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Q1: Given That And, and Determine,, and - Solution:-: X P X X P X P X P X P

The document provides solutions to several questions regarding Legendre polynomials: 1) It derives the Rodrigues formula for Legendre polynomials and uses it to determine explicit expressions for p2(x) and p3(x). 2) It solves the Legendre differential equation using a power series approach to obtain a recurrence relation for the coefficients, from which it expresses the first several Legendre polynomials. 3) It evaluates the integrals of Legendre polynomials Pn(x) from -1 to 1 and shows they are zero when n is not 0 and non-zero otherwise.

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196 views9 pages

Q1: Given That And, and Determine,, and - Solution:-: X P X X P X P X P X P

The document provides solutions to several questions regarding Legendre polynomials: 1) It derives the Rodrigues formula for Legendre polynomials and uses it to determine explicit expressions for p2(x) and p3(x). 2) It solves the Legendre differential equation using a power series approach to obtain a recurrence relation for the coefficients, from which it expresses the first several Legendre polynomials. 3) It evaluates the integrals of Legendre polynomials Pn(x) from -1 to 1 and shows they are zero when n is not 0 and non-zero otherwise.

Uploaded by

amnajam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Q1:

given that
p 4 ( x)
.
Solution:-

p0 ( x) 1

and

p1 ( x) x

p 2 ( x) p3 ( x)
, and determine
,
,and

n 1

3
1
3
1
p 2 ( x) x( x ) (1) x 2
2
2
2
2

n2

5 3
1 2
5
x 5 4 1
p3 ( x) x( )( x 2 ) x x 3 ( ) (5 x 3 3x)
3 2
2 3
2
3 2 2 2

7
3
7 5
3 3
1
xp3 ( x) p 2 ( x) ( x)( x 3 3x) ( )( x 2 )
4
4
4 2
4 2
2
1
(35 x 4 30 x 2 3)
8

p 4 ( x)
n3

Q2 : Derive Rodrigues formula By Legendre polynomials are given by


pn ( x ) =

( 2 n1 )( 2 n3 ) .31 n
n ( n1 ) n2 n ( n1 ) ( n2 ) (n3) n4
{x
x +
x }
n!
2 n ( 2n1 )
24 ( 2 n1 ) (2 n3)

Now integrating this n times from 0 to x, we obtain


2 n4
( 2 n1 )( 2 n3 ) .31 2 n
2 n2 n(n1)

{ x nx
+
x
}
(2 n)!
2!

Which can be written

( 2 n1 ) ( 2 n3 ) .31
(x 21)n
( 2 n ) ( 2 n1 ) ( 2 n2 ) 21

Which proves that.

or

1
( x 21)n
2 n!
n

n
1 dn 2
pn x n
x

2 n! dx n

Q3: prove that

1
= P n ( x ) t n
2
12 xt +t n=0

Using the binomial theorem


( 1+v ) p=1+ pv +

p ( p1 ) 2 p ( p1 )( p2 ) 3
v +
v +
2!
3!

We have

1 /2
1
=[ 1t ( 2 xt ) ]
2
12 xt +t

1
1.3 2
2 1.3.5 3
3
1+ t ( 2 xt ) +
t ( 2 xt ) +
t ( 2 xt ) +..
2
2.4
2.4 .6
n
And the coefficient of t in this expansion is

1.3 .5 . ( 2n3 )
n1
1.3 .5 ( 2 n1 )
2.4 .6 ( 2 n2 )
n
(2 x)
( 2 x )n2
2.4 .6 2 n
1!
+1.3 .5 .2 n5
( n2 )( n3 )
2.4 .6 2 n4
( 2 x )n4
2!

