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    Unit 3

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    Atoms are the smallest particles of matter and consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. An element contains only one type of atom, defined by its number of protons. Atoms are electrically neutral due to equal numbers of protons and electrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Some isotopes are radioactive and unstable, breaking down and emitting radiation. Radioisotopes have uses including leak detection, cancer treatment, sterilization, carbon dating, and nuclear power. Electrons are arranged in shells around the atom's nucleus according to certain rules. Metals are good conductors, solid, malleable, and form positive ions, while nonmetals are poor conductors, often gases, brit

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    Unit 3

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    Atoms are the smallest particles of matter and consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. An element contains only one type of atom, defined by its number of protons. Atoms are electrically neutral due to equal numbers of protons and electrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Some isotopes are radioactive and unstable, breaking down and emitting radiation. Radioisotopes have uses including leak detection, cancer treatment, sterilization, carbon dating, and nuclear power. Electrons are arranged in shells around the atom's nucleus according to certain rules. Metals are good conductors, solid, malleable, and form positive ions, while nonmetals are poor conductors, often gases, brit

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    Atoms are the smallest particles of matter and consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. An element contains only one type of atom, defined by its number of protons. Atoms are electrically neutral due to equal numbers of protons and electrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Some isotopes are radioactive and unstable, breaking down and emitting radiation. Radioisotopes have uses including leak detection, cancer treatment, sterilization, carbon dating, and nuclear power. Electrons are arranged in shells around the atom's nucleus according to certain rules. Metals are good conductors, solid, malleable, and form positive ions, while nonmetals are poor conductors, often gases, brit

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    103 views3 pages

    Unit 3

    Uploaded by

    api-282526559
    Atoms are the smallest particles of matter and consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. An element contains only one type of atom, defined by its number of protons. Atoms are electrically neutral due to equal numbers of protons and electrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Some isotopes are radioactive and unstable, breaking down and emitting radiation. Radioisotopes have uses including leak detection, cancer treatment, sterilization, carbon dating, and nuclear power. Electrons are arranged in shells around the atom's nucleus according to certain rules. Metals are good conductors, solid, malleable, and form positive ions, while nonmetals are poor conductors, often gases, brit

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    3.1, 3.

    2 Atoms and Elements


    Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that cannot be broken down by
    further means. Each atom consists of a nucleus (protons and neutrons),
    which is surrounded by shells or layers of electrons.
    An element contains only one type of atom.
    There are 2 properties of protons, neutrons and electrons:

    Mass
    Electrical charge
    Particle

    Proton
    Neutron
    Electron

    Mass
    1
    1
    Almost 0

    Charge
    +1
    0
    -1

    The atoms contain an equal number of protons and electrons


    so they have no overall charge. The charge of an atom is
    always neutral.
    The number of protons is known as the atomic number.
    The total number of protons and neutrons is known as the
    nucleon number or the mass number.
    Number of neutrons = Nucleon number Atomic numbers

    3.3 Isotopes and radioactivity


    You can identify and atom by the number of protons in it.
    Isotopes are atoms of the same element, with different number of neutrons. Some elements
    with isotopes are calcium, magnesium, iron and chlorine.
    Some isotopes are radioactive because their nucleus is unstable. And then the atom breaks
    down, giving out radiation.
    Radiation from the isotopes can harm you, causing radiation sickness (victims vomit a lot, hair
    falls out and gums bleed).

    Uses of radioisotopes:

    1. To check for leaks as tracers: Engineers can check oil and gas pipes for leaks by adding
    radioisotopes to the oil or gas. If a Geiger counter detects radiation outside the pipe, it
    means there is a leak.
    2. To treat cancer (cobalt-60): they are used in radiotherapy to cure cancer, because the
    gamma rays kill cancer cells more readily than healthy cells.
    3. To kill germs and bacteria (cobalt-60 and cesium-137): they are used to sterilize syringes
    and other medical equipment. They are also used to kill bacteria that cause food to
    decay.
    4. Carbon dating (carbon-14): to tell the age of ancient remains by measuring the
    radioactivity from them.
    5. Fuel: radioisotopes are used as fuel in nuclear power stations because they give out a
    lot of energy when they break down.

    3.4 How electrons are arranged


    The first shell of an atom can only have 2 electrons. All the other shells can have no more than
    8 shells.
    The electronic configuration for one sodium atom will be: 2.8.1
    We can deduce some information from the configuration:

    It shows that the atom has one valency electron. This means
    that it belongs to Group 1.
    The atom has 3 shells. This shows that sodium belongs to
    period 3.

    Lithium: 2.1

    Lithium belongs to group 1 (one valency electron).


    It belongs to period 2 (two shells).

    Group 0 elements have a very stable


    arrangement. All atoms except helium,
    have 8 outer shell electrons. Helium
    has only two electrons and one shell.

    3.5 The metals and


    non-metals

    Properties of metals
    Good conductors of heat and electricity
    High melting and boiling points: they are solid at
    room temperature.
    Hard, strong, do not shatter when hit
    Malleable (can be hammered into different
    shapes), and ductile (can be made into wires)
    Look shiny when polished - lustrous
    Makes a ringing noise when hit - sonorous
    Have high density feel heavy
    Form positive ions when they react- they give an
    electron
    React with oxygen to form oxides that are basic

    Properties of non-metals
    Do not conduct heat or electricity
    Lower melting and boiling points- many are gases
    at room temp.
    They are brittle- they break up easily
    Not malleable or ductile
    Look dull in the solid state
    Do not make a ringing noise- they just break
    Have low density
    Often form negative ions- they take an electron
    React with oxygen to form oxides that are acidic

    Exception to those properties:

    Not all metals are hard solids; sodium and potassium can be cut with a knife, and
    mercury is liquid at room temperature.
    Hydrogen is a non-metal but forms positive ions like metals.
    Carbon is a non- metal:
    Graphite: is a good conductor
    Diamond: is very hard and has a very high melting point

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