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This document contains the summary of two writ petitions filed against the National Human Rights Commission of Nepal regarding amendments made to the Service, Terms and Facilities Regulation of NHRC employees. The key points are: 1) One writ challenged provisions in the 5th amendment to the regulation which imposed certain qualifications and experience requirements only applicable to existing NHRC employees. 2) The other writ challenged the provisions in the 5th amendment regarding formation and positions in NHRC as being contrary to the Interim Constitution and Human Rights Commission Act. 3) The court observed that the amendments imposing additional qualifications interfered with fundamental rights of eligible citizens and were contrary to principles of open competition and proportionality. It issued a directive

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

149 views124 pages

70 Poush

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lg0f{o g+= ()%)

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
cfb]z ldlt M @)&).$.!&.%
)^&-WS-))^)
ljifoM pTk]i| f0f k/dfb]z .
l/6 lgj] b s M sf:sL lhNnf, n] v gfy
gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !@ 3/ eO{ xfn
sf7df8f} + lhNnf, sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= #$ afg]Zj/
a:g] clwjQmf /fddfof nfld5fg];d]t
lj4
ljkIfL M /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u,
xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/;d]t
)^&-WO-)(%^
lgj]bs M ;+vj' f;ef lhNnf, r}gk'/ ufpF ljsf;
;ldlt j8f g+= * 3/ e} xfn s6'~h] #
eQmk' / a:g] clwjQmf hok| ; fb
kf}8n
] ;d]t
lj4
ljkIfL M /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u,
xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/;d]t
s'g ;]jfdf s:tf] k|sl[ tsf] of]Uotf
cfjZos kg]{ xf] / To;sf] ;Ldfsf]
1071

lgwf{/0f s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/f Tof]

;] j fsf] ljlzi6Ls[ t cGtlg{ l xt
rl/q / sfdsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df
to x'g] .
;]jfsf] k|s[lt ;a} ;dfg x'Fb}gg\,
;]jfsf] k|s[ltcg'k s'g ;]jfsf
nflu s] s:tf zt{x tf]Sg] eGg]
s' / f klg ;DalGwt lgsfon]
lglZrt ug] { ljifo xf] . ;a}
k| s [ l tsf ;] j fdf ;dfg vfnsf
zt{x nfu" x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf
/fVg] xf] eg] ;]jfsf] df}lnstf /
To;sf] ljlzi6tf hf]lug g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!(_
/fHosf cxaf6 hgtfn] of]Uo
/ ljj] s zLn ;] j fxsf] ck] I ff
u/]sf x'G5g\ / To:tf cfjZostf
k" l t{ s f] nflu /fHon] Ifdtf
clej[ l 4sf] cj;/x lbg' k b{ 5 .
Ifdtf clej[ l 4;DaGwL cj;/sf]
dfu gu/L of] U otf / cg' e jsf]
:t/df g} k| Z g p7fpg' ;Ifd
;] j fsf] cfjZostfdf ljZjf;
ug]x{ sf] nflu ;'xfpFbf] ;f]r dfGg
g;lsg] .
s' g } pDd] f/n] cfgf] ;Lldt
of]Uotf jf cg'ejsf] cfwf/df kbLo
of]Uotf jf cg'ejsf] zt{ lgwf{/0f
ug{ vf] H g' klg :jLsfo{ x' F b } g .
cfgf] s] of] U otf jf cg' e j 5
egL x]g{'eGbf ;]jf lng] ;+:yfsf]
k|s[lt / cfkm"n] ;]jf ug{ rfx]sf]
kbsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;' x fpF b f]
of]Uotf / Ifdtf cfkm";uF+ ;'lglZrt

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

ug{ ' ;fj{ h lgs ;] j f k| b fg ug{

cfb]z
OR5' s JolQmxsf] nflu plrt
Gof=sNof0f >]i7 M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
x' G 5 egL ;DemfO{ /xg' k g] { s' / f ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, tyf !)& -!_ /
gx'g] .
-@_ adf]lhd bfo/ x'g cfPsf k|:t't l/6
-k|s/0f g+=@)_ lgj]bgxsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f kbk"lt{ ul/g] 5 M
kbdf of]Uotf tf]Sg] s'/f gLltut
k|Zg ePsf] / To:tf] kbnfO{ rflxg] )^&
))^) sf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
)^&-WS-))^)
cg' e j;d] t dfu ug' { ;] j f Joxf] / f
;~rfng ug]{ ;DalGwt P]g / ;f]
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]udf sfo{/t\\
P] g f/f u7g x' g ] lgsfosf] /x]sf sd{rf/LxnfO{ dfq lagf k|lt:kwf{ :yfoL
clwsf/sf] ljifo ePsf]n] To:tf] ug]{ u/L cfof]usf sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jf, zt{ /
ljifodf lgj]bssf] dfu s} e/df ;'ljwf;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* df ldlt
Goflos k' g /fnf] s gsf] /f] x af6 @)^%.(.@! df ul/Psf] t];f| ] ;+zf]wg tyf
x:tIf]k ul//xg ldNg] gb]lvFb}g] . ;f]xL lgodsf] cfwf/df u/]sf] ldlt @)^^.#.!!
-k|s/0f g+=#@_ sf] lj1fkgsf] lj4df clwjQmf dLgf
v8\sf;d]tn] bfo/ u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf pQm
lgj]bs tkm{af6 M ljfg clwjQmf dfwjs'df/ lgod tyf ;f]cfwf/df k|sflzt ul/Psf]
a:g]t, bLgd0fL kf]v/]n, hogf/fo0f lj1fkg;d]t ldlt @)^^.!).& df pTk]i| f0fsf]
kf}8]n, /fddfof nfld5fg], afns[i0f cfb]zn] ab/ eO{ ;a} of]Uotf k'us
] f gful/snfO{
g]pkfg]
k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug{ k/dfb]z
ljkIfL tkm{af6 M ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z zdf{ hf/L e};s]sf] cj:yfdf /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
kf}8n
] , s[i0fhLlj l3ld/], ljfg jl/i7 cfof] u sf sd{ r f/Lxsf] ;] j f, zt{ /
clwjQmfo dxfb]jk|;fb ofbj tyf ;'ljwf;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* df kfFrf}+
xl/x/ bfxfn
;+zf]wg u/L ;]jfsf] u7g / kb;d]tsf] Joj:yf
cjnlDat ghL/ M
u/L /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]udf sfo{/t\\
g]=sf=k=@)^&, c !, lg=g+=*@(@
sd{rf/Lsf] nflu pd]/sf] xb $^ jif{ / @
;Da4 sfg"g M
jif{sf] cg'ej cfjZos kg]{ zt{ pNn]v u/L
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] ldlt @)^&.!!.@& df ljleGg kbsf] nflu
wf/f !#!, !#@, !%#
lj1fkg k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 .
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%# sf]
lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg ubf{ g]=sf=k= @)^&,
c !, lg=g+=*@(@, k[i7 @) df k|ltkflbt
bkmf (
/fli6 o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u sf l;4fGtljk/Lt tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
sd{ r f/Lxsf] ;] j f, zt{ / @)^# sf] wf/f !@ -!_-@_ / -#_-r_, wf/f !#
-!_ !*, !( -!_, @!, !@^-!_, !%# tyf dfgj
;'ljwf;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%*
1072

()%) clwjQmf /fddfof nfld5fg];d]t lj= /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, xl/x/ejg;d]t

clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf @# ljk/Lt

lgodfjnL th' { d f u/L of] U otf k' u ] s f
gful/sxsf] df}lns xsdf aGb]h nufPsf]
x'gfn] To;nfO{ k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo / ab/
3f]if0ff ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bg u/]sf 5f}F .
/fli6 o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u sf
sd{ r f/Lsf] ;] j f, zt{ / ;' l jwf;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod $ df ;fljssf]
Joj:yfnfO{ kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f lj:yflkt u/L
;]jfsf] u7g / kb;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!%# n] ;]jfxsf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf
zt{x P]gf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Padf]lhd x'g5
] g\
egL ;]jfsf] u7g ug]{ clwsf/ ljwflosfnfO{
dfq k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;Lldt k|Tofof]lht
clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ lgsfo dfgj clwsf/
cfof]un] 5'} ;]jf u7g ug{ ;Sb}g . t/,
lgodfjnLdf ul/Psf] kfFrf} ;+zf]wgdf ;]jf
cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/]af6 pQm Joj:yf g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%# ;Fu
aflemPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/df cfly{s ef/ kg]{
u/L lgod agfpFbf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k/fdz{
lng'kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf ePsf]df g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k/fdz{ / :jLs[lt lnOPsf] 5}g .
;+zf]lwt lgodn] ;fljssf] lgod !@
sf] pklgod -@_ nfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L o; lgoddf
cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{ x'g] clws[t k|yd /
ltLo:t/sf] kbsf] nflu rflxg] Go"gtd z}lIfs
of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw
k|fKt u/]sf] / s'g} k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
dfGotf k|fKt ;+ul7t ;+:yf jf cGt/f{li6o ;+3
;+:yfdf clws[t:t/sf] kbdf sDtLdf qmdzM
kfFr aif{ / rf/ aif{sf] dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f
/ ;Da4{gsf] If]qdf cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf]

x'g'kg]{5 . v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfaf6 k"lt{ x'g]

dfgjclwsf/ clws[ t t[ t Lo / ;xfos
k|yd:t/sf] kbsf nflu rflxg] Go"gtd\ of]Uotf
qmdzM dfGotfk|fKt ljZjljBfno jf z}lIfs
lgsfoaf6 tf]lsPsf] ljifodf :gfts / k|lj0ftf
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/xsf] pkflw k|fKt u/]sf]
/ s'g} ;/sf/L jf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
dfGotfk|fKt ;+:yf jf cGt/f{li6o ;+3, ;+:yfdf
sDtLdf qmdzM b'O{ / Ps jif{sf] dfgj clwsf/
;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf] sfo{df ;+nUg cg'ej
k|fKt u/]sf] x'gk' g]5
{ eg]/ zt{ /flvPsf] 5 .
dfgj clwsf/ ljifodf g} :gftsf]Q/ u/]sf
JolQmnfO{ klg ;xfos k|yddf k|lt:kwf{ ug{af6
pQm Joj:yfn] al~rt u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] p2]Zo
dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u df sfo{ / t\ \ /x] s f
sd{rf/LnfO{ dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L zt{
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] tYo :yflkt 5 .
;f]xL lgod !@ df pklgod -#_ yk
u/L /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ lgsfox M /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, /fli6o ;"rgf cfof]u,
/fli6o blnt cfof]u, cflbjf;Lhghflt
pTyfg /fli6o k|lti7fg / s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f
;ldltdf c:yfoL jf s/f/ ;] j fdf
cljlR5Ggkdf sfd ul/cfPsf
sd{rf/LxnfO{ lnlvt k/LIff pQL0f{ ePkl5
cg'ejafkt k|ltjif{ @ c k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
o; k|of]hgsf] nflu clwstd\ c !% x'g5
]
eg]/ ToxfF sfo{/t\\ sd{rf/LnfO{ !% c;Dd
lbg] u/L u/]sf] Joj:yf e]befjk"0f{ 5 .
cfof]udf s/f/ ;]jfdf sfo{/t\\ /x]sf
sd{rf/LnfO{ :yfoL ug]{ pkfosf] kdf ;fljs
lgod !# -u_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSofFznfO{
;+zf]wg u/]/ k|ltaGwfTds jfSofFz g+=-@_ df
of] lgod k|f/De x'bF fsf avt cfof]udf s/f/df
/xL ;]jf ul//x]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ klxnf] k6ssf]

1073

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

lj1fkgdf pd]/sf] xb nfUg] 5}g elgPsf] 5

eg] csf]t{ km{ k|sflzt lj1fkgdf cfof]udf
sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LnfO{ $^ jif{sf] pd]/sf] xb
tf]lsPaf6 s/f/df sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lsf] pd]/nfO{
Wofgdf /flvPsf] k|i6 5 . o;}u/L ljjflbt
lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg ubf{ cfof]usf] a}7s;DaGwL
sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)%& sf] lgod ^-!_
adf]lhd a}7ssf] u0fk"/s ;+Vof;d]t gk'ofO{
ul/Psf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ;]jf k|j]zdf
cg'ejsf] dfkb08 /fv]/ k|lt:kwf{ ug{af6
al~rt x'g] u/L ePsf] pQm ;+zf]wgn] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_, !@
-#_-r_, !#, !*, !(-!_, @! tyf gful/s tyf
/fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cg'aGw, !(^^ sf]
wf/f @%-u_ f/f k|bQ clwsf/ al~rt ug's
{ f]
cltl/Qm ;+zf]lwt lgodfjnL g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%# ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf]
x'gfn] plNnlvt lgodxnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ sf] cfwf/df
k|f/Deb]lv g} ab/ u/L ljjflbt lgodsf
cfwf/df k|sflzt u/]sf] lj1fkgnufotsf
;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ ;f]xL wf/fsf] pkwf/f
-@_ adf]lhd pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L
of]Uotf k'us
] f ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL gful/sn] k|lt:kwf{
ug{ kfpg] u/L kbk"lt{ ug'{ egL k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
l/6 lgj]bg .

)^&
))^) sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf k/]sf]
)^&-WS-))^)
k"/s lgj]bg
/fli6 o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u sf
sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL
-kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] lgod
$, !@-@_-#_, !# sf] v08 -u_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds
jfSofFz tyf ;+zf]lwt cg';r
" L ! sf] -@_ sf
k|fjwfgx of] l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f
geP;DdnfO{ sfof{Gjog gug'{, gu/fpg'
oyfl:yltdf /fVg', /fVg nufpg' egL ljkIfL
lgsfoxsf gfddf ;jf] { R r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd
cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bssf tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf
kg{ cfPsf] k"/s lgj]bg .

))^) sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ePsf]

)^&
)^&-WS-))^)
cfb] z
o;df ljkIfLxsf] gfddf o;
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^*.!.*.% df hf/L ePsf]
sf/0f b]vfpm cfb]z .

))^) sf] l/6 lgj] b gdf k] z

)^&
)^&- WS-))^)
ePsf] lnlvt hjfkmsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u lj
o;cl3 bfo/ ePsf l/6 lgj]bgdf ePsf]
cfb]zsf] efjgf / dd{cg'k g} cfof]usf

))^) sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ePsf]

)^&
)^&-WS-))^)
cfb] z
o;df l/6 g+= )(%^ sf] xsdf ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLHo"xaLr cGtl/d
cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf /foafemL e} k"0f{ Ohnf;df
k]z ug'{ eGg] cfb]z e};s]sf]n] k"0f{ Ohnf;df
k]z ug'k{ g]{ ljz]if Ohnf;df k]z ePsf] b]lvFbf
;f] l/6 g+= )(%^ sf xsdf k"0f{ Ohnf;;dIf
k]z u/L k|:t't lgj]bg;d]t l/6 g+= ))^) sf
xsdf lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^*.!.@( df ePsf]
cfb]z .

1074

()%) clwjQmf /fddfof nfld5fg];d]t lj= /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, xl/x/ejg;d]t

sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL

lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] xf] . dfgj clwsf/
cfof]u P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf !* / @# n] lbPsf]
clVtof/L Pjd sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] kl/lwleq
/xL lgodfjnLdf u/]sf] ;+zf]lwt Joj:yf
;+ljwfgsf] s'g} klg k|fjwfg;Fu aflemPsf]
5}g . ;dfgxaLr c;dfg Jojxf/;DaGwL
Joj:yf pQm lgodfjnLn] gu/] s f] x' F b f
k|Tofof]lht ljwfogcGtu{t lgld{t pQm
lgodfjnLsf] s' g } klg efu ab/ ug{
ldNb}g . dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf !* / @# sf] pQm Joj:yf sfod /x];Dd
pQm P]gn] lbPsf] clVtof/LcGtu{t ag]sf
lgodfjnLnfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . o;
cfof]udf l/Qm /x]sf ljleGg kbsf] kbk"lt{
k| l qmofdf of] U otf k' u ] s f ;a} g] k fnL
gful/sxsf] ;xeflutf x' g ;Sg] u/L
k|Tofof]lht clwsf/cGtu{t lgodfjnLsf] th'd{ f
ul/Psf] / g]kfn lghfdtL ;]jf, g]kfn lzIff
;]jfnufotsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf cGo kbx
k" l t{ ug] { ;Gbe{ d f cjnDag ul/Psf
k|lqmof;d]tsf cfwf/df df}hb" f lgodfjnLnfO{
cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
sd{ r f/Lsf] ;] j f, zt{ / ;' l jwf;DaGwL
lgodfjnLn] lgj]bsxnufot s'g} klg g]kfnL
gful/sxsf] df}lns xsdf cg'lrt aGb]h
nufPsf] 5}g . hxfF;Dd ;]jf/t sd{rf/Lxsf
xsdf pd] / sf] xb gnfUg] jf s/f/sf
sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf $^ jif{ pd]/sf] xb Pj+
ljz] i f k| s [ l tsf] kbsf nflu @ jif{ s f]
cg'ej;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 pQm ljifo ljwflosL
clVtof/cGtu{t g} ul/Psf] / /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]usf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{ /
;'ljwf;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod
!@-@_-#_ / lgod !# sf] v08 -u_ sf] Joj:yf

;+ljwfgsf] s'g} klg wf/f;Fu gaflemPsf] x'bF f

ab/ x'gk' g]{ xf]Og .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !#! f/f ul7t o; cfof]unfO{ ;+ljwfgs}
wf/f !#@ f/f ;'Dk]sf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{sf
nflu gLltut s'/fsf] th'd
{ f / sfof{Gjog ug{
;Sg] u/L dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%#
sf] bkmf !* n] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . o;/L
th'd
{ f ul/Psf cfof]usf] Joj:yfkg;Fu ;Da4
sfd s'/f c;+jw} flgs 7x/ x'g g;Sg] s'/f
g]=sf=k= @)%&, c ^&, lg=g+=^(!@, k[i7
$*& df k|ltkflbt l;4fGtaf6 :yflkt 5 .
cfgf] sfo{ k|efjsf/Lkdf ;Dkfbg ug{
cfjZos kg]{ ljz]if k|sl[ tsf] hgzlQm k|fKt
ug{ cfof]un] Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sg] eGg
ldNb}g . s:tf] k|sf/sf] hgzlQm cfjZos
k5{ eGg] s'/f cfof]u;Fu ;Da4 ljifo ePsf]n]
;'lDkPsf] ;+j}wflgs lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug]{
k|of]hgsf nflu P]gn] lbPsf] clVtof/Ladf]lhd
lgodfjnL th'd{ f u/L nfu" ul/Psf] x'bF f g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] p2]Zocg'sn
" ag]sf]
lgodnfO{ cGoyf eGg gldNg] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] Ps} ldnfgsf] /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf s]bf/gfy
pkfWofo, P]=sf= ;b:oo /fdglugf l;+x /
uf}/L k|wfgsf] ;+oQ
' m lnlvt hjfkm / Ps}
ldnfgsf] P]=sf ;lrj ljzfn vgfnsf] 5'}
lnlvt hjfkm .
clwjQmf dLgf v8\sf;d]t lj
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u ePsf] d'2fdf
ldlt @)^^.!).& df ePsf] cfb]zadf]lhd
v'Nnfkdf g} kbk"lt{ ug'k{ b{5 egL d / csf{
;b:o sfnLaxfb'/ /f]sfof;d]tn] /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]u / ljwflosf ;+;bsf] dfgj
clwsf/ tyf cGt/f{li6o ;DaGw ;ldltdf

1075

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

;d]t lgj]bg lbPsf 5f}+ . ljjfbdf p7fOPsf

lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg ug{df d]/f] s'g} e"ldsf
5}g . To; ;DaGwdf dnufot ;xk|ToyL{
8f=s]=aL= /f]sfof;d]tnfO{ s'g} klg Ph]08f
cfPsf] lyPg . of]Uotf k'u]sf ;a} g]kfnL
gful/sn] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]udf l/Qm
/x]sf kbdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg'kb{5 / of]Uotf
k|0ffnLs} cfwf/df kbk"lt{ x'gk' b{5 eGg] kIfdf
d b[9 /x]sf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof] u sf ;b:o lnnf kf7ssf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
)^&
))^) sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ePsf]
)^&-WS-))^)
cfb] z
sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg cfof]usf] ;+:yfut
t/ sfo{ut :jtGqtf;Fu hf]l8Psf] ljifo klg
ePsf] / k]l/; l;4fGt;d]tn] cfof]unfO{ cfkm\gf
ultljlw ;xhkdf ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos
k"jf{wf/ x'gk' g]{ l;4fGt sfod u/]sf] kl/k]I| odf
cfof]usf] sfd sf/jfxLdf cGo ;/sf/L jf
k|zf;lgsnufotsf s'g} klg lgsfoaf6
x:tIf]k gx'g] lsl;dsf] k|zf;lgs tyf sfo{ut
:jfoQtfsf] dfqf slt x'g'kg]{ xf] < cGo
;+jw} flgs lgsfo ;/x cfof]u klg lghfdtL
sd{rf/Laf6} ;~rfng x'gk' g]{ xf] jf /fHosf]
sd{rf/L k|zf;geGbf k[ys, dfgj clwsf/
ljifosf] ;}4flGts, Jojxfl/s 1fg / bIftf
ePsf / Jofj;flostfdf cfwfl/t sd{rf/L
k|zf;g lgdf{0f / ;~rfngsf] lgldQ cfof]unfO{
k|zf;lgs :jfoQtf cfjZos kg]{ xf] jf
xf]Og < s'g} lgsfodf nfdf] ;do c:yfoLkdf
;]jf u/]sf sd{rf/Lxsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff /
;dfgtfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"ltsf] cj:yf s:tf]
/xg] xf] / ;Lldt k| l t:kwf{ / v' N nf

k|lt:kwf{aLrsf] ;}4flGts kIf / oL b'Oa{ Lrsf]

;Gt'ng s:tf] /xg'kg]{ xf] eGg] h:tf ;}4flGts
ljifodf kl5;Ddsf nflu dfu{bz{g x'g] u/L
:ki6 JofVof x'gk' g]{ cfjZostf x'bF f k|:t't
ljifo tLghgfeGbf a9L GofofwLz ePsf] k"0f{
Ohnf;af6 x]l/g' pko'Qm b]lvPsf]n] lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6
ldlt @)^*.(.& df ePsf] cfb]z .
)^&
)(%^ sf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/f
)^&-WO-)(%^
xfdL lgj]bsx dfgjclwsf/ tyf
n}ls Gofodf :gftsf]Q/ u/L dfgj clwsf/
/ ;fdflhs sfg"gL cg';Gwfg;Fu cfa4 /x]sf
5f}+ . /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] ldlt
@)^&.!!.@& sf] uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf ljleGg
^@ kbsf nflu lj1fkg cfXjfg u/]sf] 5 .
lgj]bs clwjQmf dLgf v8\sf lj4 /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u;d]t -g]=sf=k= @)^&,
c !, lg=g+= *@(@, k[i7 @)_ ePsf] l/6
lgj]bgdf ePsf] cfb]zsf] cj1f ub}{ s/f/df
lgo'lQm kfPsf sd{rf/LxnfO{ a9'jf / :yfoL
u/fpg] p2]Zon] lj1fkg v'nfOPsf] 5 . pQm
lj1fkgn] xfdL lgj]bs dWo]sf /fddfof
nfld5fg] / cd[tf y]jn
] ufot of]Uotf k'us
] f
cfd g] k fnL gful/sxsf] ;dfgtf,
/f]huf/nufotsf df}lns xsxdf aGb]h
nufPsf] x'bF f xfdL lgj]bsxn] lgDg Joxf]/fsf]
lgj]bg u/]sf 5f}+ .
d /fddfof nfld5fg]n] dfgj clwsf/
tyf n}ls Gofodf :gftsf]Q/ u/L dfgj
clwsf/sf ljleGg ljifoxdf cg';Gwfg tyf
tflndx;d]t ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsL 5' . o;sf
cltl/Qm dfgj clwsf/sf] ljleGg ljifodf
n]vx k|sfzg ug's
{ f] ;fy} n}ls Gofosf]

1076

()%) clwjQmf /fddfof nfld5fg];d]t lj= /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, xl/x/ejg;d]t

ljifodf s[ l t;d] t k| s fzg u/] s L 5' .

lgj]bsxdWo]sL d clwjQmf cd[tf y]j]
hghfltcGtu{t kb{5' / d]/f] z}lIfs of]Uotf
dfgj clwsf/ tyf n}ls Gofodf :gftsf]Q/
u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ljleGg ljifodf ljifout
tflndx;d]t ;~rfng u/]sL 5' . cfof]un]
k|sflzt u/]sf] ldlt @)^&.!!.@& sf] lj1fkg
g+= # df dfgj clwsf/ clws[t, /f=k= t[tLo
;/x kbdf (-gf}_+ hgf dlxnfsf] dfu ePsf]
5 . pQm lj1fkg xfdLnufotsf of]Uotf k'us
] f
;a} g]kfnL gful/snfO{ tf]lsPs} kbsf] cg'ej
dfluPsf] t/ nf]s;]jf cfof]un] tf]ss
] f] eGbf
leGg tyf km/s pd]/sf] xb Pj+ sfdsf] cg'ej
dfu u/]af6 pDd]f/ x'g kfpg] clwsf/nfO{
;Lldt u/]sf] 5 . of] sfo{ nf]s;]jf cfof]u /
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] efjgfljk/Lt 5 .
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u kf/bzL{ /
hjfkmb]xL lgsfo xf] . o:tf] hjfkmb]xL lgsfon]
sd{rf/L egf{;DaGwL ;+zf]lwt lgodfjnL,
@)^& lgdf{0f gug',{ lgdf{0f u/] klg ;fj{hlgs
gug',{ ;DalGwt lgsfodf gk7fO{ ;fy} ljB'tLo
dfWoddf ;d]t g/flvg'n] egf{ k|s/0fdf
ab\lgotsf] ;\st] :ki6 b]lvG5 . ;jf]R{ r
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.!).& df cfb]z x'bF f
sd{rf/L ;]jfsf] ;~rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / ljwflosL P]gsf] Joj:yf /
efjgfcg'k x'gk' g],{ ;Lldt JolQmsf] lxtdf
x'g] u/L sd{rf/L lgodfjnL ;+zf]wgf/f ;]jfsf]
zt{ lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] c;Lldt clwsf/
cfof]unfO{ /x]sf] b]lvFbg} eGg] pNn]v 5 .
pQm lj1fkg cfof]us} sd{rf/LnfO{ cg'sn
"
x'g] tyf :jtM a9'jf ug]{ jf :yfoL ug]{ k|sl[ tn]
clek|l] /t 5 . cfof]usf] ldlt @)^%.!@.( sf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ sfod ul/Psf] #)( hgfsf]
b/aGbLdWo] ldlt @)^^.#.!! df k|sflzt

lj1fkgdf k/] s f kbafx] s cGo v' N nf

k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{ ul/g] / ;Dk"0f{ of]Uotf
k'us
] f g]kfnL gful/snfO{ v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{df
;dfj]z u/fOg] eGg] cfkm}Fn] :ki6 kf/]sf]
Joxf]/f;lxtsf] lg0f{osf] lj4 x'g] u/L xfn
^@ kb dfq lj1fkgdf v'nfOg' / pd]/sf] xb
$^ jif{ /flvg'n] cfof]udf xfn sfo{/t\
sd{rf/LxnfO{ nIf ul/Psf] s'/f k'li6 x'G5 .
ctM u} / sfg" g Lkdf k| s flzt
lj1fkgaf6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, !#, !*, !(, @! f/f k|bQ
xs tyf dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL
3f]if0ffkq, !($* nufot g]kfnn] cg'df]bg
u/] s f cGt/f{ l i6 o ;lGwxf/f xfdL
lgj]bsnufot of]Uotf k'us
] f ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL
gful/sxnfO{ k|bQ u/]sf] xs xgg\ x'g uPsf]
5.
ctM dfly plNnlvt tYo, sfg"g /
ghL/;d]tsf] cfwf/df ljkIfL lgsfosf] ldlt
@)^&.!!.@& sf] uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt ePsf]
lj1fkgn] xfdL lgj]bsx;d]tsf] ;+jw} flgs
tyf sfg"gL xs xgg\ eO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifo;d]t ePsfn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd ldlt
@)^&.!!.@& sf] lj1fkg ab/ u/L cGo hf]
rflxg] cf1f cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm . ;fy} ldlt
@)^&.!@.@& ;Dd kmd{ eg]{ clGtd ldlt ePsf]
/ ;f]kl5 k/LIff sfo{qmd;d]t x'g] x'bF f of] l/6
lgj] b gsf] clGtd lsgf/f geP;Dd
k/LIff;d]tsf] sfd sf/jfxL gug'{ gu/fpg',
oyfl:yltdf /fVg', /fVg nufpg' egL ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_
adf]lhd ljkIfLxsf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6 lgj]bg Joxf]/f .