Which can be written as

1.3 .5 .. (2 n1 ) n n ( n1 ) n2 n ( n1 ) ( n2 )( n3 ) n4
x
x +
x
n!
2 ( 2 n1 )
2.4 ( 2 n1 ) ( 2n3 )

i.e . P n ( x ) . the required result thsult thus follows


pn (x)=

( 2 n1 )( 2 n3 ) .3 .1 n n ( n1 ) n2 n ( n1 )( n2 ) ( n3 ) n 4
x
x +
x
n!
2 ( 2 n1 )
2.4 ( 2 n1 ) ( 2 n3 )

1
= P n ( x ) t n
2
12 xt +t n=0

Q4: Using the Rodrigues formula to determine

p 2 ( x)

and

p3 ( x )

Solution:n2
1 d
1 d
1 d2
(2( x 2 1)(2 x)) 2
(4 x 2 4 x )
( x 2 1) 2 2
2
2
2 2! dx
2 2! dx
2 2! dx

p2 x

1
1
(12 x 2 4) (3x 2 1)
8
2

n3
p3 x

d3

2 3! dx

( x 2 1) 3

d2

2 3! dx

(3( x 2 1) 2 (2 x))

d2

2 3! dx

(6 x 5 12 x 3 6 x)

1 d
1
1
(30 x 4 36 x 2 6)
(120 x 3 72 x) (5 x 3 3 x)
3
48
2
2 3! dx

Q5: determine Legendre polynomials


(1 x 2 ) y xx 2 xyx ( )( 1) y 0
Solution:

n0

n0

n 0

y cn x n y x ncn x n 1 y xx n n 1 cn x n 2

n n 1 cn x

n2

,
n2

n(n 1)cn x

n 2

n
2 nc n x ( )( 1)c n x 0
n 1

n 0

(n 2) n 1 c n 2 x
n

n0

n n 1 cn x 2 ncn x n
n

n2

n 1

( )( 1)cn x n 0
n 0

(n 2)( n 1)cn 2 n n 1 cn 2nc n ( )( 1)c n 0


(n 2)( n 1)c n 2 [n 2 n ( )( 1)]c n 0
c n2

(n )( n 1)
cn
(n 1)( n 2)

c2

( 1)
c0
2!

c3

( 1)( 2)
c1
3!

c4

( 2) ( 1)( 3)
c0
4!

c5

( 3)( 1)( 2)( 4)


c1
5!

c6

( 4)( 2) ( 1)( 3)( 5)


c0
6!

c7

( 5)( 3)( 1)( 2)( 4)( 6)


c1
7!

(a)

y c0 c1 x c2 x 2 c3 x 3 c4 x 4 c5 x 5 c6 x 6 c7 x 7
y ( x ) c0 (1

( 1) 2 ( 2) ( 1)( 3) 4
x
x
2!
4!

( 1)( 2) 3
( 4)( 2) ( 1)( 3)( 5) 6
x
x ...) c1 ( x
3!
6!

( 3)( 1)( 2)( 4) 5 ( 5)( 3)( 1)( 2)( 4)( 6) 7


x ...)
x
5!
7!

From (a):-

c n2

(n )( n 1)
cn
(n 1)( n 2)

Let m=m-2

c n 2
cn

m( m 1)
cm
(m n 2)( m n 1)

(2n)!
2 n ( n!) 2

c n 2

m=n

( 2n 2)
n(n 1)
cn n
(2)( 2n 1)
(2 )( n 1)!(n 2)!

(2n 2)!
(n 2)( n 3)
c n 2 n
( 4)( 2n 3)
( 2 )n!(n 2)! (n 4)!

c n 4
m=n-2

cn 2 m =(1) m

( 2n2 m ) !
2 m! ( nm ) ! ( n2 m) !
n

Polynomial

c0

,c1x

5
,c1(x- 3

,c0(1-3x )

P0(x)=1
P1(x)=x

c0=1
c1=1

( 2 ) (3)
P2(x)=1- 2 x2=1-3x2

c0=-1/2

p 2 x

1
2

3 x

1
2

( 2 ) (5) 3
5
x =x3
6

P3(x)=xp 3 x

5 x

3x

( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) (7) 4
x
+
24

35
=1-10 x + 3

p 4 x

c1=-3/2

(4 )(5) 2
x
P4(x)=12
2

x3

x4

1
35 x 4 30 x 2 3
8

c0=3/8

x3)

( 4 )(7)
P5(x)= x- 6
14
3

=xp 5 x

( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) (9)
x+
120
3

36
x + 15
3

1
63x 5 70 x 3 15 x
8

x5

c1=15/8

( 6 ) (7)
( 4 )( 6 ) (7)( 9)
2
x
+
2
24

P6(x)=1-

x5

x4-

( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) (7 ) (9)(11) 6
x
720
c 0=5/ 16

121 x2 +63 x 4 64.2 x 6

p6 x

1
6
4
2
231x 315 x 105 x 5

16

Q6: Find
1

2,n=0
P n ( x )={0,n=1,2,.
.
1

P0 ( x )=1 , P1 ( x )=x
1

n=0 , P0 ( x ) dx= P20 ( x ) dx=


1

1
1

2
=2
2 ( 0 ) +1

n=1,2,.. Pn ( x ) dx = P 0 ( x ) P n ( x ) dx=0
1

:Q7
-: Using Power series to solve Legendre's Equation
( 1x 2 ) y , xx2 x y , x +n ( n1 ) y=0

Whit n=3 & n=5,

Find Legendre Polynomials

P3 ( x ) , P 5 ( x )

y= c k x k
k=0

[ k ( k1 ) c k x k 2 k ( k1 ) c k x k 2 k c k x k +n ( n1 ) c k x k ]=0
0

m=k 2,

( k +2 ) ( k +1 ) c k+2 + [ n ( n1 )k ( k +1 ) ] c k =0
c k+2=

( n ( n1 ) k ( k +1 ) )
ck
( k +2 ) ( k +1 )

,K=0,1,2,3
c 2=

n ( n1 )
c0
2!

c 3=

( n1 ) ( n+2 )
c1
3!

c4 =

n ( n+1 )( n2 )( n+3 )
c0
4!

c 5=

( n1 )( n+2 ) ( n3 ) ( n+4 )
c1
5!

n ( n+1 ) 2 n ( n+1 )( n2 )( n+3 ) 4


x+
x ..
2!
4!

( n+ 1 )( n+ 2 ) 3 ( n1 )( n+ 2 )( n3 ) ( n+4 ) 5
x+
x +...
3!
5!

y 1 ( x )=c 0 1+

y 2 ( x )=c 1 x +

n=2,4,6
c 0=(1 )

n/ 2

1.3 . ( n1 )
2n n

3
35
n=2, y 1 ( x ) = (110 x 2 + x 4 )
8
3
1
( 35 x 410 x 2 +3 )
8

n=3,5,7..
c 1=(1 )

n1/ 2

1.3 . n
2n ( n1 )

n=3,
y 2 ( x )=(1 )

] [

3
5
3 5 3
1
x x 3 =
x x = [ 5 x 33 x ]
2
3
2 3
2

1
[ 5 x 33 x ]
2

P 3 ( x )=

n=5
y 2 ( x )=

1.3 .5
14
63
x x3 + x 5
2.4
3
15

1
[ 63 x5 70 x3 +15 x ]
8
5

63 x 70 x +15 x
1
P5 (x )=
8

Q8 : find a solution

(1 x ) y xx 2 xyx 2 y 0
In the interval

-0.5<x<0.5 such that y(0)=3,yx(0)=4


Solution:

y cn x n
n0

n n 1 cn x

n2

n0

,
n2

n 0

n
n(n 1)c n x 2 nc n x
n

n 1

n 2

(n 2) n 1 c n 2 x n

n0

y xx n n 1 cn x n 2

y x ncn x n 1

n2

n 1

2cn x n 0

n 0

n n 1 cn x n 2 ncn x n

2 cn x n 0

n 0

( n 2 )( n 1 )cn 2 n n 1 cn 2ncn 2cn 0


( n 2 )( n 1 )cn 2 [ n 2 n 2 ] cn 0
cn 2
c c
2

( n 1 )( n 2 )
( n 1)
cn
cn
( n 1 )( n 2 )
( n 1)
0

y ( x) c 0 c1 x c 2 x 2
y( x ) c

( 1 x2 ) c x
1

y ( 0) 3 c 0
y(0) 4 c1
y ( x) 3 (1 x2 ) 4 x

y( x ) c
y( x ) c

p ( x)c Q ( x)
1
1 1

x 1 x
x c ( ln
1)
1 2 1x
0

y( x ) 4 x

3x 1 x
ln
3
2 1 x

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