/L C0fL;+u a}s
+ n] k6sk6s
u/]sf] kqfrf/ ;d]tnfO{ j]jf:tf ub}{ lghn]
cfgf] bfloTj k"/f gu/L a}+ssf] ;Dks{df g}
gcfP kl5 ljkIfL a}+sn] C0fsf] ;fFjf Jofhsf]
/sd j'emfpg sfg"gadf]lhd ldlt @)^#.(.^
ut] /fli6o :t/sf] klqsf /fhwfgL b}lgsdf
lgh C0fLnfO{ shf{ j'emfpg Nofpg' egL #%
lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
/fli6o :t/sf] b}lgs klqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt
u/L ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] s'/fdf k|fs[lts Gofo
l;4fGtljk/Lt lnnfd ePsf] eGg] lgj]bsxsf]

1852

*(#$ clg?b|sd' f/ ;fx ;d]t lj=s[lif ljsf; a}s

+ ln=;'g;/L ;d]t

egfOdf s'g} ;Totf b]lvGg . olt dfq xf]Og

;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt ePkl5 klg ;f]
Dofbleq C0fsf] ;fFjf Jofh gj'emfO{{ a;]kl5
klg tTsfn} lnnfd ePsf] cj:yf geO{ To;sf]
s]xL jif{ kl5 k'gM ldlt @)^&.#.!* ut]sf]
/fli6o :t/sf] g]kfn ;dfrf/ kq b}lgsdf
lwtf] /x]sf] pQm h]yf hUuf lnnfd x'g] ;"rgf
k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . of] ;"rgf k|sflzt
ePkl5 klg C0fL :jo+ jf lghsf 5f]/f oL
lgj]bsx a}+sdf uO{ ;f] C0f r'Qmf u/]sf]
b]lvGg . lnnfd;DaGwL sf/jfxLsf] ;fj{hlgs
;"rgf klqsfdf k|sflzt u/L 8fFs lnnfd
j9fj9f/f j9L 8fFs jf]Ng]nfO{ lnnfd u/]sf]
tYonfO{ cGoyf eGg] cj:yf klg b]lvb}g .
To;df klg o:tf] lnnfdsf] 8fFs g]kfnL gful/s
hf] h;n] klg af]nL lng ;Sg] x'Fbf ljkIfL
/fh]zs'df/ ;fxn] ;j} eGbf j9L 8fFs jf]nL
lnnfd hUuf :jLsf/]sf]nfO{ u}/sfg"gL eGg]
klg ePg .
^= sd d"Nofg u/L lnnfd ePsf] eGg]
lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] tk{m x]bf{ klxn] cfk"mn] a}s
+ df
lwtf] hdfgL lb+bf slt d"No sfod u/L h]yf
lbPsf] xf] ;f] d"No eGbf sd d"Nofg ePsf] eGg]
cj:yf 5}g . hxfF;Dd rng rNtLsf] jf /lhi6z
\] g
k|of]hgsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd\ d"No eGbf sd
eof] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] 5 To;tk{m x]bf{ d"Nofgsf]
cfwf/df dfq lnnfd ug'k{ g]{ eGg] a}s
+ tyf ljQLo
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)%* / a}s
+ tyf ljQLo
;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL lgodfjnL, @)%( n] Joj:yf
u/]sf] b]lvFbg} . To;df klg ;fj{hlgs kdf
jf]nkq cfXjfg u/L j9fj9 u/L lnnfd ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] Go"gtd\ d"No sfod ul/Psf]

csf] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf klg /xFbg} . t;y{ lwtf]

/flvPsf] h]yf hUufsf] lwtf] /fVbf sfod ul/Psf]
d"Nofg eGbf sd d"Nofg ePsf] eGg] gx'bF f
cGofo k"0f{ / u}/sfg"gL 9+un] d"Nofg u/L lnnfd
ePsf] eGg] lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g] cj:yf /x]g .
&= l/6 lgjb]gdf lgj]bsn] d"ne"t kdf
lnnfd ab/sf] dfu u/]sf] 68\sf/f] kdf b]lvG5 .
t/ lnnfd e} bf=vf=btf{ ;d]t eO ;s]sf]] o;
cj:yfdf lnnfd ab/sf] nflu oL lgj]bsx
;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntdf ph"/L lnO{ hfg
;Sg] / ;f] cbfntaf6} k|df0fsf] d"Nofg u/L
ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f x'g] a}s
+ lNks pkrf/sf] dfu{
x'bF fx'b} c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qaf6 af]Ng ldNg]
klg x'bg} . ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qaf6 ljjfb ;dfwfg
ug{ ;lsg] a}s
+ lNks pkrf/sf] ljBdfgtf eP\;Dd
cbfntn] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] dfWodaf6
x:tIf]k ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g .
*= t;y{ dfly plNnlvt cfwf/
sf/0faf6 l/6 lgj]bssf lktf ;'/]Gb| ;fxn]
ldlt @)^).(.@( df ls=g= &@ sf] )^!)
hUuf lwtf] lbO{ ljkIfL s[lif ljsf; a}+s zfvf
sfof{no b'xjLaf6 C0f lnP kl5 efvfsf]
cjlwe/ ;Dks{df g} gcfO{ s'g} vf]h vj/
gu/L ;fFjf Jofh ltg{ guPsf] cJf:yfdf a}+sn]
lnPsf] C0f j'emfpg Nofpg k6sk6s kqfrf/
ubf{ ;d]t j]jf:tf u/]sf]n] sfg"gL k|lqmof k'ofO{
/fli6o :t/sf klqsfdf C0f j'emfpg cfpg]
eGg] ;"rgf k|sflzt ubf{ ;d]t C0fL ;'/]Gb|
;fx tyf lghsf 5f]/f oL lgj]bsx ;d]tn]
s'g} vf]h vj/ / rf;f] gb]vfO{ a;]kl5 ldlt
@)^&.#.!* ut] g]kfn ;dfrf/ kqdf lwtf]
lnnfd x'g] ldlt @)^&.%.# egL ;fj{hlgs

1853

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] ;"rgfsf]

;dofjlwdf ;d]t a}+ssf] C0fsf] ;fjf Jofh
ltg]{ j'emfpg]tk{m /lQe/ rf;f] glbO{ C0fL /
C0fLsf 5f]/f oL lgj]bsx j;]kl5 C0fLn]
C0f lnbfs} cj:yfdf lwtf] /flvPsf] hUufsf]
;do ;Ldfleq C0f glt/] ;f] lwtf] hUufaf6
c;"n u/L lng' egL d~h"/L u/L xs kl/Tofu
u/]sf] ;d]tsf cj:yfdf sfg"gL k|lqmofadf]lhd
ljlw;Ddt tj/af6 lwtf] hUuf lnnfd
j9fj9df ljkIfL /fh]zs'df/ ;fxn] j9L df]ndf
j9fj9af6 ;sf/ u/]sf] e} lghsf gfddf bf=vf=
btf{ ;d] t e} ; s] k l5 xfn cfP/ C0fLsf
5f]/fxn] a}+ssf] C0f c;"nL k|lqmofnfO{
lgik|efjL / lg:t]h t'Nofpg] u/L ;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]qsf] lgoldt k|lqmofaf6 ljrlnt e}
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If] q u| x 0f u/L lbPsf]
lgj] b gaf6 lgj] b sxsf] ;+ j } w flgs xs
clwsf/df cf3ft k'u]sf] eGg] cj:yf gb]lv+bf
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g] 7x/]sf]n] o; cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^&.!!.!( df hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z
lgik|of]hg lxg ePsf]n] lgliqmo x'g] 7x5{ .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L j'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

lg0f{o g+=*(#%
;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
)^$CI))#(, !@&&
km};nf ldltM @)^(.^.!$.!
d'2fM s/f/adf]lhd lx;fj u/fO{ kfpFm .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff tyf
v]ns"b dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 sf=d'= ;lrj
afnfgGb kf}8n
]
lj?4
ljkIfL jfbLM P;=kL=g]kfn OG6/k|fOh]h uf]u+ a'
sf7df8f}s
F f tkm{af6 k|fk] f| O6/ lrtjg
lhNnf k6LofgL uf=lj=;= j8f g+=@ a:g]
;'efif/fh s8]n
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=!! lqk'/Z] j/l:yt
/fli6o v]ns'b kl/ifb\sf tkm{af6 P]=sf
;lrj hLjg/fd >]i7
lj?4
ljkIfL jfbLM P;=kL= g]kfn OG6/k|fOh]h uf]u+ a'
sf7df8f+s
} f tkm{af6 k|fk] f| O6/ lrtjg
lhNnf, k6LofgL uf=lj=;= j8f g+=@
a:g] ;'efif/fh sF8n
]

Gof=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{

z'? km};nf ug]M{

df=Gof=>L zDe'/fd sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn r}q @$ ut] /f]h ^ z'ed======
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|;fb ;+hn
]
df=Gof=>L b'uf{k;
| fb pk|t] L
df=Gof=>L xl/axfb'/ a:g]t

&

1854

*(#% lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfno lj=P;=lk=g]kfn OG6/k|fOh]h ;d]t

b'Ok{ IfaLr s/f/adf]lhdsf] /sd lng]lbg]

af/] ljjfb rNb} ubf{ d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0fsf]
l;h{gf eO g;s]sf] cj:yfdf afFsL
/sd a'emfpg Nofpg' egL jfbLnfO{ kq
n]va] f6 dfq d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f l;h{gf
ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ x'bF f s/f/sf b'j} kIfn]
cfkmgf] cfr/0faf6 s/f/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbPsf] b]lvPsf]n] d'2f ug'{kg]{ sf/0f
pTkGg x'bF fsf ;dodf axfn /x]sf] P]gsf]
cfwf/df k|:t't d'2f P]gsf] xbDofbleq}
/x]sf] b]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
s/f/sf kIfxnfO{ s/f/sf zt{x
sfg"g;/x nfu" x'G5 . s/f/sf] o;
Joj:yfadf]lhd jfbLn] bfjL u/]adf]lhd
geO{ of] olt l;6 ;+Vof 36\g uPsf]
xf] / ;f]afkt 36]sf] /sd olt g} xf]
egL j:t'lgi7 kdf v'nfpg g;s]sf]n]
clvn g]kfn km'6jn ;+3 / k|x/L
;d] t n] l6s6 lnPsf] eGg] b] l vg
cfpF5 . o;af6 klg nu]sf] ;a} l6s6
;+Vofadf]lhdsf] /sd ltg'k{ g]{ eGg] k'li6
x'g gcfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z
yfkf / ljfg clwjQmf tf/faxfb'/
l;6f}nf
ljkIfLsf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx afns[i0f
g]pkfg], ;ltzs[i0f v/]n / lzjk|;fb
l/hfn
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM

km};nf
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.!).!$ sf]
km} ; nfpk/ k| l tjfbLxsf] o; cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg k/L Gofo k|zf;g P]g,@)$* sf] bkmf
(-!_ adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leqsf]
k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo;lxtsf] 7x/ o;
k|sf/ 5 M
cf7f} blIf0f PlzofnL v]ns"bsf] pb\3f6g
;dfkg Pj+ ljleGg k| l tof] l utfsf] nflu
?=@,%^,)@,%)). sf] l6s6 ljqmL ug]{ af]nkq
cfJxfg ePsf]df ?=!,%!,)&,&&. a'emfpg] u/L
jf]nkq k]z u/L ?=(),))))). a/fj/sf] a}s
+
Uof/]G6L /flv;s]kl5 jf]nkqadf]lhdsf] l6s6
pknJw u/fpg g;Sg] egL l6s6 36fO{ ldlt
@)%^.^.% df laleGg lbgsf] nflu ljleGg
k|ltof]lutfsf] hDdf ?=!,@%,#!,@%). a/fj/sf]
l6s6 pknJw u/fpg] u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf] /
;f]xLadf]lhdsf] l6s6 e/kfO{ u/L a'emL lnO{
l6s6 ljqmL ljt/0f ul/Psf] d f 6] G 8/
cfJxfgadf]lhd jfFsL jf]nsjf]n :jLsf/ ul/Psf]
/sd ?=!,%!,)&,&&&. df cfJxfgadf]lhd
pknJw u/fpg g;s] s f] l6s6sf] d" N o
?=!,#),&!,@%). ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf @ adf]lhd
36fO{ aFfsL x'g cfpg] d}n] a'emfpg' kg]{
?=@),#^,%@& . dWo] clvn g]kfn km'6jn l6dn]
/ ;'/Iff lgsfon] lnPsf] l6s6sf] ?=$,)*,))).
/ lt/L ;s]sf] ?=!&,)),))) . ;d]t ubf{ a9L
x'g uPsf] ?=&!,$&#. lkmtf{ kfpg] u/L lx;fj
u/fO{ a}s
+ Uof/]G6L /fv]sf] /sd / hUuf ;d]t
km'sj' f u/fO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lkm/fb
bfjL .

