0% found this document useful (0 votes)
488 views198 pages

Computer Networks Class Notes PDF

Uploaded by

Hari Prakash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
488 views198 pages

Computer Networks Class Notes PDF

Uploaded by

Hari Prakash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 198
§ Bg * Protocol * Sol on. og + Prototems a800ciated @H the computes 9 2 Some es &® 6 8 @ Iwuwe te eer eee oe ee e 00, vine 6 HTTe smtp ee 8e pally NTP C Neteoorts Time @O Transactions & deotination 0; Mo" Fuiy, 2010 ° 01 Saturday % fr Communication, 920 lange. OF the protocots are — ceed , browser ~ mail compotation eee _— Pratoco! } » re dan: by oto! and ®Eume C Ne te00416) roe 20S + All protécole = File communication Fine Souiwe mailing to tnt. Proteced ) :- wlodoeos vr Nos. ¢ time Of cormpuriris Sestes Sth computer Néteoory location is SPH munication ae and eomvers ing fe EB.te Ush (ateme Joroit Todo, joe j . J conespt ‘of computer’ Netooorls « have an Pe number. RPC RPC 2» . : = RFC S400 + ol : Set of roles = Syntax Syromattie Tienteg - o> eer > € 2OHO MARS WOW + Foleo ad Régulotions: rust be, sryetst oe ae i e 1 ‘ee : ony ‘duplicates | and any Invatid ayntazris not acceptable). % Timing ci * Syntax “> Send acknocledgement 2 _# Semontic > receive ackinoeledgernent client 2x propagatio’'t : 2 min. ack. coaiting Hee = 9 x propagation : & max.ack odaiting Hime = 8 ¥ Cento ack ce trind 4 Pe a errs Propagnmton) J: ~€toreout 4 = Roved Trip Time — ett Tors over Terme. Time oot.( 709, ‘* Protocel_ fo on agreement beteoten. the communicating partite O7 commurication is tO proceed. 4 BP oddsess wloront refer 40 a hoot octoallys 1 TENE wafers to € interface: So “if a “host is on -tcoo networks, it must hade teoo 2 >A spall ve multiple, §P adebests “omd ewkhib'e phages Sey 5 PeSCHee8Ge ddI vuvii t GHAMH OD Bows # To Lsind a packet from: Source to destination, ee have the fe" ptteoors “—» logical Tent ty the Host coithid -the netosorts (ire, among all “the ‘dis sypteens, ont oyster fo ideotified), —> physical (8) Tdentifiy the, process colthie the host ——> Serviee point 088961 96-2" - a u &€& 86% 8 5 >t 6Ceees sss B ppsuew = Andhra pradeob Staite. Wide Area Neteoork: @) Bach ao. is: to digit . o © Two paths. (3) Each wo. is poique Gs Hidden meaotng 109073 (o-a85) 3a) bil pumbe PST 8). oy: iw Teas pi ho te & Meteors Tel Hos¥ td ©) sHost.rd most be Unique 5 C4) Hidden mearing * cit class.” | d qi + Toso ~ * village . clasoa: + aa = ee oo erg nm agg 18 24 axfeo’ a hosts} oro « ase = 166 cr hooks fog; * Gove. organisation uses this hoge eetcoork. Téclaos-A neleae™ 7 4 ¥ Ep. Address con be aosigned to any electronte devicé- Big organisations, ine Lompanies, TZ 4Ger ase. Banks CEngincertog cotegts... eneitom, deganisation. 1 126 198 ~ 191 199~ ags 884 ~ gaq 240 - 255 i this aeteoork. a class, OHA POOR EC OBIVTCC SOY ) “5 wee he &£§ 66 GO 8 >CCOOC SSK ES K wy He oOo H BOD QO 480. 