A Way with Words Vocabulary development activities for learners of English Book 3 Stuart Redman Advisory editor: Michael McCarthy Cambridge University Press Cambridge New York Port Chester Melbourne SydneyPublished by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge ‘The Pitt Building, ‘Tumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 100114211, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Victoria 3166, Australia ‘© Cambridge University Press 1991 First published 1991 Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge ISBN 0 521 35921 X Student's Book ISBN 0 521 359228 ‘Teacher's Book ISBN 0 521 35028 X Cassette Copyright “The law allows a reader to make a single copy of part of abook for purposes of private study. Itdoes not allow the copying of entire Books or the making of multiple copies of exsracts. Written permission for any such copying must always be obtained from the publisherin advance, coThanks Rob Ellis, my co-author on Books 1 & 2, has continued to provide me with ideas and support, as has Ruth Gairns, who has been a rich source of ideas and inspiration throughout the last three years. In many respects, Jeanne McCarten and Michael McCarthy have been the backbone to this project. Without their wit, wisdom and endeavour, it would not have been possible. Chitose Sato and Petrina Cliff, for giving permission to use their source material. The many schools and colleges throughout the world who were kind enough to pilot the material and provide such invaluable feedback. And finally, thanks to Lindsay White and the rest of the production team at CUP. Acknowledgements “The author and publishers are grateful to the following authors, publishers and others who have given permission for the use of copyright material identified in the text. While every effort has been made ithas not been possible to identify the sources of all the material used and in ‘such cases the publishers would welcome information from copyright holders, HarperCollins Publishers for the extracts from Collins COBUILD Essential English Dictionary on pp. 4 and 88; Chronicle Features, San Francisco, California, USA for permission to reprint The Far Side cartoons by Gary Larson on pp. 10, 12, 61,68 and 100; EFL Gazette for the text on p. 13; Sunday Mirror for the article on p. 21; Royal Mail for the postal delivery photograph on p. 21; Penguin Books Ld for the table from Living With Stress by Cary L Cooper, Rachael D Cooper, Lynn H Eaker (Penguin Books, 1988), © Cary Cooper, Rachael Cooper and Lynn Eaker, 1988 on p. 295 Times Newspapers Ltd and Tim Rayment for the article © Times Newspapers Ltd 1985 on p. 30; Andrew Mann Led for the ALEX cartoon on p. 31; J Allen Cash Photo Library for the photographs on pp. 37 and 102-3; Piste Actistes for the adapted text and photographs on pp. 38-9 Rogers, Coleridge and White Ltd, Literary ‘Agency for permission to reproduce the adapted extract from The Book of Heroic Failures by Stephen Pile on p. 40; Punch for the cartoons on pp. 45 and 90; Guardian News Service Ltd for the articles on p. 46 and the cartoon on p, 91; The Mail om Sunday for the article on p. 47; Express Newspapers ple for the article ‘Ambulance Chaos set to worsen’ on p, 56; The Independent for the article ‘Ambulance staff step up pay action’ on p. 96; She for b), d) and e) on p. 57; The Sporting Life for c) on p. 57; Ms London for the article on p. 59; Editors Press Service, Inc for The Far Side cartoons by Gary Larson on pp. 62.and 99; NSP Group Ltd for the photographs and text from The Innovations Report on pp. 72, 73 and 124; Evening Standard Company Ltd for the article on p. 78; The Observer for the adapted text on pp. 102-3; Private Eye for the cartoon by Nick Newman on p. 108. Drawings by Chris Evans, Lisa Hall, Leslie Marshall and Shaun Williams, Artwork by Peter Ducker, Hardlines and Wenham Arts. Book designed by Peter Ducker msrp. ivContents Thanks iv Acknowledgements — iv 4 Learning 1 2 Puttingthingsinorder 6 3 Characterand personality 11 4 Nouns 15 5 Changes 20 6 Revisionandexpansion 24 7 Work 29 8 Prepositions and phrases 34 9 Goingplaces 38 40 Affixation 42 11 Isitright? 45 12 Revisionandexpansion 49 13 Newspapers 54 14 Verbs 58 45 Choices 62 46 Connecting words andideas 66 47 Technology 71 48 Revisionand expansion 76 49 Customs 81 20 Multi-wordunits 86 21 Menandwomen 91 22 Waysofsayingthings 95 23 Ideasandopinions 101 24 Revision and expansion 107 Word-buildingtables 114 Summary of exercises 120 iti1 Learning 1 Keeping vocabulary records @ The page below is taken from a student’s vocabulary notebook. With a partner, write down the different techniques the student has used to record and remember new words and phrases. Example: ‘Writing down a translation for a new word. DL chan INJURIES pecstelder a bruise / to bruise / braizs | MN ptt bew TI8th ae" WE vrise a tat 7 te cut age then T waist cot myself Lomeed a plaacer feree. eels Frcesey Gore ob a bondage . 28 te tutst 2g. T twisted amy onkle remmiong. forthe bas TLWESE 2 ON Senos or SeRIeUs a> Symptom? EE icomcercms hey. feventm) 7 a high semperntute e.g, 30-6 BK fe vod. hepeoisisim) fla em) ate WAR OT I Seeing < bere im 2g L'stanied smeeriog.. head T bapt sneo-aing. « stomoche. keap ting = do somthing. | fale ache /ezk/ again + ageim. teoth erg. T keap|geaing. heada ! back eoug hing. A healthy. x6 unhealeh we keep fie i * ne Ae leo sx wp smeking becassea I'm frightened of lung. Conteh, SME Ty. breeder cove hited tear week but T coutdon'e find amy. plasters BEE Ceap losing. ong. detiomaay & eeugh 7 RSF7 & fete thheast1 Learning Db Now look at a page from your own vocabulary notebook. Is it very different? Are there any techniques from this page that you think would help in the future? 2 Word grammar @ tis not enough just to know the meaning of words — you must also know the grammar of vocabulary otherwise you will make a lot of mistakes in speaking and writing. Example: It depends P€ you. (depend is followed by the preposition on) Can you find a word from the box which is being described in each of the sentences below? avoid weather pickup purchase go out fond guess quid desert win tell__kéen 1 Ie'san uncountable noun. 2. It'sa word which is usually used in formal situations, and is more common in written English than spoken English. 3 Ir'sa transitive verb so it must be followed by an object. 4. I's verb which is followed by a gerund {an —ing form). 5 It’san adjective which is followed by the preposition of. 6 It'sa separable phrasal verb. 7 Itcan bea verb or a noun, and as a verb it is irregular. 8 It'sa very informal (colloquial) word so normally it is only used in spoken English. b Inthe following letter there are a ntimber of mistakes. Correct the mistakes and then explain to a partner why you have made these changes. ©/ san Fernanéo 239 cordoba 14003 Spain Dear sir, 3 would like an information about English courses a your school in July and August. I studied English for six years at school and in my job I read many books and articles in English so I am quite good in understanding the language. My problem is speaking because I don't have any opportunities to practise so I need a course to brush up it. I enjoy to study but I only have one month so I would like a course very-intensive --perhaps five or six hours a day. 21 Learning A friend recommended your school and also said me that you arrange accommodation. Tt would be a great pleasure for me stay with an English family but I would like to live near the school, if possible. If you need more information you can drop me a line at my home address or my work address. T remain, Yours faithfully : Tien Qalriques 3 Taking risks with vocabulary @ Ifyou only offer the minimum amount of information when you speak in English, your active vocabulary will not improve very quickly because you are not creating opportunities to use and learn new words. So don’t take the casy way ~ take a few risks. For example, read the following text about an accident a woman had in her car, and then try to answer the questions below. "had an accident yesterday when | was driving home from work. A car came cut of a side road and hit the side of my car. | wasn't hurt fortunately, but my car was quite badly damaged. It was terrible, 1 What speed were the cars doing? 2. Why did the other car pull out of the side road? 3-Did the woman see the other car beforeit hie her? 4 How did she react when it hit her? 5. How did the other driver react? What did he do? 6 Was anyone else involved? 7 Was anyone injured? 8 Did the other driver admit it was his fault? 9. What damage was there to the cars? 10 Were there any other witnesses? 11 Did anyone contact the police? 12 Was the woman able to drive the car home? Db Wich a partner, rewrite and expand the story so that a reader could answer all of the questions above. © Give your story to another pair and see if they can answer all of the questions.1 Learning 4 Using dictionaries ———_———__ @ Some verbs are very important because they are used in many different situations and with different meanings. Example: T keep making the same mistake. (keep = do it again and again) “They kept me in prison. (keep = make someone stay) Look at the six sentences below showing different meanings of leave. “Write the translation for leave for each of these sentences and then compare your answers with someone who speaks the same language. Definition Translation number T The train leavesintensminutes. | oktalwen (Gere) Seakisc (Spanish) 2. Pmafraid I left my books at home. 3 Iefe the company last year. 4 Pve only got £10 left. 5 She left her husband two years ago. 6 You can leave your coats here. Bb Now look at the dictionary definitions below. In the right-hand column above, write the definition number which corresponds to each of your sentences. eave fpr leaves, Weaving, left Lityou ence vue Bltyu eave someting somewner, $1 yu get vara leave ky eaves, Leave ye Veo aye t wih gov when yor go ty trom. lee 9 ee pe dw Gasoteave for iheaenlée. ee ey rolaca! it fe eran Mille Fetes Easton 1130 Tey Tl the ease eee esd. 62 you pa were veavsosee ete ik ater (en He 00d up fa eave fad Jet ht set and use or you pt where tiny" {Ef Comat andjoned he Coon a hse Sapa une aoe away. eave our pont Jel Conan es nan AO ay quay yonyon ube wi ib nearer. ase ei eye 2. Je iron hat pace or ao bog oend Y= cae detector at Beams sao. Tiatinstitution, eo Many of the chilien met had Jef home aiter 2 savage beating. What do you want {ado when you leave school? She oid hin she was ‘What they are doing when you go sway from the [pong to leave her Job and move fo London. All they te We lett hn snoring in the front room.. He teft Fain eae ee ogand getojok @ leaving. 2x 9 usscuscr: them making their cnicuations. ! le her to her 2 leaving present. a iting. Ff you eave somenge that you have had a close vaty:0 Tityou leave someene to himself or to herself, you yioeA.a)+0 elnonship with, for example Your husband or wife, #30) (gaawny from der 30 that they are alone tera aces ting wit tern or 90 finish ae elon: "BF you Teave a eats erst of smeing os vee Bip: oo Look, you usin’ ll Heary f'm leaving Something Is felt, it remains when the rest bas been him My husband had let me for another woman. {uken oway oF (sed, 22 Nine fram sixteen Jeaves Tityoo teave someone or something in particunr v+o+a Seven. fe drained what was lf! af his drink. Leave ‘Huck, you Tel them remain here when you en away. {Ome of the stew forthe boys. There was oniy about E'iceving. Rilo tn a bar, I made for the town fer nvutes fe of the Teciure. It you have armen Tbrneys. {elt my pack bebiad and took only my SSrnathing le you have after the test has gone or Ware? bolt I 808 leave things on the floor, they ‘een taken avy oF used, axf only had Iwe pounds lef, How many pils have you got lft. © Write six questions which could produce different meanings of leave in the answer. Can your partner answer using the verb leave?1 Learning SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES 1 Most of the time we do not remember words if we only see them once. It is therefore very important to revise new vocabulary. One simple way isto leave space at the bottom of each page in your notebook and then return to this space one week later and write down three or four sentences using some of the words from the page. You can see an example of this in the page from the student notebook in exercise 1. Try it yourself over the next month and seeif it helps you to remember words from previous lessons. 2 Using some of the ideas for recording vocabulary from exercise 4 of this unit, organize the words and phrases below in a more helpful and memorable way. You can add more words of your own, but remember to leave some ‘space at the bottom of the page to add sentences of your own in the future, Compare your page with a partner's in the next lesson. match win professional fit aerobics serve agile draw volleyball gym practise — train game clumsy athletic squash badminton amateur beat unfit tenis set lose —_get (a bit of/a lot of) exercise play(agame) sweat _ basketball 3 Write two sentences for each of the following verbs, showing them being used with different meanings. Check your answers in a dictionary and add any other meanings you think are useful, catch miss mean manage lose break2 Putting things in order 1 @ Adjective word order is very complicated but the columns below show a typical order for describing people and clothes. Opinion | Size Shape Colour | Material | + Noun lovely big round grey cotton ugly tol fat Put the following words into the correct column above: leather thin square blond ong _scruffy broad greenish gold cashmere suede filthy nylon fair pointed huge = dark_—steel_—_ pale tiny short. smart muscular bright (+ colour) “There are exceptions to this order. Adjectives describing opinion can sometimes be placed after those describing size, shape, or even colour, but this is not always possible. Example: scruffy, long black hair Vor long, black sctuffy hair V” alovely, long grey dress V but not a long, grey lovely dress % b Complete the following story with adjectives from above. ‘The woman was able to give the police a detallad description of her attackers. One of the men was tall and . with short hair, : skin, and blue eyes. ‘wearing a .. grey suit with a __ jumper underneath, and he had an ‘expensive-looking ing on the index finger of his left hand. In contrast, the other man was much shorter, But With ....m0». SROUIGETS and avery build. He also had short hair but it was, quite curly, and his face was ... than the other man's with @ naman Chin. His clothes were old and He wore blue jeans, an Od DiaCK snnsnnne Jacket, and a pair of « fed trainers. © Describe different people in your class and see how quickly a partner can guess who you are talking about.2 Putting things in order Rewrite the sentences below using the adverbs in the box to replace the underlined words. The meaning must stay the same. generally invariably _hardlyever repeatedly occasionally barely regularly partly probably definitely _often xample: Sample aos her a gfBp¢d€il nowadays. 1 She eats meat about twicea year. 2 Tagree with you to a certain extent. 3 Our receptionists are female, almost without exception. 4 Asarule she does her job very efficiently. 5 Pe told him a hundred times to keep his keys in a safe place. 6 Once in a while he loses his temper. 7 think there’s a very good chance that she'll get the job. 8 Tcould walk about three steps when I came out of hospital. 9 She'll pass the exam without a doubt. 10 Ivisit my parents twice a week. b Compare your answers with a partner. What position do these adverbs IP: Par po > goin, and how many of them can go in more than one place in the sentences above? © Using the adverbs above, modify the following sentences so they are true of yourself. Then compare your sentences in groups and discuss them. 1 Luse a dictionary when I'm studying English at home. 2 Irepeat words to myself in English. 3 talk to myself in English. 4 After lessons I revise new vocabulary at home. 5. When I forget words I feel it’s my own fault. 6 Ican remember new vocabulary from the previous lesson.2. Putting things in order 3 SSF @ Put the words on the right into the correct place on each line of the story. ‘The doctor's car drew up at eight o'clock. outside "The patient slept soundly, 'I said. In fact, she is alseep now.” still He didn't look at me, but instead walked straight through even to the sickroom and examined her. It took a longtime, for quite despite his efforts, she didn’t wake up fully. stil ‘Is she getting protein in her diet?" he asked. ‘enough ‘She eats solid food, replied. hardly ever He scribbled a prescription ona grubby form, closed his bag carelessly and left, For some reason [felt relieved and when | told my greatly father-in-law | was going to get some medicine, he breathed also sigh of relief and we smiled. ‘She'll soon be better," he both said. b Compare your answers with a partner and check them with your teacher. © Now continue the story, putting the words into the correct place. | decided to take Leela with me on this occasion. | had hardly ever time to take her out these days and she looked thrilled. enough Her little friend was playing when we left. Leela said, outside “Gan Sami come, please?’ The two girls were very alike and as well when we got to the shops they chose the same sweets. It even was a warm day and | Iet them play on the swings on the quite way back, ‘When we came to the corer of the street they were excited still from their game. Immediately | saw the doctor's car outside almost ‘the-house and told-the children to.go and play. They scampered. both off giggling, Fortunately they hadn't noticed the car, but in even any case, they were not old enough to understand. yet ds Compare your answers with a partner and try to form your own rules for the use of these words. © With your partner, write the last part of the story. Try and use several of the words above.2 Putting things in order 4 SS @ Put the words in the list into the correct columns below. former forthcoming ex--—current next ancestor predecessor last latest —_successor previous recent descendant —_late Past Present Future b Using these words, complete the following sentences. Theresnay be more than one possible answer. ~~~ holders of the World Cup (football)? Do you holders are? secretary of the United Nations and who was 1 Can you name two .. to the United States as the richest country inthe world? 4 Spielberg's his oo film. 5. What do you think our... would have thought of our way of life? 6 And what do you think our will think of it? 7 She had been a widow for three years, but a day never passed without her thinking of her... husband. 8 The political parties believe the... election in June will be a very close battle. 9 The President was accompanied by the ........ President and political leaders from a number of European countries. 10 What do you think will be the.......... major change in the world of technology? . film is about the war, I don’t like it as much as2. Putting things in order ‘SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES 1 Ordering words along a scale can also help you to remember the meaning of different words, for example: freezing—>cold—lukewarm—-warm—>hot-+boiling (for water) Put the following groups of words along a scale and add any others you know which might also go on the same scale. (One word or phrase in each group appeared in the story in exercise 3.) a) giggling = grinning ~—roaring with laughter b) forawhile forages _forasplitsecond c) thrilled satisfied pleased. d) wrote printed scribbled @) drewup pulledupsharply screeched toahalt ) scampered sprinted jogged 2 Lookup the meaning of the following adverbs (ifnecessary), and then decide ‘which ones could be used in the sentences below. Can the adverbs go in more than one position in the sentences, and if so, does this change the meaning of the sentence? foolishly bravely —_ accidental deliberately reluctantly a) The documents were thrown away. b) Lanswered all his questions. ¢) She tried to save the drowning child. d) When he pulled out a knife I got out of his way. e) Hespent the whole day in bed. = ——/ , 1] ) | Fivet pants, Le THEN. [ 4 your shoe s OWEN vn 103 Character and personality 1 @ Most people know certain quotations, often funny or clever, which describe a type of person or human quality. Can you match the quotations below with the correct word on the right? 