1855

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

ljkIfL lkm/fbLn] o; ;lrjfnosf] s]

s:tf] sfdaf6 s] s:tf] xs clwsf/sf] xgg\
ePsf] xf] . ;f]sf] :ki6 lhsL/ lng;Sg' ePsf]
5}g . ljkIfL sDkgL / lj3l6t blIf0f PlzofnL
v]ns'b sfo{sf/0fL ;ldltaLr ePsf] s/f/gfdf
;DaGwL ljifonfO{ o; ;lrjfnonfO{ ljkIfL
agfpg' kg]{ s'g} cf}lrTo 5}g . t;y{ ljgf cfwf/
k|df0fsf] lkm/fb bfjL vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL k|ltjfbL
>L % sf] ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfnosf] tkm{af6
k/]sf] k|ltpQ/kq .
cf7f} + blIf0f PlzofnL sfo{ s f/0fL
;ldltsf] / ljkIfLsf aLrdf ePsf] elgPsf]
s/f/adf]lhd s;/L lx;fj /fli6o v]ns'b
kl/ifb\af6 x'gk' g]{ xf] . /fli6o v]ns'b kl/ifb\;u+
ljkIfLsf] s'g} s/f/ ePsf] 5}g / s/f/ ePsf] 5
egL lkm/fbdf eGg ;s]sf] ;d]t 5}g . dGqfno
/ lkm/fbLsf aLr s:tf] s/f/ eof] jf ePg eGg]
ljifodf kl/ifb\sf] s'g} e"ldsf gePsf] x'b+F f lkm/fb
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] /f=v]=k= sf] tkm{af6
k/]sf] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ .
lkm/fbsf] k|s/0f g+=& df s/f/sf] zt{ g+=!!
adf]lhd /fv]sf] lwtf] km'sj' f ul/kfpFm eGg] bfjL 5 .
pQm ldltdf ePsf] elgPsf] s/f/ o; a}s
+ ;+u u/]sf]
klg xf]Og . s/f/df g} a}s
+ Uof/]G6L s/f/sf] bf];f| ]
kIfn] km'sj' f ug]{ s'/f ePsf] eGg] lkm/fbLsf] n]vfO{
5 . To;df klg ljkIfLn] a}s
+ Uof/G6L km'sj' f dfu]sf]
xf] jf a}s
+ df /fv]sf] lwtf] km'sj' f dfu]sf] xf] < o;
a}s
+ sf] s] s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfLn] o;
a}s
+ ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg'kof], ;f] s]xL gv'nfO{
c:ki6 dfubfjLnfO{ vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
s[lif ljsf; a}s
+ a}ls sfof{no gf/fo0f3f6sf] tkm{af6
k/]sf] k|ltpQ/kq .

laqmL ljt/0f gePsf] l6s6

;lrjfnodf lkmtf{ u/L o;sf] /]s8{ /fVg'kg]{
v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf ;lsPsf] ^ lbgleq bf];|f]
kIfn] k|yd kIfnfO{ plNnlvt ljj/0f pknJw
u/fpgkg]{df ;f] gul/Psf], jfbLn] e/kfO{ u/L
j'em]/ nu]sf] ;Dk"0f{ l6s6x ljqmL gePsf]
eP oyfl:yltdf lkmtf{ a'emfpg' kg]{ bfloTj
jfbLsf] xf] . jfbLnfO{ cf7f} blIf0f PlzofnL
v]ns'b sfo{qmdsf] l;nl;nfdf v]ns'b:ynsf]
l6s6 ljqmLafkt a'emfpg aFfsL ?=(&,&^,)@&.
a'emfpgsf nflu k6sk6s df}sf lbFbf ;d]t
a'emfpg gNofPsf]n] s/f/gfdfsf] bkmf (
adf]lhd k|fKt a}+s Uof/G6L jf w/f}6L /sdaf6
/ ;f]af6 c;"npk/ gePdf jfbLsf] hfoh]yfaf6
c;"npk/ ug]{ u/L k|lqmof cufl8 al9;s]sf]
;Gbe{df skf]nslNkt / e|fds bfjL lnO{ cfPsf]
b]lv+bf lkm/fb bfjL vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] >L %
sf] ;/sf/ lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfnosf]
tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] k|ltpQ/kq .
o;df cfkm} n ] kfPsf] l6s6sf]
%(=))*( k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?=&#,($%%@ .
jfbLn] a'emfpg' kg]d{ f !&,)),))). a'emfO{ ;s]sf]
$,)*,))). l6s6sf] d"Noaf6 36g uPsf] x'bF f
ltg'k{ g]{ /sd &#,($,%%%@ . dWo] ?=%@,*^,%%@
afFsL g} b]lvbf jfbLn] bfjL lnPadf]lhd j'emfpg'
kg]{ /sd r'Stf gePsf] cj:yfdf bfjLadf]lhdsf]
lwtf] km'sj' f x'g ;Sg] b]lvPg . dfly plNnlvt
tYo;d]t s]nfO{ lx;fj u/L x]bf{ jfbLaf6
?=(&&#,)@& kfpg' kg]{ eGg k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ /
j9L uPsf] ?=&!,$&# lkmtf{ kfpFm eGg] jfbL
bfjL;d]t k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).!!.!# sf] km};nf .

1856

*(#% lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfno lj=P;=lk=g]kfn OG6/k|fOh]h ;d]t

jfbLn] ?=!,%!,)&&&& . a'emfpg] u/L

af]nsaf]n u/]sf] t/ 7]sb] f/n] ?=!,@%,#!,@%).
a/fj/ l6s6 j'emL lnPsf]df ;f]dWo] g]kfn k|x/Lsf]
lhDdf e} kl5 lkmtf{ ePsf] ?=!,%%,%)). df
l6s6 afx]s ?=!,@#,&%,&%). a/fj/sf] l6s6
ljqmL ul/Psf x'g . s/f/gfdfsf] zt{ @ cg';f/
7]sb] f/n] ?=!,@%,#!@%). a/fj/sf] l6s6 j'em]sf]
k| x /L lhDdf /x] s f] !,%%,%)). 36fO{
?=!@#,&%,&%). sf] l6s6 ljqmL u/]sf]df ;f]
/sddf ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ @ cg';f/ art x'g]
?=*,((,&@#. 36fO{ jfFsL ?=!,!$,&^,)@&. dWo]
!&,))))). a'emfPsf] / ?=(&,&^,)@& a'emfpg
jf+sL /x]sf] cj:yfdf ?=%@,*^,%%@ . dfq
j'emfpg jfFsL 7xofO{ ul/Psf] z'? sf7df8f}+
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ xF'bf ab/
ul/kfpFm eGg] lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfnosf]
tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
@)%^.^.% df ;Demf}tf xFb' f ljkIfL
k|ToyL{ jfbL;Fu ?=&%,#!,@%). sf] l6s6 dfq
bf];f| ] kIfn] kfpg] u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
t/ sfuh k|df0f x]bf{ jfbLn] ?=!,@%,#!,@%).
sf] l6s6 a'emL laqmL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;Demf}tf
eGbf jl9 l6s6 j'emL nu]sf] sf/0fn] ljkIfLn]
jf]nkqdf plNnlvt /sd j'emfpg' kg]d
{ f To;f]
ubf{ lghnfO{ sf/f]jf/ u/]afkt d'gfkmf gx'g]
ePsf]n] ;f]afkt ?=*,((,&@#. / k|x/Ln] ljqmL
ug{ glbPsf] ?=!,%%,%)). 5"6 ubf{ afFsL x'g
cfpg] /sd !,!$,&^,)@& af6 klxnf
j' e mfO;s] s f] ?=!&,)))). s6[ f u/L
?=(&,&^)@&. a'emfpg' kg]d
{ f ;f] ge} cGoyf
ePsf] sf7df8f+} lhNnf cbfntsf] z'? km};nf

ab/ u/L jfbLn] j'emfpg' kg]{ ?=(&,&^)@&.

lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfnonfO{ j'emfpg / ;f]
r'Stf gePdf lghn] /flvPsf] a}s
F Uof/]G6L /
;f] a f6 ;d] t /sd gk' u ePdf lghsf]
3/3/fgfaf6 ;d]t c;"npk/ u/L lng kfpg]
u/L Gofo kfpFm eGg] /fli6o v]ns"b kl/ifb\sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
s/f/sf] bkmf @ df af]nsaf]n cdf
k|ltzt lgsfnL pknJw gu/fPsf] l;6 36fpg]
eGg] k|fjwfg gePsf]df jf]nsjf]n c
?=!,%!,)&&&&. df ?=!,#),&!@%). 36fpg' kg]d{ f
lhNnf cbfntn] s/f/sf] bkmf @ sf] unt
JofVof u/L k|ltzt lgsfnL ?=!#)&!@%).
36fPsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ u/L z'? jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL ;'efif/fh s8]nsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
z'? sf7df8f+} lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf
km/s kg]{ ;Sg] b]lv+bf k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ k]z ug'{
eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.^.@#
sf] cfb]z .
sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ldlt
@)%^.^.% sf] ;Demf}tfsf] zt{g=+ @ ljk/Lt xFb' f
pN6L eO{ ;Demf}tfsf] k|yd kIfn] pknJw u/fPsf]
l;6 ;FVof ;Demf}tfeGbf 36L ePsf] x'bF f ;f]sf]
lx;fjaf6 x'g cfpg] /sd k'g/fj]bs jfbLn]
j'emfO;s]sf] b]lvbf ;Demf}tfsf] ;t{ g+=!!
adf]lhd k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] /fv]sf] lwtf] km'sj' f
ul/lbg' kg{] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
ldlt @)^#.!).!$ sf] km};nf .
lkm/fbLn] tYonfO{ e|dk"0f{ kdf pNn]v
u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ dfq cfwf/ agfO{ km};nf ePsf]
5 . ljkIfLnfO{ hDdf ?=!,@%,#!,@%). a/fj/sf]

1857

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

l6s6 pknJw u/fPsf] b]lvg] cfwf/x ljkIfLn]

l6s6 j'emL lnO{ ul/lbPsf] e/kfO{ tyf lx;fj
ljj/0f;lxtsf] kmfOn /]s8{af6 b]lvG5 . af]nkq
ubf{ /sd @,%^,)@%)) . dfu ePsf]df k]z
ePsf] af]nkqsf] cfwf/df pknJw u/fpg ;lsg]
l6s6 tyf l;6 ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df l;6 ;+Vof
afktsf] /sd ?=!,#),&!,@%). pQm dfu ePsf]
jf] n kqdf 36fO{ jfF s L /xg cfpg] /sd
?=!,@%,#!,@%). sf] l6s6 ljkIfLn] a'emL lnPsf]
e/kfO{af6 b]lvg cfpF5 . t;y{ ljkIfLn] a'emfpg
aFfsL g} /x]sf] ?=(&,&^,)@&. b]lvPsf]df
?=%@,*^,%%@ . dfq j'emfpg afFsL b]lvPsf]
egL sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf
xfdLn] kfpg' kg]{ yk /sd ?=$$,*(,$&%. sf]
xb;Dd ab/ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
k"/} ab/ u/L ?=(&,&^,)@& . ljkIfL jfbLn] g}
j'emfFpg afFsL /x]sf] 7x/ u/L lkm/fb vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] lzIff dGqfnotkm{af6 o; cbfntdf
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
;+Demf}tfsf] zt{adf]lhd ;Demf}tfsf]
;DaGwdf /fo jfe]mdf ;lrjfno lzIff dGqfnosf]
lg0f{o clGtd x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf]df cbfntn]
km};nf ubf{ clwsf/If]qfTds q'l6 u/]sf] 5 .
l;6 ;+Vofdf ;Demf}tf kl5 klg yk36 ePdf
;f]xL cfwf/df jf]nkqsf] c sfod ul/g]5
eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . t/ l;6 ;+Vof 36]df
jf]nkqsf] cdf 36]sf] l;6sf] k"/} d"No 36fO{
af+sL /sd dfq a'emfpg] egL q'l6k"0f{ JofVof
ul/Psf] 5 . 5fgaLg ;ldltn] ?=(&,&^,)@&
a'emfpg' kg]{ k|ltj]bg lbPsf] 5 . ljkIfLn] /fv]sf]
gfkmfsf] nIo ?=*,((,&@# gfkmf lbbfF ljkIfLn]
?=!,!$,&^,)@& a'emfpg' kg]d
{ f !&,)),))).

a'emfO{ ;s]sf] blv+bf gk'u ?=(&,&^,)@& a'emfpg

af+sL b]lvG5 . l6s6sf] d"No xr'jfsf] e/df
36fO{ jfbLn] j'emfO{ ;s]sf] 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] /fli6o
v]ns"b kl/ifb\sf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df oL k| l tjfbL k' g /fj] b s /
ljkIfLaLr ldlt @)%^.^.% df s/f/ ;DkGg
ePsf] b]lvG5 . s/f/nfO{ lnP/ s/f/adf]lhd
lx;fj u/fO{ kfpFm eGg] ljjfb ldlt @)%&.@.$
df pTkGg ePsf] eGg] uf]/vfkqsf] ;fj{hlgs
;"rgfaf6 b]lvG5 . lkm/fb ldlt @)%*.(.!^ df
kl5 nfu" ePsf] s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] xbDofbnfO{
lnP/ btf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . oL kIf ljkIfLaLr
s/f/ adf]lhd lx;fj u/fO{ kfpFm eGg] ljjfb
@)%&.@.$ df pTkGg ePkl5 tTsfn k|rlnt
s/f/ ;DaGwL sfg"g s/f/ P]g,@)@# sf] bkmf
!*-@_-u_ adf]lhd ;f]xL sfg"gsf] xbDofbleq
lkm/fb ug{k' g]d
{ f kl5 nfu" ePsf] sfg"g s/f/
P]g, @)%^ sf] xbDofbsf] cfwf/df bfo/ ePsf]
lkm/fb vf/]h ug'k{ g]d
{ f OG;fkm u/]sf] km};nf
km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lv+bF f ;f] ;d]tsf cfwf/df
5nkmnsf] nflu ljkIfLnfO{ lemsfO{{ k]z ug'{
eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.^.!( sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg kq
;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog ul/of] .
k'g/fj]bsxdWo] /fli6o v]ns'b kl/ifb\sf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt /xg'ePsf ljfg clwjQmf >L
tf/faxfb'/ l;6f}nfn] /fli6o v]ns'b kl/ifb\sf]
o;df k|ToIf ;+nUgtf 5}g . ;f] cf7f+} ;fkm u]d
;lrjfno xfn lj36g e};s]sf] 5 . ljkIfL