1077

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

)^&
)(%^ sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ePsf]
)^&-WO-)(%^
cfb] z
o;df ljkIfLxsf gfddf sf/0f
b]vfpm cfb]z hf/L u/L tTsfnsf] nflu
lj1flkt kbsf] kbk" l t{ ; DaGwL k/LIff
;~rfngsf] sfd sf/jfxL gug'{ gu/fpg' egL
ljkIfLsf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L x'g]
u/L o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.!).#) df
ePsf] cfb]z .
o;df /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf
sd{rf/L ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL -kfFrf}+
;+ z f] w g_ lgodfjnL, @)^& ;+ l jwfg;F u
aflemPsf] egL o; cbfntdf l/6 g+= ))^)
sf] l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ePsf] egL lgj]bs
clwjQmfxn] lhsL/ lnPsf]n] pQm l/6;d]t
;fy} /fvL lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.!.& sf] cfb]z .
o;df cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'g] gx'g]
;DaGwdf ;+ o ' Q m Ohnf;sf dfggLo
GofofwLzx Ho"sf] /fodf dt}So x'g g;s]sf]n]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod #-!_s adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;df
k]z ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^*.!.!@ df ePsf]
cfb]z .
)(%^ sf] l/6 lgj] b gdf k] z
)^&
)^&-WO-)(%^
ePsf] lnlvt hjfkmsf] Joxf]/f
@)^^ ;fndf kbk"lt{;DaGwL k|sflzt
lj1fkgsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;f]xL ;fndf clwjQmf
dLgf v8\sf tyf clwjQmf ljgf]b km'ofFn;d]tn]
o; cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] 5'f5'} l/6 lgj]bgdf
sd{rf/L egf{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df /
;a} of]Uotf k'us
] f g]kfnL gful/sn] k|lt:kwf{
ug{ kfpg'kb{5 egL lnlvt hjfkm k]z u/]sf
lyof}+ . pQm l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd ;'gj' fO x'bF f

cfof]udf ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg k|of]hgsf]

nflu cfjlws s/f/df lnOPsf sfo{/t\
sd{rf/LxnfO{ dfq k|lt:kwf{df efu lng
kfpg] u/L ;+zf]wg u/]sf] lgod / ToxL lgodsf]
cfwf/df k| s flzt lj1fkg;d] t ldlt
@)^^.!).& df ab/ ePsf] 5 . ;f]cg'k ;a}
of]Uotf k'us
] f g]kfnL gful/sxn] k|lt:kwf{
ug{ kfpg'k5{ .
sd{rf/L egf{;DaGwL lj1fkg k|sflzt
ug]{ a}7snufotsf lg0f{oxdf cfof]usf
;lrjn] a}7ssf] ;"rgf lbg] t/ a}7ssf]
sfo{;"rL;Fu ;DalGwt sfuhft pknAw
gu/fpg] / To; ljifodf cWoIfnfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpFbf;d]t xfdLnfO{ pknAw gu/fOPsf]
sf/0fn] xfdL lnnf kf7s / s]=aL= /f]sfof
pkl:yt g/x]sf] x'gfn] pQm lg0f{o /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u sf] a} 7 s;DaGwL
-sfo{ljlw_ lgodx, @)%& sf] lgod ^-!_
adf]lhd u0fk"/s ;+Vof gk'us
] f] x'gfn] lj1fkg
k|sflzt ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o / To;sf] cfwf/df
k|sflzt ePsf] lj1fkgsf] j}wtf 5}g . u0fk"/s
;+Vof g} gk'ofO{ ljjflbt lj1fkg k|sfzg
ug{sf] nflu /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf
sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* df ;+zf]wg;d]t ul/Psf]
pQm sfo{df xfd|f] ;+nUgtf gx'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf ;b:o 8f=lnnf kf7s
/ 8f=sflnaxfb'/ /f]sfofsf] Pp6} Joxf]/f
ldnfgsf] 5'f5'} lnlvt hjfkm .
nf]s;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ sf] bkmf
!@ adf]lhd kbk"lt{sf] sfddf ;xof]u ug{
;Sg] k| f jwfgcg' ; f/ cfof] u n] ldlt
@)^&.!!.@# df /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
cg'/f]wadf]lhdsf kbdf v'Nnf tyf cfGtl/s

1078

()%) clwjQmf /fddfof nfld5fg];d]t lj= /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, xl/x/ejg;d]t

k|ltof]lutff/f kbk"lt{sf nflu lj1fkg k|sfzg

u/L b/vf:t ;+sngsf sfo{ /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]uaf6 ePdf lnlvt k/LIff
;~rfng u/L glthf k7fpg] sfo{df cfof]un]
;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] cfgf] sfdsf] k|sl[ t
/ cfof]usf] :yfkgf / xfn ;+jw} flgs lgsfo
ePsf] cj:yf;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ u/L /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] tf]s]sf] of]Uotfsf]
ljifodf o; cfof]u;d]tnfO{ k|ToyL{ agfO{ lbPsf]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] lnlvt hjfkm .
/fli6 o dfgjclwsf/ cfof] u sf
sd{ r f/Lsf] ;] j f, zt{ / ;' l jwf;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* df ldlt @)^%.(.@! df
ul/Psf] t];f| ] ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ul/Psf] lgod
( sf] pklgod -$_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf]n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& -!_ adf]lhd
k|f/Deb]lv g} nfu" x'g] u/L ab/ 3f]lift eO{
ldlt @)^^.#.!! df k|sflzt lj1fkg;d]t
pTk| ] i f0fsf] cfb] z f/f ab/ eO{ k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd k'gM v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{af6 cfof]udf
l/Qm /x]sf kbx k"lt{ ug'{ egL l/6 lgj]bs
dLgf v8\sf / ljkIfL o; cfof]u;d]t ePsf]
pTk|i] f0f l/6 lgj]bgdf ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^^.!).& df ePsf] cfb]zadf]lhd cfof]usf]
kbk"lt{;DaGwL k|lqmof Pj+ sfd sf/jfxL cl3
a9fOPsf] xf] . dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf
sd{ r f/Lsf] ;] j f, zt{ / ;' l jwf;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* df kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wg ldlt
@)^&.*.!% df eO{ ;f] ;+ z f] l wt
lgodfjnLadf]lhd ldlt @)^&.!!.@& df
kbk"lt{;DaGwL lj1fkg k|sflzt ul/Psf] xf] .

ldlt @)^&.*.!% sf] ;+zf]lwt lgodfjnLnfO{

lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL lbg g;s]sf] x'Fbf pQm
lgodfjnL sfod /x];Dd ;f]cGtu{t k|sflzt
lj1fkg ab/ x'g ;Sb}g . ldlt @)^&.*.!%
sf] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf sd{rf/Lsf]
;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL -kfrf}+ ;+zf]wg_
lgodfjnL, @)^& o; cfof]uaf6 kf/Lt eO{
nfu" ePsf] ;+zf]wgn] d"n lgodfjnLsf]
lgodsf] ( sf] pklgod # kl5 pklgod
-$_-%_-^_ / -&_ yk u/]sf] / d"n lgodfjnLsf]
lgod @* sf] ;f gofF lgod @* sf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . lgod (-$_ / -%_ df cfof]usf]
;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] / ljleGg ;d"xsf]
pDd]f/xsf] k|ltzt sfod ug]{ Joj:yf,
lgod ( -^_ df lj1fkg ePsf] aif{ 5'6o\ fOPsf]
kbdf pko'Qm pDd]f/ pknAw x'g g;s]df
s] ug]{ eGg] Joj:yf, lgod (-&_ df cflbjf;L
hghfltn] b/vf:t lbg] cfwf/xsf]
Joj:yf;d]t u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lgod @* n]
kbk"lt{ ;ldlt;DaGwL gofF Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
lgod @* -!_ sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ pQm kbk"lt{
;ldltdf cfof]un] tf]s
] s
] f] cfof]usf] ;b:o
cWoIf, sDtLdf ;x;lrj :t/sf] nf]s;]jf
cfof]u ;b:o, k|ltlglw sDtLdf ;x;lrj
:t/sf] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no,
cfof]un] tf]ss
] f] ;DalGwt ljifosf] ljz]if1
;b:o / cfof]usf] ;lrj ;b:o ;lrj x'g]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . lgod @*-@_ df pklgod
-!_ adf]lhdsf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] cfof]udfkm{t
v'Nnf tyf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdWo]
lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng u/L k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd ;f] lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf
pknAw u/fO{ lbg] sfo{sf] nflu nf]s;]jf
cfof]u;dIf cg'/f]w ug]{ Joj:yf;d]t u/]sf]
5.

1079

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

plNnlvt d"n lgodfjnLsf] lgod $,

lgod !@, lgod !# df ;+zf]wg, lgod !@
-s_ gofF yk tyf gofF cg';r
" L ! sfod u/]sf]
5 . o; lgod $ df ul/Psf gofF Joj:yfn]
dfgjclwsf/ ;]jfsf] u7g / kb;DaGwL
Joj:yf, lgod !@-@_ sf] gofF Joj:yfn]
cfof]usf] ;]jfsf lgldQ cfjZos of]Uotfsf]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfLsf] s'g}
xs cf3ftLt ePsf] 5}g . /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]usf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* -kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wg;d]t_ sf]
Joj:yfcg';f/ kbk"lt{sf nflu ljleGg If]qsf]
nflu k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5 . pQm k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f ePsf kbdWo] v'Nnf tyf cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffcGtu{t lnlvt k/LIff
;~rfng u/L ;f]sf] glthf k|sflzt;d]tsf]
nflu nf]s;]jf cfof]u;dIf cg'/f]w ug]{ lg0f{o
ePadf] l hd cg' / f] w ul/Psf] d f ldlt
@)^&.!!.@# sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;xof]u ug{ ;lsg]
egL nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^&.!!.@#
df n]vL cfPsf] x'bF f dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^&.!!.@^ sf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ cfof]udf l/Qm /x]sf kbdf
kbk" l t{ s f nflu ldlt @)^&.!!.@& df
uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] xf] . /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{
/ ;'ljwf;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* -kfFrf}+
;+zf]wg_ df ePsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd ldlt
@)^&.!!.@& df lj1fkg k|sflzt ul/Psf] t/
pQm lgodfjnLsf] s' g } efusf] ab/sf]
bfjL;d]t gePaf6 k/LIff k|0ffnLdf u}/sfg"gL
zt{ /flvof] eGg ldNb}g . ldlt @)^&.!@.@&
sf] cfof]usf] lj1fkgsf] g+= # df dfgj clwsf/
clws[t, /f=k= t[tLo ;/x kbdf (-gf}_ hgf
dlxnfsf] dfu ePsf] 5 . pQm lj1fkgdf

tf]lsPsf] kbsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ cg'ej

dfu]sf] 5 . dfGotfk|fKt ;+3 jf cGt/f{li6o
;+3 ;+:yfdf sDtLdf qmdzM b'O{ jif{ / Ps
jif{sf] dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf]
sfo{df ;+nUg cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf] x'g' kg]{ egL
lj1fkgdf pNn]v ePsf]n] clws[t t[tLo
;/xdf cfj]bg ug{sf nflu clws[t t[tLo
txdf g} /xL sfd u/]sf] cg'ej dfu u/]sf]
xf]Og .
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] cfgf] sfdsf]
nflu cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L lgo'lQm ug{;Sg]
/ To;/L lgo'Qm sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf
tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf !* df
ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL -kfFrf}
;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] lgod $ df
ul/Psf] gofF Joj:yfn] dfgj clwsf/ ;]jfsf]
u7g / kb;DaGwL Joj:yf;d]t u/L ljleGg
kbsf nflu rflxg] Go"gtd\ of]Uotf;d]t lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] 5 . ;}4flGts ljifosf]] cWoogaf6 dfgj
clwsf/ ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{g h:tf hl6n,
;+ j ] b gzLn, tyf k| f ljlws sfo{ ug{ d f
Go"gtd\kdf of]Uotf x'g ;Sg] eGg] /fli6o
tyf cGt/f{li6o cg'ejaf6 gb]lvPsf] /
gkfOPsf] x'bF f dfgj clwsf/ ;]jfsf] clws[t
t[tLo / ;xfos k|yd:t/sf] kb;d]tsf] nflu
v'Nnf lj1fkgdf dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f /
;Da4{gdf sfo{ u/]sf] cg'ej;d]tsf cfwf/df
b/vf:t cfJxfg ul/Psf] xf] . pQm lj1fkgn]
dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{gdf g]kfn
tyf aflx/ b]zdf ;d]t sfo{ u/]sf ;a} g]kfnL
gful/snfO{ ;dfgkdf cj;/ lbPsf] 5 .
s]xL ;Lldt dflg;xnfO{ dfq nfe k'Ug] /
cGonfO{ cg'lrt aGb]h nufpg] lsl;dn]

1080

()%) clwjQmf /fddfof nfld5fg];d]t lj= /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, xl/x/ejg;d]t

lj1fkg u/]sf] 5}g . /fli6o dfgj clwsf/

cfof]usf] u7g @)%&.@.!# df ePsf] / pQm
;dodf lgo'Qm ePsf] sd{rf/L #% jif{ ggf3]sf]
e} cfof]usf] ;]jfdf k|jz
] u/]sf] /x]5 eg] Ps
k6s k/LIffdf efu lng df}sf lbFbf pQm
ldltdf cfof]udf sd{rf/Lsf] x}l;otdf k|jz
]
u/]sf sd{rf/Lpk/ Gofo kg{ hfg] b]lvPsf]
x'bF f k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt;d]tnfO{ cg's/0f
u/L cfof]usf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] cfof]udf sfo{/t\
sd{rf/LnfO{ pd]/sf] xb $^ jif{ tf]sL lj1fkg
u/]sf] xf] . h'g sfo{ /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]usf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL
-kfFrf} ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)^& cg'k /x]sf]
5.
/" fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] kbk"lt{
;ldltn] u/]sf] pQm lj1fkgn] Go"gtd\ of]Uotf
k'us
] f g]kfnL gful/ssf] xs clwsf/ xgg\
u/]sf] 5}g . ;fy}, ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^^.!).&.% df ePsf] cfb]zljk/Lt s'g}
sfo{;d]t gul/Psf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Pp6} Joxf]/fsf] /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf s]bf/gfy pkfWofo,
;b:o /fdglu+gf l;+x / uf}/L k|wfgsf] ;+oQ
' m
lnlvt hjfkm / /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
tkm{af6 ;lrj ljzfn vgfnsf] Ps} ldnfgsf]
5'} lnlvt hjfkm .
)^&
)(%^ sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ePsf]
)^&-WO-)(%^
cfb] z
o;df o;} nufpsf] l/6 g+= )^&WS -))^) sf] ljifo tLghgfeGbf a9L
GofofwLz ePsf] Ohnf;df k7fpg] cfb]z
ePsf]n] k|:t't lgj]bgdf plNnlvt ljifo;d]t
;f]xL l/6 lgj]bgsf] lg0f{o;Fu cGtk|e{ fjL ePsf]n]
k|:t't d'2f;d]t tLghgfeGbf a9L GofofwLz

ePsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]

ldlt @)^*.(.&.% sf] cfb]z .
cfb] z v08
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bstkm{sf ljfg clwjQmfo
dfwjs'df/ a:g]t / bLgd0fL kf]v/]nn] dLgf
v8\sf lj /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u;d]t
ePsf] pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z d'2f -g]=sf=k=@)^&,
c !, lg=g+=*@(@, k[i7 @)_ df k|ltkflbt
l;fGt tyf ;f] l/6df hf/L ePsf] cfb]z
lj x'g] u/L cfof]udf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LxnfO{
gfd dfqsf] k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df :yfoL ug]{
p2]Zon] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf
sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* df kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wg ul/Psf]
x'gfn] of] e]befjk"0f{ k|Tofof]lht ljwfog xf] .
pQm lgodfjnLdf ul/Psf] ;+ z f] w gn]
lgj]bsnufot of]Uotf k'us
] f g]kfnL gful/snfO{
afx]s u/]sf] 5 . pQm sfo{n] ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t
u/]sf df}lns xsdf cg'lrt aGb]h nufpg'sf]
cltl/Qm gful/s tyf /fhgLlts
clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o cg'aGw, !(^^ sf]
wf/f @%-u_ tyf @^ f/f k|bQ dfgj clwsf/sf]
pkef]udf klg aGb]h nufPsf] 5 . dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf @# n]
P]gsf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{sf] nflu lgodfjnL
agfpg] clwsf/ lbPsf] xf] . t/, ;+ljwfgn]
k|bfg u/]sf df}lns xs clwsf/sf] cltqmd0f
ug{ kfpg] u/L lgodfjnL agfpg] clwsf/
ljkIfL cfof] u nfO{ k| b fg u/] s f] xf] O g .
;dfj]lztfnfO{ df}lns xss} kdf /flvPsf]
5
t/
;+ z f] l wt
lgodfjnLn]
;dfj]lztf;d]tnfO{ afx]s u/L cfof]udf sfo{/t\
sd{rf/LxnfO{ :yfoL ug]{ p2]Zon] NofOPsf]

1081

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

x' F b f pQm lgodfjnL c;+ j } w flgs 5 .

lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfn] k|ltof]lutfsf] gfd v'Nnf
/fv] klg oyfy{ v'Nnf geO{ zAbhfn dfq
xf] . cg'ejsf] clgjfo{ Joj:yfn] ;DalGwt
ljifodf of]Uotf xfl;n u/]sf of]Uotd\ JolQm
afx]s x'g uPsf] cj:yf 5 . sd{rf/LnfO{
pd]/sf] xb gnfUg] u/L ul/Psf] ;+zf]wgsf]
p2]Zo Ulterior motive x'bF f of] Joj:yf sfod
/xg ;Sb}g . k|lt:kwf{nfO{ sd ug]{ jf 5Ng]
p2]Zon] agfOPsf lgod sfod /xg g;Sg]
x'bF f /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf sd{rf/Lsf]
;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%*
df ul/Psf] kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgsf k|fjwfgx cdfGo
u/L ;f] cfwf/df ePsf] lj1fkg;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zn] ab/ u/L of]Uotf k'us
] f ;a} JolQmn]
;dfgkdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L k/dfb]z
hf/L x' g ' k b{ 5 egL ax; u/L lnlvt
ax;gf]6;d]t k]z ug'e
{ of] .
To;} u /L lgj] b s clwjQmfo >L
hogf/fo0f kf}8n
] / >L /fddfof nfld5fg]n]
ldlt @)^&.!!.@& df k|sflzt lj1fkgnfO{
v'Nnfsf] gfd lbP klg zt{x k|ltaGwfTds
5g\ . ;+zf]lwt lgodfjnL e]befjk"0f{ ePsf]n]
lgodfjnLpk/ k'gM l/6 lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf]
5 . ljz' v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ / tf]lsPsf]
of]Uotf ePsfxsf] xsdf km/s t'ngfTds
nfe x'g] u/L zt{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;Lldt
kbxdf s]xL k|ltzt 5'6o\ fpFbf ;dfgtfsf]
lj gx'g] eGg ldNb}g . k|lt:kwL{nfO{ ;Lldt
agfpg x'bF g} . lglZrt of]Uotf / bIftf ePsf
;a} n fO{ ;dfg kx' F r lbnfpg] Joj:yf
x'gk' b{5 . dfu ePsf] kbdf of]Uotf k'us
] f
;a}n] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L l/6 hf/L x'gk' b{5
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .

To:t} lgj]bstkm{af6 clwjQmf >L

afns[i0f Gof}kfg]n] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]udf
sfo{/t\ c:yfoL sd{rf/LnfO{ cg'sn
" x'g] u/L
lgod ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . t/ ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] ;Lldt k|lt:kwf{af6 kbk"lt{ ug{
gkfpg] u/L cGo d'2fdf af]ln;s]sf] 5 . ;Lldt
JolQmn] dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L zt{
tf]lsg' ;dfgtfsf] xssf] pNn\3g x'bF f To:tf]
;+zf]lwt lgodfjnL ab/ u/L of]Uotf k'us
] f
;a}n] efu lng kfpg] u/L l/6 hf/L x'gk' b{5
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u Pj+ ;/sf/L
lgsfo;d]tsf] tkm{af6 ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
>L dx]z zdf{ kf}8n
] / >L s[i0fhLlj l3ld/]n]
cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] ;]jfsf] nflu of]Uotf jf cg'ej
tf]Sg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf
;+ljwfgdf g} 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf
sfd ug]{ ;+:yfx / cfof]uxsf] ;"rLs/0f
ul/Psf] 5 / ToxfF sfd u/]jfkt c kfpg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, :jtM lgo'lQm kfpg] cj:yf
5}g . dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd u/]sf]
sd{rf/Lxsf xsdf cfjZos of]Uotfsf] sb/
ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] . s'g} kb g} tf]s/] To;}df
sfd u/]sf] x'gk' g]{ eg]sf] 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( df klg dlxnf ljsf; clws[tsf]
xsdf ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/
cfof]u P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf !* n] dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ g} clwsf/ ;'lDkPsf] x'bF f
lghn] cfkm\gf] ;]jfsf] nflu rflxg] of]Uotf
tf]Sg g;Sg] eGg] x'bF g} . hGdbft[ P]gn] s'g}
;Ldf tf]ss
] f] eP ;f] pNn\3g x'g glbg];Dd
ljrf/0fLo s'/f xf] . dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un]
;+zf]lwt u/]sf] lgodfjnL / k|sflzt lj1fkg
;dfj]zL x'bF f ;dfj]lztfnfO{ Wofg lbOPg eGg
ldNb}g . s'g} kbsf] nflu of]Uotf jf cg'ej

ab/ u/L ;a} kb v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{af6 k"lt{ ug'{
egL o; cbfntaf6 pQm l/6 lgj]bgdf
af]lnPsf] kfOG5 .
$#= /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf
sd{ r f/Lsf] ;] j f, zt{ / ;' l jwf;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* df kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wg u/L lgod
(-$_ df cfof]udf sDtLdf b'O{ jif{ ;]jf cjlw
k"/f u/]sf sd{rf/LxaLr ;dfg kbdf 5'}
k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ / ;f]xL lgodfjnLsf] lgod $
df cfof] u nfO{ ;dfj] z L agfpg v' N nf
k|ltof]lutfaf6 k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] $% k|ltzt
dlxnf, cflbjf;L, hghftL, dw];L, blnt,
ckf / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf aLr 5'} k|lt:kwf{
ug]{ u/L # lsl;dsf] k|lt:kwf{sf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
b]lvof] . ;f]xL k|fjwfgcg'k ldlt @)^&.!!.@&
df k|sflzt lj1fkgdf tTtt\ If]qsf] nflu
;+Vof lgwf{/0f u/L lj1fkg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;DalGwt lgsfodf c:yfoLkdf ;]jf k|jz
]
u/]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfon] ;dodf
g} :yfoLkdf kbk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf gul/lbPsf]
sf/0fn] pd]/sf] xbsf] sf/0faf6 k|lt:kwf{af6
afx]s x'g] l:ylt eO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;d]t
gx' g ] l:ylt ePaf6 ;fdflhs Gofosf]
k|Tofe"ltnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ cfof]usf] k/LIffdf
pDd]f/ x'g Ps k6snfO{ dfq pd]/sf
;DaGwdf df}sf lbOPsf] 5 . /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]usf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{ /
;'ljwf;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* df ePsf]
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgsf] k|fjwfgn] ;dfj]lztfsf]
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghftL,
dw];L, ckf / blnt;d]tsf xsdf / cfof]udf
sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf 5'} ;Lldt k|lt:kwf{
/ v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{af6 kbk"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf
u/L ;f]xLadf]lhd ldlt @)^&.!!.@& df

1099

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

lj1fkg ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm lj1fkg s'g}

;Lldt ju{sf nflu dfq} s]lGb|t /x]sf] eGg]
b]lvPsf] 5}g . ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft
ul/Psf], ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0fn] cfof]udf
sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps k6ssf] nflu dfq
pDd]f/ x'gsf] nflu ljz]if df}sf lbOPsf] /
v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{sf] nflu;d]t kb;+Vof lgwf{/0f
ePaf6 /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf
sd{ r f/Lsf] ;] j f, zt{ / ;' l jwf;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* df ePsf] kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wg /
;f]adf]lhd k|sflzt lj1fkg u}/;+jw} flgs Pj+
sfg"gljk/Ltsf sfo{ eGg ldn]g . ldlt
@)^^.!).& df cfb]z x'bF fsf] cj:yf / cfof]usf
sd{ r f/Lsf] ;] j f, zt{ / ;' l jwf;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* df ePsf] kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wg /
;f]adf]lhd cfof]udf l/Qm /x]sf kbsf] k"lt{
;DaGwdf ePsf] kl5sf] cj:yf g} km/s /x]sf]
/ lgj]bs dLgf v8\sf lj4 /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]u;d]t ePsf] -g]=sf=k= @)^&
c !, lg=g+= *@(@_ l/6 lgj]bgdf ldlt
@)^^.#.!! sf] k|sflzt lj1fkg ab/ u/L ;a}
kbdf v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{ u/L kbk"lt{ ug'{ eGg]
lg0f{ofwf/ sfod /xg g;Sg] x'bF f ;f] xb;Ddsf]
lg0f{ofwf/ lgliqmo ul/lbPsf] 5 .
$$= rf}yf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^&.!!.@& df
k|sflzt ;"rgf g+= !^&^* ab/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bg bfjLnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{, dfgj clwsf/
cfof]u Ps :jfoQ lgsfosf] kdf :yflkt
;+:yf ePsf] / dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g,
@)%# sf] bkmf @# n] k|Tofof]lht u/]sf]
clwsf/cGtu{t cfgf] ;]jf ;~rfngfy{ agfPsf]
lgod / To; lgodsf k| f jwfg;d] t
u}/;+jw} flgs gePsf] eGg] dfly k|s/0fxdf
ljj]lrt eO;s]sf] 5 . o;/L sfg"gn] clVtof/L

lbPsf] ;Ldfleq /xL ldlt @)^&.!!.@& df

k|sflzt ePsf] lj1fkgaf6 oL lgj]bsxsf]
xsdf k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] eGg gldNg] x'bF f
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^&.!!.@&
df k|sflzt lj1fkg ab/ ul//xg k/]g .
$%= t;y{ , dfly ul/Psf]
ljZn]if0f;d]tsf cfwf/df /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]usf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* df ePsf] kfFrf} ;+zf]wgn]
Joj:yf u/]sf] lgod $, !@ -@_, -#_ / lgod
!# sf] v08 -u_ sf k|fjwfgx g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]] wf/f !@ -!_-@_ /
-#_-r_, wf/f !# -!_ !*, !( -!_, @!, !@^-!_,
!%# tyf dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%#
sf] bkmf @# ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yf
gb]lvPsf] / ldlt @)^&.!!.@& df k|sflzt
lj1fkg;d] t sfg" g cg' ksf] x' F b f
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g . k|:t't
b'a} l/6 lgj]bgx vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\
ljkIfL /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{{ lbO{
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfn
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
Gof=ts{/fh e
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)&) ;fn ;fpg !& ut] /f]h % z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t M bLks 9sfn, lji0f'k;

| fb
uf}td

sfg"gsf] Jofks pNn\3g / cGt/f{li6o
dfgjLo sfg" g sf] uDeL/ pNn\ 3 gsf
kLl8txsf] nflu pkrf/sf] tyf kl/k"/0fsf
clwsf/;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / dfu{
lgb]{zgx (UN basic Principles on Right to
Remedy and Reparation) sf] l;4fGt g+= !)
cg';f/ /fHon] /fli6o sfg"gdf ;Defjgf /xg]
xb;Dd s'g} klg lx+;f jf cf3ftaf6 ;tfO{Psf]
kLl8tnfO{ Gofo / kl/k"/0f pknAw u/fpg]
qmddf ;+ / lrt sfg" g L tyf k| z f;lgs
sfo{ljlwxsf l;nl;nfdf p;nfO{ k'gM cf3ft
x'g] cj:yfaf6 6f9f /fVg ljz]if x]/ljrf/ /
Vofn u/L To;af6 nfeflGjt x'g kfpg]
;'lglZrttf lbnfpg'kb{5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . ctM cWofb]zsf] bkmf @@ sf] pQm Joj:yf
ab/ u/L kLl8tsf] ;xdlt lng'kg]{ Joj:yf
ug'{ eGg] cfb]z u/LkfpFm .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @(-!_ df dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn\3gsf] cf/f]kdf bf]ifL
b]lvPsf] JolQmpk/ cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zsf]
cfwf/df d'2f rnfpg dGqfnoaf6 n]vL cfPdf
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] jf lghn] tf]ss
] f] ;/sf/L
jsLnn] To:tf] JolQmpk/ d'2f rNg] jf
grNg];DaGwL lg0f{o ug]5
{ egL Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . o;n] dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghn] tf]ss
] f]
;/sf/L jsLnn] cfof]usf] geO{ zflGt tyf
k'gM lgdf{0f dGqfnosf] l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df
dfq d'2f rNg] grNg] lg0f{o ug]{ b]lvG5 .
bkmf @( -!_ adf]lhd cfof]un] d'2f rnfpg
k7fpg] l;kmfl/zdfly zflGt tyf k'gM lgdf{0f
dGqfnon] yk rnv]n ug{ kfpg] l:ylt /
;f] x L bkmfadf] l hd dxfGofoflwjQmfn]
dGqfnoaf6 n]vL cfPsf] cj:yfdf dfq d'2f
rNg] jf grnfpg];DaGwL lg0f{o ug]{ k|fjwfgn]

1115

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t ;+sl' rt

kfg]{ :ki6 5 . cWofb]zsf] of] Joj:yfn]
dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ p;sf] ;+ j } w flgs
e"ldsfaf6 ;d]t lj:yflkt u/]sf]n] pQm
Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#% ljk/Lt e}
ab/efuL 5 ab/ u/LkfpFm .
dfly k|s/0fdf pNn]v u/]bl] v afx]s
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @(-$_ n] pkbkmf ! adf]lhd
dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghn] tf]ss
] f] ;/sf/L
jsLnn] d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o u/]df k|rlnt
sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg To;/L
d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq
d'2f rnfpg ;lsg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf u/Lg'n]
Psflt/ uDeL/ k| s [ l tsf dfgjclwsf/
pNn\3gsf d'2fxdf xbDofb gnfUg] eGg]
;j{dfGo l;4fGtnfO{ cLsf/ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g
eg] csf]l{ t/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf cleof]hgsf]
nflu l;kmfl/z x'g;Sg] ;of}+ d'2fxdf #%
lbgleq o:tf d'2fxsf] cg';Gwfg u/L
cleof]hg ug{ c;Dejk|fo 5 . UN basic
principles on right to remedy and reparation

sf] l;4fGt g+= $ n] nfu" x'g] ;GwLsf jf cGo

cGt/f{li6o sfg"gL bflojxdf ;dflji6
ljBdfg k|fjwfgx, cGt/f{li6o sfg"gcGtu{t
ck/fw hlgg] cGt/f{li6o dfgj clwsf/
sfg"gsf Jofks pNn\3gx / cGt/f{li6o
dfgjLo sfg"gsf uDeL/ pNn\3gxdf
xbDofbsf Joj:yf nfu" x'g] 5}gg\ eGg] :ki6
Joj:yf u/]sf] ;d]taf6 k|:t't bkmf @(-$_
ab/efuL 5, ab/ u/L xbDofb gnfUg] Joj:yf
ug{ cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f ##-w_ n] ;z:q Gsf] qmddf dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNn\3g ug]{ tyf dfgjtflj4sf]
ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmxsf] af/]df ;To

cGj]if0f ug{ cfof]u :yfkgf ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]