167-204 : SE LS ddtse, com scchaanan veed Faxrouttng $90-16863 — _ieliany @ panes NTD ato oe ve z Oo 280-184 (EP Seraides defsuit route Crake dynornie defavit route} © Make Tre so To avoid 4he wrong Time To heave. Tove Armough Aq ‘0. Bq f €g.:- TIL=3min =» 1800¢C: av ® Default route \ finding i @) Cynic. route is ieee | XY 16 ateo @) TIL: mio #180 eq, o c Monte cle! o ~ouiitit — tay - 2 x 9%. c &, 1 Havlag all xeror’s (obs all one's elther io Netcoorn 2d Or Hook Lally c . © is rwled oot and -tpey are meant for a Sh ont ibey f : ae =e ~ a °. - 10.0:0.0 G te e = 1s 985. 4 é a ic a hostel nts + ene C ob cs 34 aboots[oteo * ¢ 1o00. . i E € , Hto 16 iG nl ; © a who wa paste ge + “10 i 7 14 te ae “ conse [ia] ft aha haagy 10,000001 | 684" ean ob @ om is [ a ~ ». pasbree eG — 180-183. ass. ) | © oe ‘ ae a oe . ae. L 2 POC OCOCHEH DEH HH HHEMOOHRS DO UHES EDO “9066600004 0.006 8H OHH HY HIL 1 o Oag | HID "10 110 3110-00600 198 no turers faags ca laos 0 2 cued. ty ntti) a Croce 1110 ac00 — 2aq motu 289 At (o- ae Gta) FN NI03 ond AY present clos90 ond closse. % To Store "4 biltioaae addzteses . Teannct, bande bis sabi - Hence TPe ts ~trtraauecal eohiet 2ag bit System, —— * Wirdocos % Supports IP o ‘° # Linve £056 alo suppoms TR fe oe &. . « e Gdetres9 for the syaterpo. eo -. ASP GEnkerseb Seruice Provider) e. fea wo thor Conluers “ntth Tarte tnotetey ~mESP2 pr iueer ai _ f-10 ® -2000 16> 100,000 foeae. dice comm) & Narnespace] server 4o0rgoo-Let 6 7 & A use can contac rectly to tana, fori; = Address, but it id time fonsuming. So, a & ; ° 2 _tmedietor, Macon 02 33° bondieg she, aif — 284 “Hon'-cohere if contacts Tana and provide gt ec : Th addvcases . ’ TAN “oe FgANN (Toternet Corporation for Assigned thames and Noumbe: PCCCCHHRHOH HHH HEE EABHHESS HIKE EE GAG: Type of communications: ” *® Unicast Cone - to- one) _ & Mylticasr Cone ~ to -emany) * Broadcast Cone to~atl) * Anyeast (one to one sevevv~HHV9DOOD 192-168-103 Eg.:- mail application. ( Brecdaing voebpages Broodeast : > eel x Directed Broad cast "(wre HEE . nto > ©@0 % @ 6; O_O 8 8 Of 4 Limited Broad cask 1 alah, 19a. 68-EL : 7 - fe: 164 £3 hindlecd Be a macs A: oA: E 'e Eg. n1gBL. t | 40+.956.255- 968 | %9 1 e Awe ¢ . 1 qed + Sending. ponkels Ho a sypter? in ‘some nekwor's SN ore - dine te’ our oem netecdTRE— | Atmitec ereated from class p. S_= ~ “ * AD the xp addresses are stored in a group. ¢ uo STOMP communication, TEMP ( Internet Gro 7@ fs weed instead of =p @ ®, a4 TLL Croup scoddvesy - 1 | Eg. qpree-matls | WO betg me | Sea IP 180.-159.1. roaiSrily OFeommonications | 150-183 +1 vers © pregent ta" multicasting | 00. 290 -300-1 | - “hoot etd in enobile,, communications tntifying groups, so: ttot at the same Lene 0 0 a 2 > 3 > > 9 % a a S a. ° 2 a + . . % a s a ® a e @ 2 » ) 190 Pot o-0a5 A 3 fh ae ay i en o & “boots about once a eninute; _ OF os 2 LAN , to repost back on the BrOURS their procstiots SOrreott 99 090° 0.0 © & Teo kinds of ° 0% 4 pemarene BFoup addrtoaes are dupporsed by roulitgading, pp Oo# Temporary Cleaves the group io" last proceas), 8B Each multicast vourey sends a Permanent > E ‘ hardeoare tovlticost to the to. Each host sends back rea; onses alt class 5. a8 : ter Bg interested in. : 3 Othe ques 7 and rsepenon packet. .use. 0. protocol. tid * Rare We e (Internet Group Monagement Protocoly insttad of Ee ot at 2 ee 2 ; : ®e 32 / ee o6 2 %9 ®e @ oe? 29 ao 2a stlorlacio* Sunday = | for veed im mobile host communigations Ceoev 6 €or --6g. t- haptop 1 The” nearet access agent tanes tare of the she \ comronteation! ~ mobile c 7 tit aod toll dommusications + ‘ & 184 fe used for covoeclivity purpose: PEG — =Pachet Internet ~ Group : : [isa 166-104 [i8ane6-t0 | sae ise:3 E woh ney oe! . 