1858

*(#% lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfno lj=P;=lk=g]kfn OG6/k|fOh]h ;d]t

jfbLn] g} ;fkm u]d cfof]hsnfO{ ?=!,!$,&^)@&

a'emfpg' kg]{ x'G5 eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'e{ of] .
k'g/fj]bsdWo]sf lzIff dGqfno ;d]tsf
tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt /xg' e Psf] ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z yfkfn] ldlt @)%^ .
^.% df ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . of] ;Demf}tf
s/f/ P]g, @)@# cGtu{t ePsf]n] ljjfb l;h{gf
ePsf # dlxgfleq lkm/fb cfpg' kg]d
{ f gof+
s/f/ P] g , @)%^ cfO{ ;s] k l5 k' / fgf]
P]gadf]lhdsf] xbDofb ;lsO{ ;s]kl5 lkm/fb
k/]sf] 5 . gofF P]gadf]lhdsf] xbDofb cfslif{t
x'g ;Sb}g . () nfvsf] a}s
+ Uof/]G6L /fv]kl5
!^ nfvsf] dfq l6s6 nu]sf] eGg] xFF'b}g .
af]nkqdf s] 5 eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . km};nfdf
ljkIfLn] l6s6 slt nu]sf] eGg] :ki6 5}g .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt /xg'ePsf
ljfg clwjQmfx afns[i0f g]pkfg] , ;ltzs[i0f
v/]n / lzjk|;fb l/hfn ;d]tn] () nfvsf]
a}+s Uof/]G6L :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 kIfxnfO{
s/f/ sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'G5 . ljkIfL dGqfnon]
kq n]v]kl5 ljjfb l;h{gf ePsf]n] ldlt
@)%*.$.@( df d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f k/]sf] dfGg'
kb{5 . To;}n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf
;b/ sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't
ug'e
{ of] .
plNnlvt sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'e{ Psf]
ax; lhsL/;d]t ;'gL x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g / k'g/fj]bsxsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf], xf]Og egL lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, g]kfndf ;DkGg

cf7f} blIf0f PlzofnL v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfsf] l6s6
ljqmL ljt/0fsf] nflu af]nkq k]z ug{ cfAxfg
ul/Psf]df ?=!,%!,)&,&&&. sf] af]nkq k]z
u/]sf]df ljkIfL v]ns'b sfo{sf/0fL ;ldlt /
lkm/fbLsf aLrdf ldlt @)%^.^.% df ePsf]
s/f/sf] zt{ g+=@ sf] cfwf/df 36\g uPsf] l;6
;+Vofsf] x'g cfpg] !,#),&!,@%). /sd
af]nsaf]n caf6 36fpFbf ?=@),#^,%@&. dfq
j'emfpg' kg]d
{ f k|x/L / km"6jn ;+3n] nu]sf]
l6s6sf] /sd;d] t 36fpF b f d lkm/fbLn]
?=!^,@*,%@&. dfq a'emfpg' kg]{ 7x/ u/L a9L
uPsf] ?=&!,$&#. ljkIfLaf6 e/fO{ lwtf] km'sj' f
ul/kfpFm eGg] lkm/fb bfjL ePsf]df lkm/fb bfjL
gk'Ug] egL z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6
ePsf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 pN6L
eO{ jfbLn] /fv]sf] lwtf] km'sj' f u/L lbg] u/L
km};nf ePsf] /x]5 .
#= ljkIfL jfbLn] ?=!,@%,#!,@%). sf]
l6s6 a'emL nu]sf] / To;af6 ?=(&,&^,)@&.
a'emfpg aFfsL g} /x]sf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t ljkIfL lzIff
dGqfno / v] n s' b kl/ifb\ ; d] t sf] o;
cbfnt;dIf 5'f5'} k'g/fj]bg k/L lg0f{ofy{
k]z ePsf] /x]5 .
$= k|:t't d'2fdf xbDofb gf3L lkm/fb
k/]sf] 5 egL ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt sfg"g Joj;foLn] ax;sf] qmddf pNn]v
u/]sf] x'bF f ;j{ky| d tT;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{
ePsf] 5 . oL k|ltjfbLn] z'? k|ltpQ/ lkm/fpFbf
k|ltpQ/kqdf xbDofb gf3L lkm/fb k/]sf] egL
lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvPg . ax;sf] l;nl;ndf

1859

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

xbDofbsf] k|Zg p7fPsf] ;Dd b]lvof] . k|:t't

ljjfbsf] s/f/ cf7f}+ blIf0f PlzofnL v]ns'b
sfo{sf/L ;ldlt / P;= lk =g]kfn OG6/k|fOh]h
aLrdf ldlt @)%^.^.% df cf7f}+ ;fkm u]dsf]
l6s6 ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ ljifodf ;DkGg ePsf]
b]lvg cfpF5 . s/f/sf] Ps kIf /x]sf] pQm sfo{
;ldlt e e} ;f]sf] / ;f]sf] ;Dk"0f{ bfloTj
lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnodf cfPsf] eGg]df
klg ljjfb 5}g . ;f] s/f/gfdfsf] zt{ g+= !# df
of] s/f/gfdfsf] ;dofjlw @)%^.^.% b]lv
@)%^.^.@% ;Dd /xg]5 egL pNn]v ePsf]
kfOG5 . tyflk ;f] s/f/gfdfadf]lhd s/f/sf
kIfxn] cf-cfm"n] kfngf ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj k"/f
u/]sf] jf s/f/sf] p2]Zoadf]lhd v]nsf] sfo{qmd
;lsPsf] eP klg s/f/sf kIfxn] k"/f ug'k{ g]{
bfloTj k"/f ul/;s]sf] kfOb}g . ;f] s/f/df
ldlt @)%^.^.% b]lv @)%^.^.@% ;Dd s/f/
cjlw axfn /xg] elgPklg ;f] cjlwleq ;Dk"0f{
s/f/adf]lhdsf] sfo{ / bfloTj k"/f eO{ g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf :jtM s/f/sf] cjlw ;dfKt eO{ bfloTj
jxg ug{ gkg]{ eGg ldNb}g . s/f/ ;DkGg
x'bF+ fsf avt s/f/ P]g, @)@# jxfn /x]sf] eP
klg ;f] P]gnfO{ s/f/ P]g, @)%^ n] vf/]h
ul/;s]sf] 5 . k'/fgf] P]g vf/]h eO{ gofF P]g
cfO;s]sf]df ;f] gofF P]gn] k'/fgf] P]gadf]lhd
eP u/]sf sfdnfO{ klg lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] x'G5
eGg] sfg"g JofVofsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt xf] .
$= ldlt @)%^.^.% df ;DkGg
s/f/adf]lhdsf]] v]ns'bsf] sfo{qmd ;DkGg
e};s]sf]df ljjfb 5}g . ldlt @)%^.^.@% ;Dd
s/f/ jxfn /xL ;f] ldltkZrft\ s/f/ cjlw
;dfKt x'g] elgPsf] 5 . t/ s/f/df 3f]lift

kdf @)%^.^.@% ;Dd jxfn /xL tt\kZrft\

s/f/ cjlw ;dfKt x'g] egL lnlvt kdf
JoQm ul/Psf] eP klg oL s/f/sf kIfaLrdf
lx;fj lstfj km/kmf/s ug]{ / cfkm"n] k"/f
ug'k{ g]{ s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f ePsf] eGg] b]lvb}g .
;fkm v]n ;DkGg e};s]kl5 ;f]sf] % lbgleq
lx;fj r'Stf ug'k{ g]d
{ f ljkIfL lkm/fbLn] g} ;f]
bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] / lzIff tyf v]ns"b
dGqfnon] g} lkm/fbLaf6 ?=(&&^)@&. lng'kg]{
afFsL /x]sf]] egL k'g/fj]bg kqdf pNn]v u/]sf]
kfOG5 . o; cbfnt ;dIfsf] k'g/fj]bgkqdf
k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb lbg] xbDofb gf3L ;s]sf]
egL lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOb}g . oL k'g/fj]bsn] g}
ljkIfLaf6 lng afFsL pQm /sd j'emfpg jfFsL
/x]sf] 7x/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ lnPsf]
kfOG5 . ?=(& nfv lkm/fbLaf6 g} cfkm"n] kfpg'
kg]{ eGg] lzIff dGqfnon] k'g/fj]bgkqdf lhsL/
lnPsf] ePklg ;f] adf]lhd cfkm"n] lkm/fb bfjL
ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf b'Ok{ IfaLr
pQm s/f/adf]lhdsf] /sd lng]lbg] af/] ljjfb
rNb} ubf{ d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0fsf] l;h{gf eO g;s]sf]
b]lvG5 . lzIff dGqfnon] ldlt @)%*.$.@( df
afFsL /sd a'emfpg Nofpg' egL jfbLnfO{ kq
n]va] f6 dfq d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f l;h{gf ePsf]
dfGg'kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . o;/L k|:t't d'2fdf s/f/sf
b'j} kIfn] cfkmgf] cfr/0faf6 s/f/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbPsf] b]lvPsf]n] d'2f ug'{kg]{ sf/0f pTkGg
x'bF fsf ;dodf axfn /x]sf] P]gsf] cfwf/df
k|:t't d'2f P]gsf] xbDofbleq} /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
%= ca k|:t't d'2fdf s] slt /sd sf]
s;n] j'emfpg' kg]{ xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{, k|ltjfbLaf6 ?=@,%^,!@,%)). sf] 6]08/

1860

*(#% lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfno lj=P;=lk=g]kfn OG6/k|fOh]h ;d]t

cfAxfg ePsf]df oL jfbLn] ?=!,%!,)&,&&&.

af]nsjf]n u/L 6]08/ lbPsf] eGg]df ljjfb /x]sf]
5}g . ldlt @)%^.^.% df b'O{ kIfaLr ;DkGg
ePsf] s/f/sf] zt{ g+=@ adf]lhd pQm af]n
sjf]nsf] cdf ;Demf}tf xFb' f 36\g uPsf] l;6
;+Vofsf] l6s6 /sd 36fO{ af+sL /xg cfpg]
/sd dfq bf];f| ] kIfn] k|yd kIfnfO{ e'QmfgL
ug'k{ g]{ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm /sd
a/fa/sf] l;6 ;+Vof 36]sf] 5}g egL k|ltjfbL
tkm{af6 cfwf/;lxt v08g k|:t't ePsf] 5}g .
o;af6 6]08/ kmf/fddf cfXjfg ul/Psf] / jfbLn]
af]nsjf]n u/]sf] v]ns'b sfo{qmdsf bz{sxnfO{
pknAw u/fOg] ;a} :t/ / ;+Vofsf] l;6 oL
jfbLnfO{ pknAw gu/fO{Psf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 .
;f]xL s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ @)%^.^.% sf]
s/f/gfdfdf zt{ g+= @ /flvPsf] kfOG5 .
^= o; k|sf/ ;Demf}tfadf]lhd 36\g uPsf]
l;6 ;+Vofsf] x'g cfpg] /sd ?=!,#),&!,@%).
egL jfbLn] bfjL u/]sf]df ;f] l;6 ;+Vofafktsf]
/sd s6fO{ afFsL x'g cfpg] /sd k|yd kIfn]
a'em\g] egL ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v eO;s]kl5 o;nfO{
oL k'g/fj]bsn] kfngf ulb{g eGg ldNg] xf]Og .
s/f/sf kIfxnfO{ s/f/sf zt{x sfg"g;/x
nfu" x'G5 . s/f/sf] o; Joj:yfadf]lhd jfbLn]
bfjL u/]adf]lhd geO{ of] olt l;6 ;+Vof 36\g
uPsf] xf] / ;f] afkt 36]sf] /sd olt g} xf] egL
a:t'lgi7kdf k'g/fj]bsn] v'nfpg ;s]sf]
b]lvb}g . o;sf ;fy} oL ljkIfL jfbLaf6 clvn
g]kfn km'6jn ;+3 / k|x/L ;d]tn] l6s6 lnPsf]
eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . o;af6 klg oL k'g/fj]bsn]
lhsL/ lnPadf]lhdsf] ljkIfL jfbLn] nu]sf] ;a}
l6s6 ;+Vof adf]lhdsf] /sd jfbLn] ltg'k{ g]{ eGg]

k'li6 x'g cfp+bg} . ;Demf}tfsf] zt{adf]lhd 36\g

uPsf] l;6 ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df x'g cfpg] /sd
afx]s cfk"mn] a'emfpg'kg]{ /sd ljkIfL jfbLn] oL
k'g/fj]bsnfO{ j'emfO;s]sf] eGg]df ljjfb /x]sf]
5}g .
&= o;sf ;fy} 8]9 bzs cufl8sf]
pQm s/f/adf]lhd jfbLn] /fv]sf] a}s
+ Uof/]G6L
klg km'sj' f e};s]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . cbfntsf]
km};nfn] ;f] km'sj' f ePsf] / To;nfO{ /f]Sg] yk
k|of; k'g/fj]bsf/f eP ul/Psf] 5}g . jfbLn]
pNn]v u/]sf] l6s6sf] ;dli6ut ;+Vofdf laleGg
:t/ / ;+Vofsf] l;6 laqmLsf nflu pknAw
gu/fOPsf] cj:yfdf s/f/adf]lhdsf] k"/} /sd
jfbLaf6 k|ltjfbLn] k|fKt ug]{ cj:yf /x]g .
*= t;y{ dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ /
k|df0faf6 z'? km};nf pN6L u/L jfbLn] a'emfpg'
kg]{ /sd k|ltjfbLnfO{ a'emfO;s]sf] egL jfbLn]
/fv]sf] lwtf] km'sj' f u/L lbg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.!).!$ sf] km};nf
ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . ljkIfL lemsfpFbf
lnPsf] cfwf/;+u of] Ohnf; ;xdt x'g ;s]g .
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .
bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5'' .
Gof=k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f]h !$ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t M r'/fdg v8sf