1 Doing the right thing without being told. 2 Someone who believes everything is beautiful, including what is ugly. 3. One who knows the way but can’t drive the car, 4 Knowledge of cowardice in the enemy. 5 One who, when he has the choice of two evils, chooses both. 6 The inner voice which warns us someone may be looking. 7 Apetson we know well enough to borrow from, but not well enough to lend to. 8 The bigger a man’s head, the worse his headache. 9 A person who talks when you want them to listen, 10 A man who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing. a) a pessimist b) bravery *¢) conceit + d) an optimist * e) conscience “ f) a bore (a boring person) \g) initiative h) acynic si) actitic i) an acquaintance Ib Discuss the quotations in groups. Which ones do you find... 1 the most amusing? 2 the most cynical? 3 the most accurate? 4 the most difficult to understand? © Do you know any similar quotations or proverbs in your own language which you can translate into English?3 Character and personality 2 @_ The statements below were made by three different people. With a partner, decide which four statements were made by each person. Thereis One statement per person in each group of sentences. Iwas never very good at schoo! but Lalways tried to do my best. Irarely did homework when I was at school. Idid very well at school and I always knew I would be successful. Ishould make more effort to get a job but I’m not bothered about a career. Iwas so nervous that I made lots of mistakes in my first job. Ican’t afford to make mistakes in my job, and I never make excuses if | do. If you want to be successful, you're bound to make enemies. Talways make an effort to be nice to people. can’t stand people who make a fuss about punctuality. 10 Lfind it difficult to make friends. LL Iprefer to let other people make decisions. 12. I believe in speaking my mind. Irdoesn’t do any good hiding your feelings. wey Ana we B Choose three adjectives from the list below which best describe each of your three characters. Discuss your answers in groups. lazy shy self-confident arrogant vague _dynamic modest ambitious ruthless weak: easy-going frank boring practical selfish honest unreliable © Allof the sentences in a above contain expressions with do or make. How many can you remember without looking at the sentences? Write them down and then compare your answers with a partner. d_ (3) You will hear one of the characters froma talking about their home life. Which character is it, and why? Can you also write down five expressions with do or make that the person uses? ‘And another thing... T want you to be more assertive! I'm tired of everyone calling you Alexander the Pretty- Good!3° Character and personality SS 8 —SSS—————L @_Whatis the difference between being a translator and an interpreter? In groups, decide if the qualities below are necessary for translators, for interpreters, or for both, Use a dictionary to help you. excellent pronunciation afluent speaker creative Aexible outgoing a good memory B AnEn thorough intuitive articulate a very wide vocabulary the ability to summarize quickly a knowledge of colloquial language methodical academic quick-witted patient youngish (i.e. under forty) professor studied these two jobs, and the text below describes his conclusions. Do they confirm or contradict your own ideas? ‘The results refined Some traditional stereotypes: one that translators were introspective, bookish, painstakingly slow but thorough and correct in the use of written words, and made use of long-term memories, whereas interpreters were outgoing and elo- quent, had to show empathy towards other people, were quick, intuitive and approximate, and thus made use of short-term memory strategies; another that interpreting is predominantly a young woman’s occupation, while translating concerns all ages, including over 50-year-old starters, with many transfers coming from a multitude of other professions, ‘The author explains that the two activities cannot be compared, since both present different ESLER approaches to treating language and problem-solving: the translator has to apply perseverance and patience, consult subject special- ists and sleep on the problem until it is resolved. By contrast, the interpreter, living on his/her wits, is required to perform a sudden reflex reaction and provide the first reasonable answer that comes to mind, like a summary or a paraphrase, otherwise ignore the difficulty and carry on, Ultimately, Henderson found no evidence-as-to-which-factors-are of major importance when recruiting potential future professional lin. guists. A too perfectionist transla- tor would be low in producti and not very cost-effective; a glib extrovert interpreter could not work effectively in a team. © Notice how the words below are used in the text to contrast the two different subjects. Using these words, write sentences of your own contrasting journalists and novelists. whereas while by contrast 133. Character and personality —_ SELF-STUDY ACTIVITES PA eee 1 How many words can you build using the nouns from exercise 1a and the adjectives from exercise 2b? You can check your answers using the ‘word-building tables at the back of the book. Generalnoun | Personalnoun _ | Adjective Verb cynicism ocyntc. cynical — abililby — Ginjreliable —_| torely (ori) —_L 2 Choose a job and then make a list of the qualities and skills normally associated with it (look at exercises 2b and 3b for examples). In your next lesson, read your list to a partner and see if they can identify the job. 3 Think of ways in which your own personality has changed in recent years, and write them down, Example: I've become ynore self-confident. lve become Less idealistic. Use a dictionary to help you, and then compare your answers with a friend in the next lesson. Do they agree with you? 144 Nouns 1 @ Nouns in English can be countable, uncountable, or both: Countable Uncountable alovely day lovely weather (not a lovely weather) cars are dangerous knowledge is dangerous (not knowledges are) there’s a hair in my soup he’s got blond hair (not blond hairs) Mating the minimum of changes, rewrite the sentences below using the words on the right. Most of the words are uncountable, but not all of them, so be careful. Example: What a beautiful day. weather What beautiful weather. mts Tae po 1 Have you got many suitcases? luggage 2 The pea eleady, 3 spaghetti 3. The latest réfSits from China are disturbing. news 4 She owns a few small firms, cemeecgé5 company 5 ¥pucan pur the tablé and chairs over there. furniture 6 Are there any places left on the bus? room 7 sent the Bata ig morning package 8 Did you haye any problems getting here? trouble 9 There are Issa, pee he disadvantage 10 You can getthe détails from reception. information 11 lasked the teacher to advise me, ome police advice experience 12. How many years have you had as a journalist? Bo SE eM etCe b How many of the uncountable nouns can also be used as countable nouns? Use a dictionary to find out and then write sentences to show how they can be used as countable nouns. As4 Nouns 2 — Sse @ When we combine two nouns we can use -’s on the first noun, or link the nouns with a preposition: 1 The~’sis often used with personal names and nouns, animals, countries, collective nouns, and temporal nouns. For example: Peter’s dictiouary, the committee's report, a week’s holiday. 2. A preposition is more common with inanimate nouns. For example: the title of the book, the end of the film, the purpose of the visit. Combine nouns from the two boxes with either -’s or of. tower Beethoven cat bike summary __ fifth symphony government hour _facts responsibility balance of payments Britain envelope Mary paw blade —heighé. surface nephew knife water back jewellery. delay bleak. ‘mi Example: a He bofe Mary's jewellery; the surface of the water Db Now write a short story using the nouns in the list below. Combine the nouns using the two constructions above. You can use a noun more than once, and you can combine a noun with different nouns if you wish. garden branch bottom neighbour Fred shoulder ladder roof Betty shed top cage kitchen tree ¢ [S) Listen to the woman telling the same story and write down any combinations she uses which do not appear in your own story.4 Nouns 3 @ With time expressions we can also make the first noun an adjective. For example, three weeks’ holiday ora three-week holiday. The second construction is common with expressions of measurement, and in each case the adjective becomes singular and hyphenated. For example: a ten-minute walk, a three-month-old baby, a six-inch ruler. b Complete the following sentences with a suitable expression. 1 Wehada.... 2 The prize went toa BPS 8 enn 4 We've just been on a 5 It’s about a. 6 You'll have to climb a. 7 You can measure the water 8 Thenew car hasa. 9 I'mnot very hungry so 10 The newspaper is offering a leading to the arrest of the murderer. delay at the airport. - child from Oxford. jotel so it will be expensive. ...- ¢ruiise in the Mediterranean. drive to my mother’s house. _ fence to get i ing. 1 50 it’s more powerful. jon’t think could manage a lunch, .. feward for information © One problem with English measurements is that they are different from those of most countries. Can you answer the following questions? The table below will help you. 1 Which is longer, a two-mile walk ora three-kilometre walk? 2 Which is higher, a six-foot fence or a two-metre fence? 3. Which is longer, a twelve-inch ruler or a thirty-centimetre ruler? 4 Which holds more, a one-gallon can of petrol or a four-litre can of petrol? 5. Which holds more, a two-pine jug or a one-litre jug? 6 Which is heavier; ten-pound bag of sand ora four-kilo bag of sand?4 Nouns 4 SSS @ Two words often combine to form a new word. For example: income tax, teacup, traffic jam, earthquake, day trip, bookcase. These words are called compounds. Sometimes they are written as one word and sometimes as two words. Hyphens are sometimes used but this is usually with compound adjectives. For example: easy-going, broad-shouldered. Find eighteen compounds in the list below using the words provided, while your partner goes on to 4b.4° Nouns © Exchange answers with your parmer and sce if you can add any more words in a or b. 1 SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES J 1 Usea dictionary to find out whether the following nouns are countable, ‘uncountable, or both. Write your own sentences to show how they can be used, training luck dress work fu tavel = job equipment 2 Choose a newspaper article or a page from a book you are reading, and see how many examples you can find of the three noun constructions you have studied in this unit. That is to say: ~ the ~S construction, e.g. my neighbour's garden; ~ ihe of construction, e.g, the end of the road — compounds, ¢.g. headache, identity card. 3 How many different compounds or common word combinations can you create using the words in the following list? Example: you can have a vice-president anda vice-chairman, but nota ‘vice-manager. leader secretary chairman. vice manager _—_personal personnel assistant president political + deputy party 195 Changes 1 @ There are many verbs in English which contain the idea of change in their meaning, Underline all the examples you can find in the text below and look carefully at the way they are used. For example, do you think you could replace an underlined verb with another underlined verb? Can you find satisfactory translations for each underlined verb? I've been to England many times but on my last visit| decided:to bring my ‘car. It was a disaster. | found it almost impossible to adapt to driving on the left with a left-hand drive car. For one thing | had to adjust all my mirrors and | still couldn't see very much; and then I discovered they had altered the one-way system in Dover since my last visit, so | kept going down streets the wrong way. In the end | decided to switch to a right-hand drive car. Fortunately | had an English friend who was going to italy, so we swapped ‘cars, It took me a while to get used to changing gear with my left hand, but after that it ust transformed my whale attitude to driving in England — | even began to enjoy myself. Of course, these things cari vary a lot from person to person: a friend of mire has driven a left-hand drive car in England for years and never had any problems. Now choose the correct answer or answers in the following questions. 1 Ir’s a very useful bag because you can wn... the strap. a)adapt. b) change —c)adjust__—_d) transform The motor car has .. the lives of millions of people. a) changed ~b) switched» c) transformed) adjusted Old people sometimes find it difficult to............ to change. a)swap _b)switch —c)adapt_—_d) alter ‘We were going to visit my uncle but he is ill so we had to ... a)change b)alter__—c) vary_—_d) switch 5 We used to have an electric cooker but then We scm © BaS- a)swapped b) switched —c) changed —_—d) altered 6 The dress was lovely material but it was too big so I had to... a)transform —b)alter—c)adjust. —) vary 7. My work cine 80 much from week to week that I never get bored. a)adjusts”b) changes) varies. d) adapts 8 lEwe laces, you'll have a much berter view. a)change b)adjust c)alter._-— d) swap how oN our plans. ita bit. © How will you understand and remember the differences between these words? How much do translations help you? Will explanations in your first language help? Which verbs require sentence examples? Can diagrams help you with the meaning? Work with a partner who speaks your language to make a clear record of these words. 205. Changes 2 SS @ How many things in the list below might disappear by the year 2000? Work with a partner and give reasons for your answers. dentists taps tinned food —_anall-male clergy _ telephones surgery keys postmen/women __glasses (spectacles) b_ Read the text below and compare the predictions with your own ideas. ‘When you have finished, go back and complete each space with a suitable word.5 Changes © The actual words used in the text are in the list below. Compare these words with your answers and consider the following questions. essential wipe out dishwashers foundations —_ organic wrists obsolete plastic operations _—_ priests 1 Ifyou had the same answers, what information in the text helped you? 2. Ifyou had different answers, are your answers also possible in the context, and in what way are they different in meaning from the actual words used in the text? 3 Ifyou had answers which are completely wrong, can you see why they are wrong? di In groups, make a list of six things which will either disappear or change significantly by the year 2000. Give your list to another group and see if they agree with you, @ How would the following changes affect you personally? Answer the questions beginning with one of the phrases in the list below. How would you feel if... . 1 The price of petrol went up by 30 per cent? Bus fares rose by 30 per cent? The government put up the legal age to drive a car by two years? The government raised the school leaving age by two years? Your school said they were going to alter the timetable and start lessons one hour earlier? Your teacher told you the school was moving to a new building next month, north of the present building? ‘The government made it illegal for people to own more than one property? ‘Your school decided to raise its fees by 25 per cent and reduce the number of students in a class by the same amount? aun a eon Td be really fed up because... It would affect me quite a lot because... . Itwouldn’t affect me very much because... Itwouldn’t bother me atall because... . Td be delighted because... bb In groups of four try and predict what each person wrote and then find out what they actually said. Example: ‘Ato B: I think it would affect you quite a lotif bus fares rose by 30 per cent because you haven't got a car. BtoA: Well, actually it wouldn’t affect me very much because I don't need to take the bus very often. 225. Changes 4 a Listen to the conversation about the changes made to a sports centre and answer the following questions. 1 What has been covered? 2 The building has been extended. What for? 3 What has happened to the old café? 4 What have they got rid of? Why? 5. What have been swapped round, and why? 6 What has been installed in the gym? 7 What has been slightly altered? How has it been slightly altered? 8 What has been abolished? bb Oftbe words and phrases below, which might be used to describe the old sports centre, and which might be used to describe the new centre? run-down trendy shabby — modern —_ posh. old-fashioned well-equipped unsafe smart ESE STD AVES JA£$@$p A 1 How will the things in the sentences below change? Complete each sentence witha suitable verb from this box. fade cure shrink = melt expand _ increase dissolve reduce grow heal decline _—swell a) Ifyou wash a woollen jumper in hot water, it will. b) Ifyou take ice crear out of the freezer, it will soon ©) Ifyou put sugar in hot coffee, it wil... @) Ifyou heat metal, it Will. e) Ifyou puta carpet in a sunny room, the colours will radually wei. f) youremovea plaster, a cut Will S008 smn Can you put the remaining six verbs into correct sentences? 2 Associety changes, new words are needed to describe those changes. Do you know the meaning of the following new words? Can you guess what they mean? Try and find out for your next lesson. satellite broadcasting passive smoking —_head-hunter football hooliganism the greenhouse effect yuppies Perestroika hands-on ageism _catalytic converter 3 Prepare notes for a short talk on something in your experience which has changed greatly, e.g, your home town. Be prepared to give your talk in the next lesson. 236 Revision and expansion 1 Complete the following sentences with a suitable verb. Spain 3-1. 1 Inthe match last night, Italy 2 Italy 3-1, 3. The price of petrol has 4 The oil companies have 5 Interest rates have .... 6 The government has... cent. 7 He me he was going to be late. 8 He. he was going to be late. 9) Could yOU mone how this works? 10 Could you me how this works? _.fcom 45p to 48p a litre. the price of petrol from 45p to 48p. from nine and a half to nine per cent. _ interest rates from nine and a half to nine per 2. A number of English words are commonly shortened, e.g. telephone usually becomes phone. Whats the short form for each of the following? influenza gymnasium _ veterinary surgeon sales representative mathematics bicycle _ refrigerator laboratory advertisement —_personal computer — 3 SSS Complete the following phrases in a logical way. 1 Thetitle of th 9 The branch of the... 2 The blade of ¢! 3A BAB Of cancnnie 4 Verdi's... + 12 Beethoven's 5 Picasso's 13 Shakespeare's 6 The ver's 7 Atwelve-inch .. 8 Aten-pound.. 14 An hour’s 15 A six-foot 16 The edge of the ..6 Revision and expansion —4 Complete the crossword below with common phrases and compounds. @ Find the odd man outin each of the following groups of words. The answers are all connected with pronunciation. 1 bruise cruise ruin suit fruit 2 leather —heal__-sweat healthy —_ spread 3 author thorough ruthless thin bother 4 hay pale vary vague —_ phrase S honest hour huge knee knowledge b Now listen to the tape and check your answers. a Which three adj. successful pol tives in the list below are the most important qualities for a jan? Discuss your answer in groups. frank ruthless eloquent conceited thorough _creative flexible quick-witted methodical honest —_dishonest dynamic ‘outgoing practical selfish good-looking 256 Revision and expansion ——— “Write questions which could produce the following answers, and then read each of your questions to a partner to see if they can give the logical reply. 