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Lecture 1lecture 1.

This document provides information about a second year phonetics lecture given by Dr. Chelli. It introduces the concepts of phonemes and allophones. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that can change meaning, while allophones are variant pronunciations of phonemes that do not change meaning. It provides examples of phonemic and phonetic transcription. Phonemic transcription uses symbols for phonemes between slashes, while phonetic transcription uses brackets and provides more detail about allophone pronunciation. The document then gives examples of allophones for plosive consonants like /p/ and /t/ and for the lateral consonant /l/. It concludes with an exercise asking students to phonetically and phonemically transcribe lists

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40 views2 pages

Lecture 1lecture 1.

This document provides information about a second year phonetics lecture given by Dr. Chelli. It introduces the concepts of phonemes and allophones. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that can change meaning, while allophones are variant pronunciations of phonemes that do not change meaning. It provides examples of phonemic and phonetic transcription. Phonemic transcription uses symbols for phonemes between slashes, while phonetic transcription uses brackets and provides more detail about allophone pronunciation. The document then gives examples of allophones for plosive consonants like /p/ and /t/ and for the lateral consonant /l/. It concludes with an exercise asking students to phonetically and phonemically transcribe lists

Uploaded by

TinBow
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Second year LMD

Phonetics

Lecturer: Dr. Chelli

Lecture No. 1
Allophones
Phonemes and allophones are two basic concepts in phonology and phonetics.
A phoneme is the smallest sound that can make a difference in meaning. For example, the
word car changes to far if you change the phoneme /k/ to /f/ . There are forty-four phonemes
in standard British English. Some of them may be realized differently or have a variety of
allophones.
An allophone is any of the various phonetic realizations of a phoneme, which do not
contribute to distinctions of meaning. For example, /p/ in /pin/ is aspirated [ ] and p in
spin is unaspirated. The first one is an allophone of the phoneme /p/.
Phonemic Transcription
Phonemic is a transcription showing the pronunciation of words using a simple set of
symbols representing phonemes. It is a transcription usually found in the dictionary and used
between slashes / rpuzl/
Phonetic Transcription
Phonetic transcription is a transcription with more details about the pronunciation of words,
used between two square brakets. In this kind of transcription allophones are represented. For
example, in the word [ r uz ] , [ p] is aspirated and[ ] is syllabic.
Definition of aspiration: Aspiration is when the production of p, t, k is followed by an
audible plosion (burst of noise) in the post release phase, producing a sound like h.
[ ] is syllabic because it forms a syllable without a vowel.

Examples of allophones
1. Plosives: Fortis plosives p, t, k are aspirated when initial in a stressed syllable.
party / :t /

table / tebl /

concert / kst/

appear / /

2. The English lateral phoneme /l/, only one alveolar has three main allophones:
a. Clear [ l ] , with a relatively front resonance before vowels and j

lead [ li:d ]

follow / flu/

lose [ lu:z ]

sailor /sel/

or when it is intervocalic
b. Dark [ l ] with a relatively back vowel resonance, final after a vowel (1),
before a consonant preceded by a vowel (2) and as a syllabic sound followed by a
consonant (3).
1. feel, canal,pearl, call

2. help, salt, cold, milk, film elbow

3.

apple, middle, eagle, table,


C. Voiceless l ] the voiced phoneme /l/ becomes voiceless when preceded by
accented /p, k/
Place [ pl es ]

[ kl :s ]

[pl e]

Exercise

Plosives
Exercise: Transcribe phonetically and phonemically the following words
Words
Pile
Pearl
Penalty
Pursue
Prepare
Purchase
pure
Council
Kangaroo
Kitten
Kettle
Knowledg
e
Question

Phonetic
Phonemic transcription

Words
Question
Keen
Queen
Knight
Knee
Kingdom
scape
Tension
Towards
Tyranny
Today
tertiary

Phonemic
Phonetic
transcription transcription

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