4 * Tf a system sends the request be. ping Xe other, theif there if = LCC COC HS 2 "O02 0 ot we & & OFS H TOW FY Oo OG ole C8) positive Meosage : = : : © GP Requested ened ove ES 2: F 9 GO? Pstinstion cnnachabh, . 9 Pas first octet a2 26 Lt never fats onder an, SOT is vsed to Should be f Sl *Freation ideostay CAng adhe s Sonmectiye ty process 4 3 q ten OSS. OE 16 aloo-used foi over proces CoM SHHakion Cite) gers # + “local Bost" is a ORL to aay odes @ Source) > O18 have sieniley aden ane sé { B)_ py Seine & ovat. have similar asdi5.9 nol ve eee . SEE SheeKIOg instead coe ay Sy Gnrations OF Kegical addressing ouster 4. % = : 8 = ‘we Oat There is m0 -flesibi eS f' eG Pere ty no sreonly eG 16 oF Permanent - ee ; ~ B@PolvtI009 for above Umitotens.. - *Bsepencting 2 e®svbnettirig aorhysen! addeessing systens: ny a 2. e * The acess Of aggregating tee ton more Mekeoorhs to genet { = < ‘ « € ° e * S20 (Op HOE Mekworis, : - o . 4 AWE. Meteor in the auperneh mnvoE be Of same class | © nelcconss ip the Supernet meivot be i> thel - 2 Pek a > oO Adreas Gore eee c

fil a OMdvs0tag20 3 en lreproves securi My | 28 ; 7 Bg PMMA and administration are “Simple. BReotructoring of the neteoorts 19.30 ieee huctusing fa a8 Brtye cueol too fay, ido or fue @ Germs coithin. dhe same BEE TF 9 ayster cot FEtnin other sebock “thee it rivet Paes through the Bridge implements Fie & Foreomed Aegina Coommunication’ fs di gyteati using this gubnets borreccing bits from host a 4, Rosrate subnet 105 i Socom as evinet 4. recess of @ pe ®@Q. ©f bilo to be bonowed ts depends on our “gen e, @ Fg Te have 3 oubrets tog: class.c DehwWork » a= e boas a bits) | = 22 08 Therefore ine. of subrels possible = as 4. Fn. Of Systems per subnet = aSia aN consider clase & Netcwors to have ioo Subnihs, eoe:need Fibs 2p host ED hot of! oubndls. 2 at no. of hosts] ssyorerns, pe ovbnet = 2 tt Knitations + e@oovrr7r Toor ae + 5S commonicaHonr process. (Since 4 Step Procedor & We cail loose TP addresses during thio precees . ¢ if . : = i ra Step pres fore” > . _ 2 ¥ Teeobey] the nekeoorls, 6. Tdentify the “subnet oekioor. « , e ei 3 @: > & gerard . : Tentify neteoor's “gh ad oN boot Sef /? ¥0-309,, ” / aa = a 708 any = ‘004 : 21200. 4.3) at a a ef iA $5099 eS 6868 8 5 od é >OCOBS KES POY wWwt mn) > FHS EP. then the data is sent other syotedn 9 i 6 3 a oyeters having ap. 149.1685t ands data a 6° SP oyster cade s00:23 a gue an 0 AGiaowbile If the “destination ayotern changed ij @ GM order cot to have cata mitsvec, a Phyprealll © Padanesing oystem maintains the ap addreests 8 ger changed eyptems and provides the clata 3 ~ Bo. tt. 2 800-2001. 