5 eg] wf/f ##-8_ n] g]kfn kIf ePsf]
cGt/f{li6o ;GwL ;Demf}tfsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog ug]{ /fHosf] bfloTj ePsf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . of] bflojcGtu{t g]kfnn] cfkm" kIf
ePsf] h]ge] f dxf;GwL, oftgflj4sf] dxf;GwL
/ gfu/Ls tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;GwLn] uDeL/ ck/fwsf kdf g/;+xf/,
dfgjtflj4sf ck/fw, o'4 ck/fw, oftgf /
jnk"js
{ a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ ck/fwLs/0f u/L
To:tf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg bf]ifLnfO{ ;hfo ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 t/, cWofb]zn] tL s'g} ck/fwdf sf/jfxL
gug]{ u/L cWofb]zsf] bkmf @% df k|rlnt
sfg"gcg';f/ sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/z ug]{ eGg]
Joj:yf u/L pQm ;a} ck/fwdf :jtM pGd'lQm
lbg] Joj:yf u/]sfn] pQm bkmf @%-!_ ab/efuL
5, ab/ ul/kfpFm .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !@ df :jtGqtfsf] xssf] Joj:yf wf/f
!# df ;dfgtfsf] xs, wf/f @$ df Gofo;DaGwL
xssf] Joj:yf ub} { , @$-(_ df s' g } k lg
JolQmnfO{ ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6
:jR5 ;'gj' fOsf] xs x'g5
] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . To:t} wf/f @^ n] oftgflj4sf] xssf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn kIf /fi6 ePsf]
gfu/Ls tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f ^ n]
k|To]s JolQmnfO{ hLjgsf] cGtlg{lxt clwsf/sf]
sfg"gf/f ;+/If0f / :j]R5frf/Lkn] s;}sf]
klg hLjgsf] x/0f u/Lg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . o;} k|lt1fkqsf] wf/f & n] s;}nfO{
klg oftgf lbOg] jf s|"/, cdfgjLo jf
ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo u/Lg] 5}g
eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L oftgf tyf
cGo s|/" cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/

1116

()%! clwjQmf dfwjs'df/ a:g]t;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t

jf b08lj4sf] dxf;GwL, !(*$ sf] wf/f !@

cGtu{ t k| T o] s kIf /fi6 n ] cfkm\ g f]
If]qflwsf/cGtu{tsf] s'g} klg Onfsfdf oftgfsf]
l56f] tyf lgikIf cg';Gwfg cufl8 a9fpg]
s'/f ;'lglZrt\ ug's
{ f ;fy} wf/f !# n] s'g} klg
b'Jo{jxf/ jf wDsLaf6 ;+/If0f;d]tsf] clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
j:t'tM hf/L cWofb]zn] cfof]unfO{ ;To
:yflkt / kLl8tsf] Gofok|flKtsf] qmddf
dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] lgsfosf]kdf
:yflkt u/fpg cj4 kfg]{ cjZoDefjL 5 .
k|:tfljt cfof]udf ;To, Gofo / kl/k"/0fsf]
dfu ug{ hfg] xfdL lgj]bsdWo]sf kLl8t /
kLl8t kl/jf/x / cGo xhf/f}+ ;+Vofsf G
kLl8tx g} x'g\ h;sf] ;+ljwfgk|bQ df}lns
xs clwsf/nufot ljleGg cGt/f{li6o sfg"g,
;GwL ;Demf}tf / dfkb08xn] ;'/lIft u/]sf]
clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf] v08df k|efjsf/L
pkrf/ k|fKt ug];
{ Ddsf] clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 .
kLl8tnfO{ pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{ gfddf dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn\3gdf ;+nUg kL8sx
s]lGb|t eO{ Ifdfbfgsf] dfWodaf6 kLl8tnfO{
geO{ kL8snfO{ pkrf/ k|bfg u/Lg', kl/k"/0fnfO{
kLl8tsf] clwsf/eGbf ;'ljwf, ;x'lnotsf]
kdf kl/eflift u/Lg' kLl8txnfO{ s/sfkdf
kf/L d]nldnfksf] nflu afWosf/L t'Nofpg',
eljiodf cleof]hg sfo{sf] ;'lglZrttfsf]
nflu yk cg';Gwfgsf] kf6f] ;dfj]z gu/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg]
lg0f{o ug]{ cleef/f dfq lbOg'n] kLl8txnfO{
pkrf/sf] xssf] k| r ngcl3 g} /f] s
nufpFb5 . cWofb]zsf Joj:yfx ck|efjsf/L,
cf}lrToxLg / q'l6k"0f{ dfq geO{ o;n] dfly
k| s /0f k| s /0fdf pNn] v u/] a df] l hd
kLl8txnfO{ k"gM kL8fdf ws]Ng] x'G5 .

ctM dfly ljleGg k| s /0fxdf

pNn]lvt tYo, sfg"g, k|df0f Pjd\ ;DdfgLt
;jf] { R r cbfntaf6 k| l tkflbt ghL/
l;4fGtxsf] cltl/Qm g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_, !#-!_ / @$
-(_ ;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L /fhgLlts
;f}bfafhLsf] kdf cfPsf] of] cWofb]zn] G
kLl8t JolQm / ;d'bfosf] kL8fdf emg\ kL8f
yKg] u/L h3Go ck/fwsf bf]ifLxnfO{ cfd
dfkmL lbg] ePsfn] ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] lglDt
ckgfpg'kg]{ clgjfo{ pkfox ;To, Gofo,
kl/k"/0f / ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g]
u/L cfof]usf] u7g ug{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ cg';f/
a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgaLg, ;Tolgk0f
tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf
ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]zsf] bkmf !#, @#, @% / @(
nfO{ pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L sfg"g
;+zf]wg ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]znufotsf] hf] rflxg]
cf1f cfb]z hf/L u/LkfpmF .
cWofb]zsf plNnlvt bkmfx ab/sf]
;fy;fy} kLl8txsf] ;To, Gofo / kl/k"/0fsf]
k| f lKt;F u } k| e fjsf/L pkrf/sf] nflu
;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo k|lqmofdf ;Tolgk0f tyf
d] n ldnfk cfof] u h:tf ;+ o Gqsf] zL3|
cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL Ps :jtGq,
lgikIf / kf/bzL{ cfof]usf] u7gsf ;fy} To:tf
cfof]uaf6 kLl8txn] ck]Iff u/]sf] jf:tljs
;To tYosf] phfu/, kl/k"/0fsf] clwsf/sf]
;'lglZrttf / dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn\ 3 gsf kL8sxnfO{ cleof] h gsf]
;'lglZrttf / Gaf6 plAhPsf] n}ls
;+jb] gzLntf;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL sfg"gL
Joj:yfxsf] l;kmfl/z ug{ / ;f] k|lqmofdf
cfjZos 5nkmn / k/fdz{;d]t ug{ dfgj

1117

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

clwsf/jfbL / ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf If]qdf

lqmofzLn ljz]if1xsf] sfo{bn u7g u/L
pQm sfo{ b nsf] k| l tj] b gsf] cfwf/df #
dlxgfleq sfg"g d:of}bf u/L hf/L ug'{ eGg]
lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm . o; l/6
lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Dd pQm cfof]u
u7g ug]{ sfdnufotsf sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg'
egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
u/L kfpmF . ;fy} k|:t't ljifo ;+qmd0fsfnLg
Gofo;DaGwL lgtfGt dxTjk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ePsfn] cu|flwsf/ k|bfg u/L
d'2fsf] l56f] lsgf/f nufO{ kfpmF eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf]
af6fsf Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq ;DalGwt
ldl;n;fy /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fpg' ;fy} cGtl/d
cfb]zsf] xsdf lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf p7fPsf]
ljifoj:t'sf] ufDeL{otfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ a]kQf
ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgaLg, ;Tolgk0f tyf
d]nldnfk cfof]u cWofb]z, @)^( sf] bkmf #,
@#, @%, @( g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !@-!_-@_, wf/f !#-!_, wf/f @^ ;Fu
aflemPsf] 5 egL lgj]bsxn] dfu ug'{ ePsf]
x'bF f xfn pQm bkmf sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg'
egL ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod $!-!_ adf]ldh tTsfnLg cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L u/LlbPsf] 5 . of] cfb]znfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg] jf glbg] eGg] ljifodf b'a} kIfnfO{ 5nkmn
u/fO{ lgisif{df k'Ug plrt b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf]
k|of]hgfy{ ldlt @)&).!.$ sf] 5nkmn k]zL
tf]sL lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt

Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^(.!@.!(

df ePsf] cfb]z .
xfd|f] d'ns
' df nfdf] ;do;Dd ;z:q
Gsf] cj:yf /x]sf]df g]kfn ;/sf/ /
tTsfnLg ;z:q ljb|fx] L kIfaLr lj:t[t zflGt
;Demf}tf ;DkGg eO{ hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;+qmd0fsfnLg
Goflos ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug]{ s'/fnfO{ /fHosf]
bflojsf]kdf /fv]sf] 5 . ;z:q Gsf
qmddf 36]sf dfgj clwsf/ pNn\3g;DaGwL
36gfnfO{ hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] ;Daf]wg x'g'kg]{
cfjZostf /x]sf] / o;;DaGwL ljw]os
tTsfnLg Joj:yflksf;+;bdf k]z ePsf]df
pQm ljw]os kf/Lt gx'bF } Joj:yflksf;+;bsf]
sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePsf]n] ;f] ljw]osn] sfg"gL
:jk lng ;s] s f] cj:yf lyPg .
;+qmd0fsfnLg Goflos ;+oGq :yfkgf ug]{
;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ jf~5gLo /x]sf]
t/ Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] cl:tj g/x]sf] ljz]if
cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\n] ldlt
@)^(.!!.#) df a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgaLg,
;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf
Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z, @)^( hf/L ug{
;DdfggLo /fi6 k lt;dIf u/] s f]
l;kmfl/zadf]lhd ldlt @)^(.!@.! df ;f]
cWofb]z hf/L ePsf] xf] . d]/f] g]t[ jsf] jt{dfg
dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g x'gc
' ufj} k"j{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
l;kmfl/zaf6 pQm cWofb]z hf/L ePsf] x'bF f
sk6k"0f{ / ckf/bzL{ tl/sfn] cWofb]zsf]
d:of}bf tof/ kf/L dlGqkl/ifb\af6 :jLs[ltsf
nflu /fi6klt;dIf k7fPsf] egL dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
cWoIfnfO{ cf/f]k nufO{ ljkIfL agfpg'kg]{ s'g}
cfwf/ g/x]sf] x'Fbf k|yd b[li6df g} l/6
vf/]hefuL 5 .

1118

()%! clwjQmf dfwjs'df/ a:g]t;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t

l/6 lgj]bsxn] cWofb]zsf] bkmf !#

df ;z:q Gsf] qmddf a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf]
5fgaLgnufot dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn\3g;DaGwL 36gfsf] ;To cGj]if0f tyf
5fgaLg u/L jf:tljs tYo hg;dIf Nofpg]
eGg] cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yfsf
sf/0f dfgj clwsf/ pNn\3g ;DaGwdf ;a}
36gfdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ If]qflwsf/ cfof]unfO{
k|bfg gu/LPsf] x'bF f kLl8tsf] Gofok|flKtsf]
xs s'l07t x'g k'u]sf] eGg] lhsL/ /x]sf]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ cWofb]zsf] bkmf @ sf]
v08 -`_ n] u/]sf] kl/efiff x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 .
v08 -`_ cg';f/ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn\ 3 g eGgfn] lgM z:q JolQm jf
hg;d'bfolj4 nlIft u/L jf of]hgfakdf
u/LPsf] xTof, ckx/0f tyf z/L/ aGws, JolQm
a]kQf kfg],{ ce jf ckf agfpg], zf/Ll/s
jf dfgl;s oftgf, anfTsf/ tyf of}ghGo
lx+;f, JolQmut jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ n'6k\ f6,
sAhf, tf]8kmf]8 jf cfuhgL, 3/ hUufaf6
ha/\h:tL lgsfnf jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf]
lj:yfkg, jf cGt/f{li6o dfgj clwsf/ jf
dfgjLo sfg" g ljk/Lt u/LPsf] h' g ;' s }
lsl;dsf] cdfgjLo sfo{ jf dfgjtflj4sf]
ck/fw egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .
plNnlvt kl/efiff cToGt lj:t[t
b]lvG5 . of] kl/efiffn] cGt/f{li6o dfgj
clwsf/;DaGwL sfg"g, (International Human
Rights Law) cGt/f{ l i6 o dfgjLo sfg" g
-International Humanitarian Law) lj4 x'g]
u/L u/LPsf] h'g;'s} lsl;dsf] cdfgjLo sfd
jf dfgjtflj4sf] cGo ck/fw (crime against
humanity) nfO{ ;d]6L o;;DaGwL g]kfn kIf
ePsf ;a} cGt/f{li6o ;GwL ;Demf}tfsf]
Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6o sfg"g

sf l;4fGt /
dfkb08x;d]t nfu" x'g] b]lvG5 . dfly
plNnlvt v08 -`_ n] u/]sf] kl/efiff s]
s;/L ;+sl' rt /x]sf] jf s:tf] s;"/nfO{ ;dfj]z
ug'k{ g]d
{ f gu/]sf] jf s'g cGt/f{li6o l;4fGt
jf dfGotf;F u d] n gvfPsf] egL l/6
lgj]bsxn] l/6 lgj]bgdf cfwf/ / sf/0f;lxt
v'nfpg ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bsxsf]
bfjL cfwf/xLg b]lvG5 . hxfF;Dd bkmf !# sf]
pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ sf] Joj:yfsf sf/0f
;z:q G sfndf 36]sf dfgj clwsf/
pNn\3g;DaGwL ;a} 36gfxdf cfof]un]
5fgaLg / cGj]if0f ug{ gkfpg] cj:yf eO{
kLl8tsf] Gofo kfpg] clwsf/df cf3ft k'us
] f]
eGg] egfO{ 5, dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn\3g
h'g;'s} cj:yfdf eP klg Gofof]lrt x'g
;Qm}g . cGt/f{li6o sfg"g Pj+ /fli6o sfg"gn]
k|Tofe"t u/]sf dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns
:jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ug{ dflg;n] ;b}j
kfpg'kb{5 . ;z:q Gsfndf ePsf dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn\3g;DaGwL 36gfsf]
5fgaLg / cGj]if0f u/L ;dfhdf Gofo / lbuf]
zflGt sfod ug{ lgoldt kmf}hbf/L Gofo
k|0ffnLsf] kl/k'/ssf]kdf ;+qmd0fsfnLg
Goflos ;+oGq :yfkgf ug]{ u/LG5 . g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ## sf] v08
-3_ df /x]sf] Joj:yf x]g]{ xf] eg] ;z:q
Gsf] qmddf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn\3g ug{ tyf dfgjtflj4sf] ck/fwdf
;+nUg JolQmsf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug{] tyf
;dfhdf d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{
pRr:t/Lo ;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u
u7g ug]{ s'/f /x]sf]n] cWofb]zsf] bkmf !# sf]
pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ n] ;+ljwfgadf]lhdsf]
Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ vf]hs
] f] b]lvG5 .

h:tf ;+oGqsf] zL3| cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf
/fvL Ps :jtGq, lgikIf / kf/bzL{ cfof]usf]
u7g u/L To:tf] cfof]uaf6 kLl8txn] ck]Iff
u/] s f] jf:tljs ;To tYosf] phfu/,
kl/k"/0fsf] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf / dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn\3gsf kL8sxnfO{
cleof]hgsf] ;'lglZrttf / Gaf6 plAhPsf]
n}ls ;+jb] gzLntf ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL
sfg"gL Joj:yfxsf] l;kmfl/z ug{ / ;f]
k|lqmofdf cfjZos 5nkmn / k/fdz{;d]t
ug{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL / ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf
If]qdf lqmofzLn ljz]if1xsf] sfo{bn u7g
u/L pQm sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df #
dlxgfleq sfg"g d:of}bf u/L hf/L ug'{ egL
ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddf lgb]z
{ gfTds
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6 lgj]bg g+=)^(
WS))%* df lnO{Psf] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_
df cfof]un] ;f] cWofb]zadf]lhd 5fgaLg ubf{
kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm b]vd
] f To;sf]
kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu
l;kmfl/z ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yfn] kL8snfO{
hyfefjL Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug{
cfof]unfO{ /f]s nufPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] bkmfsf]
pkbkmf -^_ df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf]
nflu l;kmfl/z ubf{ lnOg] cfwf/ / dfkb08
lgoddf tf]Sg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/L cfof]unfO{ cem}
lhDd]jf/ agfpg vf]hs
] f] x'bF f cWofb]zsf] bkmf
@# ab/ x'gk' g]{ eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] egfO{
pko'Qm 5}g . cWofb]zsf] bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf
-!_ sf] v08 -s_ df ;z:q Gsf] qmddf
a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgaLgnufot dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn\3g;DaGwL 36gfsf]
;To cGj]if0f tyf 5fgaLg u/L jf:tljs tYo

1131

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

hg;dIf Nofpg] eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] /

cWofb]zsf] bkmf @@ sf] pkbkmf ! df kL8s
jf kLl8tn] d]nldnfksf] nflu cfof]u;dIf
lgj]bg lbPdf cfof]un] kL8s / kLl8tnfO{
Ps cfk;df d]nldnfk u/fpg ;Sg]5 eGg]
tyf bkmf @@ sf] pkbkmf -%_ df cfof]un] o;
bkmfadf]lhd kLl8t / kL8saLr d]nldnfk
u/fpg'cl3 kLl8t;Fu cfjZos ;xdlt lng
;Sg] eGg] cj:yf u/]s} x'bF f l/6 lgj]bssf]
egfO{ ts{k0" f{ 5}g . hxfF;Dd cWofb]zsf] bkmf
@% sf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn\3g jf dfgjtflj4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg
JolQmxnfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf NofO{ b08xLgtf
cGTo ug{ ljBdfg sfg"gsf] cltl/Qm yk
sfg"g agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf / ;DefjgfnfO{
k|:t't cWofb]zn] g} cf}N+ ofPsf] cj:yf x'bF f
lgj] b sxsf] lhsL/ cf} l rTok" 0 f{ 5} g .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @( sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf]
Joj:yfnfO{ bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -#_ / bkmf
@* sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -u_ nfO{ Ps};fy
/fv]/ x]gk{' g]{ x'bF f bkmf @( sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf]
Joj:yfn] cfof]usf] e"ldsf uf}0f agfPsf],
dGqfnoaf6 n]vL gcfP;Dd dxfGofoflwjQmfn]
d'2f rNg] jf grNg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug{
g;Sg] cj:yf cfO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;+jw} flgs
e"ldsf ;+sr
' g u/LPsf] egL dfGg ldNg] b]lvFbg}
t;y{ , a] k Qf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgaLg,
;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u cWofb]z,
@)^( sf] bkmf !#, @#, @% / @( g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@ sf] pkwf/f
-!_, wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -!_ / wf/f @$ sf]
pkwf/f -(_ sf] k|lts"n gx'bF f ljkIfL lgj]bssf]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpmF eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
lnlvt k|ltjfb b]lvG5 .

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg kq Pj+ lnlvt

hjfkmsf] Joxf]/f;d]t cWoog u/L l/6 lgj]bsn]
p7fPsf laifoxdf lgDg k|Zgxsf] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] M
-s_

a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] xsdf 5fgaLg

ug] { cfof] u / ;Tolgk0f tyf
d]nldnfk cfof]u 5'f5'} u7g x'gk' g]{
xf] jf b'as
} f xsdf Pp6} cfof]u u7g
ug'k{ g]{ xf], a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgaLg,
;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk;DaGwL Pp6}
cfof]u u7g u/L cWofb]zsf] bkmf !#
adf]lhd tf]ss
] f] cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo
/ clwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+sr
' g eO{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
k|lts"n 5, 5}g <
-v_ cWofb] z sf] bkmf @# df ePsf]
Joj:yfn] cfof]unfO{ clgolGqt thaLhL
clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5, 5}g| ;fy} pQm
bkmfsf] Joj:yfn] kLl8tsf] ;xdlta]u/
kL8snfO{ cfof]un] Ifdfbfg ug{ ;Sg]
xf] xf]Og / pQm bkmf @# g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|lts"n
5, 5}g <
-u_ cWofb] z sf] bkmf @% df ePsf]
Joj:yfn] uDeL/ ck/fwdf ;+nUg
kL8sn] pGd'lQm kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf
x'G5 jf x'bF g} , pQm bkmf @% g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|lts"n
5, 5}g <
-3_ cWofb] z sf] bkmf @( df ePsf]
Joj:yfaf6 dxfGofoflwjQmfn] d'2f
rnfpg lg0f{o ug{;Sg] clwsf/sf]
;+sr
' g ePsf] 5 jf 5}g, ;fy} d'2f
rnfpg] lg0f{o ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq

1132

()%! clwjQmf dfwjs'df/ a:g]t;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t

d'2f rnfpg ;lsg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf

uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf xbDofb
gnfUg] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt 5
jf 5}g <
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
ug'k{ g]{ xf] xf]Og{ <

@= l/6 lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] klxnf]

k|Zgtkm{ b[li6ut u/L x]bf{, ;Djt\ @)^( ;fnsf]
cWofb]z g+ * df a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf]
5fgaLg, ;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf]
;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z sf
bkmf !#, @#, @% / @( sf k|fjwfgxpk/
cfklQ hgfO{ pQm bkmfx g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_, !#-!_ / @$
-(_ ;d]tsf] k|lts"n ePaf6 wf/f !)&-!_ /
-@_ adf]lhd pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L
sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf
k/dfb]z hf/Lsf] ;d]t dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
ldlt @)^(.!@.! df g]kfn ;/sf/f/f k|sflzt
/fhkqdf plNnlvt cWofb]zsf] k|:tfjgf x]bf{
;z:q Gsf qmddf a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf]
5fgaLgnufot dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn\3g tyf dfgjtflj4sf] ck/fw;DaGwL
cGo 36gf / To:tf] 36gfdf ;+nUg JolQmxsf]
af/]df ;To cGj]if0f u/L jf:tljs tYo hg;dIf
Nofpg, kL8s / kLl8taLr d]nldnfk u/fO{
kf/:kl/s ;b\efj tyf ;lxi0f'tfsf] efjgf
clea[l4 ub}{ ;dfhdf zflGt / d]nldnfksf]
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{, ;f] 36gfaf6 kLl8t
ePsf JolQmnfO{ kl/k"/0fsf] nflu l;kmfl/z
ug{ tyf To:tf] 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt uDeL/
ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ sfg"gL bfo/fdf
NofO{ b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy
k|:t't cWofb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 .

#= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

sf] cg';r
" L $ df ;dflji6 g]kfn ;/sf/ /
tTsfnLg g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_
aLr ;DkGg ldlt @)^#.*.% sf] lj:t[t zflGt
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %=@=% df b'j} kIf ;z:q
Gsf qmddf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn\3g ug]{ tyf dfgjtfljsf] ck/fwdf
;+nUgxsf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug{ / ;dfhdf
d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ cfk;L
;xdltaf6 pRr:t/Lo ;Tolgk0f tyf
d]nldnfk cfof]usf] u7g ug{ ;xdt 5g\
eGg] ;f/e"t Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f ##-y_ df ;z:q Gsf] qmddf a]kQf
kfl/Psf JolQmxsf] ;DaGwdf ul7t 5fgaLg
cfof] u sf] k| l tj] b gsf cfwf/df To:tf
JolQmxsf kLl8t kl/jf/xnfO{ /fxt pknAw
u/fpg] eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L
wf/f ##-w_ n] ;z:q Gsf] qmddf dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn\ 3 g ug] { tyf
dfgjtflj4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmxsf]
af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug{ tyf ;dfhdf
d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ pRr:t/Lo
;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g ug]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]sf] kfO{G5 . ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf
u/]sf] plNnlvt k|fjwfgcg'k a]kQf kfl/Psf
JolQmsf ;DaGwdf u7g x'g] 5fgaLg cfof]u
/ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn\3g ug]{ tyf
dfgjtflj4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmxsf]
af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug{ / d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f
lgdf{0f ug{ pRr:t/Lo ;Tolgk0f tyf
d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g ug]{ u/L b'O{ 5'f5'}
cfof]u u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5
t/ ldlt @)^(.!@.! sf lbg dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
l;kmfl/zdf ;DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6 hf/L

1133

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

u/LPsf] a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgaLg,

;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk Pp6} cfof]u u7g
x'g] Joj:yf u/L cfof]usf] ;+/rgf, sfd st{Jo
/ clwsf/nufotsf cGo ;f/e"t Joj:yfxsf]
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L cWofb]zdf Joj:yf ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
%= a[xt\ zflGt ;Demf}tf tyf ;+ljwfgsf]
pk/f]Qm wf/fxsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd u7g x'g]
pk/f]Qm cfof]uxsf] u7g k|lqmof, sfd st{Jo
/ clwsf/ tyf cGo ;f/jfg\ ljifoj:t'sf
;Gbe{df 5'f5'} Joj:yf x'gk' g]d
{ f To:tf] ge}
pQm Pp6} cWofb]zdf Pp6} cfof]usf] Joj:yf
u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn\3g tyf
JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf ;DaGwdf qmdzM
pQm cWofb]zsf] bkmf @-`_ / @-6_ df kl/eflift
u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvof] .
^= j:t' t M dfgjclwsf/lj4sf
hg';s
' } sfo{x dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL sfg"g,
dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq tyf
dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6o ;GwLn]
u/]sf kl/efiffcg'k x'gk' b{5 . pQm cWofb]zsf]
bkmf @-`_ n] dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn\3gsf ;DaGwdf kl/efiff u/L xTof,
ckx/0f tyf z/L/ aGws, JolQm a]kQf kfg],{
anfTsf/ tyf of}ghGo lx+;fnufot * j6f
sfo{sf cltl/Qm cGt/f{li6o dfgj clwsf/ jf
dfgjLo sfg" g ljk/Lt ul/Psf h' g ;' s }
lsl;dsf cdfgjLo sfo{ jf dfgjtflj4sf]
cGo ck/fwnfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn\3g egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . To:t}
bkmf @-6_ df JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf
;DaGwdf kl/efiff u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f ## -y_ tyf ##-w_ n] @ j6f 5'f5'}
cfof]usf u7gdf kl/sNkgf u/]sf] tyf lj:t[t
zflGt ;Demf} t fsf] bkmf %=@=% ;d] t n]

;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] u7gsf

;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvFbf tL b'j}
cfof]ux Pp6} cWofb]zaf6 u7g x'g' / Pp6}
cWofb]zn] Joj:yf u/]adf]lhd tL cfof]uxsf]
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/;d]tsf] k|aGw x'g'
;+ljwfg tyf lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf]
kl/sNkgf ljk/Lt x'g hfG5 . To:t} pQm
;Demf}tfsf] wf/f & n] dfgj clwsf/sf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* tyf cGt/f{li6o
dfgjLo sfg"g / dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL
cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / dfGotfxk|lt k|lta4
/xg] Joj:yfljk/Lt ;d]t x'g hfG5 .
&= ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3+ f/f kf/Lt k|:tfj
g+= 47/133 sf] Declaration on The Protection
of All Persons from Enforced Disappearence

sf] k|:tfjgfdf ;d]t JolQm a]kQfsf ;DaGwdf

eO/x]sf jf x'g] ultljlwk|lt rf;f] /fVb} ljleGg
b]zdf lg/Gt/kdf JolQm a]kQfsf 36gfx
eO{ /x]sf tyf JolQmx cfgf] OR5flagf kqmfp
k/]sf, y'lgPsf tyf ckx/0fdf k/]sf, ;fy}
;/sf/L lgsfoaf6, ;+ul7t ;d"xaf6, JolQmut
tj/af6 s'g} g s'g} k|sf/n] ePsf o:tf
sfo{n] sfg"gsf] ;+/If0faf6 ljd'v u/fPsf] x'G5
eGg] efjgf cleJoQm u/LPsf] kfOG5 . (In
many countries often in the persistent
manner, enforced dissapperences occur, in
the sense that persons are arrested, detained
or abducted against their will or otherwise
deprived of their liberty by ofticials or
different branches or level of government or
by organized groups or private individuals
acting on behalf of or with the support, direct
or indirect consent or acquiesencence of
the government, followed by a refusal to
disclose the fate or whereabouts of the

1134

()%! clwjQmf dfwjs'df/ a:g]t;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t

persons
concerned or a refusal to
acknowledge the deprivation of their liberty
which places such persons outside the
protection of law).

