Lect.

NUMBER SYSTEM

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52

What does this number represent?

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

RADIX/ BASE

(1011001.101)2

What does this number represent?

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Number Systems

R is the radix or base of the number system

Important number systems for digital systems:

Must be a positive number

Base 2 (binary):
Base 8 (octal):
Base 16 (hexadecimal):

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[0, 1]
[0 .. 7]
[0 .. 9, A, B, C, D, E, F]

Number Systems
Positional Notation

D = [a4a3a2a1a0.a-1a-2a-3]R
D = decimal value
a i = ith position in the number
R = radix or base of the number

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Number Systems
Power Series Expansion

D = an x R4 + an-1 x R3 + + a0 x R0
+ a-1 x R-1 + a-2 x R-2 + a-m x R-m
D = decimal value
a i = ith position in the number
R = radix or base of the number
6

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Number Systems
Decimal

Base
Position in Power Series Expansion
R
4
3
2 1 0
-1
-2
-3
10
104 10 3 102 101 100 10-1
10-2
10-3
10 10000 1000 100 10 1 0.1000 0.0100 0.0010
24
16

23
8

22
4

21 20
2-1
2-2
2-3
2 1 0.5000 0.2500 0.1250

Binary

2
2

Octal

8
8

84
83 82 8 1 8 0
8-1
8-2
8-3
4096 512 64 8 1 0.1250 0.0156 0.0020

Hexadecimal

16
16

164 16 3 162 161 160 16-1

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With n bits .
We can count upto 2n-1
Total numbers possible with n
digits are 2n.

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Common Number Systems

Base Symbols
10 0, 1, 9

Used by
humans?

Used in
computers?

Yes

No

Binary

0, 1

No

Yes

Octal

0, 1, 7

No

No

Hexadecimal

16

0, 1, 9,
A, B, F

No

No

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Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Decimal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Binary
0
1
10
11
100
101
110
111

HexaOctal decimal
0
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
p. 33

10

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Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Decimal
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
11

Binary
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

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HexaOctal decimal
10
8
11
9
12
A
13
B
14
C
15
D
16
E
17
F

Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)
Decimal
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
12

Binary
10000
10001
10010
10011
10100
10101
10110
10111

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HexaOctal decimal
20
10
21
11
22
12
23
13
24
14
25
15
26
16
27
17

Etc.

Conversion Among Bases

13

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

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Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

14

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Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Next slide
15

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Weight

12510 =>

5 x 100=
5
2 x 101= 20
1 x 102= 100
125

Base

16

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Binary to Decimal

17

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Binary to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the weight of the bit
The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the

right
Add the results

18

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Example
Bit 0

1010112 =>

1 x 20 =
1 x 21
0 x 22
1 x 23
0 x 24
1 x 25

1
=
2
=
0
=
8
=
0
= 32
4310

19

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Octal to Decimal

20

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Octal to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the weight of the bit
The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the

right
Add the results

21

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Example

7248 =>

22

4 x 80 =
2 x 81 =
7 x 82 =

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4
16
448
46810

Hexadecimal to Decimal

23

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Hexadecimal to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the weight of the bit
The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the

right
Add the results

24

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Example

ABC16 =>

C x 160 = 12 x
1 =
12
B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810

25

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Decimal to Binary

26

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Decimal to Binary
Technique
Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
Second remainder is bit 1
Etc.

27

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Example
12510 = ?2

2 125
2 62

31

15

2
2
2

12510 = 11111012

28

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Octal to Binary

29

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Octal to Binary
Technique
Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary

representation

30

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Example
7058 = ?2

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012

31

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Hexadecimal to Binary

32

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Hexadecimal to Binary
Technique
Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent binary

representation

33

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Example
10AF16 = ?2

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112

34

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Decimal to Octal

35

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Decimal to Octal
Technique
Divide by 8
Keep track of the remainder

36

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Example
123410 = ?8

8
8

1234
154

19

8
8

123410 = 23228

37

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Decimal to Hexadecimal

38

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Decimal to Hexadecimal
Technique
Divide by 16
Keep track of the remainder

39

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Example
123410 = ?16

16
16

1234
77

16

13 = D

123410 = 4D216

40

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Binary to Octal

41

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Binary to Octal
Technique
Group bits in threes, starting on right
Convert to octal digits

42

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

10110101112 = 13278

43

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Binary to Hexadecimal

44

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Binary to Hexadecimal
Technique
Group bits in fours, starting on right
Convert to hexadecimal digits

45

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

10101110112 = 2BB16
46

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Octal to Hexadecimal

47

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Octal to Hexadecimal
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary

48

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Example
10768 = ?16
1

001

000

111

110

10768 = 23E16
49

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Hexadecimal to Octal

50

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Hexadecimal to Octal
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary

51

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Example
1F0C16 = ?8
1

0001

1111

0000

1100

1F0C16 = 174148
52

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Exercise Convert ...