5 logical. = different." > fee tee 89 ny =) phyoteal 2 Enigue Camenpumber) ag . ° eS . : . Cc wear 2A Se i, ip ae, | & Ey voing one Te odtdress hacker easily tack “the ye 08 Se SG ron IP dddreos is maintained. Such that -if he ha stP, through @ then dhe connection bie’ LTP; and “IP, 18 dioéGonectadt @ withio the. Lan are Safe 6 MM late - (Or ploté - Bogical :- sabit — vetcoomlayer — 2p — soptccareSyoe Dermae oes! oy a Pr B@agine oo. ag rye! t- 466i ~ potatinklaye — arp ~ Harcoare- e@ , a nee te bit — Transport ‘TeP]UDP.~ steno os) point layer i rt ne e8 _ eo a oF -addrconing “system 16 Git addeasing opts: Ail og prouides this, te } FTP a0 ij (Wet Rooton port Coens { | Dember CREE . ae 1094 4 ) NTTP~ B80 a ' aa / iis ~ sagen {77 A28igried port number Cras ¥) Po : == 55 any pm te port (5p) & ES Y¥ > any port no. from Destoatien port (O-p). yee fro. 49g 1 other than x. e tera. having Gp 49-80: needs + oe 3 Sp ede 40. communteale cual BeBe Gor then the connection * ts established “among thern; andl also needs to communicate, tha the considey the sp as dioknet port nos ceithin the range Fi Dyntimic: “port nay. | problem arose ee ee ere ee ie en Ol ad meet ee er on le OF Pobtie syotero have ee . 0% ee 9 --@ : o6 Pebite ve Pate F poblic £P addneses and it to 09 private. = 86 n of Ore public oystem can. control the otney Poblte oyster corbont— eri “er fo that parti system hat particular pn Remo g Ad. = OF BI cot 8 posi i Tt is heen as % ~ Internet oe 98. ; a : 38 tse i online = Services Rare ade ~\ spoisporast e€ | 909:800-3+1 ee. asq 86q 7 : : oo eo Ther Wioibilify io identified. te., they 60 contact ceith the tote 4 The privale « contact “the So" Topolesy nl en Rx effete *y eHaBitity 1994.00 - 198.32. 266-985. — U6) ther than throes are atl public. 10-0100 =. 105.985-985-055 °° = (1) 199-168-010 ~ 192 -168..895-955 — (956) &, wie eel is not identified. “ie, they eyo interface eon ote ¢ consected Ooith interne s voy ® multiple coaya, ef connecting SYotees «Some of -the, an: : 2 a ra ot —3 ‘OF \ eg pty i ce Rx required topology : eorF tees. && OOO BHI We ue EEDA >9OCOHOKHOK Awe 90 : oo : - : ®69 : a 3 ot ‘In Broweing . eve USE BEE AopoIogy. Bub, fo ee : . 98, Various types o; ene + Serpecstias Tite sopeloyy Objecto ip computer neteoorting 4. £9 A Norkatations & Severs ¢ foyer ‘ zt i a - ae * Hob 1( phioteol toyery BS — « seiteh- a (PL) SeaDoo. Bridge - a ¢er.ott) SQ” root 3 (ptbeLyaiey WO cece ® A Gatecon eo qo 2 sf e¢? A particular a9 server agts as dhe dom: pain 3 cPtou, neo. crorb stations & Boverg: ey = ‘All the o- SCE clicat systema acto as coorRBtations j © The Server Maintain some Acceas cootrol e the acceasibility of progeaens by: the oo eranun Peers byte eo ™ veaceesoible programs are denied by Server @@ open it). @ S 8 S Servers eoay have several Oppiteations a Y e e Fon eg. 09 OECUET, BE set0e19. ete # Tt % Uaed_Ato connect multiple coorkstations & Buwes . x Tt is a “pacetve eiee O08 softeqaié adsociated cot this AF e@ewvr ee Oy 5 OA Te is a@ broadcastiag deview, se oO ioaduantages eS a So Netcooris srapfie is high O RO Been ems hoo & Cavsing poneéeasary digturbancés at Variout oye ers. 5 : meg c & BecagseTof akour, two reasons, performance is loco. a - [= 7 er 6 Aduaotages: ~ : e 6 & Coot of “he bub: is loco RB Cc * Operation, é e@ 6 : : F 6 Seaiteb + : a G 5 a eg # Tk