Vectors and Tensors
Vectors and Tensors
D. A. Danielson
Department of Mathematics
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California
sthN
CONTENTS
PREFACE
vii
1 V E C T O R ALGEBRA
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 HISTORICAL NOTES
1.3 VECTOR BASICS
1.4 DOT AND CROSS PRODUCT
1.5 PHYSICAL SCALARS AND VECTORS
1.6 NOTATION OF OTHERS
1
1
1
2
5
9
16
2 T E N S O R ALGEBRA
2.1 TENSORS DEFINED
2.2 BASIC PROPERTIES OF TENSORS
2.3 MORE PROPERTIES OF SECOND-ORDER TENSORS
2.4 PHYSICAL TENSORS
2.5 NOTATION OF OTHERS
17
17
20
22
24
28
CARTESIAN C O M P O N E N T S
3.1 COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR AND COORDINATES OF A
POINT
3.2 TENSOR COMPONENTS
3.3 EIGENVECTOR REPRESENTATIONS
3.4 GEOMETRIC DISTORTIONS AND THE POLAR
DECOMPOSITION THEOREM
3.5 PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS
3.6 NOTATION OF OTHERS
29
GENERAL C O M P O N E N T S
4.1 CHANGE OF CARTESIAN BASE VECTORS AND
COORDINATE SYSTEMS
4.2 ROTATIONS IN TWO DIMENSIONS
4.3 ROTATIONS IN THREE DIMENSIONS
4.4 INVARIANCE OF TENSOR COMPONENTS
4.5 GENERAL BASES
4.6 NOTATION OF OTHERS
51
73
73
75
78
84
88
29
34
36
42
45
50
51
55
59
62
67
71
vi
Contents
5.6
NOTATION OF OTHERS
97
T E N S O R FIELDS OF M A N Y VARIABLES
6.1 DIFFERENTIATION OF SCALAR FIELDS
6.2 DIFFERENTIATION OF VECTOR FIELDS
6.3 LINE, SURFACE, AND VOLUME INTEGRALS
6.4 GREEN'S THEOREM AND POTENTIAL FIELDS OF TWO
VARIABLES
6.5 STOKES' AND DIVERGENCE THEOREMS AND POTENTIAL
FIELDS OF THREE VARIABLES
6.6 NOTATION OF OTHERS
99
99
104
108
APPLICATIONS
7.1 HEAT CONDUCTION
7.2 SOLID MECHANICS
7.3 FLUID MECHANICS
7.4 NEWTONIAN ORBITAL MECHANICS
7.5 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
7.6 NOTATION OF OTHERS
131
131
138
148
157
164
176
GENERAL COORDINATES
8.1 GENERAL CURVILINEAR COORDINATES
8.2 ORTHOGONAL CURVILINEAR COORDINATES
8.3 SURFACE COORDINATES
8.4 MECHANICS OF CURVED MEMBRANES
8.5 NOTATION OF OTHERS
177
177
184
191
200
205
FOUR-DIMENSIONAL SPACETIME
9.1 SPECIAL RELATIVITY
9.2 GENERAL RELATIVITY
9.3 NOTATION OF OTHERS
207
207
216
222
REFERENCES
HISTORICAL
MATHEMATICAL
PHYSICAL
225
225
225
227
A N S W E R S TO PROBLEMS
231
INDEX
273
113
122
129