1861

&

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

lg0f{o g+=*(#^
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
)^^CI)*!%
km};nf ldltM @)^(.&.@#.#

;do;Dd cfgf] OR5fcg';f/ hUufsf]

k|of]u ug{ glbO{ ljgf k|of]hg /f]Ssf
/fvL cNemfO{ /fVg] sfo{nfO{ Gofof]lrt\
dfGg g;lsg] .
hUuf /f]Ssf g/x]s} sf/0fn] dfq} ;f]
hUufsf] btf{ ab/nufotsf sfg"gL
k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg g;lsg] cj:yf
g/xg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_

d'2f M k/dfb]z .
k'g/fj]bs ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf
k'g/fj]bs ljkIfLM u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{no,
1fg]Gb|k;
| fb kf]v/]n
dxf]Q/L ;d]t
k| T oyL{ lgj] b s tkm{ a f6M ljfg clwjQmf
lj?4
;ltzs'df/ emf
k|ToyL{ lgj]bsM lhNnf dxf]Q/L /fduf]kfnk'/ cjnlDat ghL/M
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # a:g] /fdljnf; dxtf] ;Da4 sfg"gM
sf]O/L
km};nf
z'? lg0f{o ug]{ M
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{M Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
df=Gof=>L nf]sG] b| dlNns
@)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-s_ cGtu{t o; cbfntdf
df=Gof=>L sf]dngfy zdf{
k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
Pj+ o; cbfntsf] lg0f{o o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
of] o:tf] k|of]hgsf] nflu /f]Ssf /fVg]
d lgj]bssf] gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] lhNnf
egL u'7L ;+:yfgaf6 s'g} lg0f{o e} ;f] dxf]Q/L /fduf]kfnk'/ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt j8f
lg0f{osf cfwf/df /f]Ssf g/x]sf]df bfjLsf] g+= @-v_ ls=g+= $*, ls=g+= !@^ / ls=g+= !@&
hUuf laqmL ljt/0f tyf xs x:tfGt/0f sf] hUuf u'7L /}tfg gDa/L hUuf /x]sf] tYonfO{
ug{ gkfpg] u/L s/La @@ jif{;Dd /f]Ssf :jLsf/ u/L ;fljsb]lv xfn;Dd kf]t a'b}
/fv]sf] t/ ;f] ;DaGwdf 5fgaLgsf] s'g} cfPsf] / u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{no dxf]Q/Lsf]
sf/jfxL k|f/De;d]t gu/]sf] l:yltdf /;Lbdf klg /}tfg gDa/L egL pNn]v ePsf]
Pp6f lglZrt\ k|lqmofcg';f/ s;}sf cj:yfdf u' 7 L ;+ : yfg dxf] Q /Ldf ldlt
gfpFdf hUuf xs x:tfGt/0f e} k"hf{ @)$&.!@.@* sf] kq / ;f] cfwf/df ldlt
;d]t k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf nfdf] @)^%.@.@# df u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{no
1862

*(#^ u'7L ;+:yfg sfof{no dxf]Q/L ;d]t lj= /fdljnf; dxtf] sf]O/L

dxf]Q/Ln] km's'jf gug]{ u/L u/]sf] cfb]z

sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf] k|i6 x'bF f k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
k|of]u u/L d]/f] gfpFsf] dfly plNnlvt hUuf
km'sj' f ug{ k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bgkq .
af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt
hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf Dofb
hf/L u/L k7fpg' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt hgsk'/sf] cfb]z .
ljkIfLn] bfjL lnPsf hUufx u'7L
;+:yfgsf] xf] eGg] s'/f ljkIfLn] l/6 lgj]bgdf g}
:jLsf/ ug'{ ePsf] 5 . o;/L u'7L clwg:y
hUuf u'7L ;+:yfgsf] cg'dlta]u/ dfnkf]t
sfof{non] s'g} klg JolQm jf lgsfosf] gfddf
btf{ ug{ ldNb}g . btf{ ul/lbFbd
} f To:tf] sfg"g
ljk/Lt ul/Psf] btf{n] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg
;Sb}g . sfg"g ljk/Lt ul/lbPsf] /x]5 eg] klg
ab/ x'G5 . ljkIfLn] bfjL lnPsf] hUuf d]/f]
gfpFdf /}tfg gDa/Ldf kl/0ft ug{ kfpFm egL
ljkIfLn] o; sfof{nodf cfh;Dd s'g} lgj]bg
lbg' ePsf] 5}g . ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bs / dfnkf]t
sfof{ n osf] Ps cfk;sf] ldn] d tf] a f6
sfg"gljk/Lt ul/Psf] btf{n] dfGotf kfpg
;Sb}g . ctM o; sfof{nosf] ldlt @)$&.!@.@*
df hUuf /f]Ssf /fVg dfnkf]t sfof{no dxf]Q/Ldf
n]vs
] f] kq sfg"g;+ut x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf
sfof{no dxf]Q/L tyf P]=sf sfof{no k|dv
' sf]
;+oQ
' m lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bssf] bfjLsf] hUuf /f]Ssf /fvL
/fVg'kg]{ k|of]hg gx'bF f ;f] hUuf km'sj' f u/L lbg'
egL ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{nosf gfpFdf

k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf]

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)^^.#.#)
sf] km};nf .
u'7LnfO{ a'b} ga'emL u'7Lsf] hUuf
ljkIfLsf] gfddf ;Lw} /}tfg gDa/Ldf btf{ ePsf]
sf/0fn] g} pQm hUuf /f]Ssf /fVg' k/]sf] xf] .
o;tkm{ Goflos b[li6g} glbO{ pQm hUuf km'sj' f
ug]{ u/L k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ug]{ u/L ePsf]
cfb]z q'l6o'Qm 5 . pQm cfb]z ab/ u/L ljkIfLsf]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{no ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
o;df k|:t't d'2fsf] km};nf ubf{sf]
cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfO{ pTk|]if0fsf]
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg gePsf] / gful/s clwsf/
P]g, @)!@ cGtu{t lgif]wf1fsf] clwsf/ dfq
ePsf]df ldlt @)^^.#.#) df u/]sf] km};nfaf6
pTk|i] f0f k|sl[ tsf] cfb]z u/]sf] b]lvFbf pQm km};nf
km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf ljkIfL lemsfO{ cfPkl5
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.@.!@
sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs ljkIfLsf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L 1fg]Gb|k;
| fb
kf]v/]nn] lgj]bg bfjLsf] hUuf u'7L cwLg:y
hUuf xf] . To:tf] hUuf u'7L ;+:yfgsf] cg'dltj]u/
s'g} JolQmsf] gfddf /}tfg gDa/Ldf btf{ ug{
ldNb}g . ;f] hUuf /}tfg gDa/Ldf btf{ ug{ u'7L
;+:yfgsf] cg'dlt lnPsf] 5}g . u'7L ;+:yfgn]
hUuf /f]Ssf /fv]kl5 /f]Ssf km'sj' ftkm{ k'g/fj]bg
ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg gu/L k/dfb]zsf]
lgj]bg lnP/ cfPsf] x'bF f o:tf] cj:yfdf k/dfb]z

1863

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

hf/L ug{ ldNb}g . /f]Ssf /fVg] kq ab/ ug'k{ g]{

x'G5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf pTk|i] f0fsf] dfWodaf6
cfpg' kg]d{ f cfPsf] 5}g . k|:t't d'2fdf k/dfb]z
hf/L ug{ gldNg] x'bF f z'? k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
k/dfb]z hf/L ug]{ lg0f{o ab/ e} lgj]bg vf/]h
x'gk' 5{ egL ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] . k|ToyL{ lgj]bs_ tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L
;ltzs'df/ emfn] u'7Ln] /}tfg gDa/Lsf] hUufsf]
kf]t a'b} cfPsf] 5 . /}tfg gDa/Ldf btf{ u/fPsf]
s'/fnfO{ u'7Ln] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . u'7L ;+:yfg
P]g, @)## sf] bkmf #( n] To;/L ePsf] btf{
ab/ ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ePsf]df ;f] cg';f/
u/]sf] 5}g . u'7L ;+:yfgn] hUuf /f]Ssf /fVbf
s'g} lg0f{o u/]sf] eP ;f] lg0f{o ab/ ug]{ l:ylt
x'GYof] . oxfF To:tf] l:ylt ge} kqf/f /f]Ssf
/fv]sf] x'bF f hUufsf] /f]Ssf km'sj' f ug{ k/dfb]z
dfu ul/Psf] xf] . z'? k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
cfb]z ;b/ x'g' k5{ egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
b'j} kIfaf6 pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLn] ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'gL ;DalGwt
ldl;n cWoog u/L k|:t't d'2fdf z'? k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] OG;fkm ldn]sf] 5 ls 5}g / ljkIfLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] g;Sg] s] /x]5 ;f]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 .
@= o;df d]/f gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] ls=g+=
$* ;d]tsf hUuf u'7L ;+:yfg dxf]Q/Lsf] kqaf6
/f]Ssf /xg uPsf] x'bF f pQm hUuf km'sj' f ug{
k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL
/ lgj]bsn] bfjL lnPsf] u'7L clwg:y hUuf
u'7L ;+:yfgsf] cg'dltj]u/ u}/sfg"gL kdf
btf{ ePsf]n] ;f] hUuf /f]Ssf /fVg dfnkf]t
sfof{nonfO{ n]vs
] f] kq sfg"g;Ddt ePsf] x'bF f

l/6 vf/]h x'gk' 5{ eGg] u'7L ;+:yfgsf] lnlvt

hjfkm b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 hUuf
km's'jf ul/lbg k/dfb]z hf/L ePpk/ o;
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] /x]5 .
#= o;df lgj]bsn] bfjLsf ls=g+= $*,
ls=g+= !@^ / ls=g+= !@& ;d]tsf hUuf
/fdljnf; dxtf] sf]O/Lsf gfddf btf{ ;|:] tf
sfod u/L hUuf wgL btf{ k|df0fk"hf{ lbg] u/L
dfnkf]t sfof{no dxf]Q/Laf6 ldlt @)$).#.(
ut] lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . u'7L ;+:yfg, dxf]Q/L
u'7L tx;Ln tyf vr{ sfof{non] hUuf /f]Ssf
/flvlbg] egL dfnkf] t sfof{ n o dxf] Q /L
hn]Zj/nfO{ ldlt @)$&.!@.@* df n]vs
] f] kq
Joxf]/f x]bf{ /fduf]kfnk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @v
ls=g+= $*, ls=g+= !@^ ;d]tsf] hUuf u'7L
clwg:y hUuf b]lvPsf]df u'7Lsf] :jLs[lt j]u/
g} txfFsf] ldlt @)$).#.( sf] lg0f{oaf6 /fdljnf;
dxtf] sf]O/Ln] /}tfg gDa/Lsf] k"hf{ lnPsf] b]lvPsf]
;f] af/] 5fgaLg sf/jfxL ug'k{ g]{ x'bF f ;f] hUuf
laqmL ljt/0f x:tfGt/0f gx'g] u/L /f]Ssf /fvL
hfgsf/L k7fO{ lbg' x'g cg'/f]w ul/G5 eGg]
Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
$= plNnlvt kqsf cfwf/df hUuf /f]Ssf
/fv]kZrft\ ;f] kqdf n]lvPcg';f/sf] lgj]bsn]
bfjLsf] hUufsf] /}tfg gDa/Lsf] k"hf{ lnPsf
;DaGwdf s'g} 5fgaLg u/]sf] cyjf hUufsf]
btf{ ab/sf ;DaGwdf s'g} sfg"gL k|lqmof
cjnDag u/]sf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvb}g .
u'7L ;+:yfgsf] pQm kqsf] Joxf]/f x]bf{ of] o:tf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu /f]Ssf /fVg] egL u'7L ;+:yfgaf6
s'g} lg0f{o e} ;f] lg0f{osf cfwf/df /f]Ssf /x]sf]
eGg] klg b]lvb}g . o;/L lgj]bg bfjLsf] hUuf