ig gleo voed 10 connect mulkiple ork stations ee. % TE is ad. Gitive device associated coith, Softcore. ~ e © = - : og © stcingigfSind ‘0 tooreup ‘ebie’ 10 keep. tach all te oysters. oe oe. 0 2 Advantages . ~ , s u ego = offic is less. # To vaieceoson distwbances at various locations , % Becavet OF aboug to eases, performance is good, a oO oe B owt € ES >oeeC SSH OD Hu vet 6 EOE AS YS ‘38 “Scotch S@oeooo9o Pioadvantage ae . [ tees * . ACOH OF “the oecitch too 40.9 tienes OF he Bub Bridge. uot : ef0 # This vsed +0 cOnmeck moltinte LOANS OP mony le subsets. 86 P ° 29 $F Hitering sod forcearding 1 ies ae criteria, 3e * DS cpeation Principle io based on phi 39 eee F BE coll alsa” Feaintata & 29 2 leokup tabie ef eg, Rovre. Og tr iso Sophisticated nan device abd ‘S_ principle ie “based ont B addressing sypten. oh ¥9 Weld 40 connect top coy emore of on docont convert protort, so" sends Ont Bi0.10 TPP a 1o . sa" 1 _ 2 - — 2 ot Tequies Alor Of configueation cohere as bridge O-STCK cre 29 ‘ aes " Ba Od play devices. P seoo con More clifterent “diostmilar eiteook z a . ® s e @ * Gatagny lo calied 03 prokicel converter: (at conuete the + . s netecone data 40 x28 "neteoork data anc send the data to dég- ee 2 Sn iq *€. Sy = P= = s cil - a & eooertrte fee C4 @OVTV 3 € & soCCOHHOHEEHSHHMIAI! pC 00 c oO] 9 ss lozlooroe . 2 © Ff Wednesday i a i Syotern o “Forctionality : oe ao a Total <5 ‘sour e imordsiony Optionat = ° J | 2. doer 19 # Esror control : comprdioion <8 reple a + Bloeo control % Encryption & ee A Segmumtation Encoding ne 28 * Rovtess e t ——$— a 8c: |Apptconos daa Be pase “EE e [Presentation layer e® b eee OE Seeoten layer decides etther half -duptex on felt duptee connect . Et defines links configuration” 6 - w= © — + Point o- Point lian. 6 dedicated chancel forbBeSoveee) «9 e % Broadcasting link. CA single chonnel for OB Gourees) ®e ? 4 ss dro Po ‘ wd), Broadeoet! o ® t 0s) 0 defines topoingy configorations . TH maintains: fixed Oks | mS og . : Pe ae 5 Data Links tat Fa oO iy yy Y CDi) ieee ase = a es Reopens tty i ei . * c : Reston Tm, # Recteo contol - * Framing”! - f : es aacsit ' 7 Physical addresping yore: _ she = is Bese on . Evror coatrot & a c aid tr 110 Pe ato 1089) f Po : Hp cistorded : > Ee wnt ° cS ¢ v ; Signals ae - out pe i < Ceohen error : ‘ : aot 2 5 ‘oll occurs) AG a i @. + TF there axe eyo1 fh “the hanomiesion of bits: ao signals, then -hg! © chonee st distorted aigoals and bik represcotation to chang c 2 e: 80, tne dgetnation OWL must have ste Forctionatity of verifying A: ~ ®. 4 & Erior Detection 5 ee «3 # Error -Corsection iG . Cc Cc & e it _ - ¢ : peace i Baded dp" Servenehpal yo or Sefeee Ceapabilty itty; ltent_sgodg, the ne eRe ee eG ge Ve , 50 ce ee ‘a a* i Buffer 7 — ees coiedow protocol To contiol the flee arnong client dk server: 7B) * stop & coait fh : : N@ «aon, - ue Bk & : Ae «a. - a aay Beceos Control :- , a? a i : ger Slot mechanism © allotted to all the Gee: to =k ae -. BS a ’ 9-10 D'gophisticated actos control rnechaniorns :« 6 : a mone 2 xe *-conialen- 2 * cempA loo © Froming : ee : aa ic wat Segmenkatioh ping - 3? . PPS or TEMPS mot exact path , ssi cay OMP.g,, Tf coyree gives shorter IP address, hint rgeck kas it is higher ap) | we ’ ide r fel a lead is ee lagers IE han & Ae-as eodimbiy 34 * Moltiplexing & de- iplerang | “AR Skrutet! posnk addresoing eyorerns, DU worlds “yas Ever contol fe content noedlen * Floco contro! 