1 No, hardly ever. 2. No, | gave it up last year. 3. No, it wouldn't bother me at all. 4. No, she didn’t even offer me a drink. 5 Yes, but [much prefer her latest. 6 No, he’s the former leader. 7 No, I'm afraid not. I can give you some plasters, though. 8 Yeah, I'm afraid there's a nasty dent in the boot. 9. 'm afraid it shrank. 10 No, no problems at all. {followed the map, and it’s quite well signposted. “Write a description of the accident shown in the picture below, and then compare your story with a partner's. Working together, can you improve both stories?6 Revision and expansion — 9 — SSS Find a synonym or antonym for cach of the words in this list, chen read your words toa partner. Can they give you the correct synonyin or antonym from the list? conceited deliberate hurt ~~ shy _—_getrid of successor quid trendy — purchase foolish huge rare reluctant fond (of) bravery essential _—_ fluent extrovert posh asarule —withoutadoubr once in a while toacertain extent barely 10°, —A ss @ Decide whether the underlined letter in each of the following words is Pronounced /1/ as in sit or /ai/ as in side, and then put the words in the correct column on the right. i fat! reliable symptoms hepatitis pint shy prejudice wrist dynamic ~ cynic tiny agile promise wipeout __ symphony b Now listen to the tape and check your answers. 0 ‘Write down something: 1 that can melt 7 youcan abolish 2 thatcan dissolve 8 youcanalter 3 that can fade 9 you can adjust 4 thatcanexpand 10 youcan swap $ that can decline 11. you can extend 6 that can vary 12 you can’t avoid 276 Revision and expansion 12 @ Look back at the vocabulary records you have kept since you started using this book. Have you used any of the techniques you saw in Unit 1 for storing vocabulary? Ifso, do you think they are helping you? Ifnot, is there a particular reason why you haven’r used them? Discuss your answers in small groups. b_ Here is another idea for vocabulary storage which can also help you to revise vocabulary. Look at the vocabulary you have learned in two different exercises, and then try to combine it. The underlined words in the following exainple all appeared in exercises 2 and 4 of Unit 5. oe ee7 Work 1 @ Some jobs are more stressful than others. Consider the following five jobs and decide which is the most stressful and which is the least stressful. Work in groups. banker librarian miner teacher __ politician b Now look atthe stress league below compiled by a national newspaper. Are you surprised at the results? 297 Work 2. @_ What are the causes and effects of stress at work? With a partner, complete the boxes below with possible answers. Effects on health 1 2 Gauses of stress 3 4 1 am 2 Stress 3 Effects on companies 4 1 2 3 4 b Now read the text and check your answers. Add any information from the text which you have not already included in your network. Si Westigating.” »- ee ‘Therstit Plena ind 08 ‘job being g com> Hl oar el ; dered “ rest y wen ue geet pe nes satistacl tion sts, it the al fe Puss ee eat ee ee octors whoe 2023 7 Work @ Find sentences from the list on the right which paraphrase cach of the sentences on the left. You will not need to use all the sentences on the right. 1 What do you do fora living? a) 2 Isita very rewarding job? b) 3 Do you get any perks? ¢) 4 Why did they sack you? d 5 Are you in charge of recruitment? 6 Isita very demanding job? e) 7 What does the job involve? f) 8 Why did you hand in your notice? —_g) 9) How much do you earn? h) 10 Isita skilled job? 11 Why did they take you on? 12 Are you freelance? Why did you resign? What do you have to do exactly? Where do you live? Do you work for yourself or are you employed by someone? Why did they employ you? Is ita very satisfying job? Do you need any special training? Are you responsible for employing people? Isit very hard work? What's your salary? Why were you dismissed? Do you get paid for overtime? m) What's your job? n) What fringe benefits are there? b itis sometimes necessary to paraphrase what you are saying if the listener does not understand. Example: A: How much do you earn? —C: Why did they sack you? B: Sorry? D: 1 beg your pardon? A: What's your salary? C: Why did they dismiss you? B: Oh,it’s... D: Itwas because of .. . Practise similar dialogues with a partner using phrases from a. © Find someone in your class with a job and interview them about their work. Choose suitable questions from a, and any others you want to ask. (Wow? BIG. SHAKE-uP "ROBANK. YW7 Work 4 @_ Discuss the following three jobs and decide who would do the things in the box below most often. a secondary school teacher the managing director of a small company an army sergeant ‘attend meetings obey orders negotiate contracts markessays cancel appointments shout at people fire people delegate work make unpopular decisions setagoodexample appear tobeinagood mood tell lies encourage people complain about work compromise apologize goonstrike takerisks __sign documents bb Which of the things in the box would you personally find most difficult? Discuss your answers in groups. 327 Work ——1 SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES 1 Find out the meaning of the underlined phrases in the following sentences and be prepared to explain them toa partner in the next lesson. a) He has always taken his job very seriously but recently he has become a complete workaholic. b) They gave her a golden handshake when she left the company. ¢) Told him that I was up to my eyes in work and couldn't possibly go out with him this evening. ) They've just employed a new financial adviser —a real high-fier according to the people in the accounts department. €) He told me to pull my socks up otherwise I'd be out ofa job. {) That Mrs Bates isa real slave driver. 2 Match words in the left-hand box with words in the right-hand box to form six compound nouns. Then use the words to complete the sentences below. out down set log over fall back tum __ break put back down has fallen steadily in the past five years, b) There's always a of work waiting when I get back after my holiday. c) The problem was caused by a complete..... in communication, d) The strike will be a big......... for the company, ) Last year .........reached almost £3 million. {) Trying to expand too quickly brought about their....... 3 Hyou have a job, try the following over the next week, Write down: a) the name of everything on your desk, 4) the name ofall the equipment in your office. ¢) five duties specific to your job. d) three major objectives of your company. 338 Prepositions and phrases 1 a Listen to the interview and complete the table below. Man Woman Something you are... 1 fond of interested in afraid of worried about good at shocked by allergic to 8 looking forward to 9. thinking of doing fairly soon Nason b Now move round the class and interview other students in the same way. ‘When you have finished the class can decide which was the most unusual answer for each question. 2 @ How many phrases can you find by combining the prepositions on the left with the words on the right? Where could you put these phrases in the following sentences? When you have finished, read your sentences to a partner and discuss the answers. Example: 1 holides I think she’s away at the thoment. 1 There were forty people at the party. 2. How are you going to buy a Mercedes on your salary? 3. Wehad to stop for petrol. 4 Tlearnt that poem when I was at school. 5 [visit my parents twice a week. 6 It’sthe best record they've ever made. 7 She enjoyed the film but | didn’t like it. 8 She broke down when I gave her the news. 348 Prepositions and phrases 9 The soldiers started firing into the crowd. 10 I found it quite difficult but I got used to it after a while. 11 We spent hours looking for somewhere to eat, and then we found a little restaurant that was open. 12 The film’s about a couple who give up their jobs and expensive lifestyle in the city and move to an old cottage in the country where they can grow their own food and lead a simple life. Do you know what time it starts? © Complete the following sentences using the above phrases. When you have finished, get into groups and try to predict what each person has written, 1 Ispent... 7 Shewas... 2 Ilearnt... : 8 Ididn’t... 3 How... 6 I waited... 3 — SSS @ Complete the sentences on the left with the correct phrase from the right. 1 Sheintroduced me... a) for helping her clean up the mess. 2 She prevented me... b) for the bad results. 3 Sheaccused me... ©) to the attractive girl sitting in the corner. 4 She congratulated me... _ d) from the crowd of press photographers. ¢) of stealing her pen. 1) from joining the navy, but I took no notice of her. 7 She thanked me g) from leaving the building, 8 She reminded me... h) on passing my driving test at the fifth attempt. 9 Shediscouragedme... i) fora famous pop star. 10 She protected me . . ji) of aclose friend who'd been killed in a car crash. b- Which emotion might best describe how ‘Y felt in cach of the above situations? You may to use some of the following adjectives: delighted grateful upset__ frustrated jealous sad flattered annoyed relieved puzzled © Rewrite the following sentences using the above verbs. Example: “This is my cousin, Juliette.” She introduced.me to her cousin, Juliette. 1 Well done—I knew you'd win. 2 That's very kind of you to carry my suitcase. 3 Iv’s your fault we lost the tickets. 4 Tthink you'd be a fool to accept the job. 5 I'msorry, but no oneis allowed to leave. 6 You're not telling the truth. 7 You're the Prime Minister of the UK, aren’t you? 8 You look just like my niece. 358 Prepositions and phrases 4 @ Complete the following sentences using at, orf or in. If you are not sure of the answer, look at the diagrams below and see if they help you. .. the kitchen cupboard. P vinnae Cavendish Street. "the fourth floor, ..... the far end of the corridor. ‘outhwold which is... the east coast. age seven ...... the evening paper. uw the wall... the living room. at table, next to the man....... the grey suit. that map, have a lookc....... the big atlas. I must have dropped it....... the floor when I was... the dentist's. Ileft school... sixteen, spent a couple of years working.......a boat, and then I gota job........ London. , y att on 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 b- With a partner, can you explain the difference in meaning between the following pairs of sentences? 1 a) We wenton the lake. b) We went in the lake. 2 a) Wearranged to meetatthe cinema. —_b) We arranged to meet in the cinema. 3 a) sat the back of the book. b) It’s on the back of the book. 4 a) Wesaton the grass. b) We sat in the grass. 5 a) It’s on my way. b) [e's in my way. 6 a) I’sin that magazine. b) It’s on that magazine. 7 a) She's at the office. bb) She’s in the office. 368 Prepositions and phrases — SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES Pa 1 Look up the meaning of the following phrases in a dictionary and then finda Suitable place to insert them in the sentences below. allofasudden = atfirstglance _—_at the time forthe time being intheend onthe spur of the moment froma distance on second thoughts a) It wasa terrible shock but I soon got over it, b) It was a terrible journey but we got there, ©) Twas tempted to dive off the cliff, but I decided it might be a bit dangerous. d) [hadn't made any plans; | just decided to go. e) Iwas driving along the motorway and then the engine just burst into flames, ) Itlooked like quite a nice restaurant but when I got closer I realized it was just a café —and not very nice either. g) I thought it was going to be quite an easy exarn, but in actual fact I found some of the questions very tricky. +h) [ve gota small dictionary which I can use, but I plan to buy a much better one when I start my new course. 2 Inthe sentences below, a person is describing her holiday photos to a friend, Complete each sentence with the correct preposition, a) That's the girl Iwent b) That's the hotel we stayed ... c) That's the beach we went “ d) That’sa little village we were shown... ) And that’s the girl that our guide was planning to get married ..., f)_ That'sa little girl we agreed to look... Q) That's the island we spent a couple of day h) Oh, and that's the 2 : ne So eee eee Find some holiday photos of your own and try to think of sentences describing the pictures which end with a preposition (as in the exercise above). Bring them to school for your next lesson and show them to other members of the class. , Write sentences which show the preposition by being used with different meanings. Compare your answers with a partner in the next lesson. 379 Going places 4 @ The following enquiries and statements were all made at an airport. Read through the list and then answer the questions below. 1 Where do I check in? 11 Lcan't find a porter. 2. Which gate is my flight? 12. Does it matter if the label comes off? 3 Which escalator? 13 [can’t do my zip up. 4 Can Itake these as hand luggage? 14. Will the connection wait for me? 5 Pve just noticed my passport is, 15 Isitlikely to bea bumpy flight? out of date, What shall Ido? 16 Do they have nappies on board? 6 Where have all the trolleys gone? 17 Will Ihave to pay excess baggage? 7 Isthere a wheelchair somewhere? 18 I'm looking for some string. 8 Where's the gents? 19 Do they take traveller's cheques 9 I can’t find my boarding card. in the duty free? 10 Do Ihave to be X-rayed? 20 What's the star sign of the pilot? — Which of the enquiries and statements are connected (or probably connected) to a problem with luggage? — How many of the enquiries might you also hear (a) on a ship and (b) ina hospital? — How many of the enquiries would you describe as routine, and how many would you describe as unusual? Db Workin groups of eight. Four of you are airport officials and the other four are airline passengers. If you are a passenger, choose four enquities from above and take them to the different officials. If you are an official, be prepared to answer any of the above enquiries. SF @ Holiday brochures use a number of adjectives and adverbs to make places sound more attractive. Read the following text and decide where you Could insert the words on the right to give a more positive effect. Champery ‘Two hours east of Geneva, Champery is situated at the top of the Val ideal d'lliez, close to the French border. It is a resort setin attractive ieeditonal surroundings on the north side of the valley, and facing the peaks of the deamatic Dents-du-Midi. The resort manages to retain all the aspects of a Swiss picturesque alpine village, whilst providing excellent winter sports facilities. 38Accommodation Chalet Hermine—is a three-storey chalet. It is builtin the style of the traditional Swiss chalet, with its pine walls and open fireplace. Hermine sleeps ten people in one double room and four twin-bedded rooms with two bathrooms and a shower room. itis situated overlooking the vilage with views of the surrounding countryside. Chalet sur Cou ~is a Swiss farmhouse builtin the nineteenth century. it has many features including a cast-iron wood-burning stove and pine furniture, and the owner has retained its charm while modemising it throughout. The chalet sleeps six in one double room and two twin- bedded roams. Skiing in Champery Champery lies in the heart of the world's largest skiing area, which is antly named ‘Les Portes du Soleil’, the gateway to the sun. Les Portes du Soleil has thirteen resorts spread across 400 kilometres of the ‘Swiss-French Aips, with 700 kilometres of marked pistes, all accessible ‘on one ski pass. The region also offers 220 ski lifts, including the 125 person cable car which climbs 1000 metres above Champery to the top of Planachaux. The new cable car has made early moming queues a thing of the past. For beginners the slopes of Planachauxand Les Crosets are starting points, while experts can try the runs such as the Worid Cup Downhill at Avoriaz/Morzine. 9 Going places beautiful luxury antique elegant successfully breathtaking original charming challenging ideal gentle reasonably-priced b Find outif any members of your class go skiing. If so, find out where they 80, and what it’s like. Try and use adjectives from a. 399 Going places 3 @ Read the following true story. As you read, underline all the words connected with boats and sailing, and@ireldall the verbs which describe one thing hitting another. The worst voyage 3 Mr William Smith of Norfolk salled from Scotland to Great Yarmouth in 1978. En route, he overshot Bridlington Harbour by 400 yards and 2, rammed a jetty. He then missed Great Yarmouth by some 90 miles and | scoTLaND eventually ran aground off the Kent coast. 'e ‘A full-scale search for the boat was hampered by the change in its, appearance. When it left Scotland it was black, but when rescued it had become dark green. ‘While | was stuck on the sand banks I decided to doa bit of painting to pass the time’, explained Mr Smith. Entering Yarmouth Harbour, Mr Smith scraped a floating museum, collided with a small boat, and then hit a large yacht. He also knocked several guard rails off a trimaran and managed to get the ropes of a cargo vessel wrapped round his mast. Describing the voyage as ‘pleasant with few problems or worries’, Mr ‘Smith said he was now planning to sail to Australia. adapted from The Book of Heroic Failures by Stephen Pile 1) Compare your answers witha partner and then complete the following sentences with a suitable word or phrase from the story. 1 [pulled out of the junction without looking and . 2 The search for the missing gitl was 3. The little boy was shivering sol 4 The police have promised a investigation into the robbery. 5 Emsorry P'mlate but | got... ina traffic jam. 6 When I lew to Glasgow we stopped ern to pick up passengers at Manchester. 7 Lcould just see the ball 8 Ie took me ages to . with a lorry. by the bad weather. a blanket round him. _..on the surface of the water. the dry mud off my boots. © Making any changes that are necessary, rewrite the above story under the title ‘The worst flight’ or ‘The worst car journey’. “The following words and phrases may help you: flew drove airport runway turning —_junction rooftops ranoutof petrol ran outof fuel was forced to land approaching on theoutskirts of makea crash-landing 409 Going places ——_ SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES PDS la Complete the spaces below with words from the box. Mount Lake Forest Jungle Falls Canal Desert Islands = Ocean Pass Sahara . Panam coco AMAMIC ue — Khyber. Everest Niagara vs Canary on... Amazon von ‘The Black Michigan b Write down one more example of each of the words in the box, and compare your answers with other members of the class in the next lesson. 2 Finda holiday advertisement in a newspaper or travel brochure (in your own language if you are studying in your own country). Underline the key words and phrases which are being used to create a positive impression (and find a translation if it is in your own language), and then compare your answers with other members of the class in the next lesson. 3 Find a word you could use with each of the following pairs, Example: single or twin-bedded room. a) charterorscheduled.......... _@) day or business... 4) standby or retun............ 4) tourist or ski... ©) boarding or landing... Q) fullor half... d) package or sightseeing... hh) sandy or pebbiy . 