1864

*(#& ;Gtf]if cf]emf lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

laqmL ljt/0f tyf xs x:tfGt/0f ug{ gkfpg]

u/L ldlt @)$&.!@.@* b]lv xfn;Dd s/La @@
jif{;Dd /f]Ssf /fv]sf] t/ ;f] ;DaGwdf 5fgaLgsf]
s'g} sf/jfxL k|f/De u/]sf] eGg] s'/f b]lvFbg} .
Pp6f lglZrt\ k|lqmofcg';f/ s;}sf gfpFdf hUuf
xs x:tfGt/0f e} k"hf{ ;d]t k|fKt u/L ;s]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] JolQmnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd cfgf]
OR5fcg';f/ hUufsf] k|of]u ug{ glbO{ ljgf
k|of]hg /f]Ssf /fvL cNemfO{ /fVg] sfo{nfO{
Gofof]lrt\ dfGg ;lsb}g . csf]t{ km{ hUuf /f]Ssf
g/x]s} sf/0fn] dfq} ;f] hUufsf] btf{ ab/
nufotsf sfg"gL k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg g;lsg]
cj:yf klg b]lvFbg} . o:tf] l:yltdf lgj]bg
bfjL cg';f/sf] hUuf /f]Ssf /fvL /fVg' kg]{
k|of]hg gb]lvPsf] x'bF f hUuf km'sj' f ul/lbg
k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] b]lvg cfof] .
%= ctM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/n]
lgj]bg bfjL cg';f/sf] hUuf km'sj' f ul/lbg'
egL ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{nosf gfpFdf
k/dfb]z hf/L ug]{ u/]sf] ldlt @)^^.#.#) sf]
cfb]z ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . ljkIfLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fsf]
nut bfo/Laf6 sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .

lg0f{o g+=*(#&
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e6[
;+jt\ @)^^ ;fnsf] )^^CR))^*
km};nf ldltM @)^(.)$.@(.@
d'2f M gful/stf .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lhNnf lrtjg, kl6xfgL
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ! a:g] ;Gtf]if cf]f
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM k|x/L lg/LIfs /fdaxfb'/ >]i7 ;d]tsf]
k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn ;/sf/
z'? km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L xl/s'df/ kf]v/]n
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L e"kWjh clwsf/L
df=Gof=>L df]xgk|;fb l3ld/]

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof=k|f=8f=et/axfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn sflQs @# ut] /f]h # z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t M Clif/fd cfrfo{

&
1865

Pp6} ck/fwsf] ;DaGwdf cnucnu

sfg"gcGtu{t sf/jfxL x'g ;Sg] cj:yf
b]lvPdf ;f]xLcg';f/ d'2f rnfpg' /
;hfo ug'{ ;d]tnfO{ bf]xf]/f] vt/fsf]
l;4fGtljk/Lt ePsf] dfGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
cfkm\gf] ;fydf /x]sf] ;/sf/L 5fk
b:tvt ePsf] cfkm\g} gfdsf] P;=Pn=;L=
sf] nAwfkq / rfl/lqs k|df0fkqdf
cfkm\gf] hGdldlt ;Rofpg] sfo{ u/L
klxnf] s;"/ u/]sf]df ;f]xL k|df0fkqxdf
;RofOPsf] hGdldltnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|flKtsf

nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf cfj]bg kmf/fd
;d]t k]z u/]sf] sfo{af6 d'ns
' L P]g
sLt]{ sfuhsf] ! / @ g+= tyf g]kfn
gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !%
ljk/Ltsf] s;"/ 7xl/g] x'bF f pQm b'O{
cnu cnu sfo{nfO{ Pp6} s;"/ xf]
egL eGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf o'j/fh
;'j]bL
k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)%^, c &, lg=g+= ^&%* k[= %$*
g]sfk @)^) c @, lg=g+= *#@! k[= #)(
g]sfk @)^$ c (, lg=g+= &*&* k[= !!*!
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f !!-$_
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f
!$-@_
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
@$-^_
d'ns
' L P]g cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] *% g+=
sLt]{ sfuhsf] !, @ / !@ g+=
g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !%
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_
/ -v_

km};nf
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] LMk'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8fsf] ldlt @)^%.!).!( sf] km};nfpk/
lrQ ga'L k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 d'2f bf]xf]ofO{
kfpFm egL o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bgcg';f/
o; cbfntaf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf !@-!_-s_ / -v_ adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]ofO{

kfpg] lg:;f k|bfg eO{ bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't

d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/sf] Joxf]/f o;
k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
lhNnf lrtjg kl6xfgL, uf=lj=;= j8f
g+= ! a:g] >LsfGt cf]fsf] 5f]/f ;Gtf]if cf]fn]
cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] P;=Pn=;L= sf] nAwfkq
kqdf / rfl/lqs k| d f0fkqdf hGdldlt
@)$#.&.!$ ut]af6 ;RofO{ sLt]{ u/L ldlt
@)$%.&.!$ agfO{ sLt]{ u/L sLt]{ ul/Psf] z}lIfs
k|df0fkq ;+nUg /fvL g]kfnL gful/stfsf]
k|df0fkq lng lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no lrtjgdf
em"7f ljj/0f pNn]v u/L cfj]bg u/]sf] x'bF f lgh
JolQmpk/ cg';Gwfg ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|=lg= /fdaxfb'/ >]i7sf] k|ltj]bg .
d}n] cfkm\gf] P;=Pn=;L= sf] nAwfkqdf
/ rfl/lqs k|df0fkqdf /x]sf] hGdldlt @)$#.&.!$
ut]nfO{ cfkm}n] ;RofO{ sLt]{ u/L ldlt @)$%.&.!$
agfO{ ;f] sfuhftx ;d]t ;+nUg /fvL g]kfnL
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lngsf] nflu lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no, lrtjgdf cfj]bg u/]sf] x'F eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fn] cg';Gwfg
clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg sfuh .
lhNnf lrtjg, kl6xfgL uf=lj=;= j8f
g+= ! a:g] ;Gtf]if cf]fn] em"7f ljj/0f pNn]v
u/L g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lng lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no, lrtjgdf cfj]bg u/]sf] eGg]
;'gs
] f] x'F eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] pdfsfGt kFug] L,
/ ;Ltf Gof}kfg] ;d]tn] ul/lbPsf] 36gf ljj/0f
sfuh .
k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fn] em"7f ljj/0f
e/L gflu/stf k|fKt ug{ cfj]bg u/]sf] k|ltjfbL
nIdLk|;fb cf]f, ob'gfy cfrfo{, d}of lj=s=,
dgf]/y dxtf], u0fklt kf}8n
] , lji0f'sd
' f/ nfdf
/ xl/snf cf]f ;d]tn] em"7f ljj/0fnfO{ ;fFrf]

1866

*(#& ;Gtf]if cf]emf lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

xf] egL ;h{dLg ;gfvt;d]t u/L lbO{ tyf

csf{ k|ltjfbL d'lQmgfy 9sfnn] em"7f ljj/0fnfO{
;fFrf] xf] egL l;kmfl/z ;d]t u/L g]kfn
gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% sf] s;"/
u/]sf] b]lvFbf lgh k|ltjfbLxnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf !% adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpg dfubfjL
lnO{ kqmfp k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fnfO{ o;}
cleof]u ;fy k]z ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
cleof]ukq .
k|ltj]bgadf]lhd d}n] em"7f ljj/0f lbPsf]
xf]Og . d]/f] hGd @)$% ;fndf g} ePsf] xf] .
rfl/lqs / dfs{zL6sf] k|df0fkqdf @)$# n]vs
] f]
x'Fbf @)$% agfO{ ;RofO{ hGdbtf{cg';f/
gful/stfsf] nflu cfj]bg k]z u/]sf] x'F . cleof]u
bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo x'gkg]{ xf]Og eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fn] z'? cbfntdf
u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fn] P;=Pn=;L=
sf] k|df0fkq;d]t ;RofPsf] g;RofPsf] dnfO{
yfxf 5}g . lgh k|ltjfbL d]/f] bfh'sf] gflt
ePsf] x'bF f hGdldlt @)$%.&.!$ g} xf] . lghsf]
hGdldlt @)$#.&.!$ egL s] s;/L n]vfP
dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . d}n] cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd
;h{dLg d'rN' sfdf em"7f] Joxf]/f n]vfPsf] 5}g .
d]/f] ulNt gx'bF f dnfO{ ;hfo x'gk' g]{ xf]Og eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL nIdLk|;fb cf]fn]
z'? cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fn] gful/stfsf
nflu rflxg] cfj]bg kmf/d e/L ;f] kmf/ddf
lghsf] cfdf xl/snf cf]fn] ;d]t ;gfvt
u/L lbPsf] x'bF f ;f]xL ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df e'=k'=
hgk|ltlglw eO{ sfd u/]sf] x'bF f d}n] ;f]}
lx;fjn] lrg]sf] cwf/df ;f] d'rN' sfdf ;xL u/L
lbPsf] x'F o;df d]/f] uNtL h:tf] nfUb}g . ;Gtf]if

cf]fn] sxfF slt ;fn egL hGdldlt n]vfP

;RrfP To; af/]df s]xL yfxf 5}g . d]/f] uNtL
gePsfn] dnfO{ cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo
x'g'kg]{ xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
lji0f'sd
' f/ nfdfn] z'? cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]f d]/f] l5d]sL x'g .
lghn] gful/stf lngsf nflu cfj]bg lbO{
;h{dLg d'rN' sf x'bF f lbbL d}n] gful/stf lgsfNg'
kof] ;h{dLg d'rN' sfdf ;xL u/L lbg' eg]sf]
x'Fbf d}n] ;xL u/L lbPsf] x'F . lgh ;Gtf]if
cf]fn] / lghsf] cdfn] hGdldlt @)$%.&.!$
xf] egL eg]sf] x'bF f d}n] klg ;f]xL cfwf/df
lghsf] hGdldlt @)$%.&.!$ xf] egL ;lx5fk
u/L lbPsL x'F . lghn] sxfF s] slt hGdldlt
n]vfPsf lyP jf ;RrfPsf lyP, lyPgg\ To;
af/]df dnfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g . d}n] cleo]u
bfjLadf]lhdsf] s;"/ gu/]sf] x'bF f dnfO{ ;hfo
geO{ em"7f bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL d}of lj=s= n] z'? cbfntdf
u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]f d]/f] l5d]sL x'g .
lgh ;Gtf]if cf]fn] gful/stf agfpg' kof]
cn ;h{dLg d'rN' sfdf ;xL u/L lbg' kof]t
eg]sf] / lghsf] cfdfn] ;d]t gful/stfsf] cfj]bg
kmf/fddf ;d]t ;xL u/L jxfFn] ;d]t ;Gtf]ifsf]
hGdldlt @)$%.&.!$ xf] egL eGg' ePsf] x'bF f
;f]xL cwf/df d ;d]tn] ;h{dLg d'rN' sfdf ;xL
u/L lbPsf] x'F . ;Gtf]if cf]fn] s'g s'g 7fpFdf
slt hGdldlt /fv]sf] lyP / ;RrfPsf lyP jf
lyPgg\ xfdLnfO{ yfxf x'g] s'/f] klg ePg . d}n]
cleof]u bfjLadf]lhdsf] s;"/ gu/]sf] x'bF f ;hfo
kfpg' kg]{ xf]Og ;kmfO kfpg' k5{ h:tf] nfU5
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ob'gfy cfrfo{n]
z'? cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .

1867

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]f d]/f] 5f]/f x'g\ .

lgh ;Gtf]if cf]f ldlt @)$%.&.!$ ut] hGd]sf
x'g\ . ;f]xL adf]lhd hGdldlt @)$% ;fns}
ePsf] Joxf]/fsf] hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq klg ag]sf]
5 . d cgk9 dlxnf x'bF f ;Gtf]ifsf] :s"nsf]
egf{ ubf{ s] slt ;fn egL n]lvof] Tof] dnfO{
yfxf ePg . ;Gtf]if cf]fn] nAwfkq ;d]tdf
hGdldlt ;RrfPsf] eGg] klg yfxf ePg . d}n]
t hGd]sf] @)$% ;fnd} ePsf] x'Fbf ePsf]
;TotYo s'/f gn'sfO{ d}n] gful/stf cfj]bg
kmf/fddf ;gfvt u/L lbPsf] x'F . k|:t't d'2fdf
d]/f] ;+nUgtf 5}g . d}n] cleof]u bfjLadf]lhdsf]
s;"/ gu/]sf] x'bF f dnfO{ ;hfo x'gk' g]{ xf]Og\ .
d}n] ;kmfO kfpg' k5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL xl/snf cf]fn] z'? cbfntdf u/]sf]
aofg .
k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]f, >LsfGt cf]f
/ xl/snf cf]fsf 5f]/f x'g\ . d}n] lghnfO{
/fd|f;
] uF lrGby] . lghsf] gful/stf lgsfNgsf
nflu ;h{dLg d'rN' sf x'bF f lgjt{dfg j8f cWoIf
lji0f'sd
' f/ nfdf / j8f ;b:o nIdLk|;fb cf]f
;d]t ;fIfL / /f]xa/df a;L d'rN' sf ePsf]n]
jxfFxn] lghsf] hGdldlt @)$%.&.!$ egL
n]vfpg' ePsf]n] ljZjf;df k/L d'rN' sfdf sfd
tfd]n u/]sf] x'F . To;kl5 gful/stfsf] nflu
lbPsf] cfj]bg kmf/fddf ;Gtf]if cf]fsf] cfdf
xl/snf cf]fn] ;gfvt ;d]t u/]sf] x'bF f d}n]
;f]xL cfwf/df l;kmfl/z u/]sf] x'F . dnfO{ lghsf]
hGdldlt s] slt xf] yfxf ePg . k|ltjfbL
;Gtf]if cf]fn] nAwfkq ;d]tdf hGdldlt
;RrfP g;RrfPsf] af/] dnfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g .
gful/stf d'2fdf d}n] em"7f] ljj/0f lbO{ l;kmfl/z
u/L gful/stf lgsfNg ;xof]u u/]sf] klg xf]Og,
d]/f] ;+nUgtf s]xL 5}g . ;gfvt / ;h{dLgsf]

cfwf/df dfq d}n] l;kmfl/z u/L lbPsf] x'F . d}n]

cleof]u bfjLcg';f/sf] s;"/ gu/]sfn] dnfO{
;hfo x'gk' g]{ xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
d'lQmgfy 9sfnn] z'? cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL dgf]/y dxtf], / u0fklt
kf}8n
] sf gfpFdf z'? cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] #)
lbg] ;dfJxfg Dofb ldlt @)^#.@.!* df tfd]n
ePsf]df Dofbleq aofg ug{ gcfO{ tfd]n ePsf]
Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lvPsf] .
k| x /Ldf sfuh ug] { sdnf k+ u ] g L,
pdfsfGt k+u]gL k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]f /
xl/snfsf] ;fIfL ljZj cf] f, k| l tjfbL
d'lQmgfysf] ;fIfL dfwj zdf{ l3ld/], xf]daxfb'/
e08f/L, k|ltjfbL nIdLk|;fb cf]f / lji0f'sd
' f/
nfdfsf ;fIfL ch'g{ >]i7, k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]f,
xl/snf cf]f, / ob'gfy cfrfo{sf] ;fIfL xf]dgfy
cfrfo{ k|ltjfbL d}of lj=s=, nIdLk|;fb cf]f
/ lji0f'sd
' f/ nfdfsf] ;fIfL bftf/fd 9sfnn]
z'? cbfntdf u/]sf] askq ldl;n ;+nUg
/x]sf] .
o;df k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fn] cfkm"n]
k|fKt u/]sf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkqdf hGdldlt
36fO{ em"7f Joxf]/f n]vfO{ gful/stf lngsf]
nflu cfj]bg kmf/d e/]sf x'g\ eGg] s'/f
k|ltj]bssf] k|ltj]bg, k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfg
clwsf/L;dIf tyf cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg, 36gf
ljj/0fdf sfuh ug]{ dflg;xsf] egfO{ ;d]tsf]
cfwf/af6 cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhdsf] s;"/
u/]sf] 7x/]sf]n] lgh ;Gtf]if cf]fnfO{ g]kfn
gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% adf]lhd
?=%)). hl/jfgf x'g] 7x5{ . cGo k|ltjfbLxsf]
xsdf oL k|ltjfbLxn] cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd
cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf x'g egL jfbL kIfn] tYoo'Qm
k|df0f k]z ug{ g;s]sf]n] cf/f]lkt s;"/af6

1868

*(#& ;Gtf]if cf]emf lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z'?

lrtjg lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^#.*.!@ df
ePsf] km};nf .
o;df s;"/ 7x/ ePsf k|ltjfbLn]
cfkm"n] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] s'/f cg';Gwfg
clwsf/L tyf cbfnt ;dIf :jLsf/ u/L cfkm"n]
cfj]bg ;fy k]z u/]sf] ;h{dLg / cg';r
" L
kmf/fddf oL k|ltjfbLx /f]xj/df a;L ;h{dLg
/ l;kmfl/z u/L lbPsf] tYonfO{ aofg Joxf]/faf6
:ki6 v'nfO{ lbPsf] / ;f] tYo ldl;n ;+nUg
l;kmfl/z Joxf]/f / ;h{dLg d'rN' sfn] lgljjf{b
kdf k'li6 ul//x]sf] l:yltdf :yflkt tYonfO{
jf:tf gu/L k|ltjfbLxnfO{ ;kmfO lbg] u/L
ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ u/L ;a}
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ z'? cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8fdf
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ .
d]/f] hGdldlt @)$% ;fndf ePsf] tYo
d]/f] hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkqn] k|dfl0ft ul//x]sf]
5 . hGdldltsf] cflwsfl/s k|df0fkq hGdbtf{
g} xf] eg] ;f] hGdbtf{;uF aflg] u/L cGoq
hGdldlt n]lvg uPdf hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkqnfO{
g} dfGotf lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ ;f] tYonfO{ a]jf:tf
u/L ePsf] z'? km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ u/L
cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8fdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df ;=kmf}=k'=g+= $($ sf] ;/sf/L
5fk b:tvt ePsf] sfuh sLt]{ d'2fdf ljkIfL
lsfpg] cfb]z ePsf] / k|:t't d'2f pQm d'2f;Fu
cGt/k|efjL x'bF f g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf k|ltjfbL
;Gtf]if cf]fsf] tkm{af6 bf]xf]/f] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]n]
;"rgf lbO{ cGo k|ltjfbLx nIdLk|;fb cf]f

;d]t lsfO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]

ldlt @)^%.#.@$ df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8faf6
ePsf] cfb]z .
k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fn] nAwf\skq
;d]tdf hGdldlt ;RrfP g;RrfPsf] af/]df
dnfO{ hfgsf/L 5}g / nufpsf] sLt]{ d'2f;Fu
d]/f] ;/f]sf/ / ;+nUgtf ;d]t 5}g . k|:t't
d'2fdf j8f cWoIf, j8f ;b:o ;d]t ;fIfL /
/f]xj/df a;L ;Gtf]if cf]fsL cfdf xl/snf
cf]fn] ;gfvt ;d]t u/]sf] x'bF f ;f]xL cfwf/df
;Lkmfl/; u/]sf] x'F . t;y{ d]/f] xsdf z'? km};nf
;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lsfPsf
k|ToyL{ d'lQmgfy 9sfnn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8f;dIf k]z u/]sf] lnlvt k|ltjfb .
k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fnfO{ cleof]u
bfjLcg';f/ ;hfo u/L nIdLk|;fb cf]f, dgf]/y
dxtf], ob'gfy cfrfo{, d}ofF lj=s=, u0fklt
kf}8n
] , lji0f' s'df/ nfdf, xl/snf cf]f /
d'lQmgfy 9sfn ;d]tnfO{ cf/f]lkt s;"/af6
;kmfO lbPsf] lrtjg lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^#.*.!@ sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g]
7x5{ . jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ / k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if
cf]fsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8fsf] ldlt @)^%.!).!(
sf] km};nf .
z'? cbfntaf6 dfs{zL6df @)$# nfO{
;RofO{ @)$% agfPsf] egL cf/f]lkt s;"/
u/]df :jLsf/ u/]sf] eGg] cy{ ul//x]sf] 5 . d]/f]
hGdldlt @)$% ;fn g} ePsf] tYo d]/f]
hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkqn] k|dfl0ft ul/x]sf] 5 eg]
csf]{tkm{ a'lPsf ;fIfL k|df0fnufotsf
k|df0fxaf6 d]/f] hGdldlt @)$% ;fn g} xf]
eGg] k'li6 e}/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . a'lPsf JolQmx
sdnf k+ug] L / pdfsfGt k+ug] Ln] cbfntdf

1869

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

cfO{ jskq ubf{ ;d]t d]/f] hGdldlt @)$% g}

ePsf] egL jskq ul/lbPsf] cj:yf /
hGdldltsf] cflwsfl/s k|df0f hGdbtf{ g} xf]
eg] ;f] hGdbtf{;uF aflg] u/L cGoq hGdldlt
n]lvg uPdf hGdbtf{nfO{ g} dfGotf lbg'kg]{ /
pQm hGdbtf{ ab/ tyf vf/]htkm{ sf/jfxL
ul/Ps} cj:yf gePaf6 d}n] hfgLhfgL em"7f]
ljj/0f jf aofg lbPsf] jf cfj]bg lbPsf] xf]
eGg] cy{ nufO{ dnfO{ s;"/sf] cj:yf dfqf /
s;"/af6 JolQm jf /fHonfO{ s'g} Iflt k'us
] f]
cj:yf g/x]sf] l:yltdf klg z'? cbfntn]
ldlt @)^#.*.!@ df dnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ u/L
u/]sf] km};nfnfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8faf6 ldlt @)^%.!).!( df ePsf] km};nf
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %$ ;d]tsf cfwf/df
q'l6k"0f{ ePsfn] pQm km};nf pN6L u/L d k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLnfO{ cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO lbnfO{
kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fn]
o; cbfntdf k]z u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df lgj]bs g]kfnL gful/s ePsf]
s' / fdf ljjfb gePsf] , @)$# ;fnsf]
hGdldltnfO{ @)$% agfO{ sLt]{ u/]tkm{ 5'6}[
d'2f rn]sf], sLt]{ / gful/stf;DaGwL b'O{ k[ys
d'2f ;dfg Pp6} sfo{af6 rn]sf] / b'j} d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 s;"/ sfod eO{ ;hfo
ePsf]n] Ps} sfo{df bf]xf]/f] ;hfo eO{ tTsfn
k|rlnt g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f !$-@_ k|lts"n ePsf] tyf lgj]bs k|ltjfbL
g]kfnL gful/s ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb gePsf]n]
tTsfnLg gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% sf]
s;"/ :yflkt x'g] l:ylt gb]lvg'sf cltl/Qm g]=
sf= k= @)%^ lg= g+= ^&%* k[i7 %$* sf]
ghL/sf] klg k|lts"n ePaf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_ / -v_ cg'k d'2f

bf]xf]of{fpg] lg:;f lbOPsf] 5 . lgodfg';f/ ug"{

eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.$.@^ sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg
;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L k|ToyL{ jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh ;'jb] Ln] k|ltjfbLn]
cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] nAwfkq tyf rfl/lqs
k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt hGdldltnfO{ ;RofO{ pd]/
36fpg] sfo{ u/L ;f]xL k|df0f kqsf cfwf/df
;h{dLg d'rN' sf ;d]t u/L u/fO{ gful/stf
k|fKt ug{sf nflu cfj]bg kmf/fd e/L l;kmfl/z
;d]t u/fO{ ;DalGwt sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf]
sfo{ tTsfnLg g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf]
bkmf !% ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ ePsf]n] ;f] adf]lhd
;Gtf]if cf]fnfO{ cleof]u bfjLcg';f/ ;hfo
ug]{ u/L u/]sf] km};nfnfO{ g} ;b/ ug]{ u/L
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8faf6 ldlt @)^%.!).!(
df u/]sf] km};nf ldn]s} x'bF f o; cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^^.$.@^ df lg:;f k|bfg x'bF f plNnlvt
ePsf];uF k|:t't d'2f ;fGbles{ gePsf] / Pp6}
sfo{af6 ljleGg s;"/ x'g cfpg] cj:yf b]lvPdf
cnucnu d'2f rnfO{ cnucnu ;hfo x'g
;Sg] g} x'bF f k|:t't d'2fdf bf]xf]/f] vt/fsf] l;4fGt
cfslif{t x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8faf6 ldlt @)^%.!).!( df ePsf] km};nf
;b/ ul/kfpFm egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g'
ePsf ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfn] ug'{ ePsf] ax;
;d]t ;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf
ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof]M
-!_ Pp6} sfo{af6 p7fg ePsf] ljifodf cnu
cnu d'2f bfo/ ug{ ldNg] xf] jf xf]Og <