2 sotat ee oF PEE 4 : Baokec FTP) * Gqox® Comp) 640K8 CuTTPD + = Awe DLLs fromss tks pits, Thesigmab MME [ = from ey NL = Unle -to-lin 8p = physical addieoe of 1 beside voorer sit io decided by au, Pe end sto end : Miler Seading"nek. tL ..dds anothe e [eel] ber duet Soll, Ss " ¥ Combining all the | different Pdtocols data and sending jo cated ey 7 : G multiplexing. : Gy egieaty padbkitioned and sent “through the retdia. At tH” Kecelue side," all these are combined and recetued eohich ie Kroon @! >) de-rnultipl Pan ' a, After vecetutng 1 segrneal, Th sends ack Z ‘ 5 Za of source tho vemove 1 8HG. ab oouree : *¥ Weise a segments ave collected at deat XN wt O vsing serutee point addreages TL derulttiplexes o prt 4o different “applications * oO ; ® 4 o a a re 7 a + Exvor vetie ame Aes 299 ar dove. by “two aspects :- % Lok level (vetaiinrtoyes) : 2* Cad Ao End -level CTrasport foyer) XS hove the extra field catted’ “checksum along coith sthe dato. - ere > cheek tinkerrors checkovro cheek leo errors eee _ : Co [ost eckson] : i me | Transport teed dag oat ts ca WUReS hee f cone, ated 8k i> covnce, e an A Sh received ‘by couret remove foe pt . LE rected le A - CE, ) ae 2 2: oF ae 8 Risto control cS * ; ¥ TF a problem occurs in Transport loger Gof 8), then tt den. 5 gb 28t CotD to the sender's Taneport loys inotead of Router a (aos we of a) ; nde oe j [Session tages Ce 3 2 ' 2 aie 58 * Dialog control | Oialogve disciplise Cmatyt sining diecipitns af eonnectis FPF Mointaining chectrpéints Gulp “er inordtex not to orp! the seesiony %: Grouping of operations a ‘ = : ae Career Oe e: 7 By osing Takes”, jmmmonice c catabitenes, Seeding data e Taken ot Dae ae “4d EE UE cookinsovsly sending 9 and o's to conoideved ao.aTdoimpiy de é& FG" Group's tal) piss @ 46 co ap | Eoavecbe Hs 9° locks wal Gy | beenleer ae 96 5 opuations eee oy) then tt is seceded ve i \ a &e- wun) j @ Veloce oy a, Session layer ate ¢0 ao Ba ® Jains all the group of operattons, ii soppoid ( Deesioa™ hecepigy, Pagiorny, k When a. file. is if connection is discarded to by, tdding | then the download "theo “the oer hove tO start fiore the -ftvet- Th orded. ous come) this” probiens. cheek pointy ane introduced oobich specifies tie® : eu chechpoise upto completed file aed continues atthe pame’ potat, bem Aecontodied “ego's: ey fon DAR. [mt : & : ; -¢€ 5 e > ° i te ~ “4 - gris St * Encryption hy % Compression. = a eo As19 Did ao Bro OL & 10 a cnn en @ TF Asew oR ——- & ~ @ af, dole pee extemal “ TY prove 0» Of x Sia te ata 4 ef - 4 oh Eecego SiGe F Enetyption 9 0 a ; : a ; 23 of se 2 ee a . yi y % FRE] wor] Amv uploced.coith @ = Bre Ket “le > t Eooy “to hacks. © $0, RSA Des 49 hea possible algorithaad luced. u These heys “tates seconds to breaty, cobitie ROA “toes Brean. 