*= pQm 3f]if0ffsf] wf/f ! n] anhkm\tL

a] k Qf kfg] { sfo{ n fO{ dfgjtflj4sf]
ck/fwsfkdf lnFb} wf/f @ n] s'g} klg /fHon]
JolQm a]kQf lj4sf] sfo{ Jojxf/df ug{
gx'g,] To:tf sfo{ ug{ 5'6 glbg] tyf To:tf]
sfo{ ;xg ug{ gx'g] u/L ls6fg u/]sf] 5 .
To:t} wf/f # n] k|To]s /fHon] anhkm\tLk"js
{
JolQm a]kQf sfo{ lj4 k|efjsf/L ljwflosL,
k| z f;sLo, Goflos tyf cGo cfjZos
pkfosfkdf lng] tyf wf/f $ n] To:tf]
sfo{ kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf kdf lnO{ uDeL/
s;"/sf kdf lng'kg]{ Joj:yf;d]t u/]sf]
5 . To;}u/L @) l8;]Da/ @))^ df ha/\h:tL
a]kQfaf6 ;a} JolQmnfO{ arfp ug];
{ DaGwL
cGt/f{li6o dxf;GwL;d]t hf/L u/L ;+oQ
' m
/fi6;3
+ n] JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ h:tf] sfo{kl| t
lrGtf / rf;f] JoQm u/]sf] 5 . oBlk tL
dxf;GwLsf] xfn;Dd g]kfn kIf /fi6 algg;s]
klg /fh]Gb| 9sfnsf] d'2fdf o; cbfntaf6
To;sf] ;fGble{stfsf] af/]df rrf{ eO{ ;s]sf]
5 . oL ;a} k|Zgxdf g]kfn d"nwf/sf
dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cle;GwLxsf] kIf ePsf]
;Gbe{df JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ h:tf] uDeL/ dfgj
clwsf/ pNn\3gsf] ljifodf g]kfn /fHosf]
cljefHo bfloTj /xg] s'/f ljjfb ug{ ;lsg]
b]lvFb}g . a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf ;DaGwdf
/fHon] cfjZos ljwflosL k|zf;lgs tyf
Goflos k|aGwxsf] af/]df cfkm\gf] bfloj
lgjf{x ug'k{ g]{ s'/fdf ljdlt x'g ;Qm}g .
(= JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ hf] ;'sa} f6
ePklg dxf;GwLsf] pQm wf/f @ adf]lhd

uDeL/ s;"/ x'g] x'bF f cGo ;fdfGo kmf}hbf/L

s;"/sf kdf o;nfO{ x]l/g' Gofof]lrt x'g
;Qm}g . g]kfnn] xfn;Dd bf;j dxf;GwL,
!(@^ b]lv afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;GwL,
!(*( ;Ddsf dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt
cGt/f{li6o dxf;GwLsf] kIf /fi6 alg;s]sf]
5 . ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3+ sf] ;b:o /fi6;d]t ePsf
sf/0f g]kfnn] ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3+ f/f kf/Lt dfgj
clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt dxTjk"0f{ dxf;GwLsf
k|fjwfgxsf ;DaGwdf sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/L
To:tf dxf;GwLcg'sn
" ljwflosL k|aGw ug'{
jf~5gLo x'g cfpF5 .
!)= g]kfn kIf /fi6 ePsf] gfu/Ls
tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o
cg'aGwsf] wf/f ^ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ hLjgsf]
cGt/lglxt clwsf/ x'g] / sfg"gf/f o;
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f u/Lg] tyf :j]R5frf/Lkn]
s;}sf] klg hLjgsf] x/0f gul/g] egL hLjgsf]
clwsf/nfO{ JolQmsf] g};lu{s clwsf/sfkdf
ls6fg u/LlbPsf] 5 . o:t} oftgf tyf cGo
s|/" , cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf
b08 lj4sf] dxf;GwL, !(*$ n];d]t s'g}
JolQmnfO{ cdfgjLo oftgf lbg lgif]w u/]sf]
5 . o:tf] cxd ljifodf /fHon] cfkm\gf]
bflojk|lt pbf;Lg e} JolQmsf] hLjgsf]
clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{
xn'sf] 9n] lng] tyf c ;fdfGo kmf}hbf/L
s;"/ h:tf] s;"/s} ;/x o;nfO{ lng] / To;nfO{
cbfntn] ;xhkdf lng ;Sg] lsdfy{
x'bF g} .
!!= dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn\3g /
To;sf s;"/bf/nfO{ kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf :yflkt
d"No / dfGotfcg'k kmf}hbf/L bfloj axg
u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 . JolQm a]kQf kfg];
{ DaGwL
dfly plNnlvt dxf;GwLs} kIf /fi6 gePsf

1135

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

sf/0f jf To:tf] 3f]if0ffkqsf] kIf gePs} sf/0f

g]kfnn] JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL To:tf]
k|fjwfgnfO{ gh/cGbfh ug{ ldNb}g . dfgj
clwsf/;F u ;DalGwt dfgjclwsf/sf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* b]lvsf ljleGg
dxTjk"0f{ cGt/f{li6o cg'aGwxnfO{ :jLsf/
u/L;s]sf] tyf ;+ljwfg tyf cGo ;Da4 sfg"gL
k|jGwdfkm{t\ dfgj clwsf/ tyf gfu/Ls
:jtGqtfk| l t k6sk6s k| l ta4tf JoQm
u/L;s]sf] sf/0f klg g]kfnn] a]kQf ePsf
gfu/Lsxk|ltsf] cGt/f{li6o bfloj k"/f ug{
cfjZos ljwflosL, k|zf;lgs tyf Goflos
k|aGwxsf] oyf]lrt Joj:yf ug'{ jf~5gLo
x'g cfpF5 . o; cxd\ ;jfndf /fHon] a]jf:tf
u/L lgj]bsxn] bfjL u/]sf] 5'f5'} cfof]ux
:yfkgf ug]{ ljifodf xn'sf] jf 6fn6'n] k|jl[ Q
k|bzg{ ug'{ hfoh dfGg ;lsg] x'bF g} .
!@= s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ anhkm\tL a]kQf
agfpg] sfo{af6 p;nfO{ sfg"gsf] ;dfg
;+/If0faf6 al~rt u/L JolQmsf] j}olQms
:jtGqtfsf] x/0f / Go"gtd\ dfgjLo d"No /
dfGotfsf] pNn\3g u/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] sfo{n]
p;sf j}olQms :jtGqtfxnfO{ ToxL laGb'df
g} ;dfKt kfl/ lbG5 . To;}sf/0f, dfgj clwsf/
/ df}lns :jtGqtfxsf] ljZjJofkL ;Ddfg
tyf kfngf / k|a4{g ug]{ bflojnfO{ :jLsf/
u/]sf s'g} klg /fi6n] To;/L x'g] ha/\h:tL
a]kQfsf 36gfxk|lt uDeL/ / ;r]t /xg}kg]{
x'G5 . g]kfndf a]kQf;DaGwL ljifonfO{
ljz]ifkdf ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L ck/fw ;+lxtfsf]
d:of} b fdfkm{ t sf] l z; u/L Joj:yflksf
;+;bleq ljw]ossf]kdf k|j]z kfPklg
xfn;Dd kf/Lt x'g g;sL 5'} sfg"g gag]sf]
kl/k]|Iodf ank"j{s a]kQfsf 36gfxnfO{
5fgaLg ug]{, a]kQf agfOPsf JolQmxsf]

l:ylt osLg u/L ;fj{hlgs ug],{ bf]ifL b]lvPsf

JolQmxnfO{ sf/jfxL ug]{ / kLl8tnfO{ /fxt
pknAw u/fpg]nufotsf cfjZos Joj:yfx
ePsf] ljz]if sfg"g lgdf{0f x'gk' g]{ ;DaGwdf
o; cbfntaf6 /fh]Gb|k;
| fb 9sfnsf] xsdf
/ljGb|k|;fb 9sfnlj4 u[x dGqfno;d]t
ePsf] d'2fdf o;cl3 g} af]ln;lsPsf] 5 .
h;sf] sfof{Gjog xfn;Dd gePsf] af6 o;
k|Zgdf /fHosf] ;Dj]bgGo"gtf emlNs/x]sf] 5 .
!#= kLl8t kIfnfO{ /fHosf] Gofo
k|0ffnLk|lt ljZjf; / cf:yf sfod /fVg]
jftfj/0f agfpg' tyf bf]ifL b]lvPsf lhDd]jf/
clwsf/LxnfO{ sfg"g pNn\3g ug]{ sfo{af6
pTkGg bflojaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg ;lsFbg} eGg]
af]w u/fpg' klg /fHosf] bfloj xf] . of]
bfloj /fHosf] 5'} / ljz]if bfloj geO{
/fHon] gful/ssf] cfwf/e"t df}lns clwsf/
/ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug'k{ g]{ Go"gtd\ /
cfwf/e"t bfloj xf] . o:tf] bfloj k"/f ug{sf
nflu /fHon] ljz]if lsl;dsf] sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f
ug'{k5{ eGg] ;Gbe{df klg pQm km};nfdf
af]ln;lsPsf] 5 .
!$= ;+oQ
' m /fi6 ;+3sf] dxf;eff/f
dxf;efsf] ^) cf}+ ;efdf kf/Lt k|:tfj g+=
&!-P_ sf] bkmf & df dfgj clwsf/ / cGt/f{li6o
dfgjLo sfg"gsf] uDeL/ pNn\3gaf6 kLl8t
kIfxnfO{ Gofodf ;dfg / k|efjsf/Lkdf
kx'r
F x'gk' g],{ kLl8tn] ef]Ug'k/]sf] Iflt afkt
kof{Kt, k|efjsf/L / zL3| k'gnf{e -Reparation_
kfpg'kg]{ tyf o;;DaGwL ;"rgfdf kLl8tsf]
kx'r
F x'gk' g]{ egL k|:tfj kf/Lt u/]sf] / g]kfn
klg ;+oQ
' m /fi6 ;+3sf] ;b:o ePsf] gftfn]
To:tf k|:tfjxdfkm{t\ b]vfOPsf] k|lta4tfk|lt
/fHo pbf;Lg /xg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvg
cfpFbg} .

1136

()%! clwjQmf dfwjs'df/ a:g]t;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t

!%= g]kfn kIf ePsf] gfu/Ls tyf

/fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cg'aGwsf] wf/f @
tyf ( sf] JofVof ug]{ qmddf ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3+ Lo
dfgj clwsf/ ;ldltn] pQm wf/ff/f k|bfg
u/LPsf] JolQmsf clwsf/x pNn\3g ePsf]
cj:yfdf /fHon] cGo pkrf/sf cltl/Qm
pko'Qm dfqfdf Ifltk"lt{;d]t lbg'kg]{ /
tTsfnLgkdf cGtl/d pkfox;d] t
cjnDag ug'k{ g]{ egL JofVof u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
Gsf] qmddf ha/\h:tL a]kQf x'g] 36gfaf6
a]kQf x'g] JolQm dfq kLl8t x'g] geO{ lghsf]
kl/jf/sf] / cfkmGthg;d]t kLl8t x'g] x'G5 .
o:tf] 36gfsf] k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg
jf Gofo lg/f]k0f x'g ;s]g eg] JolQm a]kQf
kfl/Psf 36gfn] cGttM ;du| ;dfhn] g}
cft\lst / c;'/lIft dxz'; ug{ k'Ub5 .
o:tf] eo\s/ kl/0ffd;lxt s'g} /fHon] ljsf;
/ ;Eotfsf] cfzf ug{ ;Sb}g . g]kfnsf]
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf, ljb]zL cbfnt tyf
dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL If]lqo cbfntxsf]
km} ; nf, g] k fnn] cg' d f] b g u/] s f dfgj
clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o b:tfj]hx tyf
;+oQ
' m /fi6 ;+3 Pj+ cGt/f{li6o ;d'bfon] hf/L
u/]sf k|:tfj / 3f]if0ffkq;d]tsf] cfwf/df
gfu/Ls tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn\3gsf 36gfxsf ;DaGwdf 5fgaLg
ug{ 36gfaf6 kLl8t kIfxnfO{ To:tf] 5fgaLg
k|lqmofsf] k|jfxdf ;dflxt u/L To;af6 k|fKt
x'g ;Sg] nfe tyf cj;/;d]taf6 al~rt
ug{ ldNg] x'bF g} .
!^= o;/L ank"js
{ a]kQf agfOPsf
JolQmxsf] ;/+If0f;DaGwL 5'} P]gsf] lgdf{0f
ug{, To; P]gcGtu{t k|:t't ljifo;Fu+ ;DalGwt
;a} 36gfxsf] hfFra'em ug],{ cfof]usf] sfo{If]q
:ki6 ug]{, To:tf] hfFra'emn] cbfntsf]

k|lt:yfkg gug]{, l:ylt :ki6 geP;Dd

hfFra'em lg/Gt/ ug'{kg]{, kLl8t, ;fIfL,
ph"/jfnf, jsLn, cg';Gwfgstf{ ;a}nfO{
cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]uL alg/xgsf] nflu lghsf]
;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug],{ kLl8txn] cfgf] ;/f]sf/
/ egfO{ /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ / cj;/sf]
Joj:yf, lghxsf] egfO{ uf]Ko /fVg ;lsg]
Joj:yf ug]{ h:tf ljifosf nflu 5'} cfof]u
u7g ug]n
{ ufotsf ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/,
u[xdGqfno tyf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf
gfpFdf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z;d]t hf/L eO{ /x]sf]
cj:yf ljBdfg /xFbf/xFb} g]kfn ;/sf/af6
JolQm a]kQfkfg];
{ DaGwL tyf ;Tolgk0f tyf
d]nldnfk ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ Pp6} sfg"gsf]
lgdf{0f u/L cWofb]z hf/L ePsf] ;d]t
b]lvof] . k"j{km};nfcg';f/ g} ljifoj:t'sf]
ufDeLotf{nfO{ ljrf/ u/L JolQm a]kQf kfg]{
;DaGwL 5'} P]g lgdf{0f ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf
gfpF d f cfb] z ;d] t hf/L eO{ ; s] s f] ;f]
cj:yfnfO{ gh/cGbfh u/L ljkIfL lgsfoaf6
plNnlvt cWofb]z hf/L u/LPsf] b]lvg
cfof] .
!&= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
n] cLsf/ u/]sf] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL d"No
dfGotfsf] cltl/Qm ;jf]R{ r cbfntn] hf/L
u/]sf] cfb]z / sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] kl/kfngf
sfo{kflnsfnufot /fHosf] ;+/rgfaf6 ck]Iff
u/Lg]df To;sf] sfof{Gjog 9Lnf] ug]{ dfq}
xf]Og cfb]zsf] d"n efjgfljk/Lt g} hfg
;Sg];Ddsf] r]i6f k|:t't cWofb]zaf6 b]lvPsf]
5, h;nfO{ ;xh :jLsfg{ jf cfFvf lrDng jf
IfDo dfGg ldNb}g . sfg"g dfGg] ;+:s[lt
hg;fwf/0f;Fu dfq} ck]Iff u/Lg] xf]Og, /fHo;Fu
klg plQs} ck]Iff u/LG5 . /fHon] cfkm}F sfg"gsf]
plrt ;Ddfg ug{ ;Qm}g eg] /fHon] agfPsf]

1137

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

sfg"gsf] hg;fwf/0faf6 kfngfsf] ck]Iff ug{

klg ufx|f] x'G5 . To;af6 sfg"gsf] kfngf gx'g]
jf sfg"g pNn\3gsf] g/fd|f] ;+:s[lt ljsf;
x'g] vt/f x'Fb}g eGg ;lsFb}g . t;y{ k"j{
km};nfadf]lhdsf] lgb]z
{ nfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{ hf/L
ePsf] k|:t't cWofb]zsf ljjflbt bkmfxnfO{
r'gf}tL lbO{ lgj]bsxn] o; cbfntdf lgj]bg
bfo/ ug'n
{ fO{ o:tf] kl/l:yltdf cGoyf eGg
;Sg] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg .
!*= ank"js
{ JolQm a]kQfkfg]{ sfo{nfO{
Gsf] s'g} /fhgLlts kIfsf]kdf lsdfy{
lrq0f ug{ ;lsF b } g , To:tf] sfo{
dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL uDeL/ ck/fw /
dfgjtflj4sf] ck/fwsf]kdf;d]t lng'kg]{
x'G5 . oftgf lbg], a]kQfkfg]{ sfo{x ljz'4
kmf}hbf/L ck/fwx x'g\ / tL ck/fwxsf]
5'f5'} cg';Gwfg u/L Gofosf] clGtd laGb';Dd
gk'ofP;Dd lg/Gt/kdf ck/fw dflgg]
sfo{x x'g\ . Gsf] ;}4flGts sf/0f;Fu ;xdt
eO{ s'g} kIfaf6 G;Fu ;DalGwt 36gfdf
;DalGwt x'g' jf ;+nUg x'g' Pp6f s'/f xf] . t/
Gdfkm{t kl/jt{g Nofpg] jf G bafpg] jf
;dfwfg ug]{ s'g} gfddf klg pk/f]Qm plNnlvt
cfk/flws / cjfl~5t lqmofsnfkdf 5"6 lbg
;lsg] 7fpF x'bF g} . kl/jt{g Nofpg] jf To;nfO{
/f]Sg] jf Joj:yfkg ug]{ gfpFdf h] klg ug{
x'G5 eGg] ;f]r ;j{yf cu|fXo / cfklQhgs
5 . ;dfhnfO{ cu|ult lbg] jf lbzfkl/jt{g
ug]{ k|of; jf ;dfhdf l:y/tf / zflGt axfn
ug]{ h'g;'s} k|of; ubf{ klg j}w jf ;Eo
pkfox g} ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . c;Tosf] ;fwgfaf6
;Tosf] / ck/fwsf] dfu{af6 Gofosf] pb\af]wg
x'g ;Qm}g . ck/flws k|lqmofaf6 Gofosf] k|flKt
jf Joj:yfkg xfd|f] ;+ljwfg / k|hftGqn] to

u/]sf af6fx xf]Ogg\ eGg] s'/fx ljrf/0fLo

5g\ cGoyf o'4 sfndf o'4 ck/fwsf s'/f ug'{
c;fGble{s x'g hfg] x'G5 .
!(= ank"js
{ JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{
ljz'4 uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf]kdf lnOg]
x'gfn] To:tf] sfo{sf nflu /f]syfd, cg';Gwfg,
cleof]hg, Gofo lg/f]k0f, k'g/f]4f/, k'g:yf{kgf,
kLl8t ;+/If0f, Ifltk"lt{ ;hfo cflb r/0fxsf]
nflu g} ljlzli6s[t ;+:yf jf ;+oGqdfkm{t
sfd ug'k{ g]d{ f o;nfO{ uf}0f dfg]/ a]kQf sfo{nfO{
cfk/fwLs/0f g} gu/L Gofosf] j}slNks dfu{x
k|z:t ug'{ jf ug{ vf]Hg' o; vfnsf] ck/fwsf]
h3Gotf / To;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ g} OGsf/ ug'{
jf xn'sf] 9n] x]g{] k|oTg ug'{ xf] eGg] x'g]
b]lvG5 . jt{dfg cWofb]zsf] Joj:yfn] ank"js
{
JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf] nflu s'g} ljlzli6s[t
;+/rgf / pkfud g} ;f]lrPsf] b]lvGg . To:tf]
s]xL gu/L d]nldnfksf] 3]/fleq To;nfO{ /fVg
/ ;Daf]wg ug{ vf]Hg' emg} cfklQk"0f{ sfo{
b]lvG5 . uDeL/ dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ck/fw
/ cGo unt sfo{xnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fvL
;a}nfO{ d]n ldnfksf] k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z u/]/
cWofb]zn] r/d lj/f]wfefif a9fPsf] b]lvG5 .
j:t'tM a]ktf ug]{ sfo{ hf] ;'sn
} ] u/]sf] ePklg
cfklQhgs x'G5 / To;nfO{ Gofo lg/f]k0fsf]
k|lqmofaf6 g} ;Daf]wg ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . tt\kZrft\
kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] k|lqmofsf cltl/Qm klg
;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] cGo cjojx h:t}
kl/k"/0f, k'g:yf{kgf cflbsf] dfWodaf6 kLl8tsf]
;+/If0f ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . o:tf] Joj:yf s]xL gu/L
a]kQf ug]{ sfo{sf] kl/0ffd g} ljno ug]{ jf
o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf Go"g ug]{ s'g} klg ;+/rgf
jf r]i6fn] cGt/f{li6o dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL
sfg"g, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / ;jf]R{ r

1138

()%! clwjQmf dfwjs'df/ a:g]t;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t

cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGt;d]tsf]

kfngf u/]sf] dfGg g;lsg] x'gfn] ljjflbt
cWofb]z ;+/rgfut lx;fan] bf]ifk"0f{ b]lvG5 .
@)= d"ntM tTsfnLg cj:yfdf b]zdf
ljBdfg bzs nfdf] ;z:q GnfO{ cGTo ub}{
b]zdf zflGtk"0f{ ;xsfo{sf nflu pk/f]Qm lj:t[t
zflGt ;Demf} t f ;DkGg ePsf] d f ;f]
;Demf}tf;d]tn] Gsfndf ePsf 36gfxsf
;DaGwdf /fhgLlts Gsf sf/0f ePsf 36gf
tyf cGo sf/0faf6 ePsf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf
:ki6 ;Ldfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ k|:t't
cWofb]zdf Joj:yf u/LPsf] a]kQf ePsf
JolQmsf] 5fgaLg, ;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk
cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwdf
ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ pQm cWofb]zsf]
bkmf !# n] ;z:qGsf] qmddf a]kQf ePsf
JolQmsf] 5fgaLg / ;To cGj]if0f tyf d]nldnfk
u/fpg] s'/fnfO{ ;lDdl>t u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
t;y{, dfly u/LPsf] ljj]rgfcg';f/ a]kQf
ePsf JolQmsf] xsdf 5fgaLg ug]{ cfof]u /
;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u 5'f5'}
u7g ug'k{ g]d
{ f b'as
} f xsdf Pp6} cfof]u u7g
u/]sf] sfo{ lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf / g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# k|lts"n b]lvof] .
@!= ca lgk0f ug'k{ g]{ bf];f| ] k|Zg
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# df ePsf] Joj:yfn]
cfof]unfO{ clgolGqt thaLhL clwsf/ k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 5}g| ;fy} pQm bkmfsf] Joj:yfn]
kLl8tsf] ;xdlt a]u/ kL8snfO{ cfof]un]
Ifdfbfg ug{ ;Sg] xf] xf]Og / pQm bkmf
;+ljwfgk|lts"n 5 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{, l/6 lgj]bsxn] l/6 lgj]bgdf cWofb]zsf]
bkmf @#-!_ df ePsf] kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{
pko'Qm b]vd
] f To;sf] kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f
v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf l;kmfl/z ug{ ;Sg]

Joj:yfn] cfof]unfO{ clgolGqt thaLhL

clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] / bkmf @#-@_ df ePsf]
anfTsf/nufot cfof]usf] 5fgaLgaf6 Ifdfbfg
lbg kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f gb]lvPsf] uDeL/
k|sl[ tsf ck/fwdf ;+nUg kL8snfO{ cfof]un]
Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ 5}g eGg] Joj:yf
5 . uDeL/ ck/fwdf s]jn anfTsf/ dfq
pNn]v u/L cGo ck/fw s]xL pNn]v gu/]sf]
/ cWofb]zdf uDeL/ ck/fwsf] kl/efiff gx'bF f
cfof]usf] thaLhLnfO{ g} :yfg lbPsf] 5 .
;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] dd{ljk/Lt kLl8tsf]
;xdlt a]u/ cfof]usf] thaLhLsf] cfwf/df
kL8sn] pGd'lQm kfpg] u/L u/LPsf] bkmf @#
sf Joj:yfx ;+ljwfg k|lts"n x'Fbf ab/
x'gk' g]{ egL bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
@@= ljkIfLtkm{sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf bkmf
@# sf] pkbkmf ! df k|oQ
' m kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg
ug{ pko'Qm b]vd
] f To;sf] kof{Kt cfwf/ /
sf/0f v'nfO{ eGg] jfSof+zsf] cy{ h:tf];s
' }
ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ klg cfof]un]
Ifdfbfg ug{ ;Sg] xf]Og . dfgjclwsf/sf]
uDeL/ pNn\3gsf 36gfdf cfof]un] Ifdfbfg
ug{ ;Sg] u/L cWofb]zsf] s'g} bkmfn] cfof]unfO{
clwsf/ lbPsf] 5}g . cfof]u lgikIf x'g] s'/f
o;sf] u7g;DaGwL Joj:yfaf6 :ki6 5 .
lgikIf cfof]un] agfpg] lgodaf6 Ifdfbfg
ug{ l;kmfl/z ubf{ pNn]v ug'k{ g]{ cfwf/ /
dfkb08 aGg] x'bF f cfof]usf] sfo{kl| t z\sfdfq
u/L bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] cfwf/df bkmf
@# ab/ x'gk' g]{ xf]Og eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5 . a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgaLg,
;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf
Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z, @)^( sf] bkmf
@# nfO{ x]bf{ lgDg sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]
kfOG5 M

1139

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

Ifdfbfg;DaGwL Joj:yf M
-!_ cfof]un] o; cWofb]zadf]lhd 5fgaLg
ubf{ kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm
b]vd
] f To;sf] kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f
v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf l;kmfl/z ug{
;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]vs
] f]
eP tfklg anfTsf/nufot cfof]usf]
5fgaLgaf6 Ifdfbfg lbg kof{Kt cfwf/
/ sf/0f gb]lvPsf] uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf
ck/fwdf ;+nUg kL8snfO{ cfof]un]
Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ 5}g .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd cfof]un] s'g}
JolQmnfO{ Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/z
ug'c
{ l3 To:tf] JolQmn] ;z:q Gsf]
qmddf cfk"maf6 dfgj clwsf/sf]
uDeL/ pNn\3g ePsf] / ;f] ;DaGwdf
kLl8tnfO{ lrQa'bf] 9n] kZrftfk
ub} { cfof] u n] tf] ] s ] s f] Dofbleq
Ifdfbfgsf] nflu cfof]u;dIf lnlvt
lgj]bg u/]sf] x'g' k' g]5
{ .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] lgldQ
s'g} lgj]bg kg{ cfPDff cfof]un] To:tf]
JolQmnfO{ Ifdfbfgsf] lgldQ l;kmfl/z
ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{
cl3 ;f] ljifodf kLl8t;Fu ;Nnfx ug{
;Sg]5 .
-%_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] lgldQ
lgj]bg lbg'cl3 lgj]bsn] ;z:q Gsf]
qmddf cfkm" a f6 ePsf] To:tf]
sfdsf/jfxLsf] ;DaGwdf cfkm"nfO{ yfxf
eP;Ddsf] ;To tYo ljj/0f
cfof]u;dIf k"0f{kdf k|s6 u/]sf] /
cfof]un] klg ;f] ljj/0fsf] clen]vg
u/]sf] x'gk' g]5
{ .

-^_
-&_

pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] nflu

l;kmfl/z ubf{ lnOg] cfwf/ / dfkb08
tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g5
] .
pkbkmf -!_ adf] l hd cfof] u af6
l;kmfl/z ePsf] JolQmnfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/n] Ifdfbfg lbPsf To:tf]
JolQmsf] gfd g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sfzg
ul/g]5 .

@#= plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfn

;/sf/ / tTsfnLg g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{
-dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ldlt @)^#.*.% df ePsf]
lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# cGt/f{li6o dfgjLo sfg"g /
dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGt /
dfGotfcg'k Pj+ ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofodf
kLl8tsf] e"ldsf klg Tolts} dxjk"0f{ x'gk' g]{
dfGotfcg'ksf eP gePsf] x]gk{' g]{ b]lvG5 .
lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf & n] dfgj
clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* tyf
cGt/f{ l i6 o dfgjLo sfg" g / dfgj
clwsf/;DaGwL cfwf/e" t l;4fGt /
dfGotfxk|lt k|lta4tf hgfPsf] 5 . To:t}
pQm ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %=@=# / %=@=% df
a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmxsf] tyf o'sf] qmddf
dfl/Psfxsf] 5fgaLg Pj+ dfgj clwsf/sf]
uDeL/ pNn\3g tyf dfgjtf lj4sf]
ck/fwdf ;+nUgxsf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f
tyf d]nldnfk;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@
-!_ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg
kfpg] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5, wf/f !# n] ;dfgtfsf]
xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To:t} wf/f @$-(_ n] s'g}
klg JolQmnfO{ cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6
:jR5 ;'gj' fOsf] xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] / wf/f

1140

()%! clwjQmf dfwjs'df/ a:g]t;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t

#@ n] ;+ljwfgk|bQ xssf] k|rngsf] nflu

sf/jfxL rnfpg kfpg] u/L ;+jw} flgs pkrf/sf]
xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
@$= g]kfnn] hfltxTof ck/fwsf]
/f]syfd / ;hfo;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !($*
cfly{ s , ;fdflhs tyf ;fF : s[ l ts
clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq, !(^^
gfu/Ls tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq !(^^, dlxnf lj4sf
;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{;DaGwL
dxf;GwL !(&(, oftgf tyf cGo s|/" , cdfgjLo
jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08lj4sf]
dxf;GwL, !(*$, afn clwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;GwL, !(*( ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3+ sf] a8fkq,
dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqnufotsf
cGo w]/} dxf;GwLxsf] cg'df]bg u/L kIf
/fi6 ePsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6o dxf;GwLsf
Joj:yfx g]kfn sfg"g;/x nfu" x'g] Joj:yf
g]kfn ;GwL P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf (-!_ df
ePsf] x'bF f To:tf cGt/f{li6o sfg"gcGt{utsf
ck/fwxsf] cg';Gwfg u/L ;To tYo kQf
nufpg], kL8snfO{ cleof]hg u/L Gofosf]
kl/lwleq Nofpg] / kLl8tnfO{ kl/k"/0f ug]{
bfloj /fHosf] /x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfn kIf ePsf]
oftgf tyf cGo s|/" , cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs
Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lj4sf] dxf;GwL, !(*$
sf] wf/f @ -!_ df k|To]s kIf/fi6n] cfgf]
clwsf/If]qcGtu{tsf] s'g} klg Onfsfdf
oftgfsf sfo{xdf /f]s nufpg k|efjsf/L
sfg"gL, k|zf;lgs, Goflos jf cGo pkfox
cjnDag ug]5
{ g\ (Each state party shall take

lgsfodf ph"/ u/L Gofo kfpg] xs / wf/f

!$ df oftgf kLl8t tyf cfl>txn] Ifltk"lt{
kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f * df k|To]s
JolQmnfO{ ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gf/f k|bQ df}lns
clwsf/sf] pNn\3g ug]{ sfo{ lj4 ;Ifd
/fli6o Gofoflws/0fxaf6 k|efjsf/L pkrf/
kfpg] clwsf/ x'g5
] -Everyone has the right
to an effective remedy by the competent
national tribunals for acts violating the
fundamental rights granted him by the
constitution or by law) eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf]

5 . gfu/Ls tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL

cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f @ -!_ df
k|:t't k|lt1fkqsf kIf /fi6x cfgf Onfsf
tyf If]qflwsf/leq /x]sf ;a} JolQmxnfO{
hflt, j0f{, ln, efiff, wd{, /fhgLlts jf
cGo ljrf/, /fli6o jf ;fdflhs pTklQ,
;DklQ, hGd jf x}l;otsf cfwf/df s'g} klg
k|sf/sf] e]befjlagf k|:t't k|lt1fkqdf :jLs[t
clwsf/xsf] ;Ddfg / ;'lglZrttf k|bfg
ug]{ k|lt1f ub{5g\ (Each state party to the
present covenant undertakes to respect and
to ensure to all individuals within its territory
and subject to its jurisdiction the rights
recognized in the present covenant, without
distinction of any kind, such as race, colour,
sex, language, religion, political or other
opinion, rational of social origin, property,
birth of other status) eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]