1870

*(#& ;Gtf]if cf]emf lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

-@_ k|:t't d'2fdf b'Oj{ 6f d'2f rnfO{ ;hfo

ubf{ To;df bf]xf]/f] vt/fsf] l;4fGt
cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] xf] jf xf]Og <
-#_ k|:t't d'2fdf o; cbfntaf6 lg:;f k|bfg
x'bF f lnOPsf cfwf/x ;fGbles{ x'g ;Sg]
g;Sg] s] xf], k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8faf6
ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5 jf 5}g, k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf]
jf xf]Og <
o;df lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbL
;Gtf]if cf]fn] em"7f ljj/0f e/L ;DalGwt
sfof{nodf gful/stf k|fKt ug{ cfj]bg u/]sf]n]
gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% adf]lhdsf]
s;"/ u/]sf] x'bF f lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf !% adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm egL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] cleof]ukqdf
z'? cbfntaf6 k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fnfO{ g]kfn
gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% adf]lhd
?=%)). hl/jfgf x'g] 7xofO{ u/]sf] km};nfpk/
lgh k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8fdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ pQm cbfntaf6 z'?
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.*.!@ sf] km};nfnfO{ ;b/
ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^%.!).!( df u/]sf] km};nfpk/
lrTt ga'L d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm egL k|ltjfbL
;Gtf]if cf]fsf tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf lgj]bg
k/L ;f] lgj]bgadf]lhd o; cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^^.$.@^ df Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf !@-!_-s_ / -v_ cg'k d'2f bf]xf]ofpg]
lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k|:t't k'g/fj]bg btf{ x'g cfPsf]
kfOof] .
@= o;df klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{,
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fn] cfkm"n] k|fKt
u/]sf] P;=Pn=;L= sf] nAwfkq / rfl/lqs

k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt hGdldlt @)$#.&.!$ nfO{

@)$%.&.!$ agfO{ sLt] { u/L plNnlvt
sfuhftxsf cfwf/df hGdldlt @)$%.&.!$
sfod u/L pQm ;RofOPsf sfuhftsf cfwf/df
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq kfpFm egL lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no lrtjgdf, lrtjg lhNnf cGtu{tsf]
kl6xfgL uf=lj=;= sf cWoIf Pj+ uf=lj=;=
;lrjaf6 l;kmfl/z ;d]t u/fO{ cfj]bg k]z
u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . lgh k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if
cf]fn] cg';Gwfg clws[t;dIf aofg ubf{ d}n]
cfkm\gf] @)^! ;fnsf] P;=Pn=;L= sf] dfs{zL6 /
:s"n Sof/]S6/ ;l6{lkms]6df ePsf] hGdldlt
@)$#.&.!$ nfO{ ldlt @)$%.&.!$ agfO{ # sf]
cnfO{ % sf] c agfO{ ;RofO{ hGdldlt em"7f]
ljj/0f lbO{ ldlt @)^@.!!.@* df g]kfnL
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq kfpFm egL lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no, lrtjgdf cfj]bg lbO{ btf{ u/]sf] x'F
egL / cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt eO{ aofg ubf{
@)$# nfO{ @)$% agfPsf] x'F egL cg';Gwfg
clws[t;dIf u/]sf] aofgnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . k|x/Ldf sfuh ug]{ sdnf k+ug] L /
pdfsfGt k+ug] Ln] cbfntdf cfO{ jskq ubf{
k|ltjfbLsf] hGdldlt @)$% ;fn sflQs dlxgf
eGg] yfxf ePsf] xf], hGdldlt s} cfwf/df
gful/stf agfpgsf] nflu kmf/fd e/]sf] xf], s'g}
abdf;L ug{nfO{ To:tf] sfd u/]sf] xf]Og egL
jskq u/]sf] kfOG5 . lgh oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
;Gtf]if cf]fsf] aofgcg';f/ x]bf{ lghn] k|fKt
u/]sf] School Leaving Certificate sf] Date of Birth
n]lvPsf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 2043.7.4 cdf 3 nfO{ 5
agfO{ ;RofOPsf] b]lvG5 eg] Character certificate
df klg 20430714 B.S. egL n]lvPsf] :yfgdf
3 sf] ;6\6f 5 agfOPsf] :ki6 b]lvg cfpF5 .
lghsf] hGdldlt v'nfO{ k7fO{ lbg lhNnf k|zf;g

1871

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

sfof{no lrtjgaf6 k=;+= !$.)^@/)^# r=g+=

^*^ ldlt @)^@.!!.@* sf] kqf/f lhNnf zLif{s
sfof{no, lrtjgnfO{ n]vL k7fPsf]df pQm
sfof{noaf6 klg lghsf] hGdldlt @)$#.&.!$
ePsf] egL r=g+= !*(# ldlt @)^@.!!.@( sf]
kqf/f n]vL cfPsf] ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftaf6
b]lvg cfpF5 . o;/L cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] cfkm\gf]
P;=Pn=;L= sf] nAwfkq / rfl/lqs k|df0fkqdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] hGdldltnfO{ ;RofPsf] s'/fdf
lgh k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]f ;fljlt g}
/x]sf] / pQm hGdldltnfO{ ;RofP kZrft\ lghn]
;f]xL cfkm"f/f ;RofOPsf] k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df
g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt ug{sf nflu
lrtjg lhNnf cGtu{tsf] kl6xfgL uf=lj=;= af6
;h{dLg;d]t u/fO{ pQm uf=lj=;=sf] cWoIfsf]
sfo{ef/;d]t ;Dxfn]sf uf=lj=;= ;lrj d'lQmgfy
9sfnaf6 ldlt @)^@.!!.@* df cfj]bg kmf/fd
k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g,
@)$( sf] cg';r
" L ! qmd;+Vof !! sf] Joj:yfnfO{
x]bf{ hf];s
' ;
} uF /xg] eP klg ;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt
jf ;f] 5fk b:tvt ePsf] jf ;/sf/L sfddf s'g}
sd{rf/Lsf] 5fk b:tvt ePsf] sfuh sLt]{ u/]sf]
d'2f ;/sf/jfbL e} rNg ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
b]lvG5 . oxfF oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fn]
b'Oj6f s;"/ u/]sf] s'/f :ki6 b]lvG5 . klxnf]
s;"/df k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nof/f lgh k|ltjfbL
;Gtf]if cf]fsf gfddf hf/L ePsf] P;=Pn=;L=
sf] dfs{zL6 / cd/ pRr dfWolds ljBfno,
kbdkf]v/L kl6xfgL, lrtjgf/f hf/L ul/Psf]
rfl/lqs k|df0fkqsf] ;Ssn k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt
hGdldltsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ ;RofOPsf] b]lvG5 eg]
bf];f| ] s;"/df ;f]xL k|df0fkqxdf plNnlvt em"7f
ljj/0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq
k|fKt ug{ uf=lj=;= sf] sfof{noaf6 ;h{dLg d'rN' sf

/ cfj]bg kmf/fddf l;kmfl/z ;d]t u/fO{ lhNnf

k|zf;g sfof{no, lrtjgdf k]z u/]sf] kfOG5 .
dfly plNnlvt ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$(
sf] cg;"rL ! sf] qmd;+Vof !! df plNnlvt
Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] cflwsfl/s
lgsfoaf6 hf/L ePsf k|df0fkqdf ;Rofpg] sfo{
u/L klxnf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 eg] ;f]xL
ldlt ;RofOPsf cfwf/df em"7f ljj/0f e/L g]kfnL
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq kfpg cfj]bg u/]sf] b]lvFbf
lghn] gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% cg';f/
s;"/ u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb /x]g . o:tf]
cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fn] cnu cnu
s;"/ u/]sf] xf]Og egL eGg ;lsg] cj:yf gx'bF f
em"7f ljj/0f e/L gful/stf lng cfj]bg u/]sf]
sfo{ 5'6}[ s;"/ eO{ / g]kfn ;/sf/ k/LIff lgoGq0f
sfof{noaf6 hf/L ePsf] P;=Pn=;L= sf] nAwfkq
/ ;DalGwt ljBfnoaf6 hf/L ePsf] rfl/lqs
k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt k|ltjfbLsf] hGdldlt
;Rofpg] sfo{ u/L d'ns
' L P]g, sLt]{ sfuhsf] ! /
@ g+= ljk/Ltsf] s;"/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf plNnlvt
km/s P]g / sfg"gcg';f/ s;"/ dflgg] cnucnu
s;"/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;Da4 P]g sfg"gcg';f/
5'6f[ 5'6}[ s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf 5'6f[ 5'6}[ s;"/sf]
nflu cyf{t\ plNnlvt km/s P]g / sfg"gcg';f/
s;"/ dflgg] cnucnu s;"/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf
5'6f[ 5'6}[ d'2f rnfpg g;lsg] eGg] cj:yf b]lvPg .
#= ca bf];|f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{,
kmf}hbf/L Gofo l;4fGtdf s;}nfO{ klg Pp6} /
pxL s;"/df b'O{k6s d'2f rnfOg] / sf/jfxL
ul/g] 5}g eGg] Joj:yfn] JolQmsf] JolQmut
:jtGqtfdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /fVb5 . o;sf]
d"n p2]Zo s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ Pp6} s;"/df
b'O{k6s vt/fdf /fVg' x'Fb}g eGg] g} xf] . olb
s'g} JolQmdfly Ps k6s s'g} s;"/ u/]sf]

1872

*(#& ;Gtf]if cf]emf lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

;DaGwdf s' g } clwsf/k| f Kt lgsfo jf

cbfntaf6 sf/jfxL eO{ ;hfo kfPsf] /x]5
eg] k'gM ;f]xL ljifodf ;f]xL JolQmnfO{ sf/jfxL
ul/g' x'Gg eGg] o;sf] dgf;fo xf] . olb Pp6}
s;"/df d'2f rnfO{ p;n] ;hfoaf6 ;kmfO
kfO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] eljiodf p ;dfhdf
lgw{Ss eP/ cfkm\gf] hLjgofkg ug{ ;Sb5 .
vf; u/L o;sf k5fl8 b'O{j6f sf/0f /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . klxnf] sf/0fdf, Pp6} ljifodf Pp6}
JolQmpk/ k6sk6s d'2f rnfpg' eg]sf] s'g}
klg JolQmdfly cGofo ug'{ xf] . o; sf/0f
o:tf] cGofo sf]xL dfly gxf];\ eGg] xf] eg]
bf];|f] sf/0fdf, /fHosf] ;|f]t ;fwg / ;dosf]
cgfjZos vr{ gxf];\ eGg] klg xf] . t/, Pp6}
ck/fwsf] ;DaGwdf cnucnu sfg"gcGtu{t
sf/jfxL x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPdf ;f]xLcg';f/
d'2f rnfpg' / ;hfo ug'{ ;d]tnfO{ bf]xf]/f]
vt/fsf] l;4fGtljk/Lt ePsf] dfGg ;lsb}g .
$= bf]xf]/f] vt/fsf] l;4fGt ;DaGwdf
ljleGg b]zdf s] s:tf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 t egL
cWoog u/L x]bf{ ;+oQ' m clw/fHosf] sfg"gL Joj:yfdf
pxL s;"/df cl3 g} d'2f k/L ;hfo kfPsf] xf];\ jf
;kmfO kfPsf] xf];\ of] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g] / bf];f| ]
k6s d'2f rnfpg kfpg] Joj:yf 5}g eg] cd]l/sL
;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/ pxL ck/fwdf
s;}sf] hLjg jf c b'O{ k6s vt/fdf /flvg] 5}g
-Nor shall any person be subject for the same
offence to be put twice in jeopardy of life or limb_
egL pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . ef/tLo ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f @) df No person shall be prosecuted and
punished for the same offence more than once egL
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt b]zxsf] ;+ljwfgdf
bf]xf]/f] vt/fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ df}lns xssf] kdf
:jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L The constitutions of

Japan

sf] Article 39 df "No person shall be held

criminally liable for an act which was lawful at the

time it was committed, or of which he has been
acquitted, nor shall he be placed in double jeopardy"

egL pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .

%= o;/L g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ljleGg
;dodf hf/L ePsf ;+ljwfgxsf] cWoog u/L
x]bf{, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f !!-$_ n]
bf]xf]/f] vt/f lj?4 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf
ul/Psf] lyof] eg] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] wf/f !$-@_ n] s'g} klg JolQmpk/
cbfntdf To;} s;"/df Psk6s eGbf a9L d'2f
rnfOg] / ;hfo ul/g] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . To;} u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f @$-^_ df s'g} klg JolQm lj?4
cbfntdf Ps} s;"/df Psk6s eGbf a9L d'2f
rnfOg] / ;hfo lbOg] 5}g egL pNn]v u/]sf]
kfOG5 . plNnlvt Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ olb s'g}
JolQmnfO{ s'g} s;"/df Ps k6s d'2f rnfO{
;s]sf] cj:yf eP o:tf] JolQmpk/ ;f]xL s;"/df
k'gM csf]{ k6s d'2f rnfpg / ;hfo ug]{
s'/fnfO{ k"0f{tof k|ltjGw nufPsf] kfOG5 .
^= bf]xf]/f] vt/fsf] l;4fGtsf af/]df
cWoog ubf{ k|fGofo -Res judicata_ nfO{ klg
Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGtsf] kdf lnOG5 . vf;
u/L of] l;4fGt cbfntL sf/jfxL;Fu k|ToIf
kdf ufFl;Psf] kfOG5 . o; l;4fGtcg';f/
s'g} ljifodf Ps k6s clGtdkdf lg0f{o
eO;s]kl5 k'gM ;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o ug'{ kb}g{
eGg]tkm{ O+lut ub{5 . o;nfO{ km};nfsf]
clGtdtfsf] l;4fGt -Finality of the judgement_
klg eGg ;lsG5 . d' n ' s L P] g cbfntL
aGbf]j:tsf] *% g+= df klg o; ;DaGwdf
c8\8fdf d'2f k/L km};nf ePkl5 ;f] km};nfpk/