4110 Affixation 1 @_ Form adjectives from the following nouns and complete the table below. comfort efficiency science fashion _ frequency flexibility comprehension accuracy competence success appropriateness forgiveness hygiene faith_—_ help prediction convenience democracy _ compatibility -able -ible ful sent “ic ate un- | anconnfortable b What general pattern can you see from your answers to a? Can you think of any exceptions to this pattern? © In pairs, decide on-an adjective (or adjectives) from a to describe the things below. When you have finished compare your answers with another pair. awatch amarried couple your best friend a pair of jeans apolitical leader a meeting at 2.30 p.m. acracked cup a company an experiment a society an old car apoem someone’s behaviour a bus service* a married man or woman 4210 Affixation 2. SS @ Certain prefixes are commonly used with verbs to give a particular meaning. Complete the table below. [Prefix [Examples Meaning un- | unlock, unfold. to reverse an action/process re- rewrite, rebuild over- mis- I b Which of the prefixes above can you combine with the following verbs? Use a dictionary to check your answers. sleep open tie react elect. examine behave screw charge design judge spend dress lead wrap pronounce © [E) Listen to the five passages on the tape. For cach one, write down wo things about the passage using the above verbs. Write your answers in the space below. The first one has been started already. Thess “awn @ Two or more adjectives are sometimes formed from a noun or verb, and the meanings can become confused. With a partner, discuss the difference in meaning between the following. Use a dictionary to help you. bored/boring —economic/economical _live/alivelliving _classic/classical childish/childlike — dead/deadly/deathly —alone/lonely_terrificiterrifying imaginative/imaginary _various/varied 43Ss Affixation Underline che correct adjective in the following dialogue. Who do you think is the greatest (live/alivelliving) English novelist? Oh, Anthony Burgess, without a doubt. Anthony Burgess? He's (dead/deadly/deathly), isn’t he? No don’t think so. At least, he wasn’t a couple of weeks ago because I saw him on a(n) (live/alivelliving) TV programme, receiving some award. ‘Well, 1 think his novels are extremely (bored/boring). How can you say that? He's written some (terrific/terrifying) stuff, and his style is so (economic/economical). Yes, but they're all the same. Nonsense. His novels are incredibly (various/varied) and he must certainly be one of the most (imaginativelimaginary) writers this century. There's nothing I like more than being (alonellonely) on a cold winter's evening with a good Anthony Burgess book. A: Personally, I'd rather be hit on the head with a (dead/deadly/deathly) weapon than have to read one of his dreary novels. B: Oh look, you're just being (childish/childlike) now. If you don’t appreciate great literature there’s no need to be sarcastic. Why don’t you run along and play some more pop music on that banjo of yours? ‘As Ie’s not a banjo, and I don’t play pop music. If you mast know, I'm working on a piece by Villa-Lobos — he’s a (classic/classical) composer, but I wouldn’t expect you to know a thing like that. SP FP Eee oO —_ SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES 1 How many words can you find with the prefix un- and the suffix -able? Example: uncomfortable unsuitable undrinkable 2 Mostof the verbs below form nouns with the addition of -ion, but one verb in each group does not. Find the odd man out. revise predict elect execute advocate supervise conflict respect persecute _hesitate advise contradict protect contribute _ illustrate televise restrict reject commute demonstrate 3 Prepare a test for your partner using the Word-building tables at the back of the book, Choose ten words from the tables, make sure you know the different parts of the word family in each case, and then test your partner in the next lesson, Example: ‘A: What's the noun formed from the verb ‘approve’? B; Approval. 4411. Isit right? 1 @ Complete the sentences below with words from the box. unfair reasonable biased balanced subjective fair prejudiced neutral egalitarian one-sided _ objective 1 That's not... t's my turn next, 2 She has a tora View of the world in which she is always right and everybody else is always wrong. 3. Itwas quite clear that the referee was 4 Ttwasa offer and we accepted it. 5 These opinions are all terribly . Let’s look at the facts and try to be ven abOUt it. 6 Some countries remained w-nau« throughout the war. 7 Perhaps everyone is racially mmm t0 Some Extent. 8 He wrote a Very smmnnn FepOrt putting both sides of the argument. 9 Inatruly society there would be no discrimination of any kind. 10 [think it’s a little mn Of you to blame him for everything that happened. b_ Witha partner, put the above word compare your answers with another pair. towards the English team. to the boxes below, and then Positive words Negative words ‘Tell me again. I've forgotten which way we're supposed 10 be biased?” Positive or negative 4511 Isitright? 2 @ Read onc of the following texts and complete the grid below for that text. Then, using these notes, explain your text to someone who has read the other text. Usea dictionary to help you. eres a Oe ata ce Text A Text B victim: accused crime cause(s) of death motive(s) sentence reason for the light sentence b What do you think of the sentence passed by the court in each of these cases? Discuss in groups. 4611 Isit right? a @_ Discuss the meaning of the following words and phrases with a partner. Use a dictionary to help you. to give birth maternity ward distraught to adopt (a child) identity bracelet court case to bring up (a child) foolproof legal battle tobegiven custody mix-up to disrupt blood test reveal to be entitled (to something) b_ The words and phrases in a appear in the story below. What do you think the story is about? Discuss your ideas with a partner before you read. © Nowread the story to see if you were right. ‘distraught mother has discovered she has been bringing up the wrong baby for the past six years. And the couple who adopted her real baby are refusing to let her see the boy, saying that he must never be told the ‘truth. Now heartbroken Jodie is taking the case to court in what is set to be one of America’s strangest legal battles over the custody of a child. The awful truth was revealed when Jodie's marriage began to disinte- grate. in one of their many rows, husband Walter claimed he was not the real father of their son. Blood tests not only proved him right, but also showed that Jodie could not be the real mother. Further investigations revealed a tragic mix-up at Griffith Hospital where Jodie had given birth, The hospital's supposedly foolproof system of identity bracelets had gone wrong, and somewhere between the maternity ward and the nursery two babies were switched. Jodie’s real child was given to a young mother who had already arranged for her baby to be adopted. And the couple who adopted the boy, and named him Melvin, are now saying that the young boy's life would be too badly. disrupted ifhe ever saw Jodie and leamed the truth. Meanwhile Jodie has now officially adopted the child she has been looking after for six years. But yesterday she vowed: ‘I'l fight to the end ‘to get Melvin back. I'm entitled to have him— he's my son." Divide into groups of four, two of you representing Jodie, and two of you representing Melvin’s adoptive parents. Each side must present the arguments in support of the people they represent. 4711 Isit right? ‘SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES 1 The following sentences are not right. Can you find the mistake in each one and correct it? a) Itis not allowed to smoke in theatres in England. b) My knowledge in the legal system is very poor. c) I went to England to do a stage in Constitutional Law. ) She denied to start the fire. e) In the most countries it is legal to drive without insurance. ) The officials will control your passport at the border. g) When parents separate I feel sorry about the children. h) She tried to suicide. i) According to my opinion rapists should go to prison for at least ten years. }) Youcan be persecuted if you trespass on someone's property. 2 Finda story (from a newspaper or from your own experience) which demonstrates bias, prejudice or unfairness. Be prepared to tell the story in ‘your next lesson. 3 Complete the sentences below with words from the box. recognize deny surrender getaway conform condemn ignore retaliate _tightenup _release a) He admitted killing the man Dut wm it was murder, b) They may rebel at first but they will soon lear to .. c) [wouldn't condone their action but neither would 1 ... it entirely. d) Some soldiers are continuing to fight but the majority have ......- e) He provoked me and 1... 4) Ltried to warn her but she just... g) One of the policemen chased after ‘hem ‘but they h) Two men were detained but the others were .. i) He tried to disguise himself but he was soon 3) The tules have been relaxed far too much, so we will certainly .......... the legislation 4812 Revision and expansion —1 Complete the spaces in the sentences below with suitahle words. Example: pidoks. fy planes. Put the following words on the map below. You may put words inside a circle, between circles, or wherever you like. When you have finished, compare your answers with a partner and discuss the differences, save examine victim undress _—_stressful__ prejudiced unlock hostile. helpful___under scrutiny successful disrupt hygienic inflexible encouragement pregnant (-) (~) 4912. Revision and expansion — 3 — sss Which is the odd man out in each of the following groups of words? Work with a partner and be prepared to explain your answers to auother pair. 1 attacksomeone assaultsomeone _threaten someone _beat someone up 2 stab someone —_poisonsomeone — shootsomeone _strangle someone 3 demanding challenging tiring _ rewarding 4 luxury antique original _ traditional 5 bepromoted resign besacked retire 6 salesman politician vet vicar 4 Complete the following sentences with a suitable verb or adjective. We're snnmnuen Of going to Greece next year. Tow it sounds silly but Pve always been nem of the dark. He's not very in art so I shouldn’t think we'll go to the gallery. Pm really to seeing their new house. Iwas really ........ by the scenes of violence in the film. He's never been Very smneweu at maths; he failed all his exams at school. [couldn't eat che starter because Pm sem. 0 Seafood. Some children can be extremely irritating but lve always been ON AQUA Very nnn Of JOANNE. 9) Vm getting very... about my driving test; I'm sure I'm going to fail. 10 wish I could offer you a drink but I'm afraid T've just of tea and coffee. 5 @ Divide the following words into two groups: words with the stress on the first syllable and words with the stress on the second syllable. Oo oO voyage channel canal dessert desert commute average cottage antique resort hotel hazard addict collide recruit bb [2] Listen and check your answers. 5012 Revision and expansion Complete the following network and then extend it in any way you like. Show the result to a partner. — 7 Here is a quiz to test your memory on Units 711. Work with a partner, and then exchange your answers with another pair. 1 In Unit 7 you read about some of the causes and effects of stress. How many can you remember? 2 In Unit 9 a man had an unhappy experience sailing down the east coast of England. What happened? 3 In Unit 10 two people had an argument about Anthony Burgess. What was the argument about, and what did each person think? 4 InUnit 11 you read about two cases of manslaughter. Can you remember the details? 5 Also in Unit 11 you read about the tragic story of Jodie and her son. What happened? 112 Revision and expansion @ With a partner, prepare a story using all of the things shown below. b Tell another student your story. How many words can you find beginning with one of the prefixes on the left, and ending with one of the suffixes on the right?12. Revision and expansion 10 Work in groups of four. Choose one preposition each from the list on the left, and then take itin turns to make up sentences using your preposition and a word from the list on the right. You cannot use a word from the right-hand list more than once, and if you make up a sentence which is incorrect, you must drop out of the game. — 11 With a partner, write down eighteen jobs which begin with different letters of the alphabet. When you have finished, compare your answers with the list of jobs and professions on page 29. —— 92 SSS This activity will help you with ‘problem’ words. Spend a few minutes looking through your notes and the previous five units, and then complete the columns below with some examples. Jcan’t pronounce: | Pinot sure ofthe | Pmnot sure how to | I find... difficult to meaning of: use: remember. ‘Move round the class to see if other students can help you with your words and give you uscful suggestions about pronouncing, learning, using and remembering them. 5313 Newspapers —1 @ ‘The following text gives information and opinions about English newspapers. Read the first part and then answer the question below. England has eleven national daily newspapers. Of these, five represent the ‘quality’ press: papers aimed largely at the middle-class audience, and providing detailed coverage of politics, finance and the arts. The remaining six represent the ‘popular’ press and are all tabloids, i.e. small in size. These papers tend to concentrate more on human interest stories, although they are sometimes criticized for prying into the private lives of famous peaple— notably the Royal Family. Would you expect to find the following in a quality paper, a popular paper, or both? theatre reviews gossip column cartoons overseas news adverts for BMW cars adverts for self-assembly kitchen units weather forecast. stock market prices. pin-ups b Now read the second part of the text and do the exercise after it. Itis often said that the press in England has become more right-wing in recent years. Only two papers would now claim to be left of centre, while ‘a majority express views which are, to large extent, consistent with the philosophy of the Conservative party in Great Britain. In view of the ower of the press to influence public opinion, this bias is regarded by some people as unhealthy and potentially dangerous. Others might argue that newspapers do not dictate public opinion, they simply reflect itand express the views of the majority. “The text uses a number of words and phrases to modify an opinion which other people may not agree with, e.g. the writer says ‘the quality press: aimed Targely at'a middle-class audience’. Find other words and phrases in the text which perform the same function and then use them to modify the following statements: 1 Television glamorizes violence. 5 People believe what they read in the 2 She's a communist. newspapers. 3. All newspapers are biased. 6 Expensive clothes are just a status 4 Isa democratic country. symbol. © Ingroups, discuss newspapers in your own country. Are they largely national or regional? Do they tend to be right-wing or left-wing? Is there the same distinction between a quality press and a popular press? ‘S5413 Newspapers @ The opening sentences of a newspaper story often paraphrase words used in the headline and expand the information, Match the following headlines with the stories below, and underline the words and phrases in the stories which paraphrase or expand the headlines, 1 Amnesty alleges mass state killings 2 Sevenburt 4 Lawyers and in blast at . doctors urged warehouse US calls for big curb todoubieas on farm subsidies clergymen 5 6 Channel 4 im dlighti NUS lead: ops live proved lighting quits over . TVplan —_cuts crime by 90% hard left . ; * Sudan junta chief pledge a) b) °) Amnesty International says THE US government yesterday DOCTORS, lawyers and government agents were proposed sweeping reductions mechanics are among profes- responsible for the deliberate in agricultural subsidies and sionals being encouraged to killing of tens of thousands of trade barriers worldwide, become part-time ministers to people in at least two dozen including the abolition of ali overcome a shortage of countries in 1988, and such farm export sul killings have continued this years, year. f Households in an inner Lon- don neighbourhood experi- Church of England clergy. e) A SENIOR member of the National Union of Students has feed a drop of more than 90 4) Tesigned because he says the hard Pet cent in erimes like burglary CHANNEL 4 has decided _left has taken over. and vandalism after street ‘against regular live broad- lighting was improved, accord- casts from the Commons for) ing to research published the time being, because it today. believes viewers would get GENERAL Omar Hassan al- oor coverage under restric- Bashir, the leader of Sudan's ‘ions imposed by MPs. But —_ junta, bas promised to launch a h) Seven people were hurt, the channel is Iaunching 2 military offensive against one of them seriously, in an, second regular parliamen- rebels in the south of the coun- ‘explosion ata warehouse In tary programme. try following his first major Brentwood, Essex, last setback since seizing power in night ‘coup in June, BY 5S13 Newspapers B Create six possible headlines using the words in the list below. Example: Commuters urge new rail link or Government drops new rail link commuters newspaper pledge(s)_ airfares. support US drops) at government Taunch blast» in__— peace plan alleges) minister hotel Pan-Am = for BMW = curb(s) corruption China quit(s)_ doctors. = bomb by new model cut(s) newdrug —newraillink urge © Write the first sentence of the stories for each headline, and then see if a partner can guess your headlines. 3 @ Complete the texts below using a suitable word or phrase in each space. All of the missing words are repeated somewhere in the texts, s0 you should be able to find the answers. B_ Using all the missing words from a, ‘write your own short newspaper text based on the following problem. Air traffic controllers have now been on a work-to-rule for three weeks. They asked for a nine per cent rise but have been offered five per cent, They are meeting employers next week and have threatened to call an all-out strike if the offer is not increased.13 Newspapers 1 Fyouare studying English in your own country, you will probably see the news on television at least one day before English papers for that day arrive in your country. So, watch the news, choose a story that interests you, and then write down key words and phrases from the news Teport (you can do the same thing froma newspaper in your own language the following morning). ‘Try to find English equivalents for these words and phrases and then buyan English paper which reports the same news story. Look for your English equivalents or any other words and phrases which seem important to the story. This activity will help you to build up vocabulary around topics that interest you. 2 Here are some more words commonly used in newspaper headlines, Finda synonym (or paraphrase) for each of the underlined words. Example: PM to hold key talks — ey = important Bush backs crackdown = New famine threat on drugs Two Britons held Cabinet split on wealth tax New food scare Trade gap widens 3 Newspapers sometimes make amusing typographical errors. Can you find the mistakes in the following? a) Goalkeeper, Stepney, saved an almost certain goal when he died at the feet of Davies. b) GOOD HOME WANTED for beautiful black and white male kitchen, ¢) Greg Norman missed a five-inch putt at the 1th green yesterday. The blind Australian tried to tap in the ball one-handed but hit the ground instead, ) There was white bread only and apart from the Soap everything was overcooked, ©) Borchardt is accused of disturbing the peace by hurling a choir against the window of the Turkish cultural centre. 