&), k';
@)&),

c;kmn cg';Gwfg ug]{ jf glthfdf k'ofpg

g;Sg] eg]sf] sfg"gL /fHosf c;kmntfsf
Bf]ts pbfx/0fx x'g\ . ;kmn cg';Gwfg
u/L :jR5 / j}w cleof]hg ug'{ / Gofosf]
clGtd laGb'df k'ofpg', sfg"g sfof{Gjog
lgsfosf cfwf/e"t pQ/bflojsf s'/fx
x'g\ . cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg gu/]sf] jf
k|ToIf jf k/f]If 9n] cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg
ug{ OGsf/ u/L b08xLgtfnfO{ k|>o lbPsf]
kfOG5 eg] To:tf] x/]s 36gfsf] ;fj{hlgs
sfg"gdf kl/0ffdx x'G5g\ / cbfntn] klg
;+ljwfg / Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtxsf] cfwf/df
cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg lqmofzLn ug{ u/fpg
afWo ug]{ hf] rflxg] cfjZos clwsf/ /fv]sf]
x'G5, To;f] ug'{ p;sf] st{Jo klg x'G5 .
tf] l sPsf] cg' ; Gwfg clwsf/L jf
cleof]hgstf{n] cfkm\gf] st{Jo k"/f gu/L Gofo
k/flht x'G5 jf kLl8tn] pkrf/ gkfPsf]
cg'e"lt u/]sf] x'G5 eg] To;df kLl8ts}
pQ/bflojdf gLhL cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hgsf]
j}slNks dfu{;d]t k|z:t ug'{kg]{ cj:yf
cfpF5 . Gofosf] dfu{ Psfw s'g} clwsf/L jf
;+:yfsf] c;kmntfsf] sf/0faf6 cj4 x'g /
pkfojLlxg cj:yfdf 5f]8g\ ;lsFbg} . o;
s'/fnfO{ klg Wofgdf /fv]/ kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf]
kl/dfh{g ug{ h/L e};s]sf] 5 .
$%= pk/f]Qm ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df
jt{dfg cWofb]zsf] Joj:yfaf6 uDeL/ s;"/sf]
bf]ifLnfO{ ;d]t d'2f rnfpg] s'/fdf afl~5t
dfqfdf lglZrttf gePsf] e} 36gfdf kLl8t
JolQm jf ;dfhn] cfkm\gf] xslxt ;+/If0fsf]
nflu Gofo dfu ug]{ clwsf/df c;/ kg{ ;Sg]
b]lvPsf] 5 . x'g t ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lsf]kdf
/x]sf dxfGofoflwjQmf jf dGqfnosf] lgotaf/]
clu|dkdf s'g} k"jf{ux| /fVg ldNg] x'bF g} .

tyflk Gofodf lglZrttfsf] dfqf a9fpg

cWofb]zdf :ki6 Joj:yfx x'g h/L 5 .
$^= x'g t dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;+:yf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] cleof]hgsf]
Jofks clwsf/;lxt :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . of]
cWofb]zsf] s'g} Joj:yfn] p;sf] clwsf/
;\s'lrt x'G5 jf x'Fb}g eGg] k|Zg p7\g
;S5 . kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
ug'{ u/fpg' p;sf] cGtlg{lxt bfloj xf] /
pQm ;+:yfsf] ;kmntf jf c;kmntfsf] k/LIf0f
To;}af6 x'g] xf], t/ sfo{kflnsfsf] ljefuLo
lxt h'g /fhgLlts lxt;Fu ;DaGw klg x'g
;S5 To;af6 k|efljt eP/ dGqfnon] lbPsf]
lgb]z
{ gsf] cwLgdf /x]/ ;+ljwfg / ljj]s;\ut
cleof]hg;DaGwL lg0f{o lng ;lsPg eg]
sfg"gL /fHosf] cfwf/lznf elTsg] cj:yf
/xG5 . kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] /fd|f] k|zf;g
;+ljwfgsf /fd|f] sfof{Gjogs} nflu klg k"jz
{ t{
x'g] / ;f]sf] lglZrt ug'{ / d"n k|jfxsf] /fHosf]
bflojsf] ljifo /x]sf]n] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g /
Gofosf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfnfO{ ;+qmd0fsfnLg
Gofosf] ;+oGqsf] cwLg:y agfpg lbg
ldNb}g . ljifoj:t' / ;Gbe{sf] cfwf/df kmf}hbf/L
Goflos k|lqmof / d]nldnfksf] h:tf] k|lqmofnfO{
Pscfk;sf] k"/ssf]kdf ;Fu;Fu} n}hfg'kg]{ /
cfjZostf cg';f/ leGg} Pj+ ljz]ifLs[tkn]
klg x]gk{' g]{ b]lvG5 .
$&= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !#% adf]lhd ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf]
cleof]hg;DaGwL clwsf/ ljlzi6 / :jfoQ
k|sl[ tsf] clwsf/ xf] . dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ of]
clwsf/ ;+ljwfgf/f l;w} k|bfg u/Lg'sf] k5fl8
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;+:yf Pp6f Joj;flos /
Goflos ;+:yfsf]kdf /x]sf] / To:tf] ;+:yfn]
s' g } vf; /fhgLlts p2] Z on] s;} p k/

1150

()%! clwjQmf dfwjs'df/ a:g]t;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t

b'ef{jgfk"js
{ cleof]hg nufpg jf s;}pk/
df]nflxhfjz jf /fhgLlts :jfy{sf] sf/0fn]
nufpg kg]{ cleof]hg gnufpg] cj:yf cfpg
glbg / kmf}hbf/L s;"/ h:Tff] ljifo ;d]l6Psf]
uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L cleof]u ljlzi6 sfg"gL Pj+
Goflos cfjZostfcg'k ;xL / lg:kIfkdf
x'g ;sf]; eg]/ g} o:tf] ;+:yf v8f u/L
cleof]hg;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf]
x'Fbf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] cleof]hg;DaGwL
clwsf/nfO{ ;+sr
' g ug{ ldNg] x'bF g} .
$*= To:t} lgj] b sn] k| : t' t l/6
lgj]bgdf cWofb]zsf] bkmf @( df ePsf] d'2f
bfo/ ug] { xbDofb;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{
r'gf}tL;d]t lbPsf] b]lvof] . bkmf @( df d'2f
bfo/ ug];
{ DaGwL Joj:yf u/L pkbkmf -$_ df
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghn]
tf]ss
] f] ;/sf/L jsLnn] d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o
u/]df k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
ePtfklg To;/L d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o ePsf]
ldltn] #% lbgleq d'2f rnfpg ;lsg] 5
eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm Joj:yfn]
d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] lg0f{osf] nflu cjlw
tf]lsPsf] b]lvFbg} egL d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o
u/]sf] ldltn] #% lbg leq d'2f rnfpg ;lsg]
5 egL Dofb ls6fg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . d'2f
rnfpg lg0f{o u/]kl5 d'2f grnfO{ a:g ;Sg]
cj:yfsf] kl/sNkgf ;fdfGotof ug{
;lsFb}g . t/ d'2f rnfpg lg0f{o ePklg
oyfy{ d'2f rnfpg #% lbgsf] Dofb gf3\of]
eg] s] x'g] eGg] Pp6f hl6n kl/l:ylt l;h{gf
x'g ;S5 . xfnsf] pQm Joj:yf d'2f rnfpg]
eP l56f] rnfpgsf] nflu ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 .
t/ ToxL Joj:yfnfO{ b'kof]u u/]/ Dofb
g3fPsf] eGg] kl/l:ylt l;h{gf eof] eg] To;n]
Gofodf uDeL/ k|Zg p7\g ;Sb5 . o;nfO{

Jojxfl/skn] ;d]t x]g{ h/L 5 . uDeL/

ck/fwdf ;Lldt xbDofb tf]lsG5 eg] Tof]
s;"/bf/sf] kIfdf u/LPsf] if8oGqsf]kdf
lnOG5 . Gofosf] dfu{ k|z:t ug{ / /fHon]
;Ifdtfk"js
{ cleof]hg nufpg ;Sg] ug{sf]
nflu v'sn
' f] xbDofb ck]lIft dflgG5 . dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn\3gsf] cf/f]kdf bf]ifL
b]lvPsf] To:tf] JolQmpk/ ;fdfGo kmf}hbf/L
sfg"gdf ls6fg u/]h:tf] ;Lldtkdf tf]lsPsf]
xbDofbsf] Joj:yfn] dfgj clwsf/sf]
pNn\3gaf6 kLl8t JolQmsf] Gofo k|fKt ug{
kfpg] cfwf/e"t xsnfO{ lg:t]h t'NofO{ dfgj
clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff, d"No tyf dfGotfnfO{
gh/cGbfh ug{ ldNg] x'bF g} . dfgj clwsf/sf]
pNn\3g h:tf] uDeL/ s;"/ / To:tf s;"/df
;+nUg s;"/bf/nfO{ kmf}hbf/L Gofosf dfGo
l;4fGtsf] cwLgdf /xL cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg
tyf Goflos sf/jfxL u/Lg] :yflkt dfGotfnfO{
g} r'gf}tL lbg] tyf :yflkt Goflos ljlw /
k|lqmofnfO{ g} lg:t]h kfg]{ u/L xbDofbnfO{
;Lldt ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] ljsl;t kmf}hbf/L
ljlwzf:q g} vl08t x'g hfg] cj:yf l;h{gf
x'g hfG5 . ljsl;t kmf}hbf/L sfg"gL k|0ffnL /
o;sf] ljsf;df To:tf k|fjwfgxn] k|ToIf
jf k/f]Ifkdf c;/ k'ofpg] ;Defjgf
/lx/xG5 . ;+oQ
' m /fi6 ;+3f/f kf/Lt k|:tfj
g+ = ^)!$& sf] Basic Principles and
Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and
Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of
International Human Rights Law and Serious
Violations of International Humanitarian Law
sf] l;4fGt g+= $ df Where so provided for in
an applicable treaty or contained in other
international legal obligations, statutes of
limitations shall not apply to gross violations

1151

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),
of international human rights law and serious
violations of international humanitarian law
which constitute crimes under international
law. eGg] Joj:yf u/L cGt/f{li6o dfgj

clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn\3g / cGt/f{li6o

dfgjLo sfg" g sf] uDeL/ pNn\ 3 gsf
ck/fwxsf] ;DaGwdf xbDofbsf] ;Ldfg
ug{ g;Sg] u/L Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{,
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @( df ePsf] Joj:yfaf6
dxfGoflwjQmfn] d'2f rnfpg lg0f{o ug{;Sg]
clwsf/sf] ;+sr
' g ePsfn]] / cWofb]zsf] bkmf
@(-$_ df ePsf] d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o ePsf]
ldltn] #% lbgleq d'2f rnfpg ;lsg] 5
eGg] Joj:yf uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf
xbDofb gnfUg] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt
ePsf] b]lvof] .
$(= ca lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ clGtd k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
lgj]bsxn] p7fPsf] k|:t't a]kQf ePsf
5fgaLg, ;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u
cWofb]z, @)^( sf] bkmf !#, @#, @%, @(
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@
-!_, !# -!_ / @$-(_ ;d]tsf] k|lts"n ePsf]n]
wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd ab/ u/L !)&-@_
adf]lhd sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug'{ egL ljkIfL g]kfn
;/sf/;d]tsf gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L u/Lkfpg
dfu u/]sf] b]lvof] .
%)= g]kfnsf] Gsf] ljlzi6 kl/l:ylt
/x]sf] / To;sf] tfls{s lgisif{df k'ofO{
zflGtnfO{ lbuf]kdf ;+:yfut ug]{ P]ltxfl;s
r'gf}tLdfem g]kfnL ;dfh u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . Gsf
sf/0fx / kl/0ffdx clg ltgsf]
pknlAwxsf] af/]df ljlzi6 cg';Gwfg /
lgisif{x ;DalGwt If]qaf6 x'g] g} 5 . clxn]

o; cbfnt;dIf Gsfndf ePsf] 36gfxsf]

;Gbe{ d f dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL uDeL/
ck/fwx ePsf] eP ltgsf] ;Daf]wgsf] nflu
ljjflbt a]kQf 5fgaLg tyf ;Tolgk0f Pj+
d]nldnfk cWofb]zsf] dfWodaf6 ckgfOPsf]
sfo{ljlw / sfg"gL k|fjwfgaf6 ;+ljwfg,
cGt/f{li6o dfgj clwsf/ sfg"g, Gofosf] dfGo
l;4fGtsf] pNn\3g ePsf] 5 jf 5}g / df}hb" f
cj:yfdf cWofb] z sf] sfof{ G jog ePdf
kmf}hbf/L sfg"g Pj+ Gofo tyf ;+qmd0fsfnLg
Gofosf] ceLi6x ;fWo x'g ;S5g\ jf ;Qm}gg\
eGg] d'Vo k|Zgx pkl:yt /x]sf 5g\ .
%!= Gsf] ;dfwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf
Pp6f dfu{lrq;lxt g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# cfPsf] b]lvG5 . Gsf] sf/0fsf] ;Daf]wg
ub}{ Gsf] k|efjaf6 d'Qm u/L zflGtdo g]kfnL
;dfh l;h{gf ug]{ dxjk"0f{ r'gf}ltsf] kdf
;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] ;+:yfkg / Joj:yfkg
ug{ clt h/L ePsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf
ljutsf] ;+ljwfg;efdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfg /
j[ x t zflGt ;Demf} t fsf] sfof{ G jogsf]
l;nl;nfdf egL a]kQf 5fgaLg cfof]u /
;Tolgk0f Pj+ d]nldnfk cfof]u;DaGwL
5'f5'} ljw]osx k|:t't ePklg ;f] kf/Lt
x'g g;sL ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf g} ;+ljwfg;ef
lj36g ePsf] / kl/0ffd:jk xfn;Dd
ljwfogsf] k u|x0f ug{ g;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L lgoldt ljwflosL k|lqmofaf6 kf/Lt x'g
g;s] s f] Pp6f dxjk" 0 f{ ljifonfO{
cWofb]zdfkm{t sfg"gsf] k lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .
h;nfO{ k|:t't lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] ljleGg
r'gf}tLsf cfwf/df o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^(.!@.!( df cGtl/d cfb]zsf] cfwf/df
sfof{Gjog x'gaf6 /f]s nufOPsf] cj:yf 5 .

1152

()%! clwjQmf dfwjs'df/ a:g]t;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t

%@= g] k fndf G Joj:yfkgsf]

l;nl;nfdf hf/L /x]sf] ;+qmd0fsfn nlDag'n]
zflGt, Gofo / ljsf;sf] nflu sltko cy{df
afws ePsf]n] To;sf] ljleGg cfoflds
k|of;xaf6 zL3|fltzL3| ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{
clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 . 9Lnf] u/L ePklg
;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo Jojl:yt ug]{ k|of]hgsf]
nflu k|:t't cWofb]z cfpg' :jo+df ;sf/fTds
s'/f xf] t/ pQm G Joj:yfkg / Gofosf]
;+:yfkgfdf slt ;xof]u k'ofpF5 eGg] lrGtf
k|s6 ePsf] 5 . dfly 5nkmn u/LP em}+ ljjflbt
cWofb]zdf plNnlvt ljifoxsf] Goflos
lgk0faf6 pko'Qm b]lvPsf] Joj:yfxdf
;'wf/ u/L gofFkdf sfGof{Gjog ug'{kg]{
cfjZostf cg'e"t ePsf] 5 . Gsfndf
ePsf] 36gf kl/36gfsf] clen]vg, ;To
cGj]if0f / ;Tosf] ;fIffTsf/ -truth seeking
and truth telling_, kl/k"/0f, Gofo lg/f]k0f, p4f/
/ k' g :yf{ k gfnufotsf ljleGg Gofosf]
Joj:yfkgsf tjx ;lDdlnt sfo{of]hgfsf]
th'{df / sfof{Gjog gLlt / Ifdtf;lxt
sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf a]kQfsf] vf]hL
sfo{ tyf ;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfksf]
k|lqmofnfO{ x]g{' kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
%#= ;+ q md0fsfnLg Gofosf]
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu uDeL/ dfgj
clwsf/;DaGwL ck/fwxsf] xsdf Goflos
k|lqmof k|z:t ug]{ / cGo ljifoxdf zflGt
k|a4{g ug]{ lx;fan] G/t kIfxaLr
hg:t/df zflGtjftf{ hf/L /fVg], d]nldnfksf]
jftfj/0f tof/ u/L d}qL / ;b\efj pb\af]wg
ug]{ d'Vo b[li6sf]0f lnOg] u/LG5 . o; lx;fan]
x]bf{ jt{dfg cWofb]zsf] k|:tfjgfdf plNnlvt
/fd|f p2]Zoxsf] cltl/Qm cWofb]zdf cfwf/e"t
;d:ofx /x]sf] kfOof] .

%$= lgZsif{df, dfly g} ljifoljifodf

5nkmn eP em}+ ank"js
{ JolQm a]kQf kfl/Psf]
36gfnfO{ dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL uDeL/
ck/fwsf]kdf lnOg] cGt/f{li6o dfgj
clwsf/ sfg"gsf] b[li6sf]0f, oxL cbfntn]
/fh]Gb| 9sfnsf] d'2fdf u/]sf] lg0f{o / lgb]z
{ g
clg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# Pj+ k"jj{ tL{
;+ljwfgn] cLsf/ u/]sf JolQmsf] hLjg /
:jtGqtfsf] clwsf/;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'g uO{
5'} cfof]u u7g u/L /fh]Gb| 9sfnsf] d'2fsf]
lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/]sf] /
Toltdfq} xf]Og JolQm a]kQf 5fgaLg cfof]unfO{
ljz'4 kmf}hbf/L sfo{sf]kdf lng'kg]{df
;f]cg';f/ gu/]sf] / d]nldnfksf] ljifo agfpg
gx'g]df ;d]t ;f] agfO{ ;Tolgk0f Pj+
d]nldnfksf] c agfOPsf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] sfg"g
;\ut gePsf]n] JolQm a]kQf;DaGwL ljifo
k| : t' t cWofb] z df ;dfj] z ePsf hlt
Joj:yfx ;+ljwfg, sfg"g / o; cbfntaf6
k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGtk|lts"n b]lvPsf]n]
ljkIfLsf] gfpFdf pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g]
eO{ pQm Joj:yf cdfGo eO{ cWofb]zaf6
x6fpg'kg]{ 7x5{ / oyfj:yfdf cWofb]z
sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg gldNg] 7x5{ .
%%= pk/f]Qmcg';f/ ank"js
{ JolQm
a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf] 5fgaLg ug{ / ;+ljwfg,
sfg"g Pj+ o; cbfntaf6 /fh]Gb| 9sfnsf]
d'2fdf ePsf] lg0f{o Pj+ k|ltkflbt sfg"gL
l;4fGtadf]lhd ;d]t 5'} 5fgaLg cfof]u u7g
ug{ cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf;lxt cljnDa
csf]{ cWofb]z hf/L ug]{ jf hf] rflxg] k|aGw
ug'{ egL g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddf k/dfb]z
hf/L x'g] 7x5{ .
%^= cWofb]zsf cGo Joj:yfxdWo]
lgDg bkmfxdf pNn]v eP em}+ ;+jw} flgs Pj+

1153

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

Goflos k|Zgx ;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvPsf] / -u_

oyfj:yfdf cWofb]zsf] Joj:yfx ;+ljwfg /
Gofosf] l;4fGt ;\ u t gb] l vPsf] n ]
lgDgadf]lhd ug'k{ g]{ b]lvPsf] x'bF[ f ;f]adf]lhd
u/L u/fO{ ;+zf]wg / ;'wf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfO{
dfq cWofb]z hf/L ug{ jf hf] rflxg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf u/L nfu" ug{ ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L u/LlbPsf] 5 .
-s_

-v_

cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf] Ifdfbfg

dfkmL;DaGwL Joj:yfn] cWofb]zsf] bkmf
@-`_ df ;dfj]z ePsf s;"/xdf
;d]t ;du|df Ifdfbfgsf] l;kmfl/z
gug]{ k|Tofe"lt lbPsf] gb]lvPsf] /
dfkmLsf] k|lqmofsf] ljifo agfPsf] Pj+
dfkmL k|lqmofdf kLl8tsf] ;xeflutf /
;xdltnfO{ clgjfo{ gagfO{ uf}0f
agfPsf] b] l vPsf] n ] kLl8tsf]
Gofo;DaGwL df}lns xs cGtu{t, -3_
hLjg, :jtGqtf, ;" r gfsf] xs,
oftgflj4sf] xsnufot Pj+ Gofosf]
dfGo l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt b]lvPsf]n] ;f]
Joj:yfnfO{ k' g /fjnf] s g u/L
pk/f]Qmadf]lhd kl/dfh{g / ;+zf]wg
ug'k{ g]{ .
bkmf @% / @( sf] Joj:yfaf6
dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn\3gsf]
cf/f]ksf bf]ifL b]lvPsf JolQmpk/sf]
kmf}hbf/L cleof]hg lglZrt, ;xh /
lgaf{ w gagfO{ sfo{ k flnsfsf]
ljj]sfwLg Pj+ clglZrtkdf /flvPsf]
eO{ Gofodf ca/f]w k'Ug] k|s[ltsf]
b]lvPsfn] ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfg /
sfg"g;\ut agfpg'kg]{ .
1154

cfof]un] l;kmfl/z u/]sf] jf dGqfnosf]

kqfg' ; f/ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] d' 2 f
rnfpg' kg]{ 7x/ u/]kl5 d'2f rnfpFbf
d'2f rnfpg] xbDofb tf]lsPsf] /
xbDofb #% lbg tf]lsPsf] sf/0faf6
xbDofbleq d'2f grnfPdf Gofodf
kg] { k| e fj Pj+ ;f] ; DaGwL
pQ/bfloTj;d] t ls6fg u/] s f]
gb]lvPsf] ;fy} To:tf] uDeL/ s;"/df
cNk xbDofb tf]Sbf dfgjclwsf/
sfg" g sf] pNn\ 3 gsf] 36gfdf
b08xLgtfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g ;Sg]
x'gfn] ;d]t pQm Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf]
df}lns xs Pj+ Gofo;DaGwL Joj:yf
/ ;+ljwfgn] cLsf/ u/]sf] Gofosf]
dfGo l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt b]lvPsf]n]
pk/f]Qmadf]lhd ;+ljwfg / Gofo;\ut
x'g] u/L ;+zf]lwt / kl/dfh{g ug'k{ g]{ .
dfly plNnlvt Joj:yfsf] cltl/Qm
;Tolgk0f Pj+ d]nldnfksf] j[xt\
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu uDeL/
dfgjclwsf/ lj/f]wL kmf}hbf/L sfo{sf]
ck/fwLs/0fsf] nflu sfg"gL Joj:yf
ug{, d]nldnfksf] efjgf k|a4{g ug{
Jofks cleofg ;~rfng ug{, kLl8t
Pj+ kLl8tsf] kl/jf/sf] nflu oy]i7
cfly{ s , sfg" g L Pj+ ;+ : yfut
Joj:yf;lxt kl/k"/0fsf] Joj:yf ug{,
;Tolgk0f Pj+ d]nldnfk cfof]usf]
:jfoQtf Pj+ lgikIftfsf]
;'lglZrttfsf] nflu Gsfndf ;z:q
ljb|fx] sf] kIfdf jf ;f] ljb|fx] sf] bdg
jf k|zf;gdf ;+nUg eO{ s'g
} kdf
Gsf kIf/t jf ;DalGwt ePsf

()%@ ;Gtf]if ofbj;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t

JolQmx afx]ssf tyf dfgj clwsf/

pNn\ 3 gsf] gsf/fTds clen] v
gePsf JolQmx ;lDdlnt x'g] u/L
cGt/f{ l i6 o kdf
:jLs[ t
dfkb08;d] t sf] cfwf/df To:tf]
cfof]usf] u7g ug],{ kLl8txn] cfgf]
;To eGg ;Sg] / k|efjsf/L 9n]
k|lt/Iff ug{ ;Sg] k|of]hgsf] nflu kLl8t
Pj+ ;fIfL ;+/If0f;DaGwL sfo{qmd agfO{
nfu" ug{ / pgLxsf] JolQmut
kl/rofTds ljj/0fsf] ;+/If0f ug]{,
cfjZostfcg';f/ aGb Ohnf;af6
;'g' j' fO x'g] jf >Job[Zosf] dfWodaf6
b" / ;' g ' j fOnufotsf] pko' Q m
Joj:yfkg ug]{ u/L sfg"gsf] kl/dfh{g
ug]{ / sfof{Gjog r/0fdf Jojxfl/s
pkfox ckgfpg] .
cfof]un] dfkmLnufotsf] ljifodf
ckgfpg'kg]{ dfkb08sf] nflu sfg"gdf
g} cfwf/e"t s'/fsf] ls6fg ug]n
{ ufotsf
Joj:yf ug{ G ljz]if1, kLl8t jf
kLl8tsf] lxt k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+:yf,
dfgjclwsf/ sfg"g ljz]if1 Pj+
;/f]sf/jfnf kIfx ;lDdlnt ePsf]
ljifo ljz]if1 6f]nLsf] ;xof]u lnO{
pQm cWofb]z kl/dfh{g ug"{ .

%&= dfly plNnlvt Joj:yfsf]

k|efjsf/L ;Dkfbg tyf Joj:yfkg ug{sf]
nflu ljkIfL g] k fn ;/sf/ tyf
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{ n onfO{ n] v L
k7fpg" . k| : t' t cfb] z sf] hfgsf/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t ljkIfL g]kfn
;/sf/ / ;DdfggLo /fi6kltsf] sfof{nonfO{

lbg" . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf

u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfn
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)&) ;fn k'; !* ut] /f]h % z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t M pk;lrjo lzjk|;fb

vgfn, lji0f'k;
| fb uf}td

&
lg0f{o g+= ()%@
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
cfb]z ldlt M @)&).(.!*.%
068WS0073

ljifoM pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z

lgj]bs M ;nf{xL lhNnf, ;xf]8jf uf=lj=;=,
j8f g+= # :yfoL 7]ufgf eO{ xfn g]kfn
;/sf/, :jf:Yo dGqfnocGtu{t :jf:Yo
;]jf, hg:jf:Yo lg/LIfs kbdf sfo{/t\
;Gtf]if ofbj;d]t
lj4
ljkIfL M g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{ n o, l;+ x b/af/
sf7df8f};
+ d]t

1155

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

r' g f} t L
u/] s f]
lgj] b sn]
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t eO{ hf/L
ePsf] lghfdtL sd{ r f/Lsf
;GtltnfO{ 5fqj[lQ pknJw u/fpg]
lgb]{lzsf, @)^& ;+ljwfg jf P]g
jf lgodfjnLsf] clVtof/LcGtu{t
ag]sf] gb]lvg'sf ;fy} g]kfn sfg"g
JofVof;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf
@ -8_ sf] g] k fn sfg" g sf]
kl/efiffcg';f/ sfg"g eGg ;lsg]
cj:yf gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
lghfdtL sd{ r f/Lsf ;GtltnfO{
5fqj[lQ pknJw u/fpg] lgb]{lzsf,
@)^& ;+ l jwfg jf P] g jf
lgodfjnLsf] clVtof/LcGtu{ t
ag]sf] gb]lvg'sf ;fy} g]kfn sfg"g
JofVof;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf
@-8_ sf] g] k fn sfg" g sf]
kl/efiffcg';f/ sfg"g eGg ;lsg]
cj:yf gb] l vPsf] x' F b f g] k fnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!)&-!_ cGtu{ t o; Ohnf;n]
k| : t' t lgj] b gdf ;' g ' j fO{ ug{
g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_

cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7 M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& adf]lhd o;
cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qleqsf] eO{ bfo/ x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+
7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
ljkIfL dlGqkl/ifbaf6 ldlt @)^&.#.!%
df :jLs[t u/L hf/L ul/Psf] lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf ;GttLnfO{ 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg]
lgb] { l zsf, @)^& nfu" eO;s] s f] x' g fn]
k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df 5fqj[lQ /sd kfpg]
ljZjf; u/L cWoog u/L cfPsf 5f+} . pQm
lgb]l{ zsfsf] bkmf %-!_ df tf]lsPcg';f/sf]
ljifodf k|yd jif{df cWoog/t\n] ;ldltsf]
;lrjfnodf b/vf:t lbg ldlt @)^(.!.!*
sf] uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ubf{ lgb]l{ zsfsf]
bkmf $-u_ adf]lhd o; lgb]{lzsfadf]lhd
5fqj[lQ k|bfg ul/g] ljifodf ;DalGwt lzIf0f
;+:yfdf egf{ ePsf] jf cWoog/t /x]sf] eGg]
Joj:yfljk/Lt u}/sfg"gL tyf u}/ ;dfj]zL
;"rgf k|sfzg u/]sf]n] pQm ;"rgf g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !, @!, ##
-3_-3!_, wf/f #% sf] pkwf/f -!)_ -!$_, wf/f
!^$-@_ ljk/Lt eO{ lgj]bs;d]tsf] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@, !#, !*,
!(, @! / @# sf] df}lns xsdf uDeL/ cf3ft
k'us
] f] 5 . pQm lgb]l{ zsf / 5fqj[lQ Joj:yfkg
lgj]bssf tkm{af6 M ljfg clwjQmf >L gfu]Gb| ;ldltn] ldlt @)^(.!.!* sf] uf]/vfkqdf
ofbj
k|yd jif{df cWoog/t\ egL u}/sfg"gLkdf
ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L k|sflzt ;"rgf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @! ;Fu
rGb|sfGt vgfn
aflemPsf] x'gfn] aflemPsf] xb;Dd ab/ u/L
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf & sf]
cjnlDat ghL/ M
pkbkmf & adf]lhd ;dfj]zL Joj:yf u/L
;Da4 sfg"g M
sfd sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg, lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf ;GttLnfO{ 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg]
1156

()%@ ;Gtf]if ofbj;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t

lgb]l{ zsf, @)^& sf] bkmf $ sf] v08 -u_

adf]lhd cWoog/t\sf] Joj:yf ljk/Lt b/vf:t
cfJxfg gug{ / lgj]bsnfO{ 5fqj[lQ kfpg]
k|lt:kwf{df ;dfj]z ug{ ljkIfLxsf gfddf
lgb]z
{ gfTds;lxt k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L
kfpmF . ;fy}, lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Dd
ldlt @)^(.!.!* sf] ;"rgfsf] sfof{Gjog gug'{
gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg
kq .
o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^(.@.!^ df ljkIfLxsf
gfddf sf/0f b]vfpm cfb]z eO{ cGtl/d cfb]z
5nkmnsf nflu ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf lbg] cfb]z
ePsf] .
k|:t't lgb]l{ zsfsf] k|fjwfg lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf xsdf nfu" x'g] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]
;'ljwf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo xf] . /fHosf] ;|ft] /
;fwgdf kx' F r gePsf ju{ n fO{ /fHosf]
;+/rgfdf xs x'g] egL g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @! n] xs k|Tofe"t
u/]sf] xf] . /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL eO{;s]sf
JolQm jf lghsf kl/jf/sf ;b:oxn]
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @! adf]lhdsf] xs k|fKt ug{
;Sb}gg\ . ;a} lghfdtL sd{rf/L /fHosf cufl8
;dfg x'g] ePsf]n] ;'ljwfsf lx;fan] lghxsf
aLr c;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#
n] cg'dlt lbb}g . t;y{, k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h u/L kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn
;/sf/, k| w fgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf]
sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 P]=sf ;lrj 8f= lqnf]rg
pk|t] Lsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o;df 5fqj[lQsf] nflu 5gf}6 eO{ ldlt
@)^(.@.@^ df glthf;d]t k|sflzt eO;s]sf]
b]lvFbf 5gf}6 ePsf] cGo 5fqxnfO{ k|efljt

kfg]{ u/L ;'ljwf ;Gt'ngsf] b[li6n] tTsfn

cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul//xg' pko'Qm gx'bF f
dfuadf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgnfO{ cu|flwsf/ k|bfg u/L
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt ljz]if
Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^(.#.!$ sf] cfb]z .
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf /
lgj[lQe/0f kfO{/x]sf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf
;GttLxdf ;dfgtfsf] Jojxf/ u/L lgb]l{ zsf
lgdf{0f u/]sf] / pQm lgb]l{ zsfn] ;dfj]zLnfO{
eGbf of]UotfqmdnfO{ hf]8 lbO{ lgb]l{ zsfsf]
bkmf !^ n] 5fqj[lQ k|fKt ug{ rfxg] lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf ;GttLnfO{ lagf s'g} e]befj
of] U otfs| d sf cfwf/df ;" r L tof/ u/L
kf/bzL{kdf bkmf % df pNn]lvt k|fljlws
ljifodf 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug]{ x'gfn] lgb]l{ zsfsf]
k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;Fu gaflemPsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h u/L kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g,
Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf
dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 P]=sf ;lrj e]if/fh zdf{sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
ldlt @)^(.!.!* sf] ;"rgfcg';f/
k|fKt b/vf:tsf] 5fgaLg u/L lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf ;GttLnfO{ 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg]
lgb]l{ zsf, @)^& n] to u/]sf] dfkb08 cg';f/
@)) hgf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf ;GttLnfO{
5fqj[ l Q pknAw u/fpg] u/L 5fqj[ l Q
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] t]x|fF} a}7saf6 ldlt
@)^(.@.@^ df lg0f{o;d]t eO{;s]sf] 5 .
lgb]l{ zsf cfd gful/sxsf xsdf nfu" x'g]
ljifo geO{ lglZrt\ ju{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf
;GttLnfO{ lglZrt dfkb08sf cfwf/df nfu"
x'g] x'bF f ;+ljwfgk|lts"n eGg] cfwf/ 5}g . l/6
lgj]bsn] Psk6s b/vf:t k]z u/L 5gf}6
gePsf] / xfn k|yd jif{df cWoog/t\nfO{

1157

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

b/vf:t cfJxfg ul/Psf]df lgj]bs ;/f]h

clwsf/L ltLo jif{df cWoog/t\ /xgfn]
b/vf:t lbg gkfPsf] sf/0fn] l/6 lgj]bg
lbPsf] b]lvG5 . cfgf]cg'sn
" lg0f{o eP l7s
/ k|lts"n lg0f{o eP a]l7s eGg] efjgfaf6
k|l] /t eO{ bfo/ u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL
x'Fbf vf/]h u/L kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;GttL 5fqj[lQ Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] tkm{af6 5fqj[lQ
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf tyf ;lrjsf]
tkm{af6 / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] tkm{af6
P]=sf ;lrj w/0fLw/ vltj8fsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ljkIfLn] cf=a=)^()&) sf nflu
$)) hgf sf]6f /fvL k'gM ldlt @)&).@.* df
;+ljwfgljk/Lt u}/ ;dfj]zL b/vf:t cfJxfg
u/]sf] / ;Djt\ @)&) df lgb]l{ zsf ;+zf]wg
ubf{ klg ;dfj]zL Joj:yf gu/]sf] x'bF f ljkIfLn]
ljjflbt ljifodf d'2f km};nf gx'bF } k'gM b/vf:t
cfJxfg u/]sf]n] kl/l:ylt uDeL/ eO{ l:ylt
kl/j{tg ePsf] ;d]tsf] cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bgsf]
clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Dd ldlt @)&).@.* sf]
;"rgf / ;f];DaGwL sfd sf/jfxL oyfl:yltdf
/fVg' egL ljkIfLsf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L u/L kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;Gtf]if
ofbj;d]tsf] ldlt @)&).@.@& sf] lgj]bg
kq .
o;df lgj]bsn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf
;GtltnfO{ 5fqj[lQ pknJw u/fpg] lgb]l{ zsf,
@)^& / ;f]df ePsf] ;+zf]wg tyf ;f]
lgb]l{ zsfadf]lhd k|sflzt ldlt @)&).@.*
sf] ;"rgf;d]t g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !# / @! ;d]tsf] cg'sn
" gePsf]
egL cGtl/d cfb]zsf] dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

pQm ;+zf]wg / ;f]adf]lhd k|sflzt 5fqj[lQ

k|bfg ug]{ ljifosf] ldlt @)&).@.* sf] ;"rgf
;+ljwfgsf] pQm Joj:yfcg'sn
" ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLsf cfwf/df eP u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]n]
pQm ;"rgfadf]lhd 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ubf{ cfly{s,
;fdflhs / z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf ju{sf]
xs lxtdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ ;Sg] cj:Yff
k|yd b[li6df g} b]lvg cfO{ pQm ju{sf lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf ;GttLnfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt x'g ;Sg]
x'bF f k|:t't l/6sf] 6'f] gnfu];Dd pQm ldlt
@)&).@.* sf] ;"rgfadf]lhd glthf k|sfzg
ug]{ Pj+ 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug{] sfd sf/jfxL gu/L
xfn oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd
ljkIfLxsf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L
lbPsf] 5 eGg] o; cbfnt ljz]if Ohnf;sf]
ldlt @)&).#.!# sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf] l hd k] z L ;" r Ldf r9L
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgdf lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L gfu] G b| ofbjn] ljkIfL
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)^&.#.!% df :jLs[t
eO{ hf/L ePsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf ;GttLnfO{
5fqj[lQ pknJw u/fpg] lgb]l{ zsf, @)^& sf]
bkmf $ sf] v08 -u_ sf] Joj:yfljk/Lt 5fqj[lQ
Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ldlt @)^(.!.!* sf]
uf]/vfkqdf k|yd jif{df cWoog/t\ egL
u}/sfg"gLkdf k|sflzt ;"rgf u}/ ;dfj]zL
eO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!# / @! ;d]tsf] k|lts"n ePsf]n] pQm
lgb] { l zsfsf] Joj:yf aflemPsf] xb;Dd
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L ;dfj]zL Joj:yf
ug{ / lgj]bsnfO{ k|lt:kwf{df ;dfj]z ug{
ljkIfLsf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' b{5

1158

()%@ ;Gtf]if ofbj;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t

egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] . To:t} ljkIfL

g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf >L rGb|sfGt vgfnn] k|:t't
lgb]l{ zsfsf] k|fjwfg lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf xsdf
nfu" x'g] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;'ljwf;Fu
;DalGwt ljifo xf] . lgb]l{ zsfsf] bkmf !^ n]
5fqj[lQ k|fKt ug{ rfxg] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf
;GttLnfO{ lagf s'g} e]befj of]Uotfs|dsf
cfwf/df ;"rL tof/ u/L kf/bzL{kdf bkmf %
df pNn]lvt k|fljlws ljifodf 5fqj[lQ k|bfg
ug]{ x'gfn] lgb]l{ zsfsf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;Fu
gaflemPsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpmF
egL ug'{ ePsf] ax;;d]t ;'lgof] .
plNnlvt ax; ;'gL ldl;n;d]t
cWoog u/L k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn]
bfjL u/]sf] ljifo ljz]if Ohnf;af6 ;'gjfO{
x'g] ljifo xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ l/6 lgj]bsn]
k| : t' t l/6 lgj] b gdf d" n tM ljkIfL
dlGqkl/ifbaf6 ldlt @)^&.#.!% df :jLs[t
u/L hf/L ul/Psf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf
;GttLnfO{ 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg] lgb]l{ zsf,
@)^& sf] bkmf %-!_ df tf]lsPcg';f/sf] ljifodf
k|yd jif{df cWoog/t\n] ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnodf
b/vf:t lbg ldlt @)^(.!.!* sf] uf]/vfkqdf
k|sflzt ;"rgf lgb]l{ zsfsf] bkmf $-u_ sf]
Joj:yfljk/Lt u}/sfg"gL tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# / @! ljk/Lt u}/
;dfj]zL eO{ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] x'gfn]
aflemPsf] xb;Dd ab/ u/L lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf & adf]lhd
;dfj]zL Joj:yf u/L sfd sf/jfxL cufl8
a9fpg, lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf ;GttLnfO{

5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg] lgb]l{ zsf, @)^& sf]

bkmf $ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd cWoog/tsf]
Joj:yf ljk/Lt b/vf:t cfJxfg gug{ /
lgj]bsnfO{ 5fqj[lQ kfpg] k|lt:kwf{df ;dfj]z
ug{ ljkIfLxsf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
hf/L u/L kfpmF eGg];d]t dfu bfjL lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . ljkIfLtkm{sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf lghfdtL
;]jfsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf / lgj[lQe/0f kfO{/x]sf
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf ;GttLxdf ;dfgtfsf]
Jojxf/ u/L lgb]l{ zsf lgdf{0f u/]sf] / pQm
lgb]l{ zsfn] 5fqj[lQ k|fKt ug{ rfxg] lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf ;GttLnfO{ lagf s'g} e]befj
of] U otfs| d sf cfwf/df ;" r L tof/ u/L
kf/bzL{kdf bkmf % df pNn]lvt k|fljlws
ljifodf 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug]{ x'gfn] lgb]l{ zsfsf]
k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;Fu gaflemPsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h u/L kfpmF eGg] d'Vo lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] ;+ljwfgk|lts"n egL r'gf}tL
u/]sf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf ;GttLnfO{ 5fqj[lQ
pknJw u/fpg] lgb]z
{ sf, @)^& g]kfn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)^&.#.!% df :jLs[t
eO{ hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm lgb]l{ zsf g]kfn
;/sf/n] sfo{sf/L clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L hf/L
u/]sf] egL lgb]l{ zsfsf] k|:tfjgfsf] clGtd
x/kmdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFbf pQm lgb]l{ zsf
;+ljwfg jf s'g} P]g jf P]gadf]lhd ag]sf
lgodfjnLsf] s'g} vf; clVtof/LcGt{ut hf/L
ePsf] b]lvGg . g]kfn sfg"g JofVof;DaGwL
P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @-7_ df g]kfn P]gsf]
kl/efiffdf of] zAbn] @))& ;fn kmfu'g &
ut] pk|fGt hf/L ePsf s'g} P]g / g]kfn
cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& jf g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg jf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg jf
g] k fn clw/fHosf] ;+ l jwfg, @)$& jf

1159

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# jf g]kfnsf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# ad]flhd ag]sf] h'g;'s}
P]gnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ egL ;+ljwfgadf]lhd hf/L
ePsf] P]gnfO{ g]kfn P]g dfgL kl/eflift u/]sf]
5 . To:t} ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @-8_ df g]kfn
sfg"gsf] kl/efiffdf of] zAbn] g]kfn P]g jf
g]kfnsf] s'g} efudf sfg"g;/x nfu" x'g] P]g,
;jfn, lgod, cfb]z jf pklgod ;Demg'
k5{ egL kl/efiff u/]sf] kfOG5 . lgj]bsn]
r'gf}tL u/]sf] dlGqkl/ifbaf6 :jLs[t eO{ hf/L
ePsf] 6:lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf ;GttLnfO{
5fqj[lQ pknJw u/fpg] lgb]{lzsf, @)^&
;+ l jwfg jf P] g jf lgodfjnLsf]
clVtof/LcGtu{t ag]sf] gb]lvg'sf ;fy} g]kfn
sfg"g JofVof;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @
-8_ sf] g]kfn sfg"gsf] kl/efiffcg';f/ sfg"g
eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvGg .
#= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+lwjfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !)&-!_ df o; ;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ
df}lns xspk/ cg'lrt aGb]h nufOPsf]n] jf
cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] x'bF f ;f] sfg"g jf o;sf] s'g} efu
ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfpmF egL s'g} klg g]kfnL
gful/sn] ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5
/ ;f]cg';f/ s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf]
b]lvPdf ;f] sfg"gnfO{ k|f/Deb]lv g} jf lg0f{o
ePsf] ldltb]lv cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{
c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]R{ r cbfntnfO{ x'g5
]
eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&
pkwf/f -!_ cGtu{tsf] d'2f ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $-!_-u_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6 x]l/g] Joj:yf
ePsf] 5 . t/ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn]

r'gf}lt u/]sf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf ;GttLnfO{

5fqj[lQ pknJw u/fpg] lgb]{lzsf, @)^&
;+ l jwfg jf P] g jf lgodfjnLsf]
clVtof/LcGtu{t ag]sf] gb]lvg'sf ;fy} g]kfn
sfg"g JofVof;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @
-8_ sf] g]kfn sfg"gsf] kl/efiffcg';f/ sfg"g
eGg ;lsg] cj:yf gb]lvPsf] x'bF f g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_
cGtu{t o; Ohnf;n] k|:t't lgj]bgdf ;'gj' fO{
ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPg . lgj]bsn] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ sf]
xsdf;d]t dfu bfjL lnPsf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f]
;DaGwdf ;'gjfOsf] nflu lgodadf]lhd
;DalGwt Ohnf;df k]z ug'{ kg]{ b]lvof] .
t;y{, k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ljz]if Ohnf;tkm{sf]
nut sf x'g] 7x5{ . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
ljz]if Ohnf;tkm{sf] nut sf u/L lgj]bsn]
dfu bfjL u/]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ sf] ljifodf ;'gj' fOsf
nflu ;DalGwt Ohnf;df lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug"{ .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f+} .
Gof= lu/Lz rGb| nfn
Gof= ;'zLnf sfsL{
Olt ;Djt\ @)&) ;fn k'; !* ut] /f]h % z'ed\

lg0f{o g+= ()%$

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
;=sf=d'=k|=GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
km};nf ldlt M @)&).#.@^.$
)^*CR)(#!
d'2fM ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f

;"o/{ fh bfxfn;d]tsf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn

;/sf/
k|ltjfbLxn] g]kfnL k}ofFF af]sL
lxF8\g'dfq cfkm}Fdf s;"/hGo sfo{
x'g ;Sb}g . s;"/hGo sfo{ tadfq
dfGg ;lsG5 ha To:tf] /sd
u} / sfg" g Lkdf cfh{ g u/] s f] jf
sfg" g k| l ts" n kdf lnPsf] jf
wf/0f u/]sf] x'G5 .
k} o fF ;x6Lsf] k| o f] h gsf nflu
wf/0f u/] s f] ; Dd sfo{ ;DklQ
z'4Ls/0f -dgL nfpG8l/\_ lgjf/0f
P] g , @)^$ sf] bkmf $-_ df
pNn]v ePcg';f/ ljb]zL ljlgdo
lgoldt ug] { ;DaGwL k| r lnt
sfg" g sf] pNn\ 3 g u/] s f] dfGg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_

k' g /fj] b sk| l tjfbLsf tkm{ a f6 M ljfg

Olt ;Djt\ @)&) ;fn c;f/ @^ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof=ts{/fh e
Ohnf; clws[t M lzjk|;fb vgfn

&
lg0f{o g+= ()%%
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
cfb]z ldlt M @)&).$.!^.$
)^(-WO-)!#^
ljifo M pTk|i] f0f k/dfb]z .
lgj] b s M lhNnf slknj:t' , slknj:t'
gu/kflnsf j8f g+=+ @ t}lnxjf a:g]
b'uf{k;
| fb sfGb'
lj4
ljkIfL M lhNnf slknj:t' , slknj:t'
gu/kflnsf j8f g+=+ @ t}lnxjf a:g]
;Gtf]ifs'df/ sfGb';d]t

1176

c+ z d' 2 f 7x/] a df] l hd x' g ] /

ljjflbt c+ z d' 2 f dftxt
cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg g} /x] s f]
cj:yfdf dflyNnf] cbfntaf6
o;f] jf To;f] ug'{ eGg' jf of] jf
Tof] k|df0f a'g' egL ljjflbt d'2f

()%% b'uf{k|;fb sfGb' lj= ;Gtf]ifs'df/ sfGb';d]t

x]g{ ;Ifd /x]sf] lhNnf cbfntnfO{

cfkm\gf] clGtd lg0f{o ;'gfpg' cl3
g} x:tIf]k u/]/ cfb]z ub}{ hfg]
xf] eg] ;DalGwt cbfntnfO{
sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] d'2f dfldnf
x]/L clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ If]qflwsf/sf]
cf}lrTo;d]t ;dfKt x'g] .
d'2fsf] sf/jfxL x'bF } hfFbf OG;fkmsf]
/f]xdf pko'Qm cj;/df clwsf/
k| f Kt cbfntn] cfjZos s' / fsf]
ljrf/ ug]{ s'/f ;Fw} ;'/lIft x'G5 .
;f]afx]s sfo{ljlwut ljifodf b'O{
tx cbfntaf6;d] t Goflos
k/LIf0f eO;s] s f] l:yltdf klg
;f]df lrQ ga'emfO{ l/6 lgj]bsn]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t l/6
lgj]bg lnP/ cfpg'n] ljrf/fwLg
d'2fdf k|df0f a'emL zL3| OG;fkm
ug{ n fO{ g} cgfjZos ljnDa
ug'{afx]s c s]xL gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
lgj]bssf tkm{af6 M ljfg clwjQmf >L
g/]Gb|sd
' f/ s]=;L=
ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L
7f]sk|;fb lzjfsf]6L
cjnlDat ghL/ M
;Da4 sfg"g M
cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7 M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ cfb]z b]xfoadf]lhd 5 M

d"n k'if hu]Zj/ sfGb' lghsf] @

5f]/f /fdk|;fb ! / afa'/fd ! ePsf] /fd
k|;fbsf] 5f]/f lqj]gL ePsf] / lgh lqj]gLsf] @
5f]/f /fd ;xfo ! / eujt bofn ! ePsf] .
eujt bofnsf] >LdtL /df ePsL, lqj]gLsf]
xfFuf tkm{sf ;Gtfgdf 5f]/fsf] hfohGd g}
geO{ 5f]/L gGbfb]jL ePsf] / lghxsf] klg
ljjfx eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . otf afa'/fdsf] @ 5f]/f
5fFu/' / /fds'df/ ePsf]df /fd s'df/ lgM;Gtfg
eO{ 5fFu/' sf] 5f]/f vf]8] eGg] /fd nvg dfq
ePsf] . lgh vf]8] eGg] /fd nvgsf] # 5f]/f
b'uf{k|;fb, af;'b]j / ;Gtf]if ePsf] o;
k':t]jf/Ldf xfdL jfbL k|ltjfbLx afx]s csf]
sfnultn] cl3 g} :ju{jf; eO;s]sf] 5 .
o;/L xfdL jfbL k|ltjfbLx ;+uf]ndf a;L
;uf]nsf] ;DklQ k|ltjfbL eujt bofn lhDdfdf
/xL ;uf]naf6 g} ef]uL cfPsf] . 7"nf a'af
k|ltjfbL eujt bofn cToGt a[4fj:yf ePsf]
/ sfsLsf] klg k/nf]s eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . xfdL
/fd nvgsf] ;Gtfgxn] ldnL 7"nf]afa' eut
bofnsf] ;]jf u/L oxL ldlt @)^*.$.!% ut]sf
lbg d lgj]bs jfbLnfO{ k}ofsf] vfFrf] eO{
ljkIfL k|ltjfbLx;Fu dfu ubf{ ljkIfL
k|ltjfbLx Psh'6 eO{ xfdLnfO{ ltdL;Fu
dtna 5}g hfg]sf u/ egL hjfkm nufO{
lbPsfn] cGofodf k/L d lgj]bsn] ;DdfgLt
z' slknj:t' lhNnf cbfntdf k|ToyL{x
pk/ c+z d'2f btf{ u/]sf]df jfbLn] b]vfpg'
ePsf] k':t]jf/L unt 5, eujt bofnsf]
a]Un} j+zfjnL / k':t]jf/L 5 . lgh eujt
bofnnfO{ afx]s u/L xfdL af;'bj] ;d]t;Fu
dfq tfobftL kmfF6jf/L dfu x'g' kg]{ xf] eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ToyL{xsf] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ ePsf]
o;} nufpsf] b]=g+= !@)(, !@!) sf] d'2fdf
klg jfbLn] cfgf] lkm/fbdf eujt bofn

1177

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

sfGb'nfO{ cfgf] k':t]jf/Lleqsf] pNn]v gu/]sf]

cj:yf x'bF f eujt bofn;Fu jfbLsf] gftf
sfod x'g] cj:yf ePg . jfbLx / k|ltjfbL
;Gtf]if, af;'bj] k|;fb Ps} gftf k':tfleqsf]
b]lvbf / lghxaLr sfg"gadf]lhd c+za08f
klg gePsf] l:yltdf kl5 7x/]adf]lhd x'g]
u/L lkm/fb k/]sf] cl3Nnf] lbgnfO{ dfgf] 5'lPsf]
ldlt sfod u/L eujt bofnnfO{ afx]s u/L
jfbL / k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if, af;'bj] lhDdf /x]sf]
rn crn ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQsf] c+z tfobftL
kmfF6jf/L c+za08fsf] @), @# g+= adf]lhd
jfbL / k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if, af;'bj] af6 bfv]n ug{
nufO{ k]z ug'{ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfb]z
ePsf] . ;f] cfb] z pk/ d lgj] b ssf]
k|ToyL{dWo]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, a'6jndf pQm
a]/Ltsf] cfb]z ab/ u/L kfpgsf] nflu c=a+
!& g+= adf]lhd lgj]bg k/]sf]df ldlt @)^(.$.#
df k| T oyL{ slknj:t' lhNnf cbfntsf]
cfb]znfO{ g} ;b/ sfod ug]{ u/L k|ToyL{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, a'6jnaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] .
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL kIfaf6 d"n k'vf{sf] xfFufaf6
oL eujt bofnnfO{ afx]s ug{sf] lglDt lgh
hu]Zj/sf] xfFufaf6 a]un b]lvg] k|df0f k|ToyL{n]
k]z ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . k|ToyL{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
a'6jn;d]tn] & g++ kmfF6jf/LnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
k':tf g} a]un hgfO{ 7x/fO{ lgh eujt
bofnnfO{ afx]s u/L cGo k|ltjfbLaf6 dfq
tfobftL kmfF6jf/L dfu ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfb]z
Gofo ;\ut geO{ c+za08fsf] dxnsf] !, @
g+= k|lts"n ePsf] 5 . c+z d'2fdf gftfdf
ljjfb eO{ jfbL k|ltjfbLsf] aLrdf d'v gldn]sf
cj:yfdf lgh eujt bofn h;nfO{ k|:t't
d'2fdf tfobftL kmfF6jf/L dfu ubf{ a]un ul/Psf]
5 . lghsf] 5f]/L hf] cfgf] lktfsf] kfl/jfl/s
l:yltsf] af/]df lglZrt\ kdf hflgkmsf/

x'g\ . lghsf] syg Joxf]/fnfO{ c=a+=!#( g+=

adf]lhd a'emL gftf k':t]jf/Lsf] 6'f] nufpg'
kg]{ / ;fy} k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @#-$_
adf]lhd gftfsf] hflgkmsf/ JolQm jf ;h{ldg
/ lgh eujt bofns} 5f] / L gGbgLsf]
sygnfO{;d]t a'emL k|:t't d'2fdf sfg"g ;Ddt
cfb]z ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f]tkm{ s'g} jf:tf g} gu/L
ePsf] ldlt @)^(.)!.@) ut]sf] k|ToyL{
slknj:t' lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{ ;b/
ug]{ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, a'6jnsf]
cfb]z a]/Ltk"0f{ x'gfsf] ;fy} ljkIfLsf pQm
sfo{n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# f/f
k|bQ d]/f] df}lns xsdf k|ToIf cf3ft k'Ug
uPsf] 5 .
o;y{ k| T oyL{ slknj:t' lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^(.)!.@) df eujt
bofnnfO{ afx]s u/L tfobftL kmfF6jf/L dfu
ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfb]z / ;f] cfb]znfO{ ;b/
ug]{ u/L ePsf] k|ToyL{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
a'6jnsf] ldlt @)^(.$.# sf] cfb]z pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zaf6 ab/ u/L sfg"gadf]lhd ldl;n
;+nUg k|df0fxsf] ljZn]if0f u/L a'g' kg]{]
k|df0f a'emL sf/jfxL ug'{ egL k|ToyL{ slknj:t'
lhNnf cbfntsf gfpF d f k/dfb] z sf]
cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
l/6 lgj]bg .
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < cfgf] ;a"b k|df0f;lxt
lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf
lbO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ . ;fy} k|:t't lgj]bgsf]
ljifo c+za08fsf] tfobftL;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvO{
rfF 8 f] lgk0f x' g pko' Q m b] l vF b f
cu|flwsf/;d]t k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf]

1178

()%% b'uf{k|;fb sfGb' lj= ;Gtf]ifs'df/ sfGb';d]t

Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^(.)%.)# df hf/L ePsf]

cfb]z .
clwsf/If]qk|fKt cbfntdf c+z d'2fsf]
lkm/fbkq k/L jfbL k|ltjfbL eO{ ljjfbfTds
tYoxdf ;a"b k|df0f a'emL clwsf/k|fKt
cbfntaf6 sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o cfb]z ePsf]
ljifodf l/6 hf/L x'g' kg]{ s'g} cj:yf 5}g .
ph'/L lgj]bg u}/sfg"gL Pj+ q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
ph"/jfnf b'uf{k;
| fbn] ;f]xL tfobftL dfUg] egL
ePsf] cfb]zfg';f/ ldlt @)^(.#.@% df
tfobftL k]z u/L ;sL sf/jfxL cufl8 a9]sf]
/ d'2f lg0f{o x'g] cj:yfdf 5 . eujt bofnsf]
k':t]jf/L / jfbL b'uf{k;
| fbsf] k':t]jf/L 5'f5'}
ePsf] egL eujt bofn / xfdL ;Gtf]if s'df/,
af;'bj] ;d]tn] k|ltpQ/kq nufPsf] cj:yf
5 . k':t]jf/L ;dy{gsf] nflu k|ltpQ/ ;fy
k|df0fsf] kdf !((%.!!.$ sf] /fhLgfdf
lnvtsf] kmf] 6 f] s lk / e" l d;DaGwL P] g
lgodadf]lhd eujt bofnn] e/]sf] & g+=
kmfF6jf/Lsf] sfuhxaf6 eujt bofnsf]
k':t]jf/L / oL jfbL b'uf{k;
| fbsf] k':t]jf/L 5'f5'}
b]lvPsf] 5 . d af;'bj] sf] cfdf efgdtLsf]
gfdsf] 3/ hUuf gfd;f/L u/L lbg' egL
b'uf{k;
| fb;d]tn] ldlt @)^).!.@$ ut] u/L
lbg' ePsf] dGh"/Lgfdf / b]=g+= !@)( / !@!)
sf] d'2fsf] lkm/fb;d]tsf cfwf/ k|df0fn] eujt
bofnsf] / b'uf{k;
| fb;d]tsf] k':t]jf/L 5'f5'}
b]lvg] sfuh c+z d'2fsf] ldl;ndf b]lvPsf]
cfwf/ k|df0fn] eujt bofn sfGb' jfbL
b'uf{k;
| fbsf] k':t]jf/Lleqsf] gb]lvPsf]n] eujt
bofn;Fu jfbLsf] gftf sfod x'g] cj:yf
gb]lvPsf]af6 eujt bofnnfO{ afx]s u/L
jfbLsf] cGo efO af;'bj] , ;Gtf]if;Fu tfobftL
dfu ePsf] plNnlvt lnvt k|df0f;d]tn]
cfb]z, sfg"g tyf Gofo;\ut 5 . ;f] cfb]z

pk/ b'uf{k;
| fbn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, a'6jndf
ab/sf] lgj]bg lbPsf]df sf/jfxL eO{ ;f]xL
lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]z ;b/ x'g] lg0f{o ePsf]
5 . o;/L clwsf/k|fKt cbfntaf6 ;a} k|df0fsf]
d"Nof\sg u/L ePsf] cfb]z ab/ x'g] cj:yf
5}g . bfjL u/]sf] k':t]jf/L k|dfl0ft ug]{ cfwf/
b]vfpg g;s]af6 bfjL lhsL/ u}/sfg"gL Pj+
q'l6k"0f{ 5 . @ tx cbfntaf6 lg0f{o eO{
;s]sf]df l/6 If]qdf cfO{ ;/hldg ul/kfpFm
egL dfu u/]sf] lgj]bg lhsL/ tYoxLg Pj+
u}/sfg"gL /x]sf]n] ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
u/L kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] af;'bj] k|;fb
sfGb';d]tn] k]z u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bs b'uf{k|;fb sfGb' / ljkIfL
;Gtf]ifs'df/ sfGb' ePsf] c+z d'2fdf a]/Ltsf]
cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bssf] lgj]bg
k/L ;f] d f k| f Kt s} l kmot k| l tj] b g
Ohnf;;dIfdf k]z x'bF f slknj:t' lhNnf
cbfnt s] o;df k]z ePsf] & g++ kmfF6jf/L,
cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] nufpsf] b]=g++
!@)( / !@!) g++ sf d'2fx tyf k|ltjfbLx
;Gtf]if sfGb';d]tsf] k':t]jf/L ;DaGwdf lnPsf]
k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ tyf gftfsf] aofg;d]tsf
cfwf/df k|ltjfbL eujt bofnnfO{ afx]s u/L
tfobftL kmf6jf/Lsf] ldlt @)^(.)!.@) sf]
cfb]z a]/Ltsf] gb]lvPsf] x'bF f kl/jt{g ug'{
k/]g . sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{xf]nf egL o;
cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf]
/ ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gLk|bQ ljkIfLsf] xs
clwsf/ xgg x'g] sfo{ o; cbfntaf6 gePsf]
x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfFpm
eGg] ; d] t Joxf] / fsf] k' g /fj] b g cbfnt,
a'6jnaf6 k|:t't x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o;} nufpsf] b]=g++ !@)(, !@!) sf]
d'2fdf;d]t jfbLn] cfgf] lkm/fbdf eujt

1179

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

bofn sfGb'nfO{ k':t]jf/Lleqsf] pNn]v gu/]sf]

cj:yf x'bF f eujt bofn;Fu jfbLsf] gftf
sfod x'g] cj:yf ePg . jfbL / k|ltjfbLx
;Gtf]if, af;'bj] k|;fb Ps} gftf / k':tfleqsf]
b]lvFbf / lghxaLr sfg"gadf]lhd c+z a08f
klg gePsf] l:yltdf kl5 7x/]adf]lhd x'g]
u/L lkm/fb k/]sf] cl3Nnf] lbgnfO{ dfgf] 5'lPsf]
ldlt sfod u/L eujt bofnnfO{ afx]s u/L
jfbL k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if, af;'bj] , lhDdf /x]sf]
a08f ug'{ kg]{ rn crn ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQsf]
c+z tfobftL kmfF6jf/L c+za08fsf] @)@# g+=+
adf]lhd jfbL / k|ltjfbL ;Gtf]if, af;'bj] af6
bflvn ug{ nufO{ cfk;df ;'gfO{ crnsf]
xsdf btf{ >]:tf a'emL gk'u sf]6{ kmL jfbLaf6
bfv]n u/fO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^(.)!.@) df cfb]z ePsf] 5 . k|:t't
c+z d'2fdf o; cbfntaf6 x'g] km};nf pk/
lrQ ga'em] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
ug{ / lbg kfpg] ljkIfL lgj]bssf] sfg"gL
clwsf/ ;'/lIft g} /x]sf] 5 . d'2fsf] ;'gj' fOsf]
l;nl;nfdf tfobftL kmfF6jf/L dfu ub}{df
lghsf] xs clwsf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] cf3ft
k'us
] f] eGg gldNg] x'bF f d'2fsf] 6'f] gnfUb}
l/6sf] dfWodaf6 sfg"gL pkrf/sf] af6f] c+ufnL
d'2fsf] lg0f{odf g} c;/ kfg]{ u/L bfo/ ePsf]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL x'bF f vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ; d] t Joxf] / fsf] slknj:t' lhNnf
cbfntaf6 k|:t't x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf] ljfg clwjQmf
>L g/]Gb|s'df/ s]=;L=n] lgj]bs / ljkIfL
k|ltjfbLx Ps} d"n k'vf{sf] xfFufleqsf ;Gtfg
ePsf]df ljjfb 5}g . eujt bofn d"n
k'vf{eGbf 5'} xfFufsf] eGg] k|df0f ljkIfL

k|ltjfbLxn] lbg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . tfobftL

kmfF 6 jf/Laf6 c+ z / c+ l zof/ nf] k ug{
ldNb}g . tfobftL dfUg] lhNnf cbfntsf]
cfb]z / ;f]nfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
a'6jnsf] cfb]z a]/Ltsf] 5 . cfb]z c=a+ *)
g+= tyf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @#-$_
;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'bF f pTk|i] f0ff/f ab/ u/L
ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f u/L a'g'kg]{
k|df0f a'em]/ dfq sf/jfxL ug{' egL slknj:t'
lhNnf cbfntsf gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] ; d] t sf] lhsL/ lnF b } ax; k| : t' t
ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL cbfntsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
;xGofoflwjQmf >L 7f]sk|;fb lzjfsf]6Ln] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf ljjfbsf] ljifo tNnf]
cbfntdf rln/x]sf] c+z d'2fsf] tfobftL
kmfF6jf/L dfUg] cfb]z;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] /
tNnf] cbfnt c+z d'2fdf h] hf] k|df0f a'g'k5{
a'em]/ lg0f{o ug{ ;Ifd cbfnt x'bF f p;sf]
If]qflwsf/df clxn] g} dflyNnf] cbfntn]
x:tIf]k ug]{ u/L s'g} cfb]z lbg gldNg];d]t
x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL /x]sf]n] vf/]h
x'g'k5{ eGg];d]tsf] ax; lhsL/ k|:t't
ug'e
{ of] .
plNnlvt ax; lhsL/nfO{ dgg ub}{
ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f sfuhxsf] cWoog
u/L lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf 5 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
o;df c+z;DaGwL xsdf c;/ kg]{
u/L tfobftL dfu ubf{ Ps} xfFufsf] c+lzof/nfO{
cs}{ xfFufsf] xf] egL c+z tfobftL k]z ug{af6
g} cnu u/L ePsf] slknj:t' lhNnf
cbfntaf6 a]/Lt k"0f{ cfb]z ePsf]n] / ;f]
cfb]z ab/ ug{ dfu u/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,

1180

()%% b'uf{k|;fb sfGb' lj= ;Gtf]ifs'df/ sfGb';d]t

a'6jnaf6;d]t lhNnf cbfnts} cfb]znfO{

;b/ ug]{ lg0f{o ePaf6 d]/f] c+z xsdf c;/
kg'{sf] ;fy} pQm cfb]z c=a+= !#( g+=,
c+za08fsf] !, @ g+= / k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf @#-$_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfxsf] ljk/Lt
x' F b f pTk| ] i f0fsf] cfb] z f/f ab/ u/L
sfg"gadf]lhd a'g' kg]{ k|df0f a'emL sf/jfxL
ug'{ egL slknj:t' lhNnf cbfntsf] gfddf
k/dfb]z;d]t hf/L u/L kfpFm eGg] l/6
lgj]bssf] d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
ljkIfLxaf6 k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ c+z
tfobftL dfUg] lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]z
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6;d]t ;b/ e} ;s]sf]
cj:yf 5 . lhNnf cbfntn] ;fIfL k|df0fx
a'em]/ km};nf ug{ afFsL g} 5 . c+z d'2fdf
k|df0f a'emL km};nf ug{ lhNnf cbfnt ;Ifd
g} /x]sf] / lhNnf cbfntn] ug]{ km};nfdf
lrQ ga'em] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
ug]{ xs;d]t ljkIfLnfO{ ;'/lIft g} /lx/x]sf]
cj:yfdf dftxt cbfntdf rln/x]sf] d'2fnfO{
c;/ kg]{ u/L clxn] g} dflyNnf] cbfntaf6
x:tIf]k ug{;d]t gldNg] x'bF f /L6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/g'k5{ eGg] b]lvG5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ tfobftL
kmfF6jf/L lbg gkg]{ egL cnu ePsf] kIf c+z
d'2fsf] lkm/fb ug]{ jfbLsf] k':t]jf/Lleqsf] xf]
jf aflx/sf] xf] eGg] / To:tf] kIfsf] gfddf
/x]sf] ;DklQaf6 jfbLn] c+z kfpg' kg]{ xf] jf
xf]Og{ eGg] ;DaGwdf hf] ePsf] k|df0f a'emL
O{G;fkm ug]{ If]qflwsf/ ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfnt
g} ePsf]df ljjfb b]lvFbg} . ;DalGwt slknj:t'
lhNnf cbfnt To:tf] ljifodf O{G;fkm ug{
;Ifd cbfnt /x]sf] / pQm cbfntdf c+z
d'2f ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf g} /x]sf];d]t
b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfgf] hf] ePsf] s'/f

p;} cbfntdf eGgnfO{ ljjflbt c+z d'2fsf

jfbL cyf{t\ oL l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ s'g} sfg"gn]
/f]ss
] f];d]t 5}g . c+z d'2f lbO{ ljrf/fwLg
/x]sf] cj:yfdf cfgf]tkm{af6 lnvt k|df0fx
u'hf/L bfjL k|dfl0ft ug{] sfg"gadf]lhdsf]
dfu{df ljkIfLaf6 cj/f]w l;h{gf ul/Psf]
cj:yf klg b]lvg cfpFb}g . k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] bfjL eg]sf] c+z d'2df
c+zsf] tfobftL kmfF6jf/L dfUbf ljkIfLdWo]sf
eujt bofn sfGb'nfO{ a]Un} a+zfjnL /
k':t]jf/Lleqsf] JolQm x'g\ egL cfkm\gf] c+z
xsdf c;/ kfg]{ u/L lgh afx]ssf cGo
k|ltjfbLxaf6 dfq c+zsf] tfobftL kmfF6jf/L
dfUg] u/L ePsf] slknj:t' lhNnf cbfntsf]
cfb]z / ;f] cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] cfb]z u}/sfg"gL /x]sf]n] b'a}
cfb]zx pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L ldl;n
;+nUg k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f u/L a'g'kg]{ k|df0f
a'em]/ dfq sf/jfxL ug{' egL slknj:t' lhNnf
cbfntsf gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
b]lvG5 .
#= c+z d'2fdf c+lzof/xsf] k':t]jf/Lsf]
cWoog Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIf dflgG5 o; ljifodf
lhNnf cbfntn] cfjZos k|df0f a'em]/ lg0f{o
ug{ ;Sg] g} x'G5 . c+z d'2f 7x/]adf]lhd x'g]
/ ljjflbt c+z d'2f dftxt cbfntdf
ljrf/fwLg g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf dflyNnf]
cbfntaf6 o;f] jf To;f] ug'{ eGg' jf of] jf
Tof] k|df0f a'g' egL ljjflbt d'2f x]g{ ;Ifd
/x]sf] lhNnf cbfntnfO{ cfkm\gf] cGtLd lg0f{o
;'gfpg' cl3g} x:tIf]k u/]/ cfb]z ub}{ hfg]
xf] eg] ;DalGwt cbfntnfO{ sfg"gn] k|bfg
u/]sf] d'2f dfldnf x/L clGtd lg0f{o ug]{
If]qflwsf/sf] cf}lrTo;d]t ;dfKt x'g hfg] .
ljkIfLdWo]sf] slknj:t' lhNnf cbfntsf] c+z

1181

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

tfobftL kmfF6jf/L dfu ug]{ cfb]znfO{ ;DalGwt

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, a'6jnaf6;d]t Goflos
lg0f{o g+= ()%^
k/LIf0f eO{;s]sf] cj:yf klg b]lvG5 . sf]
s;af6 tfobftL kmfF6jf/L lng kg],{ sf] s;af6
lng gkg]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf dftxtsf b'O{ tx
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
cbfntaf6 xfnsf] cj:yfdf lg0f{o eO{ ;s]sf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
cj:yf;d]t k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ldl;naf6
dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
b]lvg cfpF5 . d'2fsf] sf/jfxL x'Fb} hfFbf
cfb]z ldlt M @)&).%.@^.$
OG;fkmsf] /f]xdf pko'Qm cj;/df clwsf/
)^&-wo-)@)^
k|fKt cbfntn] cfjZos s'/fsf] ljrf/ ug]{
ljifo M pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
s'/f ;Fw} ;'/lIft x'G5 . ;f] afx]s sfo{ljlwut
ljifodf b'O{ tx cbfntaf6;d]t Goflos l/6 lgj]bs M sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf7df8f}+
k/LIf0f eO{;s]sf] l:yltdf klg ;f]df lrQ
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !$ sn+sL 3/
ga' e mfO{ l/6 lgj] b sn] c;fwf/0f
eO{ xfn lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no,
clwsf/If]qcGtu{t l/6 lgj]bg lnP/ cfpg'n]
sf7df8f}s
+ f] l6d ln8/ -clws[t 5}7f}+
ljrf/fwLg d'2fdf k|df0f a'emL zL3| OG;fkm
tx_ sf] kbdf sfo{/t\\ zf/bf sF8n
]
ug{nfO{ g} cgfjZos ljnDa ug'a{ fx]s c
lj4
s]xL b]lvFbg} .
ljkIfL M lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no,
$= ctM c+z d'2fdf hf] a'em\gk' g]{ k|df0f
sf7df8f}+ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f};
+ d]t
a'em]/ 7x/]cg';f/sf] OG;fkm lbg lhNnf cbfnt
;Ifd g} /x]sf]n] To:tf] ;Ifd cbfntdf
l6d ln8/ -clws[t 5}7f}+ tx_ df
;jf u/L Go" g td\ of] U otfsf
ljrf/fwLg d'2fdf cu|Ldkdf dflyNnf]
;DaGwdf :jLsf/ ul/;s] k l5
cbfntaf6 x:tIf]k u/]/ sf/jfxL lgb]l{ zt
;f] a df] l hdsf] b/aGbLsf] kbdf
ug{ l;4fGt ;d]t gldNg] x'gfn] k|:t't l/6
cfjZos sfuhft g} gePsf] egL
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf
lnlvt k|ltjfb ug{ gldNg] .
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' .
b/aGbL gePsf] kbdf lgo' Q m
ePsf] eP ;jfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
g;Sg' kg]{ / nfdf] ;do;Dd ;f]
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
kbdf tna eQf ;'ljwf v'jfpg
;Sg] cj:yf;d]t g/xg] .
Olt ;Djt @)&) ;fn >fj0f !^ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM afa'/fd ;'jb] L
s/f/f/f l;h{ g f ePsf] kb eP
klg ;jf;d] t e} sfod /x] s f]
kb x'bF f b/aGbL/lxt kbdf sfo{/t\
&
1182

()%^ zf/bf sF8]n lj= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, sf7df8f}+;d]t

/x] s f] / ;jf ePsf] eGg 6f]nL g]tf -clws[t 5}7f}+ tx_ l;h{gf ug]{ egL
gldNg] .
lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f]adf]lhd lg0f{o eO{ l;h{gf
-k|s/0f g+=$_ ePsf] b/aGbLdf sfo{ ug{sf] nflu lgj]lbsfnfO{
tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/ -;lrj :t/_ sf]
l/6 lgj]bssf tkm{af6 M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf ldlt @)^!.!).% sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ d lgj]lbsf
zDe' yfkf, clwjQmf OGb| v/]n / s[i0f tTsfnLg sfo{/t\\ /x]sf] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,
yfkf
wflbsf] l6d ln8/ -clws[t 5}7f}+ tx_ sf]
ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 M ljfg clwjQmf dg'axfb'/ kbaf6 k|ToyL{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, sf7df8f}s
+ f]
u'
;f]xL kbdf ;jf ul/Psf] egL pQm dGqfnosf]
cjnlDat ghL/ M
ldlt @)^!.!!.!) sf] kq lbOPsf]n] xfn
;Da4 sfg"g M
lgj] l bsf k| T oyL{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, sf7df8f}d
+ f sfo{/t\ /x]sL 5' .
@)%^ sf] lgod @!#s
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL,
@)%^ df ldlt @)^#.^.#) df t];f| ] ;+zf]wgaf6
cfb]z
lgodfjnLdf lgod @!#s yk u/L @)%(
Gof=sNof0f >]i7 M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;fn c;f/ d;fGtleq :yfgLo lgsfosf] :jLs[t
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ adf]lhd b/aGbLdf lgo'lQm eO{ of] lgod k|f/Dex'bF fsf]
o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t avt;Dd cljlR5Gg kaf6 ;f]xL kbdf
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo sfo{/t\\ /x]sf pQm lgodfjnLadf]lhdsf]
Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf k'us
] f sd{rf/LxaLr
lgj]lbsfn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 dfq ;f]xL kbdf 5'} k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIff
;dfhzf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ txsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ;~rfng u/L Ps k6ssf] nflu k"lt{ ug{
xfl;n u/]sL 5' . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;lsg]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . lgodfjnLsf]
sfof{no, wflbf/f ;~rflnt lnlvt k/LIff pQm Joj:yfsf] cwLgdf lgj] l bsfnfO{
tyf cGt/jftf{;d]tdf k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df ;f]xLadf]lhd u/L :yfoL lgo'lQm ul/kfpmF egL
5gf}6 eO{ ldlt @)%&.*.!! sf] pQm sfof{nosf] :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf ;lrjHo";dIf
lg0f{oaf6 ldlt @)%&.*.!$ b]lv pQm lhNnf lgj]bg lbPsf]df pQm lgj]bgdf sf/jfxL eO{
ljsf; ;ldltcGtu{tsf] :jLs[t b/aGbLsf] lgj]lbsfsf] dfuadf]lhd x'gg' kgf{sf] :ki6 sf/0f
clws[t 5}7f}+ txsf] l6d ln8/sf] kbdf sfddf vf]nL k7fpg' egL k|ToyL{ lhNnf ljsf;
nufOPsf] eP klg tTsfn lgo'lQm kq lbOPsf] ;ldltdf ldlt @)^$.#.@^ sf] kqaf6 kqfrf/
lyPg kl5 sfof{/De u/L ;s]kl5 ldlt ePsf]df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, wflb;Fu
@)%*.@.!$ df ;Demf}tf eO{ lg/Gt/ sfo{ u/L lgj]lbsfsf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwdf ;d]t a'emL
cfPsL 5' . k|ToyL{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] lgodfjnLsf] lgod @!#s adf]lhd kbk"lt{
ldlt @)^!.!).% sf] lg0f{o g+= * sf] lg0f{oaf6 ug]{ egL k|ToyL{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ldlt
:yfgLo sf]ifsf] ultljlw ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu @)^$.$.& sf] a}7saf6 lg0f{o ePsf] /x]5 .
1183

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

pQm lg0f{o oyfjt} /x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ToyL{

lhNnf ljsf; ;Ldltsf] ldlt @)^$.$.( sf]
a}7saf6 lgh zf/bf sF8n
] sf] ;DaGwdf tTsfn
yk k|df0f a'bf ;Lldt k|lt:kwf{f/f kbk"lt{
ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf b]lvO{ v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f
ul/Psf] lj1fkgdf lg/Gt/tf lbg] eGg] lg0f{o
ldlt @)^$.$.!) df ePsf] /x]5 . pQm
lg0f{oxsf] ;DaGwdf lgj]lbsfnfO{ tTsfn
s'g} yfxf hfgsf/L glbOPsf] sf/0f lgj]lbsf
pQm lg0f{oxsf] ;DaGwdf cgle1 g} /x]sL
lyPF .
pk/f] Q m lg0f{ o xsf] ;DaGwdf
lgj]lbsfnfO{ hfgsf/L gu/fO{ ;fljsadf]lhd
sfddf nufOPsf] n ] lgodfjnLsf]
Joj:yfadf]lhdsf] k|lqmofaf6 :yfoL lgo'lQm
lbO{g] ljZjf;df sfo{ u/L cfO{/x]sf] cj:yfdf
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL,@)%^ df
ldlt @)^&.!.@) df ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgaf6
lgodfjnLsf] lgod @!#s -^_ df ;+zf]wg
eO{ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] kbk"lt{;DaGwL
sf/jfxL @)^& efb| d;fGtleq ul/;Sg' kg]{
eGg] Joj:yf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]n] ldlt @)^&.@.@
df k'gM k|ToyL{ :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L;dIf
lgj]bg lbPsf]df lgj]lbsfsf] lgj]bgdf sf/jfxL
eO{ k|ToyL{ kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^&.$.!#
df a;]sf] a}7saf6 o; sfof{nosf] kbk"lt{
;ldltsf] ldlt @)^$.%.!) ut] a;]sf] a}7sn]
lgh zf/bf sF8n
] sf] ;DaGwdf tTsfn yk
k|df0f a'bf ;Lldt k|lt:kwf{f/f kbk"lt{ ug{
g;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPsf] egL lg0f{o ePsf]
b]lvPsf]n] lgh zf/bf sF8]nsf] lgj]bgsf]
dfucg';f/ cu|Ld sf/jfxL ul//xg' kg]{
gb]lvPsf] x'bF f ;f]xL Joxf]/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg]
lg0f{o ul/of] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lg0f{o ePsf]

/x]5 . ;f] lg0f{osf] ;d]t lgj]lbsfnfO{ hfgsf/L

u/fOPg .
k|ToyL{xsf] pk/f]Qm sfd sf/jfxL
lg0f{o / kqxn] lgj]lbsfsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, !#, !* /
!( :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^
sf] lgod @!#s ;d]tf/f k|bQ xs ljk/Lt
5 . lgj]lbsfnfO{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt wflbsf]
:jLs[t b/aGbLleqsf] l6d ln8/ -clws[t
5}7f}+ tx_ sf] kbdf ldlt @)%&.*.!$ sf]
kqaf6 g} lgo'Qm ul/Psf] 5 . of] oyfy{df pQm
sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^$.$.@ sf] kqaf6
csf6\okaf6 k'l' i6 ePsf] 5 . lgj]lbsfsf]
lgo'lQm ;f]adf]lhd ePsf] oyfy{tfnfO{ k|ToyL{
kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^$.%.!) sf] kqdf
g} :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . k|ToyL{ kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf]
ldlt @)^$.$.( sf] a}7saf6 lg0f{o x'bF f tTsfn
yk k|df0f a'bf eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf]
ePklg s] s:tf k|df0fx a'lemPsf x'g\ /
a'lemPsf k|df0fxaf6 s] s:tf] lgisif{ lg:s]sf]
xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{odf s]xL pNn]v ePsf]
5}g . pQm lg0f{odf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]
sfof{no, wflbsf] :jLs[t b/aGbLdf lgo'lQm
ug]{ lg0f{o / lgo'lQmkqsf] k|ltlnlk ;fy yk
:ki6 u/L k7fO{ lbg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
wflbnfO{ cg'/f]w ug]{ eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v
ePsf]df lgj]lbsfsf] lgo'lQmsf] ;DaGwdf
xfn;Dd pQm sfof{nonfO{ ;f]wgL ul/Psf] g}
5}g . k|ToyL{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6 ;f]
;DaGwdf ldlt @)^$.$.( df r=g++ !$! sf]
kq n]lvPsf]df pQm kq xfn;Dd lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltsf] sfof{no, wflbnfO{ k|l] ift ul/Psf]
5}g .

1184

()%^ zf/bf sF8]n lj= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, sf7df8f}+;d]t

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL,

@)%^ sf] lgod @!#s sf] ;'ljwf kfpgsf]
nflu pQm lgodfjnLn] @)%( c;f/
d;fGt;Dddf :yfgLo lgsfosf] :jLs[t
b/aGbLdf clws[t :t/ 5}7fF} tx, ;xfos :t/
kfFrf} tx / rf}yf] txsf] kbdf lgo'lQm eO{
cljlR5Ggkdf ;f]xL kbdf sfo{/t\\ /x]sf
sd{rf/L eO{ lgodfjnLadf]lhd tf]lsPsf]
Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf] x'gk' g]{ eGg]
k"jz
{ t{ tf]ss
] f] 5 . lgodfjnLsf] lgod @@%s
n] clws[t:t/sf sd{rf/Lsf] nflu cfjZos
Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf :gfts tx pQL0f{
egL tf]s]sf]df lgj]lbsfsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
:gftsf]Q/ /x]sf] 5 eg] lgj]lbsfsf] lgo'lQm
@)%( ;fn c;f/ d;fGtcufj} ldlt
@)%&.*.!$ df g} l6d ln8/ -clws[t 5}7f}+
tx_ df eO{ k|f/Dedf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,
wflbdf / ;flwsf/ lgsfo :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^!.!!.!) sf] kqaf6 ;jf
ul/Psf] k|ToyL{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf
cljlR5Ggkaf6 sfo{/t\\ /x]sL 5' . o;af6
lgodfjnLn] tf]ss
] f] ;a} of]Uotf lgj]lbsfdf
/x]sf] eGg] csf6\okaf6 k'li6 ePsf] 5 .
k|ToyL{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ldlt
@)^!.!).% sf] a}7saf6 cfGtl/sLs/0f ul/Psf]
u/La;Fu ljZj]Zj/ sfo{qmdsf lbks s'df/
s]=;L=nfO{ lgodfjnLsf] lgod @!#s sf] k|lqmof
cjnDag u/L ldlt @)^$.#.!) df ;"rgf
k|sflzt u/L :yfoL lgo'lQm u/L xfn ;f] kbaf6
kbf]Gglt;d]t u/L ;lsPsf] 5 eg] ;f]xL
ldltaf6 b/aGbL ;[li6 u/L ;flwsf/ lgsfoaf6
;jf eO{ kb:yfkgf eO{ sfo{ u/L cfPsL d
lgj]lbsfsf] ;DaGwdf ;f]adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof
cjnDag gu/L oyfjt\ /flvPsf] sfo{

lje]bhGo /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g

lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod @!#s adf]lhd
b]ze/Lsf lgj]bs;/xsf ;of}+ sd{rf/Ln] :yfoL
lgo'lQm kfO{;s]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]lbsfnfO{
;f]adf]lhd lgo'lQm kfpg] xsaf6 al~rt ug{
ldNg] xf]Og{ .
k|ToyL{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] clVtof/
b' kof] u cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u ;F u ePsf
kqfrf/xaf6 clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof] u af6 ;d] t sf/jfxL ePsf] eGg]
b] l vG5 . pQm cfof] u af6 lgj] l bsfnfO{
af]nfO{Psf], lemsfOPsf] tyf lgj]lbsfsf]
lj4df s'g} sf/jfxL lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5}g .
lgj]lbsfnfO{ lgodfjnLsf] lgod @!#s sf]
k|lqmof cjnDag u/L :yfoL lgo'lQm glbg]
;f]raf6 lgj]lbsfsf] JolQmut kmfOn g} ufoa
ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvG5 . lgj]lbsfsf] JolQmut
kmfOn pQm cfof]usf] ldlt @)^$.!!.!( sf]
kqaf6 k|ToyL{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf k7fOPsf]
b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] k'gM
ldlt @)^&.$.@% df ;f]xL kmfOn dfu u/L
pQm cfof]udf kq k7fPsf]df cfof]usf] ldlt
@)^&.$.@^ sf] kqaf6 klxn] g} kmfOn lkmtf{
k7fO ;lsPsf] eGg] hjfkm lbOPsf] n ]
lgj]lbsfnfO{ :yfoL ug{af6 al~rt ub}{ ab\lgot
/flvPsf] xf] eGg] ljjfb /lxtkaf6 k'li6
ePsf] 5 .
k| T oyL{ kbk" l t{ ;ldltaf6 ldlt
@)^$.%.!) df ePsf] lg0f{o, P]=sf] ldlt
@)^&.$.!# sf] lg0f{onufot ;f] ;DaGwdf
k|ToyL{xaf6 eP ul/Psf l6Kk0fL cfb]z
kqnufotsf ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL ;+ljwfgf/f
k|bQ xsljk/Lt tyf u}/sfg"gL;d]t ePaf6
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] #@ /

1185

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

!)&-@_ adf]lhd pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/

u/L lgj]lbsfsf] ;DaGwdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
lgodfjnL,@)%^ sf] lgod @!#s sf]
Joj:yfadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof cjnDag u/L :yfoL
lgo' l Qm lbg' lbnfpg' egL k/dfb] z sf]
cfb]znufot cGo hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cf1f
cfb]z jf k"hL{ k|ToyL{xsf] gfddf hf/L ul/kfpmF
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf]
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s
!% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ pkl:yt x'g'
egL ljkIfL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]
sfof{ n o;d] t sf gfpF d f ;" r gf k7fO{
lnlvthjfkm cfP jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ ;fy} cGtl/d cfb]zsf] dfu ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ ljkIfL;d]tnfO{ 5nkmndf lemsfO{
lgisif{df k'Ug' jf~5lgo b]lvFbf ;f]sf] lgldQ
ldlt @)^&.%.@& sf] tf/]v tf]sL ljkIfLnfO{;d]t
;"rgf lbO{ lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg];d]tsf]
o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf]
cfb]z .
ljkIfLnfO{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
wflbf/f ufpF ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf
nflu u7g ePsf] :yfgLo 6i6sf] ;ldlt
wflbsf] Support Organization 6f]nL g]tfsf]
kbdf ldlt @)%*.@.!$ ut] s/f/gfdfaf6 ^
dlxgfsf] nflu lgo'lQm u/]sf] xf] . :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod
@!& n] s'g} JolQmnfO{ :yfgLo lgsfon] :jLs[t
b/aGbLsf] k|fljlws kbdf s/f/af6 lgo'Qm
ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'bF f ;f]xLadf]lhd
ljkIfLnfO{ lgo'lQm u/]sf] xf] . lgj]lbsfsf] wflb
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf :yfgLo 6i6sf] ;ldlt,

wflb / ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf aLr ePsf] ;]jf

zt{sf] s/f/gfdfkq cGtu{t 6f]nL g]tf kbdf
ldlt @)%*.@.!$ df ;Demf}tf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno sd{rf/L k|zf;g
zfvfsf] r=g+= !%^* ldlt @)^!.!!.!) sf]
kqf/f wflb lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] l6d
ln8/ -clws[t 5}7f}+ tx_ af6 o; lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldltdf ;f]xL kbdf ;jf ePsf]
b]lvG5 . kbk"lt{sf] ;Gbe{df lgh lgj]lbsfsf]
wflb lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf :jLs[ t
b/aGbLdf sfo{/t\ xf] xf]Og s'g ldltb]lv lgo'lQm
kfPsf] xf] egL wflb lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt;Fu
;f]wgL ubf{ / kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^$.$.(
sf] a}7saf6 lgh zf/bf sF8n
] sf] ;DaGwdf
tTsfn yk k|df0f a'bf ;Lldt k|lt:kwf{f/f
kbk"lt{ ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf b]lvO{ v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutff/f ul/Psf] lj1fkgdf lg/Gt/tf
lbg] egL lg0f{o ePsf] Joxf]/fsf] hfgsf/L
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k7fpg]
egL ldlt @)^$.%.!) df kbk"lt{ ;ldltaf6
lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . ;f]xL lg0f{osf cfwf/df o;
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf clws[t 5}7f}+ txdf
lhNnf kl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t b/aGbL gePsf] egL
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / :yfgLo
ljsf; dGqfnodf o; lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6
kqfrf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; sfof{nodf s/f/df
sfo{/t\\ l6d ln8/ zf/bf sF8]nn] ldlt
@)^&.@.@ ut] s f lbg :yfgLo ljsf;
clwsf/LHo"nfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod @!# df
pNn]v ePsf] ljz]if cj;/df g} d]/f] lj1fkg
x'gk' g]d
{ f ljleGg sf/0fjz 5"6 x'g uPsf]n]
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL rf}yf] ;+zf]wg,
@)^^ cGtu{t /x]/ lj1fkg v'nfpgsf] nflu

1186

()%^ zf/bf sF8]n lj= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, sf7df8f}+;d]t

lbg' ePsf] lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf cWoog ubf{

o; sfof{ n osf] kbk" l t{ ;ldltsf] ldlt
@)^$.%.!) ut] a;]sf] a}7sn] lgh zf/bf
sF8n
] sf] ;DaGwdf tTsfn yk k|df0f a'bf
;Lldt k|lt:kwf{f/f kbk"lt{ ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf
b]lvPsf] egL lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] l/6
lgj] b g vf/] h efuL 5 vf/] h u/LkfpmF
eGg];d]tsf] ljkIfL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
sf7df8f},+ P]=sf] kbk"lt{ ;ldlt;d]tsf tkm{af6
o; cbfnt;dIf kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL,
@)%^ sf] lgod @!#-s_ / @)^$.%.!) sf]
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+sf] kbk"lt{
;ldltsf] lg0f{osf] kl/k|I] odf @)%&.*.!$ b]lv
sfo{/t\\ l6d ln8/ zf/bf sF8n
] xfn sfo{/t\\
/x]sf] kbdf of] lgj]bgsf] 6'f] gnfu];Dd cGo
tj/af6 kbk"lt{ gug'{ / lghnfO{ ;f] kbdf
sfo{/t\ /xg lbg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf of]
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5, cfb]zsf]
;"rgf ljkIfLxnfO{ lbg' eGg];d]tsf] o;
cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z .
lgodadf] l hd k] z L ;" r Ldf r9L
lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf l/6 lgj]bssf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L zDe' yfkf,
clwjQmf >L OGb| v/]n, s[i0f yfkfn] ljkIfL
kbk"lt{ ;ldltaf6 ldlt @)^$.%.!) df ePsf]
lg0f{oaf6 kIfsf] /f]huf/sf] xs;d]t cj4
ePsf] cj:yf 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod @!#s adf]lhdsf]
k| l qmof k| f /De ug' { k g] { d f ;f] ; d] t gu/L
lgj]lbsfnfO{ cGof]ndf /flvPsf] sfo{ q'l6k"0f{
5 . ;flwsf/ lgsfon] sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f] k|lqmof
k|f/De gu/L a:g ldNg] x'bF g} . sfg"gadf]lhdsf]

k|lqmof gtf]ss
] } sf/0f kIfnfO{ lgis[okdf
/fvL lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] xs k|fKt ug]{ cj;/af6
al~rt x'g] u/L d'sbz{s e} a;L/xg ldNg]
x'bF g} . t;y{ pQm k|lqmof ;DkGg geP;Dd
lgj]lbsfnfO{ lgh sfo{/t\ /x]sf] kbdf oyfjt\
sfo{ ug{ lbg' tyf lgodfjnLsf] lgod @!#s
adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k|f/De ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf
gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/LkfpmF egL
ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
To:t} ljkIfL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L dg'axfb'/
u'n] lgj]lbsfn] bfjL u/]sf] kbsf ;DaGwdf
lghsf] cfjZos sfuhft gk'us
] f] x'bF f kbk"lt{
;ldltsf] lg0f{oaf6 zf/bf sF8n
] sf] ;DaGwdf
tTsfn yk k|df0f a'bf ;Lldt k|lt:kwf{f/f
kbk"lt{ ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf b]lvO{ v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutff/f ul/Psf] lj1fkgdf lg/Gt/tf
lbg] egL lg0f{o ePsf] / cfjZos sfuhft g}
gk'us
] f pDd]bjf/sf xsdf :yfoL ug{ gldNg]
x'bF f ;f] lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] . kbk"lt{ ;ldltaf6
ul/Psf] ;f] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt 5 . l/6
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg]
cj:yf 5}g l/6 vf/]h x'gk' 5{ egL ax; k|:t't
ug'e
{ of] .
@= kIf ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax;;d]t ;'gL lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf], xf]Og lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] . lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf] xf]Og To;tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{,
oL l/6 lgj]lbsfn] d"ntM ljkIfL lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltsf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] zf/bf sF8]nsf]
;DaGwdf tTsfn yk k|df0f a'bf ;Lldt
k|lt:kwf{f/f kbk"lt{ ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf
b]lvPsf] egL lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] lgh

1187

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

zf/bf sF8n
] sf] lgj]bgsf] dfucg';f/ cu|Ld
sf/jfxL ul//xg' kg]{ gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;f]xL
Joxf]/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] egL
ljkIfL kbk"lt{ ;ldltaf6 ldlt @)^$.%.!)
df ePsf] lg0f{o ;f] lg0f{osf cfwf/df ePsf]
P]=sf] ldlt @)^&.$.!# sf] lg0f{onufot ;f]
;DaGwdf k|ToyL{xaf6 eP ul/Psf l6Kk0fL
cfb]z kqnufotsf ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL
;+ l jwfgf/f k| b Q xs ljk/Lt tyf
u}/sfg"gL;d]t ePaf6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ adf]lhd
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L lgj]lbsfsf]
;DaGwdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL,
@)%^ sf] lgod @!#s sf] Joj:yfadf]lhdsf]
k|lqmof cjnDag u/L :yfoL lgo'lQm lbg'
lbnfpg' egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]znufot cGo
hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z jf k"hL{
k|ToyL{xsf] gfddf hf/L ul/kfpmF egL bfjL
lnPsf] b]lvof] .
#= ljkIfL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]
sfof{no, sf7df8f}s
+ f] lnlvthjfkm Joxf]/f x]bf{,
o; sfof{nodf s/f/df sfo{/t\ l6d ln8/
zf/bf sF8n
] n] ldlt @)^&.@.@ ut]sf lbg
:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/LHo"nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf]
lgod @!# df pNn]v ePsf] ljz]if cj;/df
g} d]/f] lj1fkg x'gk' g]d
{ f ljleGg sf/0fjz 5"6
x'g uPsf]n] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL
rf}yf] ;+zf]wg, @)^^ cGtu{t /x]/ lj1fkg
v'nfpgsf] nflu lbg' ePsf] lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf
cWoog ubf{ o; sfof{nosf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf]
ldlt @)^$.%.!) ut] a;]sf] a}7sn] lgh
zf/bf sF8n
] sf] ;DaGwdf tTsfn yk k|df0f
a'bf ;Lldt k|lt:kwf{f/f kbk"lt{ ug{ g;lsg]

cj:yf b]lvPsf] egL lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f] lg0f{o

sfg"g;Ddt 5 egL k|ltjfb;d]t u/]sf]
b]lvof] .
$= ljkIfLsf] lnlvthjfkm Joxf]/faf6}
oL l/6 lgj]lbsfnfO{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
wflbf/f ufpF ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf
lgldQ u7g ePsf] Support Organization
6f]nL g]tfsf] kbdf ldlt @)%*.@.!$ sf]
s/f/gfdfaf6 lgo'Qm u/]sf] egL :jLsf/ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ldl;n ;+nUg :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^!.!!.!) sf] ;jfkq
x]bf{ oL lgj]lbsfnfO{ tTsfnLg >L % sf]
;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^!.!!.% sf] ;lrj:t/Lo
lg0f{oaf6 lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no,
wflbaf6 l6d ln8/-clws[t 5}7f}+ tx_ lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, sf7df8f}d
+ f ;jf
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . z' lgo'lQmsf] k|sl[ t x]bf{ oL
l/6 lgj]lbsf / :yfgLo 6i6 sf]if ;ldltsf
aLrdf ;DkGg ldlt @)%*.@.!$ sf] ;]jf
s/f/dfkm{t lghnfO{ sfddf nufPsf] b]lvG5 .
;f]xL s/f/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} ldlt @)^!.!!.%
sf] ;lrj:t/Lo lg0f{oaf6 lghnfO{ lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldltcGtu{tsf] l6d ln8/df ;jf
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lghsf] ;jfsf] ljifonfO{
lnP/ slxF st} lj/f]w ePsf] b]lv+bg} . :yfgLo
ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 lghnfO{ ul/Psf] ;jfnfO{
:jLsf/ ug]{ t/ oL lgj]lbsfnfO{ k|lt:kwf{df
efu lng glbg] u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . l/6
lgj]lbsfnfO{ l6d ln8/ -clws[t 5}7f}+ tx_ df
;jf u/L lghsf] Go"gtd\ of]Uotfsf ;DaGwdf
:jLsf/ ul/;s]kl5 ;f]adf]lhdsf] b/aGbLsf]
kbdf lghsf] cfjZos sfuhft g} gePsf]
egL lnlvt k|ltjfb ug{ ldNg] x'bF g} . oL l/6
lgj]lbsfnfO{ b/aGbL /x]s} kbdf ;jf ul/Psf]

1188

()%^ zf/bf sF8]n lj= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, sf7df8f}+;d]t

b]lvG5 . b/aGbL gePsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf]

eP pQm ;jfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ g;Sg' kg]{ /
nfdf] ;do;Dd ;f] kbdf tna eQf ;'ljwf
v'jfpg ;Sg] cj:yf;d]t /xFbg} . oL l/6
lgj]lbsfsf] kb s/f/f/f l;h{gf ePsf] kb
ePklg lghsf] ;jf;d]t e} sfod /x]sf]
kb x'bF f oL lgj]lbsf b/aGbL/lxt kbdf sfo{/t\
/x]sf] / ;jf ePsf] eGg ldn]g .
%= oL l/6 lgj]lbsfsf ;DaGwdf ldlt
@)^$.%.!) sf] a}7saf6 lgh zf/bf sF8n
] sf]
;DaGwdf tTsfn yk k|df0f a'bf ;Lldt
k|lt:kwf{f/f kbk"lt{ ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf;d]t
b]lvPsf] egL lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] lgh
zf/bf sF8n
] sf] lgj]bgsf] dfucg';f/ cu|Ld
sf/jfxL u/L /xg'kg]{ gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;f]xL
Joxf]/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] lg0f{o ePsf] tYo ldlt @)^&.$.!#
sf] lg0f{o ptf/af6 b]lvG5 . To:tf] lg0f{odf
s'g} 7f]; sf/0f g} v'ns
] f] b]lv+bg} . lg0f{odf
s'g} 7f]; sf/0f g} gv'nfOPsf]n] To;sf]
cfwf/df ul/Psf] pQm lg0f{o dfGo x'g] ePg .
ldlt @)^$.%.!) / ;f] ldltsf cfwf/df
ul/Psf] ldlt @)^&.$.!# sf] lg0f{oaf6 ;Lldt
k|lt:kwf{ ug{ gldNg] eg] klg ;f] sf] sf/0f
v'nfPsf] klg gb]lvPsf] tyf yk tYo k|df0f
a'bf eg]sf] egL pNn]v u/] klg lgj]lbsfsf
xsdf s] s:tf] yk k|df0f a'emL lghsf xsdf
lg0f{o u/]sf] xf], s] a'em]sf] xf] eGg] v'nfOPsf]
;d]t b]lvPg . :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnoaf6
lghnfO{ ;jf u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / lghsf] kb
;jf x'g] kb ePsf] x'bF f cGoqaf6 cfPsf]
;Lldt k| l t:kwf{ o f] U o gx' g ] eGg ldNg]
b]lvPg .

^= oL l/6 lgj]lbsfn] :yfgLo :jfoQ

zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod @!#s sf]
k|lqmof tTsfn cf/De ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLsf
gfddf k/dfb]z;d]t hf/L u/Lkfpg dfu;d]t
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod @!#s df ePsf]
k|fjwfg x]bf{ o; lgodfjnLdf cGoq h'g;'s}
s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg :yfgLo lgsfosf]
:jLs[t b/aGbLsf] clws[t :t/ 5}7f}+ tx,
;xfos :t/ kfFrf} tx / rf}yf] txsf] kbdf
;Djt\ @)%( ;fn c;f/ d;fGt;Dd lgo'Qm
eO{ of] lgod k| f /De x' F b fsf avt;Dd
cljlR5Ggkdf ;f]xL kbdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L
o; lgodfjnLadf]lhdsf] Go"gtd\ z}lIfs
of]Uotf k'us
] f sd{rf/LxaLr dfq ;f]xL kbdf
5'} k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIff ;~rfng u/L Ps
k6ssf] nflu kbk"lt{ ug{ ;lsg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf
ePsf] b]lvG5 . oL lgj]lbsfn] cfgf] lgj]bgdf
lj1fkg x'gk' g]d
{ f ljleGg sf/0fjz 5"6 x'g
uPklg ;f]xL lgodfjnLsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgcGtu{t
/x]/ lj1fkg v'nfpgsf] nflu lgj]bg lbPsf] /
;f]xL lgj]bgsf cfwf/df lghsf xsdf cu|Ld
sf/jfxL ul//xg' kg]{ gb]lvPsf] egL ldlt
@)^&.$.!# df lg0f{o;d]t u/]sf] b]lvPklg
To:tf] lg0f{ o df kf/blz{ t f;d] t ePsf]
b]lvPg . oL l/6 lgj]lbsfsf xsdf lghsf]
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd cu|Ld sf/jfxL ul//xg'
kg]{ gb]lvPsf] eGb} lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,
sf7df8f} + s f] kbk" l t{ ;ldltaf6 ldlt
@)^$.%.!) sf] lg0f{o;d]tnfO{ xjfnf lb+b}
ul/Psf] lg0f{odf kf/blz{tf;d]t gb]lvPsf]
Pj+ To:tf] lg0f{odf oL l/6 lgj]lbsfsf] xsdf
sf/jfxL ul//xg' kg]{ gb]lvPsf] eGg] cfwf/
lnO{ lghnfO{ k|lt:kwf{af6 al~rt x'g] u/L

1189

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

ul/Psf] lg0f{o tyf To:tf] lg0f{osf cfwf/df

lg0f{o g+= ()%&
ePsf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ sfg"g;\ut dfGg
;lsPg .
&= ctM lgj]lbsfsf] xsdf ul/Psf]
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
ljkIfL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+sf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] pQm ldlt @)^$.%.!) sf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
lg0f{o tyf ;f] lg0f{o;d]tsf cfwf/df ldlt
km};nf ldlt M @)&).(.!^.#
@)^&.$.!# df ePsf] lg0f{odf s'g} j:t'lgi7
)^*CI)@&(
cfwf/ / sf/0f;d]t ljBdfg gePsf] Pj+
d'2f M lgif]wf1f .
lg0f{odf kf/blz{tfsf] cefj;d]tn] u}/sfg"gL
b]lvFbf pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L lbPsf] k'g/fj]bslgj]bs M lhNnf wg'iff, kf}8Z] j/
5 . ljkIfL :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] b/aGbL
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # a:g] j]rg ofbj
/x]s} kbdf oL lgj]lbsfsf] ;jf u/]sf] / ;f]
lj4
;jfnfO{ cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] ;d]t gb]lvFbf k|ToyL{ljkIfL M lhNnf wg'iff, kf}8Z] j/ uf=lj=;=
ca lgj]lbsfsf] xsdf;d]t sfg"gadf]lhd
j8f g+= # a:g] r]y ofbj;d]t
To:tf] kbsf ;DaGwdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod @!#s adf]lhdsf]
df]lxofgL t]/f] d]/f]sf]] k|Zg cfPdf
;a" t k| d f0f a' e mL lg0f{ o ug] {
k|lqmof k|f/De u/L sfg"gadf]lhd kbk"lt{ ug'{
clwsf/If]q e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nosf]
egL ljkIfL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no,
x'G5, lgif]wf1fsf] If]qaf6 k'g/fj]bg
sf7df8f}s
+ f gfddf k/dfb]z;d]t hf/L x'g]
cbfntn] lg0f{o ug{ gldNg] .
7x5{ . k|:t't cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfL lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, sf7df8f};
+ d]tnfO{
kmut df] x L 5} g eg] s } cfwf/df
lgj]bssf] k|df0fnfO{ cGoyf xf] egL
lbg' . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf
;f]Rg klg xF'b}g . df]xLsf] k|df0f
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
/x] ePsf] cj:yfdf df]xL x}g 5}g
eGg klg plrt k|df0fsf] cfwf/
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
lng'kg]{ .
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
-k|s/0f g+=@_
Olt ;Djt @)&) ;fn ebf} @^ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! n] gful/s
clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ af6 k|Tofe"t
Ohnf; clws[tM lji0f'k;
| fb uf}td
clwsf/nfO{ slxF st} /f] s ] s f]
b]lvFb}g . o;/L gful/s clwsf/
P] g , @)!@ sf] bkmf !& cg' k
&

1190

()%& j]rg ofbj lj= r]y ofbj;d]t

tTsfnsf] pkrf/ dfUg cfpg]

lgj]bsnfO{ e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@!
cg' k hfg;Sg] egL p;sf]
pkrf/sf] xsnfO{ cgb] v f ug{
gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
k'g/fj]bslgj]bssftkm{af6 M ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >L dxfb]jk|;fb ofbj
k|ToyL{ljkIfLsftkm{af6 M
cjnlDat ghL/ M
;Da4 sfg"g M
gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@
e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@!
cfb]z
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo M k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, hgsk'/sf] cfb]zpk/ Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd kg{ cfPsf],
o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leqsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ km};nf o;k|sf/ 5 M
wg'iff, kf}8Z] j/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= #
ls=g+=@&@ sf] )!!(, P]=P]= j8f g+= # ls=g+=
@&$ sf] )@# / P]=P]= j8f g+= # ls= g+=
@&% sf] )#!* ;d]t hDdf h=lj= )*)
hUufsf] df]xL d /x]sf], hUufwgL kf;jt
ofbjsf] d[To' eO{ ;s]sf] / lghsf] ck'tfnL
vfg] Psdfq 5f]/f ;fw' ofbj #$ jif{cufl8
ef/tlt/ uPkl5 cfh;Dd kmls{;Sg' ePsf]
5}g . pNn]lvt hUufdf @)^& ;fnsf] afnL
nufO{ tof/ ePkl5 3/ nfFbf;Dd s'g} lj/f]w
lyPg . pQm hUufdf r}t] wfg nufpg] ljrf/
u/L @)^&.!!.!# ut]sf lbg hUuf hf]Tg hfFbf

ljkIfLx cfO{ hUuf hf]TgnfO{ hUuf wgLsf]

5f]/fn] xfdLnfO{ eg]sf] 5 . ca ltdLn] hf]Tg
kfpFbg} f} . hf]td] f ;f+3flts xdnf tyf cfqmd0f
ug]{ wDsL lbPaf6 d lgj]bs PSnf] ljkIfLx;Fu
d'7e]8 ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf gx'bF f d}n] df]xLdf
hf]t sdfO ub}{ cfPsf] pQm hUufxdf s'g}
lsl;dsf] afwf ca/f]w gug'{ gu/fpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z;lxt
lgif]wf1f hf/L u/L kfpmF eGg];d]t Aoxf]/fsf]
lgj]bg bfjL .
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
ug'{ gkg]{ cfwf/ sf/0f eP af6fsf Dofb afx]s
!% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf Dofb ;"rgf k7fpg' .
dfuadf]lhd cGtl/d cf]bz hf/L ug'{ kg]{
cj:yf ljBdfg b]lvPg eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, hgsk'/sf] cfb]z .
lgj]bgdf pNn]lvt hUufx xfd|f]
ck'tfnL kg]{ ;DklQ xf] . pQm hUuf 5'6 btf{
u/L kfpmF egL b=g+= $@)!^ ldlt @)^*.!.!@
df lgj]bg;d]t lbPsf 5f}+ . lgj]bsn] s] s;/L
df]xL xs sfod u/fpg' ePsf] xf] ;f] ;DaGwdf
gfn]; u/L ab/ u/fpg] g} 5f}+ . pQm hUufdf
lgj]bssf] lglj{jfb xs ef]u sfod;d]t g/x]sf]
x'bF f cfb]zfg';f/ lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{
ldNg] cj:yf 5}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L
kfpmF eGg];d]t Aoxf]/fsf] ljkIfLxsf] ;+oQ
' m
lnlvt hjfkm .
hUufdf t]/f] d]/f]sf] k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf]
;fy} df]xL e} hf]tL sdfO/x]sf] hUuf hf]Tg
cfjfb ug{ glbPsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsn]
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbO{ pkrf/ k|fKt
ug{ ;Sg] g} x'bF f lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L ug{ gldNg] xFb' f lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{

1191

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

eGg] ; d] t Aoxf] / fsf] k' g /fbj] g cbfnt,

hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)^*.@.!& sf] cfb]z .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]zdf lrQ
a'em]g . jfbLsf] hUufsf] hUuf wgL kf;jt
ofbj /x]sf] s'/f hUuf wgL k|df0f k"hf{af6
b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm hUufdf d df]xL /x]sf] s'/f
df]xLsf] ! g+= nut @ g+= cg';l" r Pj+ df]xLofgL
xssf] k|df0fkqaf6 :ki6 b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm
hUuf df]xLsf] x}l;otn] d}n] sdfpFb} cfPsf]
5' . kf;jt ofbjsf] ck'tfnL ljkIfLxn] kfpg]
gkfpg] s'/fn] tyf d df]xL /x]sf] hUuf s;}n]
gfd;f/L jf btf{ ug{ dfnkf]t sfo{fnodf
lgj]bg lbFbd
} f d]/f] df]xL xsdf s'g} c;/ kg]{
x}g . ctM clGtdkdf sfod /x]sf] df]xLsf]
s'/fdf t]/f] d]/f]sf] k|Zg b]vfO{ lgj]bg vf/]h
u/]sf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ u/L d]/f]
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L
u/L kfpmF eGg];d]t Aoxf]/fsf] lgj]bssf] tkm{af6
o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
k'g/fj]bs df]xL ePsf]df lglj{jfb
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf ef]uflwsf/df c;/ kg]{
cfzf b]vfO{ lgjb]g lbPkl5 lgif]wf1f hf/L
x'g] cj:yfdf lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, hgsk'/sf] km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg]
b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf lgldQ c=a+ @)@ g+=adf]lhd
ljkIfL lemsfO{ cfPkl5 k]z ug'{ eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf]
ldlt @)^(.#.@! sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] b}lgs d'2f k]zL
;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g
cfPsf] k| : t' t d' 2 fsf] z' Pj+ /] s 8{
ldl;n;d]tsf] cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bssf]
tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L dxfb]jk|;fb
ofbjn] lgj]bs df]xL ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb

b]lvPsf] 5}g, df]xL xs /x]sf] hUuf s;}n]

gfd;f/L jf btf{ ug{ dfnkf]t sfof{nodf
lgj]bg lbFbd
} f df]xL xsdf s'g} c;/ kg]{ x}g,
hUuf wgL kf;jt dl/;s]sf] cfkm" xsjfnf
/x]sf] eGg] cgfjZos s'/fsf] cfwf/df t]/f]d/] f]sf]
k|Zg l;h{gf x'g g;Sg] / ;f] s'/fn] df]xL
xsdf k|lts"n c;/ klg kfb}g{ . ef]uflwsf/df
g} c;/ kfg]{ cfzf /x]sf] l:yltdf lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhd lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]d
{ f
lgj]bgg} vf/]h x'g] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
hgsk'/sf] cfb]z ldn]sf] 5}g, ;f] ab/ u/L
dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'gk' 5{ egL k|:t't
ug'{ ePsf] ax;;d]t ;'lgof] .
plNnlvt tYo Pj+ ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmfn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ax; lhsL/sf]
;Gbe{df k|:t't d'2fdf d"ntM k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, hgsk'/n] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7xofO{
u/]sf] cfb]z ldn]sf] 5 5}g / lgj]bssf] k|:t't
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug] gk'Ug] s] /x]5 ;f]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df ls=g+=
@&@, @&$ / @&% sf] hUufsf] df]xL lgj]bs
ePsf], lghn] cfkm\gf] df]lxofgL ePsf] hUuf
hf]TgnfO{ ljkIfLxn] afwf ug]{ kSsf cfzf
ePsf]n] s'g} lsl;dsf] afwf ca/f]w gug'{
gu/fpg' egL lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]zsf] dfu u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . lgj]bs pQm hUufxsf] df]xL gePsf],
;f] hUufsf] lkmN8a'ssf] df]xL dxndf lgj]bssf]
gfd pNn] v gePsf] , pQm hUuf xfd| f ]
ef]urngdf /x]sf], hUuf btf{ ug{ 5'6 ePsf]n]
5'6 hUuf btf{sf] nflu dfnkf]t sfof{nodf
lgj]bg lbPsf] egL ljkIfLxn] lnlvt hjfkm
k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t]/f] d]/f]sf] k|Zg ;dfj]z
ePsf] / hf]Tg glbPsf] cj:yfdf e"ld;'wf/

1192

()%& j]rg ofbj lj= r]y ofbj;d]t

sfof{no hfg ;Sg] eGg] b'O{ cfwf/df lgj]bssf]

lgj]bg k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, hgsk'/af6 vf/]h
ePsf] b]lvG5 . hUufsf] :jfldTjsf] ljifodf
t]/f] d]/f]sf] cj:yf oL lgj]bs;Fu /x]sf]
b]lvFbg} . lgj]bsn] cfkm"nfO{ df]xL;Dd eg]sf]
cj:yf 5 / v]t hf]Tg cj/f]w gu/f];\ eGg]
dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . df]lxofgL t]/f] d]/f]sf]] k|Zg
cfPdf ;a"t k|df0f a'emL lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/If]q
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nosf] x'G5 / lgif]wf1fsf] If]qjf6
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] lg0f{o ug{ ldNb}g . t/,
t]/f] d]/f]sf] ljjfb k|df0fsf] /f]xjf6 cfpg'kg]{
x'G5 . lgif]wf1f d'2fdf d'vs} e/n] t]/f] d]/f]sf]
ljjfb p7fpFbd
} f lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] cj:yf
xFb' g} . j:t'tM k|df0fsf] /f]xaf6 k|dfl0ft ePsf]
x'gk' b{5 . lagf k|df0f t]/f] d]/fsf] k|Zg p7fPs}
cfwf/df lgif]wf1f vf/]h x'g] cj:yf l;lh{t
ePdf o;sf] k|of]hg g} lg/y{s x'g k'U5 .
k'g/fj]bsn] cfkm" df]xL x'F egL lgj]bg;fy
df]xLofgL xssf] lg:;f k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
pQm k|df0fnfO{ ljkIfLxn] sLt]{ jf hfn;fh
xf] eGg ;s]sf] l:ylt b]lvFbg} . kmut df]xL 5}g
eg]s} cfwf/df lgj]bssf] k|df0fnfO{ cGoyf xf]
egL ;f]Rg klg xFb' g} . df]xLsf] k|df0f /x] ePsf]
cj:yfdf df]xL x}g 5}g eGg klg plrt
k|df0fsf] cfwf/ lng'kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf] s'g}
cfwf/ ljkIfLxn] lng ;s]sf] b]lvFbg} . lagf
k|df0f lagf cfwf/ lgj]bs df]xL xf]Og egL
ljkIfLn] eg]s} cfwf/df dfq df]lxofgLsf] t]/f]
d]/f]sf] k|Zg l;lh{t eof] eGg ldn]g . df]xL
lgj] b s ePsf] l:yltdf p;nfO{ hUuf
hf]tcfjfb ug]{ clwsf/ /xG5 . ;f] clwsf/df
c s;}af6 clts|d0f gxf];\ egL lgif]wf1fsf]
cfb]zsf] dfu ug{ kfpg] xsnfO{ s'g} oyf]lrt\
ts{ / k|df0f lagf g} ljjfb u/]s} sf/0fn] dfq

ljjfb eof] egL lg/y{s kfg{ ldNg] b]lvg

cfPg .
#= df]xLn] df]xLofgLsf] hUufdf hf]t
cfjfb ug{ gkfpg] eGg ldNg] xFb' g} . hf]Tg
cfjfb ug{ glbPsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsn]
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noaf6 pkrf/ kfpg] j}slNks
sfg"gL pkrf/sf] dfu{ b]vfO{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfntjf6 lgj]bg vf/]h ePsf] b]lvG5 .
j:t'tM df]xLofgL a]bvnL d'2f e"ld;'wf/
sfof{nodf e"ld;DaGwL P]g cg'kg} hfg]
xf] . df]xLnfO{ v]t hf]Tgaf6 j]bvn u/]sf]
cj:yfdf pQm k|lqmofaf6 df]xLn] pkrf/ k|fKt
ub{5 . t/, lgif]wf1f a]bvnL x'gk' j" { a]bvnL
x'g] k|an cfzfsf] cj:yfdf hf/L x'g] xf] .
k|:t't ljjfbdf lgj]bsn] a]bvnL x'g] cfzfsf]
cfwf/df lgif]wf1fsf] lgj]bg lnO{ cbfnt k|jz
]
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] df]xLofgL
xssf] hUuf sdfO ls;fgL k]zf tyf /f]huf/L
ug{ kfpg] gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ sf] ^
-&_ af6 k|Tofe"t xsdf cf3ft x'g] cfzfsf]
l:yltdf ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !& cg'k lgif]wf1fsf]
cfb]zsf] dfu ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ klg ;'/lIft
/xG5 . e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! n] gful/s
clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ af6 k|Tofe"t clwsf/nfO{
slx st} /f]ss
] f] klg b]lvFbg} . o;/L gful/s
clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf !& cg'k
tTsfnsf] pkrf/ dfUg cfpg] lgj]bsnfO{
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! cg'k hfg;Sg] egL
p;sf] pkrf/sf] xsnfO{ cgb]vf ug{ xFb' g} .
t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no
hfg'kg]{ cfwf/df lgj]bg vf/]h u/]sf] /fo;Fu
;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
$= ca, df]lxofgL a]bvnL x'g] cfzfsf]
l:ylt ljBdfg 5 5}g t egL ljrf/ ubf{

1193

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), k';
@)&),

ljkIfLsf] lnlvt hjfkmsf] Joxf]/fdf hUufdf

df]lxofgL g} 5}g egL pNn]v u/]sf]af6
ljkIfLxn] lgj]bsnfO{ ;xhkn] v]tL ug{
lbg] cj:yf /x]sf] gb]lvFbf a]bvnL x'g ;Sg]
kSsf cfzfsf] l:ylt /x]sf] g} kfOof] .
%= o; l:yltdf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd
lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]d
{ f vf/]h x'g]
7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, hgsk'/sf] km};nf
ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f] ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 .
k'g/fj]bssf] df]xLofgL xs sfod /x]sf] bfjLsf]
ls=g+= @&@, @&$ / @&% sf] hUUff hf]t sdf]b

ug{ hfFbf s'g} lsl;dsf] afwf ca/f]w gug',{

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