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Section 4.3 - Undamped Forcing and Resonance: 2t 2t 2t 2t 2t

This document discusses undamped harmonic oscillators and resonance. It examines the general solution to the differential equation describing an undamped harmonic oscillator with sinusoidal forcing. When the forcing frequency matches the natural frequency, resonance occurs, causing the amplitude of oscillations to increase without bound. Examples of resonance include the Millennium Bridge and Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapses.

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Tushar Gupta
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32 views

Section 4.3 - Undamped Forcing and Resonance: 2t 2t 2t 2t 2t

This document discusses undamped harmonic oscillators and resonance. It examines the general solution to the differential equation describing an undamped harmonic oscillator with sinusoidal forcing. When the forcing frequency matches the natural frequency, resonance occurs, causing the amplitude of oscillations to increase without bound. Examples of resonance include the Millennium Bridge and Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapses.

Uploaded by

Tushar Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section 4.

3 - Undamped Forcing and Resonance


1. Undamped Harmonic Oscillator:
m

d2 y
+ ky = 0
dt2

Well deal only with m = 1.


2. Complex Eigenvalues
Consider the second-order differential equation

d2 y
dy
+ 4 + 13y = 0.
2
dt
dt

Eigenvalues are 2 3i.


Complex solution is y(t) = e(2+3i)t = e2t (cos 3t + i sin 3t)
We have two real solutions: y1 (t) = e2t cos 3t

y2 (t) = e2t sin 3t.

and

The general solution is: y(t) = k1 e2t cos 3t + k2 e2t sin 3t.
3. Consider a particular harmonic oscillator equation with sinusoidal forcing given by
d2 y
+ 2y = cos t.
dt2
The parameter controls the frequency of the external forcing. (Frequency =
Forcing frequency = /2.
General solution to the
unforced equation is yh (t) = k1 cos
Natural frequency = 2/(2).

2t + k2 sin

1
.)
period

2t.

Use the Method of Undetermined Coefficients to find one solution of the forced equation.
yc (t) =

1
1
it
e
=
(cos t + i sin t)
2 2
2 2
yp (t) =

General Solution:
y(t) = k1 cos

1
cos t
2 2

2t + k2 sin

Observe that y(t) is undefined at = 2 1.4.

2t +

1
cos t
2 2

4. Qualitative Analysis: (Look at in HPGSystemSolver as varies from 0.5 to 1.2)


Beating: occurs when the natural response and forced response have approximately the
same frequency.
natural frequency forced frequency
. (Discussion in text.)
Frequency of the beats =
2
natural frequency + forced frequency
Frequency of rapid oscillations =
.
2
Determine these frequencies for our example with = 1.1. (Look at in HPGSystemSolver.)
Period of beats 40; Period of rapid oscillation 5.

5. Resonance:
Forcing whose frequency is the same as the natural frequency of the oscillator is called resonant forcing, and the oscillator is said to be in resonance.

Look at what happens in the general solution of our example as 2.


Compute the general solution in the resonant case:

d2 y
+
2y
=
cos
2t.
dt2

1
2t + t sin 2t.
2 2
Point out Millennium Bridge example and Tacoma Narrows Bridge examples.
General solution: y(t) = k1 cos

2t + k2 sin

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