4) Itwas in the same stadium last year that Ade Mafe first hit the headlines by eating the American sprinter Mel Lattany in the 200 metres, 5714 Verbs 1 @ One verb in each list below is an odd man out, and for a similar reason. Which verb is it, and what is the reason? bleed let bend blink know feed get send stink throw need bet lend drink show breed upset. = mend sink blow b> Which verb (or verbs) from a are you likely to find in a sentence with the following nouns? Write a sentence for each noun containing one of the above verbs and read your sentences to a partner. horses baby ship. £5_—race_ =~ wind knee —_ socks 2 @_Ineach of the questions below, three of the answers are correct and one is wrong. Underline the wrong answer. 1. Hee vessnas U5 t0 go to a Chinese restaurant. a) advised —b) suggested c) wanted —_d) told 2 She me to take the exam. a) encouraged —b) persuaded _c) insisted) begged 3. He us to leave. a) told b) allowed —¢) forced d) made 4 Idon't secing them. a) mind b) expect c) remember —_d) regret l working with him. a) agreed b) enjoyed —_¢) avoided —_d) loathed She wanna Me MOve the furniture. a) made” b) let c) helped d) wanted 1 _ to start work after the holidays. a) hope b) amthinking —c) agreed —_d) expect a on x 8 They. that I should stay at their house. a) suggested b) wanted ¢) proposed —_d) insisted 9 that it was very dangerous. He a) told” b) pointed out —¢) mentioned —_d) said 10 Tm jorking with him. a) thinkingof b) usedto —_c) hopingto —_) looking forward to S5814 Verbs b_ What changes are necessary to make grammatically correct sentences using the underlined verbs? © The above sentences show seven constructions that can be used with Particular verbs. What are those seven constructions? 3 @ Find the seven pairs of words and phrases in this list which are similar in meaning. look for reachaclimax —stabsomeone arrive _give oneself up letmego trytofind turnup —releaseme come to ahead attack someone with a knife leavemealone surrender goaway b Below is the story of Carmen, an opera by Bizet. As you read it notice how some of the words and phrases from a are used. Look up any other new words in a dictionary. CARMEN INFLUENCE Carmen is a gypsy temptress who works in a cigar factory. Into town wanders another woman called Micheala, looking for her man Don José, an army corporal. When Carmen, subs another woman in a fight outside the fictory Don José arrests her, but she persuades him to let her go, He goes to jail himself for his leniency. Laer Carmen is visiting a tavern with her smuggler friends when Don José tucns up there and she seduces him. Another of Carm- en's suitors, Escamillo, the torendor, arrives and fights with Don José over Carmen. When Escamillo leaves, Carmen tries to follow him but Don José bars her way. The passionate triangle comes to a head at the bull- fight. As Escamillo enters in trump Don José intercepts Carmen as she goes 10 watch, Carmen tells hin to leave her alone or kill her. Famous coisa last words . . . he stabs her to death, EE LE Son, then gives himself up. coe 5914 Verbs ce Now listen to the man telling the story of Carmen. His account is different from the above text in three ways. What are they? ds With a partner, write your own version of Carmen but set the story in your own country in the 1990s. What changes will be necessary or desirable? 4 @ Many verbs have a literal meaning and a more abstract or figurative meaning. Example: "We had to bend the pipe in order to remove it. We had to bend the rules to give her a place. (= to break the rules slightly) Complete the sentences a—h using the underlined verbs in the sentences 1-8. 1 The horse managed to jump the fence. 2. We had to get down on hands and knees and craw! along the tunnel. 3 The money slipped through a hole in my pocket. 4 Thelights flashed on and off but { couldn't see him clearly. 5 Our feet were tied together so we couldn’t go far. 6 The fire spread quickly to the second floor. 7 The man grabbed my handbag and ran off. 8 The door’s stuck so we may have to get out through the window. a) The cumour soon throughout the school. b) Anidea sudden across my mind. 6) Several people tried to um. the queue, which was very annoying. d) The terrorists somehow managed to _ the security checks. ©) It was the rush hour so we just.......... long the main road out of town. f)- Pve done most of the exercise but I'm jxinin.0n the last question. g) Pmatfraid £5 doesn’t umn these days. B) You must .-.. your chance now, otherwise it may be too late. Bb Which of the above verbs would be likely to appear in each of the following newspaper stories? Work with a partner. Collapsed bridge causes traffic chaos Fears grow of new flu epidemic Crew rescued from burning tanker Passengers describe hostage drama Opposition MPs attack immigration policy Bank robbers escape with £2m 6014 Verbs SELES STUDY. ACTIVITIES P@$A$pPp$S$apaa 1 Find ten irregular verbs which you think are difficult to remember. In your next lesson, test a partner on the past tense and past participle of these verbs, and be prepared to explain the meaning if necessary. 2 Some verbs can be followed by two objects, for example: He gave me | the money, She reserved | him | a ticket. Complete the following sentences with a suitable object. a) She lent me.......... e) She cashed me... b) He poured me . f) Hebooked me c) lowe him g) They offered me... d) She saved me na. h) He threw me... 3 Choose the best synonym from the following for the meaning of see in the sentences below, makesure picture understand witness findout accompany ) I don't know what it means but I'll see what it says in the dictionary, +b) said I would see her home as it was quite late. ) I would like to see a number of changes in the company. ) I can't really see myselfas a soldier. €) Don't worry, I'll see that they get home safely. ) Isee what you mean, but I'm not sure | entirely agree. Look up the verb see in a good monolingual dictionary and try to find these six different see meanings. How would you translate these How we Flowers different meanings of see into your own language?15 Choices 1 @ There are many common phrases used to express choice and preference. Examples: I'd (much) prefer Hungary. to Poland... Pd (much) rather .99 the choice, TfThad to choose, Td Pick tye. blue, gofor I don’t think there’s much to choose between.-the: brown one and. the, yeHow. one... Adon’t like Twouldn’t want either | any | of them, b Ingroups, decide which you would choose or prefer from the following: 1. Anoisy hotel room overlooking the beach or a quiet room overlooking a back street with a row of shops? 2 A £500 computer or a £500 hi-fi? 3 A two-weele cruise in the Caribbean or a two-week holiday on a safari park in Kenya? 4. A filling at the dentist’s or an injection at the doctor's? 5 A dishwasher or a microwave? 6 Acar with a sunroof or a car with central locking and electric windows? 7 A monolingual dictionary or a bilingual dictionary? 8 To drive ina storm orto drive in fog? 9 To get wet or to get cold? 10 To live near the centre of town or to live on the outskirts of town? Vending machines of ‘the Serengeti 62@ Complete the sentences below with a suitable word. To help you, all of the answers are contained (vertically or horizontally) in the word puzzle on the right, 1 Inthe lounge we're not sure whether to have a fitted carpet or just varnish the floor and pat down some vans And we can’t make up our minds whether to have curtains or... We haven't decided yet whether to paint the walls or UE UP an Inthe alcove beside the fireplace we might build a cupboard or we could build SOME vn On the bathroom floor we don’t know whether to have a N w * w RB Oem Um Oo > wp wy ew a were thinking of having a builtin cna Alternatively we could just buy one. 7 As we often have guests we'll either get a double bed for the spare room or buy & seenune-bed to save space. Arthe back of the house we were thinking of building a conservatory. Alternatively we could just put down a stone floor and use it asa... Inthe centre of the garden we can’t make up our minds whether to have flower beds of a wn Around the garden we might dig up the hedge and put up a . 1 3S b ifit were your house, what would you choose to do in each case? Discuss in groups. © Inthe word puzzle above, can you find at least five more words which describe parts or features of a house? 15 Choices 2 SSS 6315° Choices 3 @ You are going to listen to a man talking about the different ways he can get to work. Before you listen, write down phrases in which the following verbs are likely to appear. catch take get. «run — work out b Now listen and see if your phrases are used. Write down additional phrases containing these verbs and try to decide what they mean. © Complete the chart below. If necessary, listen to the tape again. ‘Advantages Disadvantages by bus by tube by car by bike @_Ifit were you, which form of transport would you choose? Discuss in groups. © Tella parmer the different ways you can get to work or school. Try and use as many expressions from the tape as possible. 6415 Choices —__SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES 1 Choose adjectives from the left which combine with nounson the Tight to form common word combinations. (Adjectives may combine with more than one noun.) 2 Ifyou were buying a car, what factors would influence you the most? Rank the factors below as very important, quite important or not important, performance (i.e. speed andacceleration) colour reputation for safety looks reputation for reliability Brice equipment (e.g. sunroof, central locking) comfort reputation for construction image low depreciation other? 3 Choose one of the following techniques for vocabulary learning and use it over the next week. Ina week's time you can discuss the results in class and discover what each person has learned. ) Look through your notes and find five words that you had forgotten. Write these words dowm on a piece of paper and put it in your pocket, Look at your list for one minute every day to try and remember the words. ‘Tomorrow you can do the same thing for five more words, but put the wordson a different piece of paper and ina different pocket, b) Atthe end of each day write dovm what you have eaten that day, Use a bilingual dictionary to help you. You could do the same thing for the weather each day, conversations you have with people, whal you spend money on, etc. ) [you travel to work or school by train or bus, describe what you cari see on the journey in English. Make a note of anything you can't say in English, and find out the English before your next day's journey. Keep a record of all the new words and expressions you learn, 6516 Connecting words and ideas 1 @ Complete the text below with a suitable word or phrase from the following: however inviewof —_provided(that)__—_in spiteof_—_ moreover in view of the fact that although unless. of course foateey b Now replace three of your answers with the words and phrases you have not used. Make any changes to the text that are necessary. G With a partner, write your own examples using these link words and phrases, and include the word examination in each one. When you have finished move round the class and compare your examples. 6616 Connecting words and tables 2. SSS @_ Replace the underlined phrases in the sentences below with a suitable adverb from the following: recently luckily eventually hopefully apparently presumably originally potentially ideally generally Example: ° : Have you been to the museum? No, not in the last few months. recently ‘You can’t buy the tickets until the day of the concert, then? P'm not absolutely sure, but that’s what I've heard. Do you always carry your cheque book around with you? Yes, most of the time. ‘You wanta flat in central London with a garden. : Yes, that would be perfect. John arrived, then? Yes, after I'd waited for over an hour. You found your wallet, then? Yes, I was lucky. Do you think you'll find your wallet? Yes, with a bit of luck, + You live in Italy, but you actually come from Spain, don’t you? : Yes, that’s where I was born and brought up. : Did he buy the suit specially for the wedding? Well, I suppose so. I can’t think of any other reason for him to buy it. : You think he’sa good player, then? : Well, he has the ability to bea good player in the future. These adverbs are also used to link ideas in a sentence (and between sentences) to give additional information or to express our attitude. Complete the following sentences using the adverbs in a. Example: Tused to visit my uncle a lot, but. . . recently! haven't seen him very much 1 Ieft my keys in the car, but... 2 The food wasn't very good last night, but. . 3 The job doesn’t pay much at the moment, but . 4 Imay be forced to buy a second-hand car, but... 5 I thoughtit was free, but... 6 It’s popular tourist resort now, but... 7 We may have to modify the scheme a bit, but. . . 8 It’snotan easy exam, but... 9 She didn’t actually say when she'd be back, but... PPELPP SEEPS Pb Eh er E> BP © Compare your answers with a partner and discuss any differences. 6716 Conmecting words and tables 3 @ Look at the way vocabulary is being used to connect the conversation in the following examples: A: Will you get lunch and dinner? B: Yes, they provide all meals. A: Can I get by with a hammer and screwdriver? B: No, you'll need a complete set of tools: Write a suitable response to the following sentences using a more general word in your answer. If you don’t know the correct word, you will find the answers in the box on p. 70. 1 Can you getit in cotton and silk? 2 If you're not a member, are you still allowed to use the bar and the sauna? 3. Did the company pay for your hotel and travel? 4 Was the wheat damaged as badly as the fruit? 5 The project will require a lot of land, a huge labour force, and considerable energy and patience. 6 They keep dogs, cats and rabbits, don’t they? 7 Do you want us to put the rapes, torches and hammer in the tent? 8 Do you geta lot of ants and cockroaches in the summer? 9. Were they carrying guns and knives? 10 Do they want you to move all of your furniture out of the flat, as well as your clothes and stuff? b Practise similar dialogues in reverse. Ask your partner a question using one of the general words, and see if they can give you a suitable answer using more specific vocabulary. Example: ‘Did you have all your tools in the car? No, just a couple of screwdrivers. Let's see— Mosquitoes, gnats, fies, ants... What the? . . . Those jerks! We didn’t order stink bugs on this thing!” 6816 Connecting words and tables 4 @ Some English words have a very general meaning in isolation, butin context they become more specific and serve to represent ideas in a text and connect them. Example: A: Heis very bad at 6fganizing his tim@Jand doesn’t seem to realize the importance of this = ct of the job. I'd love to get rid of him. Br frescoes Mesias Spe) A: Yes he is. Under these circumstalices I may simply have toGavea quiet word with him, B: Mmm. I'm not sure that approach will do much good. A: No, neither am I. b_ Whatis the general meaning of the underlined words in the following text, and what are the specific ideas they refer to? In @ new attempt to ease traffic congestion in London, the Transport Secretary has proposed a series of underground roads linking major Toutes into the capital, plus a programme of road improvements which would widen existing roads. ‘These measures are certain to meet with considerable hostility from residents in the affected areas, and so the government is planning a number of open meetings to try and win public support for the scheme before going ahead with it Few believe this approach will satisfy ‘opponents to the proposal, but the govemment has stated its firm intention to tackle an issue which is now becoming critical, It is estimated thet the number of cars on our roads could double within 25, years: at this rate, traffic in major cities could soon be brought to a complete standstill ‘An increase in roadbullding will also anger environmental groups, who support large-scale investment in public transport to reduce pollution levels and minimize the destruction of the Green Belt around London. ‘Unfortunately’, said a spokesman for Friends of the Earth, ‘these aspects of urban planning are quickly swept aside when there is a ‘anger of antagonizing private motorists.” The Transport Secretary, however, will not want to be seen as unsympathetic to the demands of environmental groups, so he is faced with a dilemma which is certain to ensure a bumpy road ahead — whatever the outcome. 6916 Connecting words and tables ——_ SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES 1 Answer the following questions and compare your answers in class in the next lesson, ‘What are the main crops grown in your country? ‘What are the most common insects found in your country? ‘What are the most important natural resources in your country? ‘What are the most famous export goods produced in your country? ‘What are the technical facilities that your school provides? 2 The words and phrases below could be used in place of the six answers to exercise 1a in this unit. Put them into the correct place in the text considering (that) aslongas needless to say inaddition but despite 3 While you are reading newspapers or novels in your own language, make a note of five important link words or phrases which you can't express in English, Use a dictionary to try and find the English equivalents, and discuss your findings with other members of the class and your teacher in a future lesson. Here are the words you need for Exercise 3a. J material 2 facilities 3 expenses 4 crops 5 resources 6 pets 7 equipment 8 insects 9 weapons _10 belongings 7017 Technology 1 @ Which words from the box are being defined in the sentences below? television microphone speedometer physiotherapy telephone microchip barometer psychotherapy telex microscope _ thermometer telescope microbiology thermostat microwave thermodynamics A system for sending written messages to another by telephone line. An instrument for measuring air pressure. A device that automatically controls a heating system. An instrument which magnifies very small objects. A branch of medical science involving the use of radioactivity in examining and treating disease. 6 The treatment of people using movement and exercise. Brune b Complete the following definitions of words from the box, using vocabulary from the sentences in a. 1 AGH) crnsen FOF sone fOMperatUre. 2 Ain) that you speak into to record or amplify your voice. The cnn OF MESS ones PSYCHOLOGY rather than drugs. ACD) coven f0F « r receiving sound, especially speech, over long distances by electrical means. 5 A(n) which makes distant objects appear larger and nearer. 6 lM) concen Of Which ......n. the relationship between heat and other forms of energy. © Now complete your own definitions for the words below. Work with a partner, then compare your answers with another pair and the dictionary definitions. amictowave aspeedometer_ a radio 7117 Technology 2 @_Ingroups, try and decide the functions of the gadgets in the pictures below. What are they? How do they work? What are their special features?17 Technology b Compare your answers with another group and write down their answers, If you are unable to express an idea in English, write down a translation or a paraphrase in English. © One group can now read a description of four of the gadgets below, while the other group reads the description of the other four gadgets on p. 124. As you read, pay special attention to new vocabulary, particularly words and phrases needed to explain the functions of the gadgets. Under Pressure? Driving on the wrong pressure could cost you far more than the cost of new tyres — because its also highly dangerous, And garage forecourt ‘are notoriously inaccurate: Now, thank to this ingenious new hi-tech device, you can minimise the risks. What ‘makes this Sonic Aceutyre so different is that you simply slip it over the valve, press a button and a beep tells you when the pressure hasbeen recorded. Then sunply read the measurement on the “clear LCD display. Easy to use and very accurate, this neat piece of technology runs on just one lithium tattery which should last for 10 years. The staple-less stapler Paperlok is a new way of attaching ers together using no staples at BIE punthes two dence holes ‘through the paper which fix and tab them together. It attaches them just as strongly as a conventional stapler and will take up to 5 sheets at a ime. ‘When you want to remove the tabs they tear off neatly. less travel iron ‘This is the best travel iron we've seen, because it can be used anywhere with no need for an electric power source or batteries. ‘The secret is in the special water activated heating sachets ~ just insert one into the iron, add water and the iron will start to heat One sachet will give you about 2 minutes’ ironing time, at heat suitable for most lightweight fabrics. The iron has a stainless steel base and comes with Full instructions. For travelling the handle folds neatly away, oe Remoye unwanted hair hygienically If you care about good grooming i essential to remove unwanted hair from the nose, ears and eyebrows. This new battery ‘operated Clipper will complete tie task For you quickly and painlessly. Is slim style ensures that it is convenient and easy to use and its head can be removed for cleaning by brushing or blowing. Ttoperates on one AA battery (not supplied). —_ 33 SSS @ Make sure you understand the words in the list below. Use a dictionary if necessary. television photocopier vacuum cleaner computer printer camera food mixer dishwasher washing machine radio electric drill typewriter speakers 7317 Technology b [2] Listen to the conversations and decide which object is being talked about in each case. Use the right-hand column in the table below for key words and phrases which helped you decide upon your answer. Object How do you know? aAnEUNe ¢ TSS) Listen to the tape again and write down any further words and phrases which might be used to describe a problem with a machine or appliance. Discuss your answers with a partner. Example: “the frst conversation talks about ‘interference’. This could. be true of a radio as welLas a. television, but nothing else in the box. di Answer the following questions and then discuss your answers in groups. ‘The picture keeps flickering on your TV. Would you: a) tum itoff? b) fiddle with the knobs to try and fix it yourself? ¢) get someone else to have a look at it? w ‘You get a puncture on a quiet country road. Would you: a) change the wheel yourself? b). go and look for a telephone? @) try and wave down a passing motorist? we Somebody showed you how the photocopier works but you still don’: fully understand, Would you: a) try and work it out for yourself? b) ask the person to show you again? ¢) aska different person to explain it to you? * ‘You've just bought a video but you're not sure how to tune it in, Would you: a) try and work it out for yourself? b) follow the instruction manual carefully? ¢)_ask someone to do it for you? a A radiator in your hotel room is leaking a little bit. Would you: a) try and fix it yourself? b) reportit to reception? ¢) do nothing unless it was inconveniencing you? 7417 Technology —— 4 sesSsSSSssSSSSSSSsSSSSSSSSSSSsSSSSSs a. [5] Read through the descriptions of different sounds below and then listen to the examples for each one. They are in the same order as the list. 1 abuzzing noise 2 2 kind of screeching sound a ticking sound a creaking sound a drilling noise a hammering sound a banging noise ahissing sound eA RU b Try and reproduce these noises yourself and sce if a partner can guess which one you are making. © With the same partner, write down things that often make these noises (but not in the same order). Give your list to.a different pair and see if they can match the noises with the items on your list. —— SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES 1 What word(s) could be used after each of the following pairs of adjectives? Example: cordless or steam. Lt a) brand new or second-hand. e) digital or anaiogue....... 1B) aUto-fOOUs OF ZOOT .eemenn ) recordor tape... c) hard or floppy..... g) mains or portable ........ d) laser or dot matrix. +h) manual or automatic ..... 2 Find an interesting gadget at home, and make sure you can explain whatit is and how it works. Bring it to class in your next lesson and see if other members of the class can identify it and explain its function. 3 One of the best ways to record the meaning of words which describe sounds is to make a cassette recording yourself. Try recording the following sounds onto cassette: a) someone whistling d) someone screaming _g) someone whispering b) someone humming e) someone mumbling h) someone tapping ¢) adog barking 4) adog howling i) adog growling Ina few day's time, listen to the sounds and write down what you can hear, ‘This is a good way to test yourself on vocabulary and you can also bring your cassette to class and test other members of the class. 7S18 Revision and expansion 1 ‘Weiters often repeat ideas in a text, but they usually avoid repeating the same words and phrases. Complete the following sentences using a synonym for the word or phrase in italics. 1 They send us the information and We emus. itto the central computer. 2 Me eases pain and svcwnne 17055. 3. You should have gone the quick tay Dy ern through the park. 4 You can carry it wherever you go; that's the great thing about wn TV. 5 She says she'd prefer to stay in and watch TV, but I'm sure she'd ... come out with us. 6 Some of the popular press are accused of nasty cheap journalism, but I don’t think all the wmron are guilty of it. 7 Two of the men gave themselves up last night, and the other one .... morning. 8 The blast shook a number of buildings, and there are reports that people heard the five miles away. 9 Jobn arrived at cight o’clock, but the others didn’t ...... until nine thirty. 10 You join this piece to that piece, then YOU vm it to the central column. o» this —2 Combine words from the left-Land list with words from the right to form sixteen phrases or compounds. 7618 Revision and expansion 3 Study the picture below for one minute, then close your book and write down everything you can remember about the room. Give as much detail as possible. Compare your description with two other parmers, Complete the following sentences with a suitable link word or phrase. 1 He played last night his injury. 2. -nvormmn he was injured, he still played last night. 3 He scored two goals, which is pretty good . 4 He scored two goals, which is pretty good ...... his injury. J. The manager won't let him play next week he's fully ft. 6 The manager told him he could only play next he’s fully ft. 7 The manager doesn’t want him to play in the midweek game ....... makes the injury worse. 8 The manager said he would consider him for the game next Saturday. ~--vemng he Won't let him play in the midweek game. 9 He desperately wants to play next Saturday, but that will depend, . on the result of his fitness test on Friday. 10 He is certainly the best player in the team. smu he has the ability to inspire others around him and help them play to theit maximum potential, that he was injured. he 718 Revision and expansion 5 @ The most common sound in English is /a/: Example: mother about another produce understand appointment You will notice that different letters can represent this sound, butit is only on parts of the word that are not stressed: Example: a a a deliver advertisement confused Mark the main stress on the following words. ambulance psychology necessary instrument corruption emergency _interested thermometer presumably microphone document —_ potentially paragraph alternative temperature machinery b Now listen and check your answers. © Mark on the words where you think the sound /2/ appears, compare your answers with a partner, and then listen to the tape again to check. Fill in the gaps in the following text with a suitable word or phrase. 7818 Revisionand expansion SSS Play the following game in groups of four. Choose one verb each from the list below. One person must then start a conversation and use their verb. The next person must then continue the conversation until they have used their verb; and so on. Try to use your verb in different ways, and see how long you can keep the conversation going. Here is your choice of verbs: get take see leave keep — catch 8 — SSS ‘What could the person be talking about in each of the following sentences? 1 Ie's cold, damp and draughey. 2. Tewas quick, simple, and surprisingly painless. 3 Itlooked very neat and tidy. 4 It’s an ingenious thing, and very easy-to-use. 5 It’s waterproof and very accurate. 6 It's getting very old and rusty. 7 [fiddled with the knobs but it still kept flickering. 8 [bentit trying to get the top off. 9 You should keep it in the cellar and try to avoid too much vibration. 10 Icsleeps about four people but I’m not sure if it's waterproof. —— 98 — eSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSsssssSee Write definitions/explanations of the following words. When you have finished, read your answers to a partner and see if they can tell you the word you are defining. thermometer ~~ stapler microscope stock market oft basement telescope microphone —_ wardrobe —— 10 sSSSSSSSSSS ‘Complete the missing parts of the following sentences and then compare your answers with a partner. 1 He agreed ..... 2 She encouraged 3 Helet . 4 P'mthinking . S She suggested 6 Tregret homework, 8 I’m used..... 9 I don’t remember .. 10 I’m looking forward 7918 Revision and expansion 8 @_ Discuss the following questions in groups and write down your answers (you will probably need bilingual dictionaries to help you). 1 What facilities would you expect to find in a five-star hotel that you wouldn’t find in a two-star hotel? 2 What insects would you expect to see in a hot climate that would not be very common in a cold climate? 3. What tools would you need to change the wheel on a car? 4 What equipment would you consider to be essential for a successful camping holiday? 5. What equipment would you expect to find in a doctor's surgery? 6 What crops would you expect to see on a Japanese farm? 7 What goods would you expect people to éry and smuggle through customs? 8 Write down one of your own personal belongings that you would hate to lose. b Compare your answers with another group, and see if they can identify the people who chose cach of the objects in your answer to question 8. iathan, —— 12 LT ‘This game uses pronunciation to revise a wide range of vocabulary, and can be played with any number of people. Choose a sound and then write as many examples as possible under the beadings in this table. Example: ‘ae! as in cat or Jer/ as in late Living things | Verbs Places! Things cake ran bank a actor stond. von pe bat sar sand, passenger drank lap manager cancel, badder ‘You should do this individually without showing your words to anyone else. You then take it in turns to make up sentences using one word from cach column. Examples: "The cat saton my lap. co The actor wanted to stand on the ladder. The manager ran towards the van. 8019 Customs 1 @_ Discuss the following statements in groups, and decide if they are true, false, or impossible to generalize. L 2 3 10 In Britain. . . It is customary to shake hands when you are first introduced to someone. It is fairly common to shake hands with colleagues at work every morning, Iti very rare for English people to shake hands with children. English people rarely kiss friends as a form of social greeting. ‘You would normally address someone as ‘sir’ or ‘madam’ if you didn’t know their name, People tend to say their surname first when answering the phone at home. Itis considered rude to ask someone how much they earn. Itis considered bad manners to blow your nose in public. ‘Most people tend to say ‘good morning? or *good afternoon’ to the shop assistant when they are served. Ina restaurant itis customary to attract the waiter’s attention by calling out ‘waiter’. ‘TrnelFalsellmpossible to generalize b [& Now listen toa group of English people discussing these statements, and compare their answers with your own. © In groups, discuss these statements with reference to your own country or Countries. 8119 Customs 2 @ Pat the following words in the correct circle below. Some words may go in both circles. : bride ceremony church burial undertaker ring reception aisle ashes groom vicar priest coffin cemetery cremation grave bridesmaid —_ wreath honeymoon service bestman registry office bouquet weddings b Now reorganize the words under the following headings. People | | ‘ Events Places Things 8219 Customs © Answer the following questions and then compare your answers in groups. In your religion/country, do weddings take place: a) ina church? b) ata shrine? ¢) athome? d) ata hotel? €) ina registry office w In your religion/country, do you have a reception after the wedding? If so, who pays for it? Is it: a) the bridegroom? b) the bride’s father? ©) both sets of parents? we Ata church wedding, the bride usually walks up the aisle at the beginning of the ceremony: a) alone? b) with the bridegroom? ©) with her father? = Who keeps the ring during the ceremony? Is it: a) the bride? b) the bridegroom? ¢) the best man? d) the vicar/priest? we ‘To get macried in your religion/country, do you have to havea religious ceremony and a civic ceremony? ‘Where is Karl Marx buried? In: a) Moscow? b) Leningrad? ©) London? d) Vienna? In fiction, who rises from his coffin after dark? a mo In your country/teligion, what happens to the ashes after someone has been ccemated? 8319 Customs 3 @ How would you prepare the following foods in your country? Complete the grid and then compare your answers in groups. Use a dictionary to help you. Method | fry | grill | boil | bake | steam ] catraw Food prawns/shrimps kidney liver cabbage cucumber 8419 Customs B Read through the following recipes, In groups, try and decide which country they might come from, and which one you would most like to try. 1 Sauté onions, garlic, tomatoes and hot chi Peppers for five minutes, then stir in the lime or lemon juice and add the chicken pieces. Cook until tender. Leave until cool and then chop the meat and strain the vegetables through a sieve. Combine the liquid from the vegetables with almonds, dried shrimp and coconut milk and simmer for fifteen minutes. Add rice flour, the chicken pieces and Palmoil. Cook for a further ten minutes. 2 Cut the crab shell into large pieces. Then fry black beans, garlic, ginger and spring onions very quickly before adding minced pork. Fry again for ‘one minute and then add the crab pieces, half a pint of chicken stock or water, and a little dry sherry rice wine. Heat for ten minutes and then add two beaten eggs. Stir slowly for one minute and then serve, 3 In @ large frying pan, sauté the onions and Peppers until lightly browned and then add the tomatoes. After several minutes add the pieces of white fish and the squid and cook for a further five minutes. Then add the prawns and mussels and cook for another five minutes. Finally, acid the mixture of garlic, parsley and saffron, plus one pint ‘of water, and bring to the boil, Put in the rice and leave it to cook. Remove from the heat and set aside for five minutes before serving. 4 Fry the pieces of liver and kidney with the spring onions and parsley for about five minutes. Then add it to the tripe which has been simmering for ‘twenty minutes. Cook for a further twenty minutes and then strain the liquid and boil the rice in it until Gooked. Then whisk the egg yolks with lemon juice and add a few tablespoons of soup, stirring con- stantly. Pour the mixture back into the soup and add the offal. Heat up again and add a little milk before serving. ———_ SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES 1 Itisa custom in England to use certain words and phrases in particular situations. For your next lesson, find out when the following phrases would be used. enceuponatime cheers blessyou —say cheese goodluck congratulations ~~ [beg your pardon Tbeg your pardon? —hearhear!_ many happy returns 2 There is also a custom for people to make a New Year's resolution on 1 January. This is a decision to do something or to stop doing something in the coming year, Complete the following resolutions (about yourself) and compare them with other members of the class in a future lesson, a) Imgoingto give up. b) Imgoing to cut downon., ©) Imgoingto be... d) Imgoing to spend more time... e) Imgoingto stop being. . f) Tmgoingto remember to... 9) Imgoing to improve... h) Imgoing to get more 3 For your next lesson, find out the special name given to the following dates in England, and why they are significant. 14February l April the Friday before Easter 24 December @3December 26 December 31 October 31 December 5 November 8s20 Multi-word units ‘This unit will concentrate on common idiomatic expressions and phrasal verbs. The first exercise also examines ways of learning words on your own through reading texts. @ Read through the following text and tick (y’) the numbers which describe what you do when you are reading a text in English. 1 When I meet a new word in a text I usually look up the meaning in a bilingual dictionary and then I carry on reading. 2. When I come across a new word in a reading passage | usually look up the meaning in a monolingual dictionary and then I carry on reading. 3. When I come across a new word in a text | invariably look up the meaning in a dictionary, and then I normally write it down in my notebook before I go on with the text. 4 When I come across a new word in a text I try to work out the meaning from the context and then I carry on reading. 5 When I come across a new word I usually try to figure out the meaning from the context, and then I check in a dictionary to see if 'm right. 6 Jinvariably look up the meaning first, then I go back to the text to see if the translation or definition in English makes sense in the context. 7 Normally I can't be bothered to look up new words. I skip them and just hope Pstll be able to get the gist of the passage. 8 I reckon it’s a waste of time looking up new words. Ie spoils the enjoyment of reading, and in any case, you never remember them. 9. ve got my own strategy for dealing with new words which is slightly different. I... b While you were reading you probably came across some new words. Did ig you probably you follow the strategies that you ticked in a? Discuss in groups. © Choose a strategy that you did not tick in a, and use it in the following text, When you have finished, discuss your reactions in groups. : Where have you been? ve just been to see Yvette and her mother off. Oh? I didn’t think they were leaving today. No, originally they weren’t, but it’s been such a dreadful week that they decided to go home early. How d'you mean, dreadful? Well, Yvette's mother tripped over and hurt her leg; she’s been limping around the last couple of days. And Yvette has been feeling absolutely lousy Beep PE20 Multi-word units ever since they artived—I think she must have picked up a bug or something, : Oh dear, what a shame, And not helped by the weather, either. No, it’s been appalling, It poured with rain when they went on their river excursion, and yesterday they got soaked on three separate occasions. + And you took them to the station, then? Well, I hadn’t planned to, but they got held up for ages trying to fix up their tickets, so I picked them up at the travel agency, took them back to the hotel, and then gave them a lift to the station. + Oh, I'm sorry I didn’t see them before they left. Yes, they were very sorry about that. Anyway, they send their love, and they said they'd be in touch as soon as they get home. 2 @_Find the logical ending for each of the sentences beginning on the left. You can use a dictionary to help you. a a Be 1 Ieviediton... a) butit didn’t work very well. 2 Thad to putit off... b) because I was starting to cough a lot. 3 He told me to putit out... ©) butit didn’t ft very well. 4 had tolookitup... ¢) without calculator. 5 Shetold meto pick it up atfour... ) because the money wasn’t good enough. 6 Wetried it out... f) but I couldn’t find an ashtray. 7 Intheend Ihad to sortit out... 8) butitstill wasn’t ready when I got there. 8 [just couldn’e work it out h) because I was so busy. 9 I'm getting over it now... i) burit’s still a bit untidy. 10 Igaveit up last year . j) Pm trying to concentrate. 1i Inthe end turned it down... k) but I still feel a bit weak. 12 Could you turn it down a bit . I) because I didn’t understand the meaning. b_ Work with a partner and decide what it might be in each of the sentences above. © Write logical reply to each of the following statements or questions, using one of the verbs from ain each of your answers. Work with a partner and then practise the dialogues with a different partner. Example: A: That's a nice blouse. B: Yes, would you like to try it on? 1 Is that cigarette still burning? 7 The books are in a terrible mess. 2 What does this word mean? 8 We can get the picture developed in 24 hours. 3 Don’tyoueatmeatany longer? 9 What did you make the answer to that question? 4 Did they offer you the job? 10 Isshestill upset about her exam results? 5 Is this music too loud? 11 This new scheme will never work. 6 T'dlike to help but I'm afraid I've gota dental appointment. i Why is the verb get over (something) different from the rest of the verbs? 8720 Multi-word units 3 @ Phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning, e.g. pick np in exercise Ye, so you must be careful when you look up a phrasal verb in a dictionary. Match the meaning of the verbs in the following contexts with the correct dictionary definition below. 1... . three days ago, but I hope it turns up soon otherwise . 2.1.10 tum it up s0 I could hear the news about. . 3 |. but I couldn't get through. The operator told me that 4. takes itagain, she should get through as long as. - 5 |. Lbutit didn't go off sol overslept. [hope you haven’e... . 6 |. but Pve gone offit recently because it gives me... 7... because it’s only held up by a couple of pieces of wood. I think... 8 |. burl was held up for ages at the airport because . . . get through. | if you get through something such rrasa. ya:v+ held up. 1 If you bold wp your hand or something mmasatveiv+ get encouah yey ge eee enn re: MREANGS” Yon have i Your han, You mare Wupwar no Gulres.a fot of effort. eat i feu! to get through rage ‘articular position and Keep it there, 26 Reiph held Sun or work insock anor une We ied varias portion au ke ete al te {Bet lveugh he wool yf wo ars ‘Baca. The Eagleton hed op erie. Piymtet becah era ine cing ach memes angng asp set ss te ra 2 uu el throug 9 Frio oe ca aoe is BERREES’ thar hing tn rder 0 support and preven rom 83 live through it, eo They Helped me to get through that serve falling. so There were tremendous pilinrs holding up ~ ” tines "How ao Joh and sya ver Bet teooph Mphtelinge These bots ad the bed Masta wintoixt Men cerettng of omeanehatds you up the deby rem :¥ Mencia Wiis oe amount of something, rmasreys _yOUor ake You lt. no The whole ti way fell 2. 2 get hou ec a MAAS, ——_‘pabet hl an bur, Theseus persone her his money.. 1 got through about six pounds worth of ~ 10 hold up the procession. rok eerie eons hols yap hey pont m weapon St gma :¥+ SK get tang ta stnene, 4) Yeu succeed a pure You In over to make you ge tem money or SPY Aa Keeatandersiand someting tat you ore ee, ease ese up Ste po ofa fon Thiago te inems cs Moar how do! get rows ga ‘Bunis er helps sts sawn Sha tm Ao yey ieceed In connciing them onthe ums URE telephone. ee! Manly got through at twenty past ten. Str you get theough ar get through gn examination, rag yn-¥+ ou pass it ca They haven" got a ennnce of getling irreas 40 aff. 1 If you go off somewhere, you leave a place, rumata.va:¥s Throgh, fe quotes ihe ets through Ms 190 sey efoer au someting xe nd gone af os subject his year, fovwork.. Ste went off 0 fook at ite ower. Bit'a iow oF proposal gets through, it Is officially musa ya: Tityou go aff someone or something, you stop king, rasa as approved by-something. such asa parllamcat.or-¥exo"/@vi ude ak tntrol ust.bo e's gone a the dea. Seok = Comrie, en if this new White Paper gets throug, "> xougn think he's galing of za a Bl . ere wil be no subsided ments. The Bill might not Sif you goat, yo fll asleep; an tnformel use, xsHe mus ave nave been abte fo get through Congress. Wwentatfussoon ashis heed touched the plow. 1'it something goes off, 41 It explades, wo could rasa vaiv+ hear the bombs going off on the other side of the # turn up Lf someone or something tras up, they mmasuva:vs Sig, 42. males 9 eden load ale. Fn arm rave trrive somewhere or appeur,oflen unexpectedly a. went off bul he teed to goore i 43 WSS ayy iiy informe se. oe fred up at rekearal be "804 ‘operating. ms The Heb only goes of at night. & ext ey foklag awh 5'f an orgonted event goes off in n parlor way, rams rays Eifsametiag tarps up or a trmed up iis ound, ema [kee een tw Te mbeting went of BS ‘ecovered oF nots arco mocks ter fae Fou or drink that hes gone off has become stle, pmsi.va:v+ Stationery cupboard... You must be wiling (0 take Sut oF ratte, o Job as soon as one tres up IPT turn up anything, ‘youl be te rst fo know. 3.When you torn up something such as a rndlo or pmysva:¥+ heater, you Increase the amoubt of sound or heat &) 404 ‘beng produced by adjusting the contrls, ex Turn the volume contra yp. Cou you tra te fre up? 4'Wnen someone turaa up @ dress, skirt, pale of trousers, ee, they fold up the bottom and site it in a place to shorten itor makea her. bowen 8s20° Multi-word units Write a suitable beginning for each of the contexts above while a partner finishes each of them in an appropriate way. When you have finished, read the complete contexts to see if they make sense. Example: +++ three days ago, but I hope it turns up soon otherwise .. . | lost my book tree days ago, buts! hope it turns up soon otherwise. IWhavetobuy arewone = © Would you say the different meanings are connected in any way or are they totally unrelated? If they are unrelated, is that true for all of the dictionary meanings for that verb? Discuss with a partner, 4 @ We often confirm statements or questions by repeating the information through different words with the same meaning. Example: A: He rejected your offer, then? B: Yeah, he turned it down. Respond to the following questions using the verbs and phrases in the box in your answers. gethold of (someone) splitup keep aneyeon off the beaten track set off —_geton one’s nerves getby tear (something) to pieces get a move on hang on get id of (something) ~ takeit in turns 1 Do you want me to wait? 2 Tfind her very irritating, don'tyou? 3 Ie’sa bit of a remote place, isn’t it? 4 You can manage on £100 a week, then? 5 Shall we throw out these ald cushions, then? 6 They left for Scotland quite early, didn’t they? 7 They separated a while ago, didn’t they? 8 You didn’t manage to contact him, then? 9. The critics really hated the film, didn’t they? 10 You want me to look after these suitcases for a while? 11 D’you alternate if you both want to use the car? 12. Are you trying to tell me to hurry up? b Practise the dialogues in pairs. 8920 Multi-word units ——_ SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES 1. What extra information is being provided by the phrases in brackets in the following sentences? Example: Imet her last night (by chance). "The phrase ‘by chance’ tells us that the meeting wasn't planned. a) Tknow him (by sight). bb) Mlaive it to you tomorrow (without fail). ©) Could you sand it tome (by return of post)? ) There were about thirty of them (at a guess). e) I don't know the answer (off-hand). ) They've gone to America (for good). g) I gave him my cassettes (in return), h) Let's go to the theatre (for a change). 2 Some words are found together so often that you should leam them as phrases, Which words on the left often go with the words on the right? ‘T's marvellous wher you come to think about it~ thanks to satellites, most of Europe is being bored stiff by this programme . . ." 3. Choose three or four phrasal verbs or phrases from this unit and build them into a little story. When you have finished you can repeat the activity fora different group of verbs or phrases. Example: ‘The village was a bit off the beaten track so we set off quite early. We took it in turns to drive and finally got there around lunchtime. Tt wasn't our lucky day though, because it poured with rainall afternoon. 9021 Menand women 4 A SSS @ Complete the following sentences with statements you believe to be true. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 In my experience men are (much) ...... 2 Women, on the other hand, tend to be more 3. Menare often obsessed with .. 4 Women are inclined to be more aware of . 5 Unlike men, women . se sn 6 The most irritating thing about men/women is that they 7 Compared with men/women, women/men . 8 One thing chat men and women both have in common is that . than women, .. than men, Db Ingroups, read your sentences to each other and discuss the answers. © The picture on the right shows one view of the male brain. In groups (men in one group and women in the other), produce your view of the female brain and then compare your answers. o121 Menand women = ‘@_ Read through the following questions. Use a dictionary if necessary. Letter (A-L) 1 What does your husband/wife do for a living? 2. Does he/she mind you working full-time? 3 Are you likely to have to move because of your husband’ shwife’s job? G 4 Have you got any children? 5 Are you planning to start a family? 6 Who looks after the children while you're at work? 7 Who would take time off work if the children were ill? 8 Are you willing to give up weekends to work overtime? 9 Promotion could involve moving to a different area. Would you be prepared to move? 10 The job is very stressful. Do you feel you're good at coping with stress? 11 How do you fee! about working in a job where most of your colleagues will be of the opposite sex? 12. Ifyou were offered the job, would you be prepared to makea commitment to the company for at least three years? bE) You are going to hear answers to the above questions, but not in the same order. As you listen, put the correct letter (A-L) beside cach question. One answer has already been done for you. © According to a recent survey, women are often asked more personal questions at job interviews than men. In groups, discuss the questions above, Would they be asked of a man, a woman, or both? Do you think some of these questions should not be asked at all? 3 eee ‘@ Do youassociate the words in this ist with men, women, or both? Make three lists and be prepared to explain your groupings. Use a dictionary if necessary. poctry riot sens comradeship betrayal mood butcher rape flattery gang == envy ~—poverty_ politics friendship anger cruelty oppression hypocrisy _ religion violence’ compassion suffering birth care _—_ loyal b Discuss your answers in groups. 9221 Men and women © We often remember words by forming associations: a word has a connection with a second word, and the second word is associated with a third word, and so on. Example: : sheep->wool->jumper-knitting->mother-»childhood—>birthdays or sheep—lamb—vegetables—rearth-sworm—silk>blouse Form associations between the following pairs using words from the list in a. envy butcher .. riot ... Now form your own word chain using as many words from the list on the previous page as possible. You can also add your own words. 4 Are the following sentences about men or women? Complete them using suitable male or female words, eg, he/she, his/her, men/women, boys/girls, Are there any sentences which could be either? ~. took off the pink nylon dressing gown and threw iton the floor. s the midday heat grew more intense, beads of sweat ran down the tanned weather-beaten face, but... carried on digging. paced nervously up and down the corridor until the nurse appeared. - decided the brooch wasn’t quite right so....... took it off. - had often been teased for... angelic looks and long blond hair. The bushy eyebrows and wide nostrils gave .... a fierce, almost threatening appearance. As the comments grew louder both... blushed and started to giggle. Whether it was a new car, the latest hi-fi, a camera or whatever, .... could never resist the temptation to show off... wealth. .. hips and smiled. .~ strolled down the road whistling 1 2 aAuAw en favourite tune. 11 The old slippers and wrinkled brown tights only added to the comic effect, 35 .-.-» Stood on the doorstep and waved frantically, carefully ironed the sleeves and then folded the shirt and put it straight into the suitcase. One more, .... thought, and then ...... could join the lads down the pub. 13 slipped the bag off nn. shoulder, swept uw hait back gracefully, and then glanced at the table opposite. 14 Despite the teacher's angry look, ...... continued to slouch in with both feet resting defiantly on the desk in front. hhad a long slender neck and skin that was white as snow. 12 ~. Chair, 1s Compare and discuss your answers, 9%21 Menand women [SELF-STUDY ACTON |}$_-A@ a_@@ ] Find the missing word in each of the following pairs. Example: male/ fem a) / feminine bb) NEPHEW / ons ©) ACLOT/ ceceren ) 2) DOSES nam A) widower! ccm g) waiter / bh) monk / nn G) census f CONVERT i) headmaster / RK) vevnnne COW 1) emene/ HON TA) ETOP sono 1) vmmneen / landlady 2. Write down twenty words which you only associate with menor women. ‘These words may be items of clothing, physical characteristics, personal qualities, etc. Compare your answers with other members of class in the next lesson. 9422 Ways of saying things 1 @ Wecan make requests in different ways, and our choice of language will depend on, among other factors: ~ the relationship between speaker and listener; — how certain we are of a positive response to our request. Choose the most suitable request for each of the following situations and then discuss your answers with a partner. 1 Talking to a waiter in a restaurant: a) Excuse me. Where’s the toilet? b) Excuse me, Do you happen to know where the toilet is? nv To a fellow passenger at an airport: a) Keep an eye on my suitcase, will you? b) Do you think you could possibly keep an eye on my suitcase fora minute? we To a friend at work: a) Have you gota minute? b) Do you think I could possibly have a quick word with you? * To a fellow passenger on a train: a) OK if I open the window? b) Do you mind if I open the window? a To a close friend: a) Could you lend me S0p? b) Iwas wondering if you could possibly lend me 50p? a To a fellow traveller on a tra a) Give me a hand with this case, will you? b) Sorry to trouble you, but do you think you could give mea hand with this case? x To the landlady in an English home (this is the second day in their house): a) OK ifTuse the phone? 6) Do you think I could possibly use your phone? co To the same landlady on the third day of your stay a) I doubt if Pll be home for dinner. is that OK? b) Would you mind very much if I didn’t come back for dinner? b Witha partner, think of a context in which the remaining eight requests would be suitable. cd 9S22 Ways of saying things © Here are eight replies, Match the replies with the above requests, and decide if the reply could be used with both requests in cach situation or just one of them. 1 Yeah OK, but don't be long. 2 No, no, go ahead. 3 Sure. Where do you want it? 4 P’'msorry, I haven't the faintest idea. 5 No, no problem at all. 6 Weil actually, I'm a bit tied up at the moment. 7 Pm afraid [haven't got any cash on me at the moment. 8 Yes of course. Help yourself. Practise similar conversations with a partner, and bring each one toa logical conclusion. Example: ‘A: Excuse me. Do you happen to know where Bond Street is? No I'm sorry, I haven’t the faintest idea. A: OK never mind. Thanks anyway. 2 FfefeFfFSFS @ Can you think of a more informal (colloquial) word or phrase which could be used in place of the underlined words in the following sentences? 1 There's no acy weve got plenty of time. 2. When will dinner be ready? I'm really hungry. 3 The flat’s next to the vinderground which ie very convenient for work. 4 The children will be going back to school next wee 5. Word processing may seem difficult at first but as soon as you understand how to doit, it's easy. 6 Hey, someone has stolen my dictionary. 7 The others liked the film but I thought it was boring. 8 I'm sure you'll be pleased when the conference is over. 9 What's the matter? 410 We really need a company with expertise for this contract. 11 It’s not an easy exam but I think Theil pass, 42. Would you like a snack before we go out? b 2) Listen to the answers on the tape and write down any words or phrases which are different from your own answers. © Write twelve sentences of your own, with each one including one of the swords or phrases from above. When you have finished, move round the class and read one of your sentences to each student, When you read your sentences ‘cough’ in place of the word or phrase from above: can your partner supply the correct missing word? 9622 Ways of saying things 38 ee 8 ato People can witness the same event but interpret itin different ways. Often, our choice of vocabulary will reflect our attitude to the event: Exainple: This is how two people judge a new colleague at work: A: His youth and enthusiasm are great assets to the company. His inexperience and naivety are real weaknesses, Choose one of the words or phrases in each case to complete the following texts. hs Trouble | started group | | rowdy | YOu! Problems | flared up | "He" | gang’ | OF | Covey demonstrators charged pushed towards | the police, who were lined up outside the embassy. defended themselves | wi | sticks retaliated riot shields quite a disturbance was | | around the square. We have reports thatsome of a running battle several a number of leading troublemakers (eading rouble | have been arrested, and that | nasty head wounds. police officers have received | PSY eae gg | cramped ‘with many original feature 2ksa| cosy | tite cottage | badly in need of modemienion, | Atthe back there isa completely | ee | garden, and a | lice To make matters worse, running along the bottom. | To me! PP Sp o> y b Practise the dialogues in pairs, bringing each conversation to a natural end.24 Revision and expansion 3 @ Find ten pairs of synonyms in the list below. think kids employ takeon —_tied up manage arrange delayed = fixup know-how extinguish children heldup —getover _—_expertise reckon recover busy getby —putout b With a partner, explain the difference between each pair of synonyms. 4 @ What special names are given to the following dates in English? 1 24 December 2 25 December 3 26 December 4 31 December 5 1 January “This saves a lot of time on Christmas Day. I’s already broken.’ b _Ingroups, tell each other what you eat and do on these days. @ Put the words below into the correct column on the cight according to the sound of the underlined letters. ful Int fol mde flood stood ~—- mood bully hug shove _—_ prove butcher customary enthusiastic root cushion dull cucumber luxury b Listen and check your answers. 10824° Revision and expansion 6 AAA ee The words in the box are all connected with clothes and accessories, Can you create six different word groups using these words? take off fit slippers Pyjanas, dressing goun, "pe, armchair. take off Pe ° slippers fit ring hips ring P hips brooch brooch 10924 Revision and expansion 7 Complete the following sentences and then compare your answers in groups. 1 My mother is inclined to be wwe than me. 2 Unlike my mother, 1am 3 Compared with my father Lam 4 One thing [have in common with my father is that we both about my parents is 5 The best that they 6 The most irritating thing about my parents is that they @ Combine words from the two lists to form common phrases and word partnerships. Example: whistle a tune b> Write sentences which include at least two of the combinations in the same sentence, Example: Ibis impossible to blow your nose and whistle a tune ay the same, time. 11024 Revision and expansion Q SSS @ Organize the words below into words with one syllable and words with two syllables. suit yache chaos quite ~— quiet react rnin reach “naked shocked poem bias doubt rior fares whereas suede client fuel queue b Listen and check your answers. 10 @_ Respond to the following questions using a more extreme word or phrase than the underlined words. You mustn’t use the same word in more than one answer. Example: ‘Were you tired when you arrived? : Yes, we were (absolutely) exhausted. 1 Did you get wet last night? Ace you hungry? Itwas a silly thing to say, don’t you think? Don’t you feel very well? It’s been a bad week, hasn’t it? ‘The weather was pretty bad, wasn’t it? It’s full of tourists this time of year, isn’t it? The pain was quite bad, wasn’ BNA RW Bb Practise the dialogues in pairs. —ili Write sentences which illustrate the meaning of the ten items below, and then see ifa partner can produce ten more sentences to show them being used with a different meaning. giveup handy bet get through —_pick up tum up load goof “turndown hold up 1124 Revision and expansion 2. @ Complete the following sentences using the noun formed from the underlined verb or adjective in the sentence. 1 We were very poor when I was a child, but. ashamed of. ig nothing to be 2 Our work is assessed every week, but it’s the end Of teFM ermmom that really counts. 3 Pve never criticized her work, but | know she’s upset about the «mm She's received from other teachers. 4 Temay deter people for a while, but in the long term I don’t think that... are the best way to solve the problem. 5 [proposed the idea originally, butit has been amended in so many ways that] don’t really feel i°S my nnn any longer. 6 Some people say she’s been disloyal, but personally I've never doubted Diet annem 7 People of our generation consume less but overall 8 I get angry quite quickly but I don’t think... is rising. ever solves anything. 83 Write one of the following stories and then compare your answer with someone who wrote the other story. 1 A demonstration by a group campaigning against the use of animals in scientific research ends in trouble. You are a journalist for a local paper and you support this cause. Write your report on the demonstration. 2. A demonstration by a group campaigning against the use of animals in scientific research ends in trouble. You area journalist for a local paper and you believe that people who support this cause are naive.and ircesponsible. ‘Write your report on the demonstration. 14 In the last five units, get has been used in a number of phrasal verbs and phrases. How many can you remember? get through 11224° Revision and expansion — 18 Can you think of words or phrases which could serve as opposites of the following? upset birth yell off the beaten track nasty tiedup spoilt fizzy hypocrisy cramped surname —_ feather gold condemn float V6 A @ Complete the following network and extend it. B Produce your own network about marriage or death and then com, are yo Bi IP: your answers in groups. 113Word-building tables Building new words from the ‘root form is an important part of vocabulary expansion. For example, to the verb improve we can add the sulfix -ment to form the noun improvement; to the noun music we can add -al and form the adjective musical. Sometimes there will be a small change in spelling, e.g. the noun from promote is promotion (and not promoteion). ‘There are no clear rules about the use of suffixes in word building but some suffixes are very common and you can sometimes guess the correct suffix to build a new word. Here are some common examples—see how many words you can thinkof with these sulfixes and then check your words in the tables on the following pages. Noun(abstract) Noun(personal) Adjective Verb- tion er -able -ise (-ize) -sion “Or -ive -ment ist -ent -ness cal -ence -ic vance -ous -ism v y -ity Spaces have been left where there is no derived ‘word, or where the derived word is extremely uncommon. 114Word-building tables TABLE 1: General noun + personal noun + adjective + verb | ———____— General noun addiction advertising/ advertisement advice accusation alcohoValeoholism amateurism athletics begging conformity consumption contribution cowardice creativity crime criticism cynicism death democracy demonstration dictatorship drama economy/economics employment execution expertise foolishness friendship growth hypocrisy ilustration interpretation judgement management music negotiation origitVoriginality oppression optimism pessimism Poetry/poem politics practice Personal noun addict advertiser adviser (the) accused alcoholic amateur athlete beggar conformist consumer contributor coward creator criminal critic cynic (the) deceased democrat demonstrator dictator dramatist economist employer/ employee executioner expert fool friend grower hypocrite illustrator interpreter judge manager musician negotiator originator oppressor optimist pessimist poet politician practitioner Adjective addictive advisory accusatory alecholic amateurish athletic consuming contributory cowardly Can)ereative criminal critical (of) cynical dead/deadly/deathly (un)democratic demonstrative/ demonstrable dictatorial dramatic (un)economic/al (unemployed expert foolish friendly growing hypocritical illustrative interpretative judicial managerial musical (non)negotiable original oppressive optimistic pessimistic poetic Bolitical (im)practical Verb advertise advise accuse beg conform consume contribute create criticise die democratise demonstrate dictate dramatise economise employ execute befriend grow illustrate interpret judge manage (compose) negotiate originate oppress Politicise practise usWoid-building tables (Table ! continued) General noun Personal noun production! producer productivity/produce professionalism professional profit profiteer psychology psychologist rape rapist science scientist strangulation strangler supervision supervisor surgery surgeon training trainer/trainee Noun adaptation adjustment admission adoption allegation annoyance apology avoidance benefit plood care (dis)comiort comparison comprehension conflict consideration contradiction convenience corruption defence disruption disturbance election electricity encouragement enjoyment envy experience extension 116 Adjective (un)adaptable (un)adjustable (n)admissible adopted, alleged annoyed/annoying apologetic (un)avoidable beneficial bleeding/bloody careful/careless (un)comiortable comparable (q)comprehensibie conilicting (in)considerate contradictory {in)convenient cormupt (in)defensible disruptive disturbing elected electric/electricall encouraging enjoyable envious (inexperienced extended/extensive Adjective (un)productive (an)professional {un)profitable psychological (un)scientific Verb adapt adjust admit adopt allege annoy apologise avoid benefit bleed” care comfort compare comprehend conilict consider contradict inconvenience corrupt defend disrupt disturb elect electrocute encourage enjoy envy experience extend Verb produce profit rape strangle supervise (operate (on) train(Table 2: continued) Noun forgiveness (in)frequency glamour humiliation ignorance information imagination injury memory Gis)obedience persuasion prediction preference prevention protection Provocation Tegret relaxation reliability relief tetaliation risk (in)security sensitivity, success terror variety Adjective (unforgivable (infrequent glamorous humiliating ignorant informative imaginative/imaginary (un)injured memorable {dis)obedient persuasive (an)predictable preferable preventive protective provocative regrettable relaxing/relaxed (un)reliable relieved retaliatory tisky (in)secure (in)sensitive (un)successful terrifyingterrific varied/various/variable Verb forgive frequent glamorise humiliate ignore inform imagine injure memorise (disjobey persuade predict prefer prevent protect provoke Tegret relax rely (on) telieve Tetaliate tisk secure sensitise succeed vary, Word-building tables absenteeism accident (inaccuracy agility allergy ambition anger appropriateness arrogance bravery chaos clumsiness compassion Adjective absent (# present) accidental (# deliberate) (injaccurate agile allergic (un)ambitious angry (inappropriate arrogant brave (# cowardly) chaotic clumsy compassionate Noun compatibility (in)competence conceit conscience cruelty custom dynamism (inefficiency eloquence face faimess fitness (inflexibility Hajecti Gn)compatible (in)competent conceited (# modest) conscientious nual (+ kind) customary dynamic (inefficient eloquent facial (an)iair (un)fit (in)flexible 117Word-building tables (Table 3: continued) Noun Adjective Noun Adjective fluency fluent (+ hesitant) obsolescence obsolete hazard hazardous (im)patience (im)patient health (unhealthy poverty poor height highvtall probability (im)probable honesty (disyhonest (inregularity (regular hostility hostile religion religious intuition intuitive (= instinctive) reluctance reluctant (+ willing) jealousy jealous (inresponsibility (responsible laziness lazy (# hardworking) ruthlessness ruthless loyalty (dis)loyal selfishness (un)selfish method methodical skill skilful modesty modest (# conceited) stress | stressful mood moody subjectivity subjective muscle muscular suicide suicidal neutrality neutral vagueness vague (# precise) noise noisy violence violent objectivity objective willingness (un)willing ——— [TABLE A: Noun + ver) 2 Noun Verb Noun Verb abolition abolish installation install (disagreement (dis)agree involvement _ involve alteration alter loss lose amendment amend prescription prescribe assessment assess Teaction. react attendance attend recruitment recruit betrayal betray reduction reduce breakdown, break down rejection reject burial bury resignation resign cancellation cancel revelation reveal collision collide revision revise complaint complain scrutiny scrutinise cremation cremate setback set back denial deny (+ admit) signature sign deterrent deter subsidy subsidise discovery discover suffering suffer dismissal dismiss summary summarise evaluation evaluate swelling swell expansion expand television televise flattery flatter temptation tempt food feed threat threaten imposition impose transformation —_ transform insistence insist (on) warning warning 118Noun/Verb ache arrest assault average balance Noun/Verb compromise contact cough cure cut damage delay decline doubt drop escape experiment fine flash forecast glance arin growl guess Noun/Verb heat hug hurry iron jump Jaunch leak lie Jock mention pledge purchase queue regret rise risk riot sack scare Word-building tables TABLE 5: Both noun and verb} Nour/Verb scream. shout shove smell sneeze split stink stir strike support swap tap wave whisper whistle win witness wory 119Summary of exercises Unit Exercises Self-study activities 1 Learning Keeping vocabulary records Grammar of vocabulary Activating vocabulary: accidents Different meanings of leave: dictionary skills Sune 1 Vocabulary revision strategy 2 Topic grouping: sport 3 Different meanings of common verbs 2 Putting things inorder ‘Adjective word order: describing people and clothing Frequency and degree adverbs Position of adverbs Past, present and future words, e.g. recent, current, forthcoming fON 1 Personal learning strategy: keeping vocabulary records 2. Adverbs of manner 3 Character and 1 Describing people: nouns and 1 Word building personality adjectives 2 Individual learning task 2 Adjectives + make and do 3, Individual learning task 3 Qualities needed for different jobs: interpreters and translators 4 Nouns 1 Countableand uncountable | 1 Countable and uncountable nouns nouns 2 Combining nouns: using-’sor | 2. Individual learning task the preposition of 3 Compound nouns 3. Using nouns as adjectives, e.g. a two-hour delay 4 Compound nouns 5 Changes 7 Verbs describing change, eg. | 1 ‘Change’ verbs, e.g. melt, fade alter . 2. Changes by the year 2000: contextual guesswork 3 Personal changes: transitive vs. intransitive verbs 4 Modernizing a building: verbs and adjectives 2. New words in the language 3 Individual learning task 6 Revision and expansion Transitive vs. intransitive verbs Short forms, e.g. influenza (flu) Noun combinations Compound words Pronunciation DHeene dishonest, creative 7 Dialogue building 8 Describing an accident 9) Synonyms and antonyms 10 Pronunciation 11 ‘Change’ verbs Adjectives: personal qualities, e.g, 12 Vocabulary storage and revision 120Unit Exercises Sunnumary of exercises Self-study activities 7 Work 1 Different occupations 2. Causes and effects of stress in the workplace 3 Paraphrasing skills and talking about jobs 4 Verb + noun collocations, e.g. mark essays, obey orders 1 Idiomatic expressions 2 Compound words 3 Individual learning task 8 Prepositions | 1 Adjectives/verbs + prepositions | 1 Prepositional phrases andphrases | 2. Prepositional phrases 2 ‘Dangling’ prepositions, e.g, the 3 Verb + object + preposition man I told you about 4 Atvs. on ys. in 3 Different uses of by 9 Goingplaces |1 Airport vocabulary 1 Geographical features 2 Descriptive adjectives: travel | 2. Individual learning task brochures 3. Compound words and common 3 Sailing vocabulary + ‘action’ collocations, e.g, sandy beach verbs, e.g. collide 10 Affixation — | 1 Adjective suffixes, e.g, -ate 1 Words with prefix wand [2 Verb prefixes, e.g, mis- suffix -able 3 “Adjectives often confused, e.g. | 2 Noun suffix ion economic vs, economical 3. Individual learning task 11 Isitright? | 1 Objective and subjective words [1 Common mistakes e.g. balanced, biased 2 Individual learning task 2 Crime vocabulary 3 Collocating verbs, e.g. provoke 3 Children and the law and retaliate vocabulary, e.g. adopt, custody, legal batéle 12. Revision and -|-1- Verb + noun collocations 7 Quiz on units 711 expansion | 2 Organizing vocabulary: hospital, 8 Extended writing school and prison 9 Prefixes and suffixes 3. Odd man out 10 Prepositional phrases 4 Adjectivesiverbs + prepositions 11 Occupations 5 Pronunciation: word stress 12 Vocabulary revision 6 Vocabulary network: travel strategy 13 Newspapers |1 Newspapers in Britain: I Personal learning strategy qualifying vocabulary, e.g. tend to; to a certain extent 2. Headline vocabulary: textual synonymy and paraphrase 3 Industrial relations: contextual guesswork 2 Headline vocabulary 3 Typographical errors 121Sununary of exercises Unit Exercises Self-study activities 14 Verbs 1 Regular and irregular verbs 1 Irregular verbs 2. Verb patterns 2 Ditransitive verbs 3 Verb phrases, e.g, leave me 3. Different meanings of see: alone dictionary skills 4 Literal and figurative meanings of common verbs, €.g, jmp, crawl 45 Choices Expressing preferences 1 Adjective + noun collocation: 1 2. Household vocabulary 3 Transport vocabulary: focus on get and take household vocabulary Choosing a car Personal learning strategy 16 Connecting words and ideas Link words, e.g. although Sentence adverbs, e.g. apparently 3, Nouns: examples of a type, €.8. hamuner, sau, screwdriver are all types of tool 4 Text binding vocabulary, e.g. aspect, issue, rate pe Individual learning task Link words and phrases, e.g. needless to say 3 Individual learning task neler 17 Technology 1 Instruments and devic defining and paraphrasing 2. Expressing the functions of gadgets 3 Describing problems with machines 4 Describing noises, e.g. bitzz, hum 1 Compounds and collocations, e.g. floppy disc 2 Individual learning task 3 Personal learning stcaregy 48 Revisionand | 1. Textual synonymy 7 Different uses of common verbs expansion — (2- Compound words 8 Contextual guesswork Household vocabulary 9 Defining and paraphrasing, 4 Link words 10 Verb patterns 5 Pronunciation: /a/ and word 11 Quiz: superordinates, e.g. stress insects, tools, facilities 6 Industrial relations: contextual 12 Pronunciation game guesswork 49 Customs 1 Cross-cultural behavi [1 Fixed phrases, e.g, bless you describing customs/behaviour ‘Weddings and funerals Food and cooking 2 Individwal learning task 3 Important dates in Britain, e.g. Boxing Day 20 Multi-word units: afew Strategies for learning new words in written text Phrasal verbs Different meanings of phrasal verbs: dictionary skills 4 Idiomatic expressions on 1 Prepositional phrases (some idiomatic), e.g. for good 2 Collocation, e.g, bored stiff 3 Personal learning strategy 122Sununary of exercises Unit Exercises Self-study activities 21 Menand 1 Expressing similarities and 1 Masculine and feminine words, women differences, e.g. mlike, e.g. nephewwiniece in common 2 Individual learning task 2 Job interviews: common phrases and collocations 3. Making connections between words: lexical sets 4 Describing physical and behavioural characteristics of men and women 22 Ways of 1 Making requests: informal and [1 Common similes in English, saying things | direct vs. polite and tentative eg. blind as a bat 2 Colloquial vocabulary 2 Proverbs in English, e.g. practice 3 Expressing positive and negative | makes perfect reactions: connotation 3 Literal and idiomatic meanings 4 Poem: simile and metaphor of words 23 Ideasand — | 1 Discussing ideas, eg propose, | 1 Word building opinions reject, evaluate 2 Compound adjectives 2 Giving opinions, e.g. I'm against | 3 Keeping vocabulary records X, Pmin favour of Y 3 Media advertising: word building 24 Revision and | 1 Verbs, e.g. giggle, stare 9 Pronunciation: syllables expansion Functional dialogues 10 Extreme adjectives Synonyms: formal vs. informal Talking about national customs AURwNE Building lexical sets 7 Similarities and differences 8 Verb + noun collocations Pronunciation: sound and spelling 11 Different meanings of words 12 Word building 13 Extended writing d#Phrases with get 15 Antonyms 16 Vocabulary network: food and cooking 123A Way with Words 3 — Asound way to relieve pain ‘The Intrason Transducer soothes tired muscles and joints using oscillating sound waves that pene~ trate toa depth of 21° below the skin's surface. Many users of the Intrason Transducer have testified to the pairkilling properties Tree Een pulse and have found it an effective alternative to drags when suffering from rheumatic Pains, sciatica, migraine and the Aches caused by muscle stress and. sports injuries. 240 volts AG only. TT One touch monitors your blood pressure ‘These days more and more of us are taking our blood pressure at home as a way of keeping a regular check 6n our health. This new portable model from Health- check is one of the neatest around, allowing you to take a reading from just the touch of a finger — no more cumbersome armbands! The secret is in the totally dependable Pulsonic technology which will give qua ‘of both pulse rate and blood pressure on. ithcheck's easy to read digital screen. Fully illustrated, easy to follow instructions are included and Healthcheck comes in an attractive carrying case which takes up very litle room when not in use. (Ix AA. battery not included). ———— The ashtray that actually fresh For nonsmokers who have to share a house or office swith a smoker, this clever new ashtray is great news. It Actually draws the smoke down through a special filter ‘nd charcoal particles which absorb the smake and ‘smell, Teaving the air around it fresh and clean. No longer do you have to suffer the discomfort of stuffy rooms where the stale cigarette smoke cant hang around for hours. Battery powered, using 2 x C type batteries (not supplied), the ashtray’s smart black design means it wor't lank out of place anywhere. 124 —_—_—_—$ $< The portable telephone amplifier If you're a Hille hard of hearing or find you often get bad connections or jund noise when you're on the phone, this could be the answer. I's a neat battery- operated telephone amplifier which boosts the sound. and simply attaches to the earpiece of any telephone sing ils robust rubber strap. 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