1873

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

P]gadf]lhdsf] k'g/fj]bg geO{ ;f]xL d'2fdf p;}

ul8ofsf gfp"sf] lkm/fb lnO{ ;'Gg x'bg} .
lnPsf] ePklg vf/]h ul/lbg' k5{ eGg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] cgfjZos
kdf Pp6} d'2fnfO{ bf]xf]ofO{ t]x] ofO{ cbfntdf
Nofpg ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ /f]sL 5'6f[ 5'6}[ ;fj{hlgs
Pj+ JolQmut ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ k|of; u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
&= o;/L g]kfn nufot plNnlvt b]zsf
;+jw} flgs sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ Pp6} tYosf]
s;"/df s;"/bf/nfO{ Psk6s eGbf a9L d'2f
grnfOg] ljlwzf:qLo ljsf;nfO{ nf]stflGqs
Joj:yf / sfg"gsf] zf;gnfO{ dfGotf lbg] ;+ljwfg
ePsf ljZjsf clwsf+z /fi6n] :jLsf/ u/L
cfcfkm\gf] b]zsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z klg u/]sf]
kfOG5 .
*= dfly plNnlvt ljleGg b]zsf]
;+jw} flgs Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ Pp6} s;"/df s'g}
klg JolQmnfO{ Ps k6s eGbf a9L d'2f rnfOg]
/ ;hfo ul/g] Joj:yf gePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb
b]lvb}g . t/ k|:t't d'2fdf oL k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if
cf]fn] cfkm";uF /x]sf] P;=Pn=;L= sf] nAwfkq
/ rfl/lqs k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt hGdldlt
;RofO{ d'ns
' L P]g sLt]{ sfuhsf] ! / @ g+=
ljk/Lt ;/sf/L 5fk tyf b:tvt ePsf
sfuhdf sLt]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] csf]t{ km{ ;f]xL
;RofOPsf] k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt hGdldltsf
cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt
ug]{ p2]Zon] ;DalGwt sfof{nodf cfj]bg kmf/fd
;d]t k]z u/]sf] sf/0fn] g]kfn gful/stf P]g,
@)@) sf] bkmf !% sf] ljk/Lt s;"/ dflgg]
sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvFbf lghsf] s;"/sf] k|sl[ tsf
cfwf/df cnucnu d'2f rNg ;Sg] g} b]lvG5 .
Pp6} ck/fwsf] ;DaGwdf cnucnu

sfg"gcGtu{t sf/jfxL x'g ;Sg] b]lvPdf

;f]xLcg';f/ d'2f rnfpg' / ;hfo ug'n
{ fO{ bf]xf]/f]
vt/fsf] l;4fGt dfGg ;lsb}g .
(= g]kfnsf] sfg"gljk/Ltsf] ck/fwdf
ljb]zdf ljb]zL cbfntn] g]kfnsf] sfg"gadf]lhd
;hfo lbg] cj:yf /xb}g . ef/tLo b08 ;+lxtf
g]kfn clw/fHoleq nfu" x'g] g]kfnsf] sfg"g
gePsf] x'bF f ef/tdf ef/tLo sfg"gadf]lhd
sf/jfxL rn] s f] cj:yfnfO{ g] k fnsf]
sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL rn]sf] eGg gldNg] egL
/fdk|;fb l;6f}nf ;d]t lj= cg' eGg] clgtf
e6[/fO{sf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] hLp
df:g] a]Rg] d'2fdf o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;af6 JofVof eO{ l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf]
kfOG5 . -g]sfk @)^$, k';, lg=g+= &*&*, k[i7
!!*!_ eg] s[lqd n]6/ Kof8df gSsnL ;/sf/L
5fk b:tvt agfpg] sfo{, :jLs[t g} k|fKt
gu/L ljb]zL ljlgdosf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ sfo{ /
a}s
+ nfO{ 'Sofgdf kfl/ 7Ug] tLg k[ys sfg"gf/f
Jojl:yt tLg :jtGq s;"/ ePsfn] ;dfg
k|ltjfbL eGb}df bf]xf]/f] vt/fsf] l;4fGt cfslif{t
gx'g] egL b'uf{ pk|t] L lj= clgns'df/ >]i7sf]
hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] 7uL d'2fdf o;
cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ghL/ l;4fGt
;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . -g]sfk
@)^), h]7, lg=g+= *#@!, k[i7 #)(_ o;} u/L
Pp6f ck/fwdf bf]xf]/f] d'2f rnfPsf] x'bF f g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !$-@_
lj?4 ePsf] eGg] bfjL lnP/ bfo/ ul/Psf] l/6
lgj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs ck/fw / Hofg;DaGwL
ck/fw j]Unf j]Un} sfg"gn] kl/eflift u/]sf]
j]Unf j]Un} ck/fw x'g\ . sfg"gf/f lgif]lwt s'g}
sfo{ ubf{ jf ug'k{ g]{ s'g} sfo{ gubf{ Ps jf a9L
sfg"g cGtu{tsf] s;"/ x'G5 eg] To:tf] s;"/df

1874

*(#& ;Gtf]if cf]emf lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

Ps jf ;f] eGbf a9L d'2f rNg ;Sg] egL

lszf]/ >]i7 lj?4 lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no
xg'dfg9f]sf sf7df8f} ;d]t ePsf] k|ltif]w d'2fdf
-;=c= j'nl] 6g @)^), h]7 @, k[i7 !% _ o;}
cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
eO{ l/6 vf/]h ePsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 .
!)= t;y{ plNnlvt ghL/x ;d]tsf
cfwf/af6 olb s'g} JolQmn] Pp6f s;"/ u5{ /
To;af6 cnu cnu sfg"g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g]
cj:yf b]lvg cfpF5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf bf]xf]/f]
vt/fsf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'G5 eGg ldNg] cj:yf
b]lvb}g .
!!= o;} u/L t];f| ] k|Zgsf ;Gbe{df ljrf/
ubf{, o; cbfntaf6 k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs g]kfnL
gful/s ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb gePsf], @)$#
;fnsf] hGdldltnfO{ @)$% agfO{ sLt]{ u/]tkm{
5'6}[ d'2f rn]sf] sLt]{ / gful/stf ;DaGwL b'O{
k[ys d'2f ;dfg Pp6} sfo{af6 rn]sf] / b'j}
d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 s;"/ sfod eO{
;hfo ePsf]n] Ps} sfo{df bf]xf]/f] ;hfo e} tTsfn
k|rlnt g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f !$-@_ k|lts"n ePsf] tyf lgj]bs k|ltjfbL
g]kfnL gful/s ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb gePsf]n]
tTsfnLg gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% sf]
s;"/ :yflkt x'g] l:ylt gb]lvg'sf cltl/Qm g]sfk
@)%^, sflQs, lg=g+= ^&%*, k[i7 %$* sf]
ghL/sf] klg k|lts"n ePaf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_ / -v_ sf cfwf/df
d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ lg:;f k|bfg ePsf] b]lvG5 . tTsfnLg
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !$
-@_ sf] Joj:yf cWoog u/L x]bf{ s'g} klg JolQm
pk/ cbfntdf To;} s;"/df Ps k6s eGbf a9L
d'2f rnfpg] / ;hfo ul/g] 5}g egL pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2fsf ;Gbe{df ljrf/

ubf{ oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fn] cfkm\gf]

;fydf /x]sf] ;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt ePsf] cfkm\g}
gfdsf] P;=Pn=;L= sf] nAwfkq / rfl/lqs
k|df0fkqdf cfkm\gf] hGdldlt ;Rofpg] sfo{ u/L
klxnf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ;f]xL k|df0fkqxdf
;RofOPsf] hGdldltnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL g]kfnL
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|flKtsf nflu ;DalGwt
lgsfodf cfj]bg kmf/fd ;d]t k]z u/]sf] sfo{af6
d'ns
' L P]g sLt]{ sfuhsf] ! / @ g+= tyf g]kfn
gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% ljk/Ltsf]
s;"/ 7xl/g] x'bF f pQm b'O{ cnu cnu sfo{nfO{
Pp6} s;"/ xf] egL eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvb}g .
lgh k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL g]kfnL gful/s ePsf]
s'/fdf ljjfb g/x]sf] t/, g]kfnL gful/s ePs}
cfwf/df gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt ug{nfO{
cfkm\gf] ;fydf /x]sf k|df0fkqxdf lgh cfkm}nfO{
;Rofpg] clwsf/ g/x]sf] / olb ;Rofpg} k/] klg
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof ckgfO{ cflwsfl/s
lgsfoaf6 ;Rofpg kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5Fbf5Fb}
lghn] To;tkm{ s'g} k|lqmof ckgfPsf] b]lvb}g .
k|:t't d'2fdf cfkm\gf] P;=Pn=;L= sf] nAwfkq
/ rfl/lqs k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt hGdldlt
;Rofpg] sfo{ u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df gful/stf
lngnfO{ l;kmfl/z;fy cfj]bg u/]sf] sfo{nfO{
Pp6f dfq s;"/ u/]sf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPg .
!@= csf]t{ km{ lhNnf sfof{no ndh'sf]
kqn] >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj?4 1fgdfof 3tL{
;d]t ePsf] gful/stf sLt]{ d'2fdf -g]sfk
@)%^, sflQs, lg=g+= ^&%*, k[i7 %$*_
k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] ghL/nfO{ cWoog u/L
x]bf{ pQm gful/stf sLt]{ d'2fdf sLt]{ sfuhsf]
! g+= ljk/Ltsf] s;"/df ;f]xL dxnsf] !@ g+= /
g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !%
adf]lhdsf] ;hfosf] dfu bfjL lnO{ cleof]u

1875

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, r} t
@)^(,

bfjL lnOPsf] kfOG5 . pQm d'2fdf plNnlvt

tYo / k|:t't d'2fdf plNnlvt tYodf km/s 5
jf 5}g egL x]gk{' g]{ b]lvG5 . pQm d'2fdf bf]xf]/f]
vt/fsf] l;4fGtsf] af/]df s'g} ljj]rgf ePsf]
cj:yf b]lvb}g / ;fy} pQm d'2fdf k|ltjfbLxn]
d'ns
' L P]g sLt]{ sfuhsf] ! g+= ljk/Lt ck/fw
u/]sfn] 1fgdfofnfO{ sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+=
adf]lhd / kbd/fh -uf]kL_ k|;fb u'?n]
sfof{nosf] 5fk sLt]{ u/fO{ sLt]{ gful/stf
agfPdf sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+= / g]kfn gful/stf
P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm
egL k|x/L k|ltj]bg bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oxfF
em"7f] ljj/0f k]z u/L gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf]
eGg] geO{ k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] sLt]{ ;xL /
sfof{no ;d]tsf] sLt]{ 5fk s6fO{ sLt]{ u/]sf]
eGg] jfbL bfjL /x]sf] 5 / pQm d'2fdf o;
cbfntaf6 lg0f{o x'bF f bf]xf]/f] vt/fsf] l;4fGtsf]
ljj]rgf / ;Gbe{ g} /x]sf] b]lvb}g . t/, s'g}
tof/ /x]sf] ;/sf/L sfuhftdf s'g} kIfn]
;Rofpg] jf yKg] sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvb}g eg] k|:t't
d'2fdf eg] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fn]
cfkm";uF /x]sf k|df0fkqxdf hGdldlt ;Rofpg]
sfo{ u/L ;f]xL ;RofOPsf sfuhftxsf
cfwf/df gful/stf k| f Kt ug{ ;DalGwt
sfof{nodf cfj]bg ;d]t k]z u/L gful/stf
lngsf] nflu em"7f ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] cj:yf
b]lvG5 . o; cfwf/af6 x]bf{ k|:t't d'2fsf] tYo
/ o; cbfntaf6 lg:;f k|bfg ubf{ pNn]v
ul/Psf] >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj?4 1fgdfof 3tL{
;d]t ePsf] gful/stf sLt]{ -g]sfk @)%^,

sflQs, lg=g+= ^&%*, k[i7 %$*_ d'2fsf] tYo

Ps cfk;df ldn]sf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf pQm
ghL/ k|:t't d'2fdf ;fGbles{ gb]lvFbf pQm
lg:;f k|bfg x'bF f lnPsf] cfwf/;Fu ;xdt x'g
;lsPg .
!#= ctM k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfg clws[t
;dIf u/]sf] aofg sfuh tyf cbfnt ;dIf
u/]sf] ;fljtL aofg, a'lPsf dflg;xsf]
jskq tyf dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf ;+jw} flgs /
sfg"gL Joj:yf tyf k|ltkflbt ghL/ l;4fGt
;d]tdf plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 oL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fn] em"7f ljj/0f
e/L gful/stf lng cfj]bg u/]sf] sfo{ g]kfn
gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% adf]lhdsf]
s;"/ 7xofO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !% adf]lhd
k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if cf]fnfO{ ?=%)). hl/jfgf x'g]
7xofO{ ldlt @)^#.*.!@ df u/]sf] km};nfnfO{
;b/ ug]{ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8faf6 ldlt
@)^%.!).!( df ePsf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ clen]v zfvfdf a'fO{
lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=ts{/fh e6[
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ;fpg @( ut] /f]h @ ;'ed\

Ohnf; clws[tM O{Zj/Lk|;fb uf}td

&
1876