0, ee consider % 99. omfe’ algorithm 2669 Compression :- 640K8 ~~ 30 (Compreseinns | © &-——-© 4 f 640K = 370. Jo eampresston; ew @ 6 ey Saak® frm -d0Ke 1 Ie. SACK — agoKe £ Troffic fo lees L2Y Ale Jo deeompers : Groke 4 Time spent 00 sending packets is aleo leas 2) Coed-+—Badd Dhosnng oo eameitin Peel & To roultioneds teil ng debnady sett + Compussion of data is important . and io otper, oppli~ Hons, decomprtesion=is mainly considered~ ToT ag y : —- t BO 25 sovnee & dest. vse seme coded system, then i fa eaaste 40 convert “the givin code into othe code Gt Source , & cleat ; 1 cod Cheadee), The: ®© eovrce ively stads: data con) by repreoenting ik ao & a. {f deat. aloo v9t9 same code then 90 problero. “Ef deat. uses Stereede, it een moo “ ef ve Motataining! _ baimonifl among protocote . ; ee oA F TRS voer Interface Design Cot) mvt be perfeck c * Dependiag “en veers preference. one protocol to converted Into ober ad 0) After completion of ~Ihe task aghin converted to original protocol. B ( “Era 6 6 ATM. for cheching-aceount details, http protocol 4o-beed,. and. for transactions, https prctoco! is weed, Ute rade f Ow s Sener, -4 Hub — 1 PL) - a Swctches — 2 ( Pr PLL) AL J) fh - el . °° ide 3 (fl .OLt »NL) Bro = » : & Gubttige 2 — 7 aot 0 ae <¢ +e 2 Trdependentiy. tne lagers are changed ‘coithout impact © 2¢ Py €€€e¢ egos isloztaoso Frideq eres e Advantoges of ho HE uses Divide- and - conquer principle administration fe Simple # Tt vses object-oriented! Principle lite Abstraction - Tf ang. change of ops F105 @ docen't effect os fan _ ts@q @ 5 ‘application, “thes abstraction is prefect Disadvantages -. * Bader depindaney among ‘layering ayers = 3e° Duplication of oad . hiding “the elements Cper Abstraction & Entapdvlatic forpa operations, Bs docso't represent he” procetuy ene g roodel 1 @ O9- reference | * ! &, € ¢ i G i ~ c = pip one e.f bu «cf No Aefinition for ailpiticasting GITE ie dearty defined to replg! ¢ (8) Standards ave tcl © ty Standarde are practical: @ Pe ° i lg, 1 CAD hot of flexibilit ( C i q . . t Efe site tondefined board os the ® : | - oc C pnt, aie ie booed on neteooniyisie): | cheracterioties 9 of! cach tapes @ Pe ; re RET | wo yon ® 6 Sliding” Mlindowo protocol t-~ : £4 = - & = , o Characteroti e : &. ¥ Tt is used in correction. ortented communication : : 4 . ® * TE offers fleco conta} and ‘packet. level error control. Bi, 2 te ved &: Tt is veed both in Traroport lave J eokla - nd Por layer and Ontalinklayer. Be # LE Teo “hiortical concept. procticaty ienplernented a9 3 BG * ad - coat ” eo Bw} & Go- Back ~ w : . - ce ~ € Selective Repebt Protocol . of sslog}e6x0 Feiday Adverts of Joysng. pst: ~ * 8S Divide and - conquer Principke « Therefore, mar. Administation to sirople # Tt sea object-orvetecd Prrciple like Abstraction @ “Abstraction - Bicling “the elemects oo = dotan't repieoed AF any change of opeata, 120%. @ : see dotsn't 'é Sfeet oo application, “then : eae ppttcation, “the ae : abstacton is i eo puter. - eo BG" Mepeodenty tne eae: layers are changed coithout impact on ofbers - hemeeeneecie a 3¢ Disodiactages :-_ ~ i = 3 nae : a 3 - * Bader dependancy among lagenag Byokms -- ve r ' e 7 t _ : 3e° Depttcation of fonetionality . : 90 — ae . Se ae : . ge ao fs a A

You might also like