Binary

Octal

Hexadecimal

1110101
703
1AF
Dont use a calculator!
Skip answer
53

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Answer

Answer

Exercise Convert
Decimal
Binary
33
100001
117
1110101
451
111000011
431
110101111

54

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Octal
41
165
703
657

Hexadecimal
21
75
1C3
1AF

Common Powers (1 of 2)
Base 10

55

Power

Preface

Symbol

Value

10-12

pico

.000000000001

10-9

nano

.000000001

10-6

micro

.000001

10-3

milli

.001

103

kilo

1000

106

mega

1000000

109

giga

1000000000

1012

tera

1000000000000

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Common Powers (2 of 2)
Base 2
Power

Preface

Symbol

Value

210

kilo

1024

220

mega

1048576

230

Giga

1073741824

What is the value of k, M, and G?

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Example

In the lab
1. Double click on My Computer
2. Right click on C:
3. Click on Properties

/ 230 =

57

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Exercise Free Space

lab
Free space
Drive

Bytes

A:
C:
D:
E:
etc.

58

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

GB

Review multiplying powers

ab ac = ab+c

26 210 = 216 = 65,536

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Binary Addition (1 of 2)
Two 1-bit values

A
0
0
1
1

B
0
1
0
1

A+ B
0
1
1
10
two

pp. 36-38
60

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Binary Addition (2 of 2)
Two n-bit values
Add individual bits
Propagate carries
E.g.,

10101
+ 11001
101110

61

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

21
+ 25
46

Multiplication (1 of 3)
Decimal (just for fun)

35
x 105
175
000
35
3675
pp. 39
62

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Multiplication (2 of 3)
Binary, two 1-bit values

A
0
0
1
1

63

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

B
0
1
0
1

A B
0
0
0
1

Multiplication (3 of 3)
Binary, two n-bit values
As with decimal values
E.g.,

1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010
64

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Fractions
Decimal to decimal (just for fun)

3.14 =>

4 x 10-2 = 0.04
1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14

pp. 46-50
65

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Fractions
Binary to decimal
10.1011 =>

1 x 2-4 = 0.0625
1 x 2-3 =
0 x 2-2 =
1 x 2-1 =
0 x 20 =
1 x 21 =

0.125
0.0
0.5
0.0
2.0
2.6875

pp. 46-50
66

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Fractions
Decimal to binary
3.14579

11.001001...

.14579
x
2
0.29158
x
2
0.58316
x
2
1.16632
x
2
0.33264
x
2
0.66528
x
2
1.33056
etc.
p. 50

67

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Exercise Convert ...

Binary

Octal

Hexadecimal

101.1101
3.07
C.82
Dont use a calculator!
Skip answer
68

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Answer

Answer
Exercise Convert

Decimal
Binary
Octal
29.8
11101.110011 35.63
5.8125
101.1101
5.64
3.109375
11.000111
3.07
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404

69

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Hexadecimal
1D.CC
5.D
3.1C
C.82

Basic Binary Arithmetic

70

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Basic Binary Arithmetic

Binary Addition

71

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Binary Addition

0
+ 0
0

0
+ 1
1
Sum

72

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

1
+ 0
1

1
+ 1
10
Carry

Sum

Binary Addition
Examples:

73

01011011
01110010
11001101

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

10110101
01101100

00111100
10101010

Basic Binary Arithmetic

Binary Subtraction

74

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Binary Subtraction
Borrow

0
0
0

10
- 1
1

Difference

75

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

1
0
1

1
1
0

Binary Subtraction
Examples:

76

01110101
00110010
01000011

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

10110001
01101100

00111100
10101100

Basic Binary Arithmetic

Single-bit Subtraction

Carry

Sum

Difference

What logic function is this?

77

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Binary Multiplication

78

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

Binary Multiplication
0
x 0
0

0
x 1
0
Product

79

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

1
x 0
0

1
x 1
1

Binary Multiplication
Examples:

80

10110001
01101101

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

00111100
10101100

Thank you

81

ECE202 -DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS