GOVERNMENT OF ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN MINISTRY OF HOUSING & WORKS, ISLAMAI Building Code of. Pakistan | (Seismic Provisions - 2007) ° -put 125 su it drondently clear “aot surthavalee paveiens 5» corepvehensively Laltered co chat gublie bell The theo ef ilding aston Sting Ci weéed on browsed ocicinles tha Cade 1927, the American veuion ANSLAISC 3415 ‘dhe Netioral Balding thoes vss. This will ensure 2 sdebme breaks the provisions of the code contnumly relevant Prevelopmeat Lise the Vakiston Building Code 986, io Ministry of Housing (MON? Governmencof Basisun cof Mavelagine che Seismic Provisions Jp She National Engnessing Services, SGESPAR). NESPAX submited qilieese cas ior soutiay to an bap formed by the MOH, The final drat was sen ihe Pokiecar Enemocring Coun (PHL) K swosied in oles colatoralayy walh International Cage Coungil if Tron scress the Cu tr gost Smod 2 ‘While thse els mrovisions puntect public bal senegal wetfars has fom ena so-so reat! tho eof ese atrial ana tesknolegy. Jovtion mie Provisions should Ist acpi og a ifourai pat of Pak:iscan auldine Code 10 hill dor asck adortion mire ive general gal caver anv of tives veers and macro representing varicus “ SEAR a “Farman Fn 9 ‘omtofshe code shel be kept cognate with be evitions saesentel bs eaten. (OL This common soil erect with comereniakss rac Fens of in eens Horeca (ery pabcve Miz {format Raht_tpee. Soo fReneamearins ama waer hott 2s bet ‘yl uost ove 9 ken by nenbes at sToet in devclpine dase puninin o _[ Bis niente Ee lndivitaly we) their oceasestons eoscet oy Wubilty esting “ton the coupllsnss or // REmblaedn Seti earl tumble Tv poiiioners The pees f care poepkanse ves onl eth the Grveramatiaf | nuacimasimnn tr Paka a Yonge twos bee aki eer geet been Tete ld rvinsed pat | ROSSER nie Woe neo | Gree one te easier mes Kemeny Cotestotme anit | GC neat ters avert i occu, Faneain odoinn siidoas ‘gammy Surly de asaya mo eth Deletes cade EF pace ach Sait oeanh E peeee eaten raat E e eopamsughracstay see oe £ petetar ae ctcwrarm oS ‘ Pink aheewn man : Ie Delegate: Dinamtcaatnmtes de (eocaeare rormateee ‘eetPage Wi TIpDeeed ys Ps ‘saeanniaa: Task —E: Seismic hazard analysis Task —1i: Formulation of design criteria and requirements for seistnic design of buildings Seismic hazard analysis was based on exhatistive collection of data and information about the histery and soarces of earthquekes in and around the country. The analysis of this data resulted io a tationafized seismic hazard mep for the country. The details of the methodology are given in Appendix, The chapters on various aspects of seismic design have been compiled with the following objectives: 3) Aflthe commonly used types of building construction in Pakistan should be covered, ‘The requirements should be based on international codes and standards that are currently being used in an informal way by many structural engineers in the country. ii) The Pagal PaDeletearaan Cade should be cognizant of, ani countries. It should provide a basis fiom which revisions end modifications, in the coming years con tum it into a truly Pakistan — specific, yet state-of-the-art code, iN) To The extent possible, the document should te self-coatained, requiring minimam dependence on other references. ‘The underlying philosophy of any seismic building code is to prevent complete collapse of bwildings curing major earthquakes, Structiral damage is prevented during small vexthquakes, while it is considered acceptable during large earthquakes. A balaxce betwecw safety and economy thas FRabeiTe [arOeteted forms the basis ofthe code. AZO EZOUR LOZ 100 Ret SBC-07 specifies minimum roquirements for seismic safety of buildings. Tt has to be applied ard used by engineers, in confunetion with the fundamental understanding ‘of the concerts of structural, geotechnical and earthquake Fagen falpaeted Oe Eo ane nae a Sipura as engineering, The ultimate responsibility for the safety and economy of the building design lies with the Pagel append: designer. ‘Bch soor RO oo aM Country Paget [6] DeRted i. wide implementation of $) BC-07 wilBee SP.2007 . Table of Comenes TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS wv DEDICATION vi SOURCE DOCUMENES vill CHAPTER 1: SCOPE LE Objective and General Principles Ml 12 Scope 1 CHAPTER 2: SEISMIC HAZARD 21 Scope a 22 Design Basis Ground Motion 21 2.3. Seismic Zones 21 24 Site-specific Hazard Analysis 2 2.5 Modeling of Ground Motion 21 CHAPTER 3: SITE CONSIDERATIONS 3.1 Ssope 3.2 Consideration of Potential Fault Rupture Hazard 3.3. Consideration of Potential Liquefaction 3.4 — Consideration of Potentisl Landslide and Slope Instability 3.5 Consideration of Sensitive Clays CHAPTER 4: SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS 4.1 Symbols and Notetfons 42 Sope 4.3. Determination of Soil Conditions 431 Site Gealogy and Sotl Characteristics 44 Soll Profile types 44.1 Scope 442 Definitions 4.5 Foundations Construction in Seismic Zones 3 end 4 45.1 General Soil Capacity 4.5.3. Superstructure to Foundation Connection 45.4 Foundation Soil Interiace 45.5 Special Requirements for Piles and Caissons xi 42 42 42 43 43 43 44 4d 44ace sem a CHAPTER 5: STRUCTURAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS DIVISION-t General Design Requirements 5.1 Symbols and Nozations 52 Scope 53 Definitions $4 Standards 55 Design 5.6 38 59 S40 Sal 5.12 5.3 5.3.) General 54.2 Rationality 5.3.3. Erection of Smsctural Framing Dead Loads 3.6.1 General 5.6.2. Partition Loads Live Loads 5.2.1 General 5.2.2 Critical Distibution of Live Loads 5.2.3. FloorLive Loads 3.7.4 Roof Live Leads 5.7.5 Reduction of Live Loads 5.7.6 Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction Snow Loads Wind Loeds Earthquake Loads Other Minimum Loads Su General 5.12 Other Loads 3.113. Jmngact Loads S114 Anchorage of Concrete and Masonry Walls 1.5. Interior Wall Loads 1.6 Retaining Walls 1.7 Water Accumulation 1.8 Hydrostatic Uplift 119. Flood-resistant Conetruction 5.11.16 Heliport and Holistop Landing Avcas 5.11.1] Prefabricated Construction Combinations of Loads S121 General 5.12.2 Loed Combinations Using Strength Design or Load and Resistance Factor Desigh 5.12.3 Load Combinations Using Allowable Stress Design Daflcetion DIVISION-IL Snow Loads 5.14 Snow LoadsBcr Design Wind Prossures Primary Frames and Systems 1.1 General 5.21.2. Method 1 (Normal Force Method} 3.21.3 Method 2 Projected Area Mathod) sv-2007 “Taiz of Conients DIVISION ‘Wind Design 5.15. Symbols and Notations 5.18 General 3.17 Definitions 5.18 Basic Wind Speed 5.19 Exposure 5.2 52) SBGE 5.22 Elements and Components of Structure 5.23 Open Frame Towers 5.24 Miscellsmeous Structures 5.25 Ovoupancy Categories DIVISION-IV Karthquake Design 5.26 Symbols and Notations 5.27 General 527.1 Purpose 527.2 Minimum Seismic Design £273 Seismic and Wind Design 528 Definitions 5.29 Criteria Selection $29.1 Basis forDesign 5.292 Occupancy Categories 5.20.3. Site Geology and Soil Charscteristics $29.4. Site Scismie Hazard Characteristics 529.5 Configuration Requirements 5.29.6. Structural Systems $29.7 Height Limits 5.29.8 Selection of LateralForos Proeedure 5.299. System Liraitations 5.29.10 Alternative Procedures 5.30 Minimum Design Lateral Forces and Related Efteots 5.30.4 Earthquake Loeds and Modetiny Requirements 5.302. Static Poree Procedure 5.30.3 Determination of Seismic Factors 530.4 Combinations of Structural Systems 5330S Vertical Distribution of Force $30.6 Horizontal Distribution of Shear 5307 Horizontal Torsional Moments 530.8 Overtuming $309 Drift $30.10 Storey Drift Limitation 5.30.11 Vertical Component 531 Dynamic Analysis Procedure $31.3 General 531.2 Ground Motion xiiiBCP se.20607 _. ‘Toble of Contents 5313 Mathematical Model 531 534.4 Description of Analysis Procedures $032 5.315 Response Spectrum Analysis, 532 531.6 Time-history Analysis 5.33 5.32. Lateral Foree on Elements of Structures, Noustructural Components and Equigmertt Supported by Strecimes 5321 General 5.322 Design for Total Lateral Perce 332.3. Specifying Lateral Forces 5.324. Relative Motion of Equipment Anachments 3.32.5 Alternative Designs 5.33 Detailed Systems Design Requirements, $33.) General 5.33.2 Structural Framing Systems 5.34 Nonbuilding Structures $34.) General 5342 Lateral Foree 5343 Rigid Sructures 5344 ‘Tanks with Supported Bottoms $34.3. Other Novbuilding Stuetures 5.35 Farthquake-Reconding Instuumentations 535.1 Géneral $35.2 Location 535.3 Maintenance 5.35.4 Instrumentation of Existing Buildings CHAPTER 6: STRUCTURAL TESTS AND INSPECTIONS 6.1 Spevial Inspeotions et 611 General et 6.1.2 Special inspector 64 61.3 Duties and Responsibilities of the Special Inspector 1 6.1.4 Stendards of Quality 61 6.1.5 Types of Work 6-2 6.1.6 Continuous and Periodic Special Inspection 64 6.1.7 Approved Fabricators, 68 62 Structaret Observation 65 3 Nondestructive Testing 66 64 Profabricated Constwuetion 67 64.1 General 67 642 Tests of Maxerials 67 643. Tests of Assemblies 67 644 Connections 67 6AS Pipes and Conduits 67 646 Certificate and Inspection 67 CHAPTER 7: REINFORCED CONCRETE 7.1 Symbols and Notations wl 72 Definitions 15 73 General requirements 15 xivner SPOT _ Tatfe of Contents 13.1 Scape TS 732. Analysis and Proportioning of Structural Members 73 733° Strength reduction factors 76 73 Concrete in members Resisting Barthqueke Induced Forecs 7-6 74 16 19 710 735 Reinforcement in Members Resisting Barthquake- Induced Forces 736 Welded Splices 73.7 Anckoting wo Concreis Flexural Members of Special Moment Frames 741 Scope 74.2 Longitudinel Reinforcement 743. Transverse Reinforcement 7a Shear Strength Requirements Special Moment Frame Members Subjected to Bonding and Axial Load. 75.1 Scope 7.5.2 Minimum Flexural Strength of Columns 7.53. Longimdinal Reinforcement 7.5.4 Transverse Reinforcement 7.5.5 Shear strength requirements Joints of Special Moment Frames 7.6.1 Gonorel Requirements 7.6.2 Transverse Reinforcement 7.63 Shear Strength 7.64 Development Length of Bars in Tension Special Moment Frames Constructed usiag Precast Concrete Special Reinforeed Concrete Struotural Walls and Coupling Beams Bl Scope Reinforcement Design Forces Shear Strongth Design for Flexure and Axial Loads Boundary Elements of Special Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls 78.7 Coupling Beams 78.8 Construction Join's 7.3.9 Discontinuous Walls Special Structurel Wells Constructed using Precast Concrete 7.9.1 Castein-place Compositetopping Slab Dizphragms Structural Diaphragms and ‘Trusses 7.10.1 Scope 7.102. Cast-in-ptace Composite topping Slab Diaphragms 7.103 Cast-in-place Topping Slab Diaphragms 7.104 Minium Thickness of Diaphragms 7105 Reinforcement 7.10.6 Design Forces 7.407 Shear Strengih 7.108 Boundary Elements of Siractural Diaphragms Foundations TALL Scope 7.412 Footings, Foundation Mats, and Pile Caps 7.13 Grade Beams and Slabs on Grade xvBOF sP-2007 “Tabie of Contents 7.11.4 Piles, Piers and Caissons 7-20 212 Members not Designated as Part of the Laterel-forceresisting System — 7-20 7.13 Requirements for Intermediate Moment Frames 722 7.14 Intermediate Precast Structural Walls 123 CHAPTER 8: STRUCTURAL STEEL BL Symbols & Notations at DIVISIONT Strnetural Steel Buildings 82 Definitions Rs 83, Scope 89 84. Loads, Load Combinations, and Nominal Strengths 39 8.1. Loads and Load Combinations 89 8.4.2. Nominal Strength Bo 4.5. Structural Design Drawings and Specifications, Shop Drewings, and rection Drawings 810 Structural Design Drawings and Specifications B10 Shop Drawings 810 85.3. Erection Drawings 840 8.6. Materials 8-10 Materia! Specifications 810 Material Properties for Determination of Required Strongth of Members and Connections 841 86.3. Heavy Section CVN Requirements Sit 8.3. Connections, Joints, and Fasteners B12 87.1. Scope 812 8.7.2. Bolted Joints 812 873. Welded Joints 812 8.7.4. Protected Zone 8.13 87.5. Continuity Plates and Stiffeners 813 88. Members Ble 88.1. Scope Ble 382. Classification of Sections for Local Buckling, 814 883. Column Strength Bd 884. Column Splices Bld 885, Column Bases 845 886. Piles R16 89. Special Moment Frames (SMF) 817 89.1. Scope a7 892. Beam-to-Column Connections S17 8.93. Panel Zone of Beam-to-Columa Connections (beam web pasallel to columa web) S18 8.94, Beam end Column Limitations B19 8.95. Continsity Plates B19 89.6, Cofumn-Ream Moment Ratio 819 2.9.7. Lateral Bracing at Boor-to-Column Connections 321 89.8. Lateral Bracing of Bears 222 8.9.9. Column Splices 22 8.10, _ Intermediate Moment Frames (MF) BD xiace SP2007 8.12, 8.13. Bld gis. 8.10.1. Scape 8.10.2, Beam-to-Columo Connections 8.19.3, Panel Zone of Beam-to-Columa Coancetions. (beam web parallel to column web) 8.19.4, Beam end Colarmn Limitations 8.10.5. Continuity Plates 8.10.6. Column-Beem Moment Ratio 8.10.7. Lateral Bracing at Beam-to-Column Connections 8.10.8. Lateral Bracing of Beams 8.10.9, Coltman Splices Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF) 8.41.1. Scope 8.11.2, Beam-to-Cohumn Connections 2.11.3. Panel Zone of Beam-to-Column Connections (beam web parallel to cofimn web) 8.114, Boam end Column Limitations 8.18.5. Continnity Plates 8.11.6. Cotumn-Beam Moment Ratio 8.11.7. Lateral Bracing at Beam-to-Colume. Connections 8.11.8, Lateral Bracing of Beams 8.21.9. Column Splices Special Truss Moment Frames (STME) 8.12.1, Seope . Special Segment 8.12.3. Strength of Special Segment Members 8.12.4, Sirengih of Not- Special Segment Members 8.12.5, Width-Thickness Limitations 8.12.6. Lateral Bracing Special Concentrically Braced Fremes (SCBF) 8.13.1, Scope 8.13.2. Members 8.13.3. Required Srength of Bracing Connections 8.13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements 8.13.5, Colarmn Splices 3.43.6. Protected Zone Ondinary Concentrically Braved Trames (OCBF) 8.14.1. Seope 8.14.2. Bracing Members 8.14.3. Spvcial Brecing Configuration Requirements 8.14.4, Bracing Connections 3.145. OCBF above Seismic olation Systems Eocentrically Braced Frames (EBF) 8.18.1, Seapo 8.15.2, Links 8.153. Link Stiffeners 8.15.4, Link-to-Columm Connections 8.15.5. Lateral Bracing of Link 8.15.6. Diagonal Brace and Beam Outside of Link 8.15.7. Beam-to-Colamn Connections 8.15.8. Required Strength of Columns 8.159. Protected Zone. xvii able nf ContentsBor P2007, 8.46. 8.17. BAB. 8.15.10. Demand Critical Welds Buckling Restrained Bruccd Frames (BREF) 8.16.1, Scops 8.162. Bracing Members 8.163. Bracing Connections 8.164. Special Requirements Related to Bracing Confignration 8.46.5. Beams and Columns 8.16.6, Protected Zone Special Plate Shear Walls (SPSW) 8.17.1. Scope 8.57.2. Webs 8.17.3. Comnections of Webs to Boundary Elemeats 8.174. Horizottal and Vertical Boundary Blemeats Quality Assurance Pian 8.18.1. Scope DIVISION-IL Composite Structural Steel and 3.19. 8.20. 821. 8.22, 3.23. 824, 826. 827 Reinforced Concrete Buildings Definitions Scope General Scismic Design Requirements Loads, Load Combinations, and Nominal Strengths 822.1, Loads end Loed Combinations 8.22.2, Nominal Strength Materials 223.1. Structural Steel 8.23.2. Concrete and Steel Reinforcement Composite Members 824.1. Scope 8.24.2. Composite Floor and Roof Stabs 8.24.3. Composite Beams 8.24.4. Encesed Composite Columns $245, Filled Composite Columns Composite Cosnections £.25.1. Scope §.25.2. General Reguiremen's 8.25.3. Nominal Strongth of Connections Composite Partially Restrained (PR) Moment Frames (CPRMF) 3.26.1. Scope 8.26.2. Cohimns 3.26.3. Composite Beams 3.26.4. Moment Connections Composite Special Moment Frames (C-SMF) 2.27.1. Scope 8.27.2. Columns 8.273. Beans 8.274. Moment Connections 8.27.5. Colamn-Beam Morert Ratio Composite intermediate Moment Frames (C-IMF} 8.28.1. Scope xviii 836 83 8.37 837 8-33 838 839 8.39 B40 8-4) 340 RAL Sa 842 842 8.43 Bad 8-45 845 845 Bas 8-46 846 846 B46 8.46 348 B45 3-46 849 £50 8-50 8.50 8-50 3.52 8-52 8.52 852 852 8.53 853 854 854 Table of Comen'sBer SPOT 8.29. 831 833 34. 3.35. 3.36. 8.37. 8.28.2. Columns 8.28.3, Beams 8.28.4. Moment Connections Composite Ordinary Moment Frames (COMF) 8.29.1. Scope: 8.29.2, Columas 8.29.3. Beams 8.23.4, Moment Connections Composite Special Concentrically Braced Frames (C-CBF) $30.1. Scope, 8.30.2, Columns 8.30.3. Beams 3.30.4. Braces 8.30.5. Connections Composite Ordinary Braced Frames (C-OBF) 8.31.1. Scope 3.31.2. Columns 3.313. Beams 8314. Braces 8.1.5. Connections Composite Eocentrically Braced Frames (C-EBF) B.32.1. Scope 8.32.2. Colamns 8.523. Links 8.22.4. Braces 8.32.5. Connections Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Sheer Walls Composite With Stmncrural Steel Elements (C-ORCW) 8.33.1. Scope 8.33.2. Boundary Members 8.333. Steel Coupling Beams 8.334, Encased Composite Coupling Beams Special Reinforced Carercte Shear Walls Composite with Structural Stool Elements (C:SRCW) 8334.L. Scope 8342, Boundary Members 8.343. Stes! Coupling Beams 8.44.4, Bnoased Composite Coupling Beams Composite Stee! Plate Shear Walls (C-SPW) B35.L, Scope 835.2. Wall Elements 8.353. Boundary Members 8.35.4, Oponings Struotiral Design Drawings and Specifications, Shop Drawings, and Brection Drawings Quality Assurance Plan CHAPTERS: MASONRY 94 ba ‘Symbols and Notetions Scope xix Table af Contentsner SP-2007 Table of Consens, 9.2.1 Design Methods 93 93 Definitions 94 o4 Material Standards 96 941 Quality 96 94.2 Standards of Quality 946 9.4.3 Mortar and Grout 98 94.4 Mortar 98 94.5 Grout OR 946 Addit 98 94.7 Construction 99 94.8 Cold-weather Construction 95 9.4.9 Placing Masonry Unita 9-10 9.4./0 Reinforcement Placing: OL) 9.4.11 Grouted Masonry O11 : 9.4.12 Alumina Equipment 9-12 . 94.13 Joint Reinforcement O12 9.5 Quality Assurance O12 : 951 General 942 4 952 Scope 913 95.3 Compliance with f'm O13 ; 95.4 Mortar Testing 9.15 i 93.5 Grout Testing 9.5 36 General Design Requirements OS 1 3.6.1 General. lS i 9.62 Working Stress Design and Strength Design ‘ Requirements for Unreinforced aud Reinforced Masonry. S19 : 963 Working Stress Design and Strength Design Requirements for Reinforced Masonry 9.22 9.7 Working Stress Design of Masonry 924 2.7.1 Generel. 924 i 9.72 Design of Reinforced Masoury 9-27 \ 9.73 Design of Unreinforced Masonry 9-33 98 Strength Design of Masomy 934 : 9.8.1 Generel 934 : 9.8.2 Reinforced Masomry 938 99 Empirical Design 9.50 9.9.4 Symbols and Notations 9-50 : 9.9.2 Definitions 3.50 ° 9.9.3 Materials 953 9.5.4 Design Consideration 9.53 99.5 Design Loads 958 9.9.6 Load Dispersion 9-58 9.9.7 Arching Action 958 i Lintels 958 ' Permissible Stresses 9-60 esign Thickness/Cross-Section 9-60 i General Requirements 9-62 : ‘Minimum Thicknass of Walls from Consideration other than Structural 8.62 i Workmanship 9.62 4 Joints to Control Deformation and Cracking 9-63BCP SP2007 . . ____Trile of Costents 9.9.45 Chases, Recssses and Holes 9-65 9.9.16 Cerbelling 9.64 99.17 Spoctal Comsideration in Barthqueks Zones 9-64 CHAPTER 10: ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS 10.1 Symbols and Notations wt 102 Seismic Loads Applied to Architectural Components 1 102.1 Component Force Applicetion 10-L ‘ 10.2.2 Component Force Transfer Wt 10.2.3. Arohitectural Component Deformation 30-41 10.2.4 Out-ofPians Bending 10-41 10.3. Suspended Ceilings 102 103.1 Seismic Forces 10-2 i 103.2 integral Construction 502 103.3 Access Floors 10.2 104 Partitions 103, 10.4.1 General 103 10.4.2 Glass in Glazed Curtain Wails, Glazed Storefronts and 103 Glazed Partitions CHAPTER 1: MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS : [1.1 Symbols ané Notations na i 11.2 Seismic Loads applied to Mechanical and Electrical Componeats Ma 112.1 Component Force Application Ml 1122 Component Porce Transfer 2 11.2.3 Component Period 2 . 1124 Component Attachment 2 113 Blevator Design Requirements 12 : REFERENCES APPENDIA BACKGROUND FOR SEISMIC ZONING MAP Al Symbols and Notations Ad i AQ Overview Ad : Ald General Ad A221 Major Fauits of Pakistan Al A23 Seismicity Ad : A3 Seismic Hazard Evaluation Procedure Ag AB! PSHA Methodology AB AJ.2 Source Modeling — Area and Fault Seismic Sources a3 ‘A332 Barthquake Recurrence Model At . ‘43.4 Moxinwm Mognitede AS ABS Aitenuation Equations AG.6 Results of PSHAace se-2007 4 10, i erences RETERENCES UBC (1997), Uniform Building Code, International Conference of Budding Officials, Whittier, California, USA. ACT (2005), Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, ACI 318-05, ‘American Concrete Tnstitute, Farmington Hills, MI ‘ACE (1981), Recommendations for Design of Beant-columa Joints in Monolithic ‘Reinforced Concrete Structures, ACH3S2R, American Concrete Instinne, Fanningtoo Hills, MI. ANSUAISC 341-05, Seisme Provisions for Structural Steed Buildings, Smeriean Institute of Steel Construction, Ine., Chicago, IL. ANSYAISC 360-05, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., Chicage, TL. ASCE (2005), Minimums Design Loads for Building and Other Structures, SEVASCE 7-05, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA. ASCE (1993), Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other Structures. ANSI/ASCE 7-93, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA. National Building Code of India NBCI (2005), Bureau of Indian Standards. NBC (1993), National Building Cods of Nepal; Requirements for Staieof-the-Arc Design. TRC (2006), international Building Cade 2006 Building Code of’ Pakistan, PBC (1986), Minisity of Housing and Works, Goverament of Pakistan. NWEP, University of Engineering, Peshawar (2005-2007), Department of Civil Engineering: Research data on masoary structures.scr sE2007 _ Source Downes SOURCE DOCUMENTS a) CHAPTER4 Soils and Foundations Based on UBC (1997), Uniform Building Code, eapyrighted material owned by International Code Couneil. Portions copyrighted 1997-2007 Intemational Code Council, AU fights reserved. by) CHAPTERS —Struemural Design Requirements Based on UBC (1997), Uniform Building Code, copyrighted material owned by International Code Council. Portions copyrighted © 1997-2097 International Code Couneil. All rights reserved. ©) CHAPTER —_—Structura) Tests and Luspections Based on UBC (1997), Uniform Building Code, copyrighted material owned by International Code Council, Portions copyrightzd © 1997-2007 Intemational Code Council, ANI rights reserved. @) CHAPTER? ——_ Reinforced Coucrete ACH (2005), Building Code Requirements for Structeral Concrete, ACT 318-05, American Concrete Jostitate, Fatotington Hills, Mi, © CHAPTERS Structural Steet ANSVAISC. 341-05, Seismic Provisions far Structural Stee! Buildnge, American Institute of Steel Constmetion, Inc., Chicago, HL. ) CHAPTERS =— Masonry - Based on UBC (1997), Unyform Building Code, copyrighted material owned by Intemational Code Council, Portions copyrighted © 1997-2007 Intemational Code Council, AIl rights reserved. viiBCP SP-2057 2) hy Source Dooumeats - National fing Code of India (2005), Burean of Indian Standards. Architectural Elements = ASCE (1993), Minima Design Toeds for Building wad Other Srructures, ANSUASCE 7-93, American Society of Civil Rngineers, Reston, VA, = ASCE (2005), Mision Design Loads for Building and Other Structures, ASCE/SER 7-05, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA. ‘Mechanieal and Electrical Systems = ASCE (1993), Minimum Design Loads for Buuding and Other Structures, ANSHASCE 7-93, American Society of Civil Enginecrs, Reston, VA. = ASCE (2005), Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other Structures, ASCEISE! 7-05, Amctican Sosisty of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.‘eater iv SCOPE 1.1 Objective and General Principles ‘The objective of the crea and earthquatis provisions dacribed in this eode ito presecibe ‘ie miniteun sequiraouls fr the carchouoke design and ooretrustion of buildings and Suilting-ke suucaves andor bei eepoactta subjected ra earhcuale grouné motions. 12 Sempe 1.21 Requitemenis of fest gravisions shat! be applicable to reinforord coneree buildings, ste] buildings building like strctares, esasonry and tinber builicgs 12.2 in addition to me vudings and budlag like structs, mowtuilding sructeres permit 1 be designed in eccoulanoe with the raykitemeus oF ese provisions ae Tmited to those specified & Cheaper. {In thie context ridaes, dams, haranur stucures, sumels, pipelines, power, cs Treceriign pies meine hycel, thermal and aoclear power plant, gas sozage ficlities, special ‘fence ingalations, underground steuotres and other stuctuts designed with analysis and sefety ‘mypirements thal are different than Those for buildings are autsde the scope of this cole, 123 Rejuiaments of these provisions shall nat te applied to the Puildings eqaipped with special yous and eauipmant bokveen foundatine and suf Zor the purpose of fsclaon of building stacazal Sten ‘fom be earhaete motion, and to se buildings nceeporafing other ueiive or prssive coxtal 12.4 Proyhions 1 be appiee io stmeteres wnloh ae ouside snepe of thse revisions sal te specifics determined by de Dejarimesti AMenomoss Orgenlasioas sugervisiag lhe erovraction | Shdecensrocues tl 9 cesigued (ips nosis yl Yi pneeaoaz ae reed ts, Competent AutCHAPTER 2 SEISMIC HAZARD 2d Seope “This Chapter defines the micucr setamie hazard tht has to be considered for the design of | 22 Design Basis Ground Mo Ualcss ofteraixe required, buildin shall be designed for a level of earthqueke ground motion that jana 10% probability of exceedance in S0years. 23 Seismic Zones ‘orthe pignsc of seismic desige of buildings, Pakstn has een dived into ve zones, These gore azn on she peak sound aceferation gueges The seismic zoning Sap of Palcistea if giver iv Figure 2 ‘Fable 2.2 sigs the seismic zone org tess of the coumey,_ 24 | Site-specific Hazard Asatysis “The requirements ofthe sismie zoning map shal! te wupersaded if « ato apevific hard analysis, probanilstie, dtecninisticor bot, is envied out fr 2 building or structure 25 Madeling of Grovnc Motion the results of ste-spocife selanic taza analysis ray be cprisented by response spectra and aceclarniongine histories. Tie pecinentdeails are inchaded in Chaoter 5, an (Deed 2M .(Demat eUESULINE Cie ‘Sainis Zane + Deak Horboaral Ground. Aeeaeration Big aasrangnig wstiaRG cots | scan! J ~ {rermaedetone | emma it Lots | ema ast aa, 5a mo asanbe 2h | tobe Tek Sine 24 | Mullan Gastar | ; po mee atm mA | [Gegewy | Gales 3A [Jeupurfiromla 2A | at i aa odheat a ‘Banataiad a __| Westend 2A | Ketror Prose 2A Tet 3 Gas aie nt me fest 1 9s fhasraT aR | Tiere Hana tate a | eon Hated tater [2 a3 oped thie 3a Pil ai 2g [Gaal fo ber asst | Esta aa [ieee ine 2 | jpetmaiaiae | 28 Tey oeseaiaat Te [is aa a . Caer —— aL a eT a i j Stina Saidan Shab 28} Siaikor sainpur 2 [gee iat feat 7 | Ciba ae rahi it | Bi | Sasa Se [eeoealam Pa | [eis —— [20 YS [Natal in Sore S| teas Tali a Rettesia $a [anf te | ee ge za [ean a arn So Guan] 2k Sag te i Boner Ref Pa 2a Hasigor | Hanes ue 28 oa te | aa Dest —— 28 [Nona [28 | a, Reset [24° [Smetana "| 24 | Catinewa | Shoshana 2A! gaawwahages 3h iat Seuss "24 [wana [2 Fal a | ona 1 | iat Bascom, oa Probate [2 2 chat = “Gaze fe [any ear as_[ 28 | (Siete : Se [eben a | terse Saul Beet ae | seam ites Eo Sala a | Shee ge Be 1 CaitDelo SEE BION Ca Th Saat) [meee oe Tass Balochistan Sones (Sh TSH | at | a a | Bossa a0 Tiesto ———P 3 otis Anat 5 Pr rake H aE. (Goren 2 atic 2s haan + bal 28 nian SAL 3 [ise Moana 25 GaagailT1 Ganda (1 2 | Dabaadn NeskabadCilla Lai SH 28 ‘Nal “iamor 7 25, [ Seung PEM ama (Gaeta Pa | (ate 2A bog Dhaie Som au NGS —[ |) [Mert ——}—"s Trae Dui 2h atin 3 refer SP anu 28 Baie 3 [eter Kesh ao i S[ shasan A Balada Tp 28} i Take Fase] [| 38 | i [esate Foe 2 = Bauza S71 2 i Fa Beh ST | “Lond ise 3 Tame Bain 0) 3 = rian The st 5 Serban 57 ca E | Deans Slat Lo Taner Disses —[— 3 eau. i Aalwa (so “an RigteoeE. a 1 | [Sie Lire este ! | iteaati? [3 hes aa | “3 [taro | [Bence Konda 7 een 1 i at eke J, cma L Moca SE 1 ic [kanka sity 128 awl) [|g | Ra 3 Some 7 hitea Gy a ‘Ktan 5 Tome Sot z | Dieu Sais wo 2die ar Csr 7 [Sa meat Best 30 Hate eck LEO 3 caren peer ure 2B i [bass 3 ial ‘cara ER. et | [usc [Paneer Oust Sf 3 [Nemsiees Sev Calg | 2 | [oe Teakat Sh laserOrte 2B Banal [sek 2 Tne Oat 3B Ka Tae Se [iscaibal ay | eee 3 [eras 3p | Son Waal | (eee {lads Dsiek | 38 Late = | 5 37 Traian 128 [eta a 2 1 Fiera 3 [Bama 2 [saneesie 2 | (alae [an aaa Sgt senesal 20. Senet 3" [Beralensi Kip [2a Tease a Sea Date cam ay | Sunahah Zea! —[ranaper apr, 2 | (Sat ach Binal 20 | eat Tt 28 [Nats ae 1 Regal en Dataklel E | (eaten 37 Tease Tobe 2b | [epotese 3 Ceannsie Yo | gem Fa 1 ie 3 Rha Bai $77 [hoe Bie ae | [ame Ramet Mea 2B | [iowssRiaezar [5 "Salant 1 Me Sa ae | Tefsitandsial [| opmantacoreat | 2 oR eat 2 Son eal Seer z Te Das 3 Moimand 5H Pate S| fate! z | [eas 5 Taga a Sane ca 3 Falak a pre ad 1 ten 3 Oats 2 | Kraan 3 Tae Ty) vate Gand 3 | Bist a | am 7 [ane a | Patt {Rie 7 | j abpotaba 3 eae z Sade ita a ‘saat Tet Lana Son 3 | [tacos 3p“ Modest {taticaes ———[“28Sdemie | Zone | a Dehac 24 | Miroer Eatiora mai 7a | Seana mo 7 2a eu 28 1 | ease ae 2 = | Raster Kaul 2A aa Tal TnoEg Mia [34 | Rah Wet 2 i Raper Tplcabad ie [3A | Kacacsouth ca | Coast veam Mist 2a [eenstt comet | 78 | ia “Lads Aiea [28 [ ve ci arian ‘ia 2A C i iio ita za AK | [Baez 2a Biden Bash ~ Sania] 28} Oesiraiud “Aaa [a 34 —[Tande oie Rage 124 Hater : faba 2 (naa 2a ou 1 : | pee 2 | Geant 2A Mace Sou 2k ae 2A [Hew nie | ek 12a [Face Gerad T 1 bee sa za [ane estar ) Sane 2h rere EIN . Shotts 2p MipwSuk 2A cn Z| eater a | [iim [2s Tera aA | fees 2 7 2a | ik Fixbaicewr— a 2A ‘Kinet Shui 2h Soar Klue cise Sanaher pay ac - ‘Sapa 2h : | aes Lisp aK ~ i | be (alata —— Ta (es Joka | | = “tis Adon a m1 Mirmor Kia 7 [alia C Ban 2A = i Mer at ea | 24 , | PXnent Stan ‘Berka a i \Skaad Saga 3 = : | tp Pana Pr 7 | Date finer ie Z200m irre Ee .sivees SITE. CONSIDERATIONS a Ssope rhe sleton of eutubl Dldig ses sall ke suri cut ued ugon their giogy/taranhy aa a re Tt ae Rquotacicn pte! of sta eartiqunce dace Susi. (BORE ane tuumrucslavaswilany ote evan getshncal prt provid ini has 32 Yoweotal Fault Repture Eaaré fan inpvtns baiting may not te Foe whic 200 meters fray very wit th ewtgatke Aap nation le ofan ote fit oseve, ers lose han 200 mets othe ce ee ee eed ee cinta uley fo be serocy alle by serace fling Tie (Ie Situ cem ae essane Sve, pares rks set sgl storespeely deine Soalting oe * 3. Potnal Liguctsction he site selerton oe an impotnt engineered bung o2 sotntaly tquefib wits del be TERS fy evaheion co Tauctactig poeral of fhe suestrace troogh dead geome Sa os aac eeiguss Necasay mitgaion mstarsghal.ge ken o__.~(BaSREEme ‘shinee yeni sk 34 Poteadal Laadstide and Stope Instability Before dociling about plasing « building om or aljacer to sloping ground in movatzinous tera Gaminaion of tie hillslope stabibty conditions shall te made. Tke stability of loping ground shall Densund and improved (if toquired), by an eaablisiee asafptical mest, ‘Os oc adjacent 2 w sloping grotnd, the Sneation ofall uildinas shall meet the requirements stow 98. (Fisgrg3 } aud gheraed in Seeion 4S 7. unlesssnefal slope Sabi lity measures ate taken, 133 Sensitive Clays ree | The selston of ste for a building on such sols shal be_ made on dhe hasis of tue dee rachaied ovestigeioxs ani adopting necassary CabigHing mezucs v0 he smocure maior {bearing ground,cuAPTERS SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS 441 Symbolsand Notations TTiisknass of Levert mf "Toel thickness of eohesodless sai laversin the top 30 m (100 1 Simin oeneario rissnceof su) aya io aucordence with ANT “avirage Jou saniardpencalon resistance is inal Seer rene Maps, peng eenge igi shear stomata in accurdaie wilt spivoved asenally Tevogaizea ed 250 hPa (5220 pl) Measured “ rr ave vetoeay i Lance Lees [Tiss) Meistre Content ad ‘Densrxination of soil conditions of buildings 19 be constructed in wisi zones, desiga of reinforoed coneret, stostural obs, timber and masonry building fcundatons and soil retaining structures stall bb porlormed, along with the applicoble codes and standards in relevant ares, primarity in accordance ‘ith the suas and requirements of ths ection, 43° Determination of Soil Conuitions 43.1 Site Geclogy ond Soll Cheraxtertstes 43.141 Bach sic stall De assigned a soll role type based on peosethy sutetontsed soil enginrering * Gharaveristles using the ste eweypsization procedure deseribed below. 49.2 Sell Prue Types Bas Se, Se Sy and So ato classilind tn Table AJ. Soil Profile Tyme Ss is ofined as cis cequicing she specie evahiation. 44 Soil Profile ees 4A Scope ‘This stotion desert swith Table 4 the provedute for ceterminlag Soll Profle Typos S, theough Sy in accomdance Befisicons Sail profile types are delim ss flows: Sp Hare rook with measured she wave velocity, _ > 1500 avs (4920 8/0 Se Medio hardrock with 7305 < ve <1500 wn/s (490 Asoo. YODKPe (2.088 29) al EGU Wofebeiie wl ies a Neha mie DaleerSERAGE Roun coi Beces erate vavevcnmyia ye Lit ae f aac: Mlle gaps 81 Deletedk d= Tote thickens G0-<) | siseh calamniee 9 [torre i format z Fasting: Up robs 8p, eft + ih 357 ommatiea Tas: ‘ai pt, Len + 90, YE peel eu 1)) lemonade ta \ Formatted: Fk ornate a ‘formating Tas 72-5 Leh + Delede = Bp tart igi a Tie 9 eect Santina St Taree ant rosareloprnhontbese fae Jane renee) | SO NaeSepeameumans | ‘ovina BESTEL scovegenacecontisne‘SSH Wa TH ET, 8d mal GFF Wibees © of LTT RIS oe wid BST OFStkPacs, TOD KPa (,084 psf 552,088 ps), Se Ascl ploite with v, 175 evs (675 Russe.) oF wilh NALS or with S50 Ps (LO44 pefh or fay pvebile with move Haar 3 et (10-8) of aoft clay dofied as acl with PT 23, wy > 40 person ad s, <25 KPa (622 pat) Sr Sollsreyuising Ste-peotiie evaluation 1. Seilp vulnerablo & potential fafare or sollapie ander scisic tmnding sech as Fauefablo oile, quick and highty eenotive slays, collapsitle weakly cxmenad wtls 2 eats andlor bighly orgimic eags [H > 3 m (10 2) of pearandsor highly organic day sere H = hiskenest 0 sill Very high planicy clys [11> 7SmQ5 f.) with PI> 73] 4. Very thick safimedium sift clays (Fl > 27 m (12 8) THucoptfon: When the seit pronerties are aot knovea in ssffictent detail to deteresioe the sol profile type, generslly Type So shall be used. Sot Profle Type Se nevd not be assumed fo all hustions unless th¢ engincer letersines that Sel Profile Type Sy may be present atthe site ‘rie the evert that Type Seis establbed by geotechnical daa The cvteria set forth in he defn for Sei! Rei Type Se requtingste | Hoe tte 20 pe 4422 N Method —_Avorage field standard penetration resisiance N ard, overege standard penetration resiance jor cokesionlos soil Fayere Now «and Now shall be éctermined in azcordance ‘dh the foawing fori Hl {Dea - ae Pat — _ ae [See Teese] (ee 14.0) _{Focmatine tone 2 Lovet oF) —— oe J “(eis )ge CAS WRT Sag APC aga 6 Ha We ene we” ova folowing fete lB Soh lay profil, 8 i ‘sell be invesbynled where eof cay I> 20.1f hose enteric are ict, the site shall be classified ts Sofi Profle Type Se. en rao} | 44.28 Sol grofles So So and Se Sites wth Sel ole Types Se. So snd Se sal be (reat: xe Sas) tring owe af he Corng peo oeows with, Nand computed inal eases spec =n Seti 442, # (GemeaetFo Rid oct wp 30 1 (100 8% method) Ramone oa i format mene u | 2% forte to 30 = G00 RQ ea 3. Neg fe cohestonloes sil ayes (P< 20)in htop 30 (100 #9 and sre 3 fo exesve ao ler (1°20) in top 33 COO Ge, tha. 4426 Rock profes, Sy and Sy.'the shear wane velocky for mediam rock, Sell Profle Type Sp, Shall be eter canurcd on sits oF stimeed bp 2 geowshaicel engineer, eugincring geologist ot Seianobgt br competent rock with moderate rasulag and weathering, Softer and wore bighiy / Gaetret-ane Westered mek shall clive be asured ou site fw tear wave valsity ov sasefied w / | §| Suywtoposanrapie ntact | Soil Preste type Se. . __ sake | ‘The hard ek, S011 Profle Type Sq. category skull be supported by abate ware velociy | |Nemuertersimsectnter | ‘neesuremenvettien ons: on poles af the same reclelype in he cane formaton with an aqualor {8 Efitiiclenmatsees¥ae Gaur deyie of weaticing and Wecturing, Where bard rock contin ac lnown to be comtimoss [S| Laem ancghenn ne Ee tep £30 m {100 fy sundelal shear ave velocly Goamurerents may be exteapoutad assess |? | hendsmateaend ores neck cntgore, Soil Profle Types, ad Sy dial not be used there ie move than 3 m (10:8 | furlsetociraoneny Wobail beuwcen te roce sures and tae bot othe epead Eating ovat founda : + as peandeon Couto acdray seine fen eon sal ein Btengnandeonnn | ‘Became of me nc TT, Tho definitions presenied herein shell apply a the upper 30 m (100 fH of the slee profs, Profiles containing ditinetlychlterenc sil layers stall be subdivided tae those layers designated by a rumebt fom |p 0” at fae boLor, where there area total ofm distinct ayers In Ite upper 30 mi (100 3). The syratot " Jhen sofers 19 aby one of te tyers bervern | and a as Fi | ! | 451 Gonerat Jamie, Zanes 3 and 4, ceouirement of tig somion ation my citer general sqpirgments of ‘Chapt Ig, U3C 1097 ball amply io fhe deste ay edafons,_foandaun Cmpaneris 6 che consecion of supeeaructire clement: Gee. 1 “(Famatiet Fore Th AL Se Cova, [Fornateesrom te | { Famatied: rons 3 = BEE, ~ tote ‘(Rermatied ot 431 TRS touidaigg au aap ‘ree of ie oe Tags rived fe Seftion SW Pom ihe ewes (ow Ge supers sui The shee rm dynam s enfere {the lads may be ies Lavo seqpunt te eats the aol prop SS. cipestrueture-te Fount Consection ‘Ps aumecign of spcriusis lass. fundaon ill be ante 2 tana phe # ‘puadato: sloments ware required fo Pe: dest 254, puedaslon. Soil Ine Foxypenlixfuidies.he ese Fs povid in potion 5.30.5 may be mite when detent ‘usctuming nomen Jo be resisted at che foundason-scil interface, ‘§S_Svectal Reruirenents or Pes ond Caso Gissora ‘es sao and cag. ll ie meio eases a al inclding the Choe of laseal diggiatsuenis, Spiel doniling cejsiomonts mx deccetbed in Section $35.2 shall / cee era long of piles equal w 12D perm! of th fecimlengh, Flea sooth dnl -be ‘bison sa feag OF pide fier Bas fist pofot of zor lateral daleedan tothe unde faporsiwle beam, _ Morpreamesced concrate giles and enerraccud concrete | ff {ose a Tem Fgt oe OI A Fermatind ia Cromenesirocie | = Excsptions Trmtere sin(vcemeat aga act sang. the amount detemmized by Formule Feb teSectye 22d) foe sist orcipiiee soup misfowcoment or bv forme (23 Selon 15.41 foceactansular hoop wiorcemane £5522 Py 8 piles Biles shall neve a mipimum volumetic rage of soir reiafamemen| ut lese fan O42t Sor 390 mm (]-Fingh] sous end smallor pies and W072 Tor 602 ne. Qésineh) squace and Jager wiles usless 2 spafler value can be justified by cational arabs “nverpalzion ny he used belwesa the speniies co “4 : ~ venga SS romatae adit” Newecsaeatog easels pea Bey Sal bats eas alien mead te. (Forpanee estat i Giemniuof Sector —_-. rors nated Toor cat | 1 Leet em 7 Sears anal( aad, S250 LDC ZOE | Table sofite Ta ae EN . sal afeNane! Se Ee are Pineal ace 7 ~~~ Porat Tans Y eee Tirana = 4 ase Bek = = : > © = eeDeeSalland i = Ee Ebest ez i SiS ie ai i a | nap ane nn NR alae ind a het ines PLE ee en a eons bin 5 nc peas ck oe SSE ‘Seer Atmos “= ~~ [Femeaaar naa eating oot! 45ney SP-2007 ce05 CHAPTERS STRUCTURAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Division I — General Design Requirements 5.1 Symbols and Notations D dead load, KNint (psf) E = earthquake load set forth in Section 3.30.1, KN (Ib) ‘Eq = estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed in the structure as set forth in Seation 5.30.1.1, EN Ib) P = toad dus te fluics, KN (b) H = Yoad due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil, KN (1b) ‘= live load, except roof live lead, inciuding any permitted live fozd reduction, Ln? (psf) 2, ~ x00flive load, including any permitted live load reduetion,1N/m" (psf) P ponding load, kN/m: (psf) J) = snow load, kN/m? (pst) = selfshaining force and effters arising from contraction or cxpansion resutting from temperature chenge, shrinkage, moisture change, cteep in component materials, movement duc to differential setilement, or combinations thereof, KN bo) v foad dae to wind pressure, KN (1b) 52 Soope ‘This chapter prescribes general design requirements applicable fo all situefurcs segulated by this ode 53 Definitions ‘The following terms arc defined for use in this code: Allowable Stress Design is a method of proportioning siractural elements such that computed ‘Sresses produced in the elements by the allowable stwess load combinetions do not exceed specified allowable stress (also called working stress design), Baicany, Exterior, is an exterior floor sysiem projecting from a structure and supported by that srustare, with ne additional independent suppotts. Dead Loads consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated into the building or other structure, Deck is an exterior floor system supported on at least swo opposing sides by an adjoining structure and/or posts, picts, ar other independent supports. Factored Load is the product of a load specified in Sections 5.6 through 5.11 and a Joad factor. See Section 5.122 for combinations of factored loads.Bop P2007 cus Limit State is « condition in which a structure or component is judged either to be no longer nell for its intended function (serviceability limit state) oF to bo unsafe (steength limit state). Live Loads arc those loads produced by the use ard accupaney of the building or other structure and do 1ot include dead load, construction loed, or environmental loads such as wind load, snow Toad, sain load, carthquake losd ot flood toad Load and Resistance Factor Design (LKFD) is a method of proportioning structural elements sing load ard resistance factors such that no applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to al appropriate load combinations. Strength Design is a method of proportioning siructaral cements such that the computed foros produced in the elements by the factored luad combinations do not exceed the factored element strength. 54 Standards ‘The standards listed below are recognized standards and shall be referred where required. 1. Wind Design 11 ASCE 7, Chapter 6, Minimum Design J.oads for Buildings and Otber Structures. 12 ANSI SIA/TIA 2224, Strucinral Standards for Steet Antenna Towers and ‘Antenna Supporting Siructures. 13 ANSVNAAMM FP1001, Guide Specifications for the Design Loads of Metal Flagpoles. SS Design a General Buildings and other structures and all portions thervof shell be designed and constructed to sustain, within the limitations specified in this cove, all loads set forth in Chapter Sard olsowhsre in this code, combined in accordance with Ssetion 5.12. Design shall be in accordance with Strength Design, Load and Resistance Factor Design or Allowable Stress Design methods, as permitted by the applicable materials chapters 5.5.2 Rationality ‘Any system or methed of construction 10 be used shall be based on a rational analysis in accordance with woll established principles of mechanics. Such analysis shall result in a system that provides a complete load path capable of transfering all loads and forces fiom their pein: of origin to the load-resisting elements, The analysis shall include, but not be limited to, the provisions of Sections 5.5.2.1 through 5.5.2.3. S521 Distribution of horizontal shear. The total tateral force shall be distributed to the Verious vertical elements of the lateral-forwe-resisting systom in proportion to their rigidities considering the rigidity of the Lorizental bracing system or diaphragm. Rigid elements that are ‘assumed not io be part of the lateral-force-resisting system may be incorporated into buildings, provided that their effoct on the ection of the syster is considered and provided for inthe design Provision shall be made for the increased forces induced on ‘Tesisting, elements of the structural system resulting from torsion due to eccentricity betweea the center of application of 52nee spect ~ cas the lateral forces and the center of rigidity of the latcral-force-resisting system, For accidental torsion roquisements for seismic design, see Section 5.30.6. 5522 Stability against Overtwrning. Every stucture shall be designed to resist the ‘overtuming effects caused by the Jaterel forces specified in this chapter. See Section 5.11.6 for retaining walls, Seetion 5.15 for wind and Section 5.26 for seismic, 5323 Anchorage. Anchorage of the roof to walls and columns, and of walls and columns to Foundations, shall be provided to resist the upli. and stiding forces that result from the epplication ‘of the prescribed forces. Concrete and reasonry walls stall be anchored to all floors, roof and other structural elements that provide lateral support for the wall, Such anchorage shell provide a positive direct connection capable of resisting the horizontal forces spevified in this chapter but not foss than the einimum forces in Section 5.11.4, in addition, in, Seismic Zones 3 and 4, diaphragm to wall anchorage using embedded straps chall have the straps attached to or hooked around the reinforwing steel or otherwise terminated 30 as to effectively transfer forces to the reinforcing steel, Walls shal) be designed to resist bending between anchors where the anchor spacing exceeds 1.2 meter (4 feet). Required anchors in masonry walls of hollow units or cavity walls shall be embedded in a reinforced grouted structural element of the weil, See Sections 5.32, 5.33.2.8 and 5.33.2.9 for scrthquake design requirements 553 Erection of Structural Framing “Walls and stmictora! framing shall be erected true and piumlb in accordance with the design, 36 Dead Loads 564 General ‘Dead loads shall bo as defined in Section 5.3 and in this seotion. 862 Partition Loads Floors in office buildings and other buildings where partition locations are subjec: to change shall tee designed to support, in addition to all other loads, a uniformly distributed dead Icad equal to LO kilo-Newton per meter square (21 psf} of floor area. Exception: Access floor systoms shall be designed to support, in addition to all other joads, @ uniformly distributed dead toad not less than 0.5 kilo-Newton per meter squate (10.5 psf) of floor area. 5.7 Live Loads S71 General Live loads shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or occupancy’ but in no cese shall be less than the loads required by this section. 3.72 Critical Distriasion of Live Loads “Where structural members aro arranged to ereate continuity, members shall be designed using the loading conditions, which would cause maximum sheer and bending moments. This requirement may be satisfied in accordance with the provisions of Section 5.7.3.2 or 5.7.4.2, where applicable. 5.13 Floor Live Loach 5.131 Genoral, Floors shalt be designed for the unit live Inads as set forth in Table 5.1 ‘These loads shall be taken as the minimum live Joads in pounds per square foot of horizontal 53Ber SP-2007 CEOS projection to be used in the design of buikdiogs for the oecupancies Tisted, and loads at least equal Shall be assumed for uses not listed in this section but that crextes or accommodates similar loadings. Where it can be determined in designing floors that the actual live load will be greater than the value shown in Table 5.1, the actual live load shall be used in the design of such buildings or portions thereo®. Special provisions shall be made for machine and apparatus teas. 5732 Distribution of uniform floor oads. Where uniform floor loads are invalved, ‘consideration may be limited to full dead load on all spans in combination with full live load on adjacent spans and alternate spans. 47.33, Concentrated loads. Provision shall be mede in designing floors for a concentrated iad, Z, as set forth in Table 5.1 placed upon axy space .80 meter (2.625 feet) square, wherover this foad upon an otherwise unfoaded floor would produse stresses greater than those caused by the uniform load required therefore. Provision shall be mads in areas where vehicles are ased or stored for concentrated loads, L, consisting of vo or more loads spaced .50 meters (5 feet) nominally on conter without uniform live loads. Each load shat! be 40 percent of the gross weigat of the maximum-size vehicle to be accommodated. Parking garages for the storage of private or pleasure-type motor vehicles with 00 repair or refieling shall have a Door system designed for a concentrated ‘ond of not less than 8.8 kilo-Newton (2,000 Ios) acting on an area of 0.015 meter square (23 ix} without uniform kive Joads. The condition of concentrated or uniform live load, combined in accordance with Seotion 5.12.2 or 5.12.3 as appropriate, producing the greatest stresses stall govern. 5.73.4 Speciat loads, Provision shell be made for the special vertical and fateral loads as set forth in Table 5.2. 5:73.58 Live loads pasted. The live loads for which cach floor or portion thereof of 2 Zoaamuercial or industrial building is or has been designed shall have such design live loads conspicuously posied by the owner in that part of each storey in which they epply, using durable metal signs, and it shall be unlawful to remove of deface such notices. The occupant of the building shall be responsible for keeping the actual load below the allowable lirats. B14 Roof Live Loads 5741 Gexeral. Roofs shall be designed for the unit live loads, L,, set forth in Table 5.3, The live loads shall be assumed to act vertieally upon the area projected on a horizontal plane. 5142 —_Disiibution of loads. Where uniform roof lends aro involved in the design off structural members erranued to create continuity, consideration may be limited to full dead Toads ‘on all spane in combination with full roof live Ibads on adjacent spans and on alfernate spans. Jemate span loading aced not be considered where the uniform roof five oad is 1.0 kilo-Newton per meter square (21 psf) or more or where losd combinations, including snow load, result in larger members or cotinections. For dhose conditions where light-guge metal preformed structural sheets serve as the suppert and finish of woofs, roof structural members arranged to create continuity shall be considered adequate if designed for fll dead loads on all spaas in combination with dhe most critical one of the following superimposed loads: 1. Snow load in accordance with Section 5.14. 2. The uniform rnof live lead, £,, set forth in Table 5.3 on all spans, 54wep SP-2007 . __cHas 3. A concentrated gravity load, L,, of 9.0 kilo Newton (2,000 Ths) placed on any span supporting 2 tibutary area greater than 18.5 meter square (200 #7) to create maximum stresses in the member, whenever this loading creates greater stresses than those caused by the uniform live Joed. The concentrated load shall be placed on the member over a levigth of 0.75 meter (2.5 fect) along the span. The concentrated load need aot be applied 10 more thax one span simukancouly. 4, Water accurmulation as prescribed in Section 5.11.7. 37.43 Unbalanced loading. Unbalanced loads shall be used where such loading will resslt in larger members of connections. ‘Trusses and arches shall be designed to resist the stresses caused by unit live loads on one half of the span if such loading resulls in reverse stresses, or stresses greater in eny portion than the stresses produced by the required unit live load on the catire span. For roofs whose structures are composed of 2 stressed shell, framed or solid, wherein siegses caused by any point foading are distributed throughout the area of the shell, the tequiremeats for unbalanced unit live Toad design may be reduced 50 percent, 5.7.44 Special roof Joeds. Roofs to he used for special purposes shall be designed for approgriat: loads as approved by the building official. Greenhouse roof bers, purlins and rafters shall be designed to carry a 450 Newton (100 pounds) minimum concentrated load, J, in addition to the uniform live load. 5.75 © Reduction of Live Load: ‘The design live foad determined using the unit ive loads es set forth in Teble $.3 for floors and Table 5.3, Method 2, for roofs may be reduced on any member supporting mote than 14.0 meter square (150.61 #2), inchuding flat slabs, except for floors in places of public assembly and fer live toads greater than 5.0 kile-Newton per meter square (100 psf), in accordance with the following formula: R=r(4-13.94) 21) For EPS: B=r(4—150) “The reduction shell not exeeed 40 percent for memibers receiving load from ons level only, 60 percent for other members or &, as determined by the following formula: R=231 (11 DA} (57-2) Where: = _ area of floor or roof supported by the member, meter square (2). dead Joad per meter square (#7) of area supported by the member. init five load per meter square (1) of area supported by the member. reduetion in percentage. = rate of reduction equal to 0.08 percent for floors. See Table 3.3 for tof. Tn oh For storage loads exceeding 5.0 kile-Newton per square meter (100 psf}, 20 reduction shalt be made, except that design live loads op columis may be reduced 20 percent, The live load reduction shall ot exceed 40 percent in garages for the storage of private pleasurs cars having a capacity of not more than nine passengers per vehicle, 55Ber 5-200 CHD S76 Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction ‘As an altemate to Formula (3.71), the unit live loads sot forth in Table 5.1 may be reduced io accordance with Formula ($.7-3) on any member, including fat slabs, laving au influence erea of 37.0 square meter (400 fF) or more, Le 1 [nase 437 (6.73) var For FPS: ‘Where: influence area, in meter square (f°). The influence area A, is four times the tributary area for a column, two tines the tibuiary area fbr a beara, equal to the panel area for a two-way stab, and equal to the product of the span and the fal] flange width for 2 precast T-beam, reduced design live load per meter square (10) of area supported by the member, unreduced design live load per meter square (N) of area supported by the member (Table 5.1), The reduced live load shall not be tess than 50 percent of the unit five load Z, for members receiving load from one level only, nor less than 40 porcent ofthe anit live load Z, for oer members 58 Snow Loads Snow loads shall be determined in accordance with Division IL 39 Wind Loads Wind loads shall be determined it accordanes with Division IL. 5.10 Earthquake Loads Farthquake loads shal! be determined in accordance with Division IV, S11 Other Minium Loads SALI General Tn adcition to the other disign loads specified in this chapter, strustures shell be designed to esist ‘the loads specified in this section and the special loads set forth in Table 5.2. S412 Other Loads Buildings end other structures and portions thereof shall be designed to resist Hl loads duc to appliorble ‘uid pressures, 7, lateral soil yressures, 7, ponding loads, P, and self-strining forces, T. See Section 5.11.7 for ponding loads for roofs.Ber $P.2007 Has S113 Impact Loads Tmpact loads shail be included in the design of any stricture where impact loads occur 5114 Anchorage of Concrete arid Masonry Wats Concrete and masonry walls shall be anchored as required by Section 5.5.2.3. Such anchorage shall be capable of resisting tho load combinations of Section 5.12.2 or §.12.3 using the greater of the wind or eartiquaice loads tequited by this ebepter or a minimum horizontal force of 4.10 kilo~ ‘Newton per Tinear meter (280.84 Ib/f) of wall, substiturcd for &. ALS Interior Well Leads Interior walls, permancnt partitions end temporary partitions that excead 1.85 meter (6.07 feet) in height stall be designed to resist all loads to which they arc subjected but not loss than a lowd, Z, of 0.25 kilo-Newton per meter square (5.25 psf) applied perpendicular to the walls. The 0.25 kcilo~ Newton per meter square (5.25 psf) load need not be apalied simultaneously with wind cr seismic leads, The deflection of such walls under a toad of 0.25 kilo-Newton pet meter square (5.25 psf) shall rot exceed 1/240 of the span for walls with brittle niskes and 1/120 of the span for walls with flexible finishes, See Table 5.14 for eartqueke design requirements where such requirements are mote restrictive. Exception: Fleaible, folding o portable partitions are pot required fo meet the Toad and deflection criteria but must be anchored te the supporting structure to meet the provisions of this code. S1L6 Retaining Walls ‘Retaining, walls hal! be designed to resist loads duc to the lateral prossure of retained material in aceotdance with accepted engineering practice. Walls retaining dreined soil, where the surface of the retained soit is fevel, shall be designed for a load, ¥, equivalent to that exerted by 2 finic weighing not lees than 4.75 EN/m'/tm (30.25 psf per foot of depth) and having depth agual to that of theretained soll. Any surcharge shall-be in addition to the equivalent fluid pressure. Retaining walls shall be designed to resist sliding by at least 1.5 times the lateral force and overtuming by at least 1.5 times the overuming moment, using allowable stress design loads. BLL? Water decumulesion 'All roofs shall be designed ith sufficient slope or camber to ensure adequate drainage efter the long-rerm deflection ‘rom dead load or shall be designed to resist ponding load, P, combined in aceordance with Section 5.12.2 of 512.3. Ponding toad shall include weter accumulation from any source, including snow, duc 10 deflection. See Seetion 1506 of UBC 1997 and Table 5.3, Footnote 3, for drainage slope. See Section 5.13 for deflection cxiteria, S118 Hydrostatic Uplift "All foundations, slabs and ofhor footings subjected to water pressure shall be designed to resist a aniformly distributed uplift load, F, equal to the full hydrostatic pressure, $119 Flocd-resistant Construction, For flood-esisiant construction requitemears, where specifically adopted, the relevant standard codes may be consulted. 5.1116 Heliport and Helistop Lancting Areas In addition to other design requirements of this chapter, heliport and helistop landing or touchdown areas stall be designed for the following loads, combined in accordance with Section 3.122 07 5.123: 1. Dead load pls actual weight of the helicopter, 57wer SP-200F 2 Dead load plus ¢ single concentrated impact loed, L, covering 0.1 square meters (1.00 #) of 0.75 times the fully loaded weight of the helicopter if it is equipped with hydraulic- type shook absorbers, or 1.5 times the fully icaded weight of the helicopter if tt is equipped with a rigid or skid-type lending gear. 3, The dood load plus a uniform live load, £, of §.0 Kilo-Newton per square meter (100 ps!). The required live load may be reduced in accordance with Section 5.7.5 or 8.7.6. SILAL Prefabricated Conserxction S.ALLLA Connections. Every device used to connect prefebricated assemblies: shell be designed as required by this code and shall be capable of developing the sirength of the members connected, except in the ease of members forming paxt of a structural frame designed as specified in this chapter. Connections shall be capable of withstanding uplift forees as specified in this chapter. S.AL11.2 Pipes and condutt, In steuctural design, due allowance shalt be made for any marerial tp be removed for the installation of pipes, conduits or other equipment S.ALLLS Tests and inspections. Sec Section 6.4 for requirements for tosts and inspections of prefabricated construction, 5.12 Combinations of Loads SARL General Buildings and other structures and all portions thereof’ shaft be designed to resist the load combinations specified in Section 5.12.2 of 5.12.3 and, where required by Division IV, the special seismic ioad combinations of Section 5.12.4. The most exitical effect cen oeaur when one or more ‘of the contributing loads are not acting. All applicable loads shalé be considered, including both earthquake and wind, in accordance with the specified load combinations. 5.122 Loud Combinations Using Strength Design om Load and Resistance Factor Design 5.122 Basic load combinations. Where Load and Resistance Factor Design (Stength Design) is used, structures and ll portions thereof shall resist the most eritiea! effects from the following combinations of factored loads: 14D 61243 12D + L6L+05 Gor) (8.122) 12D+ 16 (LoS) + fil or 9.8) {5.423} 12D> LIK fl + 05 Er or (612-4) L2D+LOE+ GL *hS (5.12.5) 09D + (LOB or 13%) 5.126) ‘Where: 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excass of 5.0 Kile- ‘Newton per square meter (100 psf), and for garage live load. = 05 for other live loads. fh = 07 Cor roof configurations (such 1s sew tooth) that de not shed snow off the stiucture. = 02 forother roof corfigurations, 58ace P2007 cH05 Exceptions: 1. Fastored load combinations of this section multiplied by 1.1 for conciete and mesomry where load combinations include seismic forces. 2. Where other factored Toad combinations are specifically required by the provisions of this code. 5.12.22 Other loads. Where F. H, P or f is to be considered in design, cach applicable load Shall be added te the above combinations factored as foltows: 13 F. 1.6, 1.2Pand 1.27. 5.42.3 Load Combinations Using Allowable Stress Design 5123. Basic load combinations. Where allowable stress design (working stress design) is ised, structures and all portions thereof shall resist the most critieal effects resulting from the following combinations of loads: D (612-7) D+LeG,or8) 5.128) D+ Warb/ 14) 12-9) D9D=El 14 6.1210) D+ 0.75 (L4 Lor 8) +(W or E/14)| G21} Additionat combinations for ses] structures only: 064+ T (5.5242) O6D+O7E (5.1213) No increase in allowable sticsses chal be used with these load combinations except as specifically permitted clsewhere in this code, $123.2 Other loads. Where F, H, P or T isto be considered in design, cech applicable load shall be added to the combinetions specified in Sections 12.3.1 5.42.3.3 Special Seismic Load Combinations For both Allowable Streas Design and Strength Design, the following special lead combinations forseismic design shall be used as specifically required by Chapter 5, Division TV. L2D+AL+ LOE, (42-17) 0.9 D+10 By (5-12-18) Lo for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 5.0 Kilo~ ‘Nowton por square meter (100 psf), and for gerage live load. = 0.5 for other live loads. 5.13 Deflection “The deflection of any structural membor shall not exezed the vatues set forth in Table 3.4. based ‘on the feotors set forth in Table 5.5. The deflection criteria reprosonting the most restrictive condition shall apply. Deflection criteria for materials not specified shall be developed in = ‘manner consistent with the provisions of this section. See Section 5.11.7 for camber requirements, SyBCP SP-2907 cos Division I Snow Leads 5.4 Snow loads Buildings and other structures and afl portions thereof that are subject to snow loading stall be designed to resist the snow loads, as determined by the building official, in accordance with the cad combinations set forth in Section 5.12.2 or 5.12.3. Potential unbalanced accumulation of snow st valleys, parepets, roof structures and offiets int reols of uneven configuration shail be considered. Snow loads in excess of 1.0 kilo-Newton per square meter (21 psf} may be reduced for each cegree of pitch over 2) degrees by R, as determined by the formula: R= 8140-0024 (46D For FPS: Re S/40-12 ‘Where: R. = snow load reduction in kilo-Newten per square meter (Ibs/f’) pes degree of pitch over 20 degrees, SS = total snow load in kilo Newtoa per square meter (Tbs/ft”), S40pcr SP2007 cHL05 Division IN—Wind Design 5.5 Symbols znd Notations “The fotlowing symbols and notations apply to the provisions of this division: combined height, exposure and gust factor coefficient as given in Table 5.7. pressure coefficient forthe structure or portion of structure under consideration as given in Table 5.8, importance factor as se: forth in Table 5.19. design wind pressure, KIN‘an* (psf) ‘wind stagnation pressure at the standard height of 10 meters (33 feet) as set forth in Table 5.6, KN/n’ (psf) 516 General Rivery building or structure and every portion thereof shall be designed and constructed to resist the wind effects determined in 2ocordance with the requirements of this division where applicable cor any other iniemnationally recognized building code. Wind chal! be assumed to come from any horizontal direction, No reduction in wind pressure shell be taken for the shielding oifect of adjacent structures. Sinmeurres sensitive to dynamic effects, ouch es buildings with a height-to-width ratio greater thaa five, structures Sensitive to wind-excited oscillations, such as vortex shedding or ‘eing, and buildings over 125 meters (410 fbet) in height, shall be, and any structure may be, designed in secordance with approved national standards. “The provisions of ths section do not apply to building and Zoundatioa systems in those areas subjeat to seour and Water pressure by wind and wave action, Buildings and foundations subject to such loads shall he designed in accordance with approved imternztional siandards, 5.17 Definitions ‘The following definitions apply only to this civision: Baste Wind Speed is the fastest-mile wind speed associated with an annual probability of €.02 measured at a point 10 meters (33 feet) above the ground for en area having exposure category C. Exposure B has terrain with buildings, forest or surface iregulariies, covering, at leest 26 percent of the ground levol arca extending 1.60 km (mile) or more from the site. Exposure Cas tesein that is flat and generally opsn, extending 0.80 lam (1/2 mile) or more fom the site ie any fol] quadrant. Exposure D represeots the most sovere exposure in areas with hasio wind speeds of 150 kmh (86.79 mph) or greaver and has terrain that is Hat and onobstructed facing large bedies of water ver 1.60 km (1 tile} or méze in width reletive to any quadrant of the building site, Exposure D Gutonds intaad from the shoreline 6.40 km ([/4 mile) or 10 times the building height, whichever is geste, Fastest-Mile Wind Speed is the wind speed obtained from wind velocity maps prepared by the ‘conceined authoritics or from local meteorological data and is the highest sustzined average wind speed based on the time required for a mile-long sample of ais to passa fixed point 5-14nee : SP2007 . ous Openings are apertures or holes in the exterior wall boundary of the structure, AIl svindows of doors ot other apenings shal be considered as openirgs ualess such openings and their frames are gpecifically detailed and designed to resist the Toads on elements and components in accordance ‘with the provisions of this section. Partially Enctosed Structure or Storey 's a structure oF storey that has more than 15 pervont of ny windward projected arca oper. aad the area of opening on all other projected areas is less than hal? of that on the windward projection. Unenelosed Structure or Storey is a structure that has 85 percent or mare opertings on all sides. 3.18 Basie Wind Speed ‘The minimum basic wind speed at any site shall not be tess than as specified by the local regulatory authotity. Until detailed wind date i available, all the structures inland shall be dovigned to resist a minimum wind velocity of rot less than 120 ke per hour (75 mph st a height of 1 meters (33 f) and all the structures slong the coast shail be designed to resist a wind yelocity of rot Tess chan 120 kia por hour ($0 mph} ut a height of 10 meters G3 ft) 5.19 Exposure ‘An exposure shall be assigned at each site for which a building or structure is to be designed, 5.20 Design Wind Pressures Design wind pressuros for buildings and structures and elements therein shall be determined for any height in accordance with the following formula: PrOCyQule 6.201) 5.21 Primary Frames and Sysiems 521.1 General ‘The primary jrames or load-resisting system of every structure shall be designed for the pressures caloulated asing Formuta (5.201) and the pressure cocflicients, Ca, of either Method 1 or Method >. In addition, design of the overall structure and its primary load-resisting system shell conform to Section 5.5. ‘The base overturning moment ‘or the entixe structure, or for any one of its individual primary leteral-resisting clements, shall not exceed 1Wo thirds of the dead-load-resisting moment For 60 entire stricture with a height-to-wic:h ratio of 0.5 of less in the wind direotion and @ maximum hicight of 18.30 motare (60 feet), the combination of the effects of aplifi and overturning may be reduced by one third. The weight of earth superimposed over footings may be used ‘0 calculate the dead-Ioad-resisting moment. S212 Method I (Normal Force Methed) Method 1 shall be used forthe design of gabled rigid frames and may be used for any structure, In the Normel Force Method, the wind presstres shall bs assumed to act sistultsneously normal to ail exterior surfaces. Far pressures cn roofs and leeward wells, C, shall be evaluated at the mean roof height. 5-12Bee SP-2607 CHS S243 Meshod 2 (Projected Area Method) Method 1 may be used for any strucnie less than 60 meters (196.80 fest) in height except those using gabled rigid frames. This method may be used in stability deremninations for any structure eos than 60 meters (196.8 fee!) high. Jn the Projected Area Method, horizontal pressures shat be assumed fo acl upon the full vertical projected arva of the stmeture, and the vertical pressures shall be assumed to act simoleaneously apon the full horizantal projected area, 522 Flements and Components of Structures Design wind prssures for cach eloment of component of a stmictare shall be cetermined for Formula (5.20-1) and C, valuzs from Jable 5.8, and shall be appliod perpendicular to the surface. For outward acting forces the valuc of C, shail be obtained fom Table 5.7 based on the mean roof Jieight and applied for the entire height of the structure, Each element or component shall be designed for the more sovore of the following loadings: 1 The presuras determined using C, values for elements and components acting over the entire tributary area of the element. 2 ‘The prosuurce determined using Cy values for local areas et discontinuities euch as corners, ridges and caves. These. Jocel pressures shall be applied over a distance from 2 discontinuity of 3.0 meters (10 feet) or 0.1 times the least width of the structure, whichever is less. The wind pressures drom Sections 5.21 and 5.22 need not be combined. 323 Open-Frame Towers Radio towers and oer towers of trussed construction shell be designed and constructed to ‘withstand wind pressures specified in eis section, multiplied by the shape factors set forth in Table $8 5.24 Miscellaneous Structures Groenhouses, lath houses, agricultural buildings or fences 3.60 meters (12. feet) or less in height shall be designed in accordance with Division I, However, three fourths of qs, but not Jess then 050 kilo-Newton per square meter (10.44 psf}, may be eubstituted for a, in Formula (5.20-5). Prassures on focal areas at discontinuities need not be considered, 525 Occupancy Categories For the purpose of wind-esistant design, each structure stall be placed in one of the occupancy estegories listed in Table 5.10. Table 5/0 lists importance factors, J for each categoryscr 5P-2007 creas Division 1V—Earthquake Design 526 Symbols and Notations The following symbols and nctations apply to the provisions of this division: As Ac hog ground floor area of styucture in square meter (FP) to include azee covered by all overhangs and projections. the combined effective area, in square meter (ft, of the shear walls in the first storey of the structure. ‘the minimum cross-sectional area in any horizontal plane in the first storey, in squere meter (8) of a shear wall the torsional amplification factor at Level x numerical cocfficiont spesified in Section 5.32 and set forth in Table 5.14, seismic coefficient, as set forth in Table 5.16. ‘numerical coefficient given in Section 5.30.2.2, seismic coefficient, as set forth in Table 5.17 dead load on a structural element. ihe length, in meter (£9, ofa shear walt in the first storcy-in the direction parallel to the applied forces earthquake loads set forth in Section 5.30.1 Design Seismic Force applied to Level x or 4, raspectively. Design Seismic Forees on a part of the structure. Design Seismic Force on a diaphregn. that portion of the bass shear, V, considered concentrated at the tep of the structure in edition to Fy, lateral force at Level for use in Formula (5.30-10) acceleration due to gravity. height in meter (ft) above the bese to Level fn or x, respectively importance factor given in Table 5.10. importance facto: specified in Table 5.10. five load ona structural element, level of the structure referred fo by the subscript i. “f= 1” designetes the first Jevel above the base, ‘het Jovel that is uppermost in the main portion of the structure. thet level that is under design consideration, “x = 1” designates the fst level above the base. maximum moment magnitude, near-souree factor used in the determination of C, in Scismic Zone 4 related to both the proximity of the building or structure to known faults with magnitudes and slip rates as set forth in Tables 5.18 and 5.20. near-source factor tsed in the determination of C, in Seismic Zone 4 related to ‘both the proximity of the building or structure to fnew faults with magnitwles cand slip rates as set forth in Tables 5.19 and 5.20. plasticity index of soil determined in accordance with approved interpationel standards. numerical coefficiont representative of the inherent over strength and global ductility capacity of lateral forec-resisting systoms, as sot forth ia Table $13 or 515. a ratio used in determining p. See Section 5.30.1 B14Bee SP-2007 soil profile types.as set forth in Table 4.1 clastic fundamental petiod of vibration, in seconds, of the structure in the direction under eonsideration. P= the total design leterad force or shear at the base given by Formula (5.304), (5.30- 3), ($.30+6), (5.307) or (S.30-L1). the design storey shear in Storey 3 the fotal seismic dead load defined in Section 5.30.1... thet portion of located at or assigned to Level i o¢ x, respectively. the weight of ep clement or component. the weight of the diaphragm end the clement tibutary thereto at Level 2, including applicable portions of other loads defined in Section 536.1.1 Z = seismic ze factor as given in Table 5.9. Zu — Maximam Tnlastic Response Displacement, which is the total drift or total storey drift that occurs when the structure is subjected 10 the Design Basis Ground Motion, including estimated elastic end inelastic contiibutions to the totel deformation defined in Seation 5.30.9. 4g ~ Design Lavel Response Displacement, which is tae total deft or total storey éritt that oceuss when the structure is subjected to the design seismic forces. § = horizontal displacement at Level f relative to the base duo to applied lateral forces, f, for use in Formula (5.30-10). Redandancy/Reliahitity Factor given by Formula (530-3), Seismie Force Amplification Factor, which is required to account for structural overstiengih end set forth in Table 9.13. 327 General S211 Purpose “Phe purpose of the earthquake provisions herein is primarily to safeguard against major stractural failmres and loss of life, notto limit damage of maintain function, 5272 Minimaon Seismele Design Strucaues and portions thereof! shall, as a minimum, be designed and constructed to resist the effects of seismic ground motions as provided in this division. $22.3 Seismie and Wind Design "When wind design produces gronter effscts, the wind desiga shall gover, bat detailing sequirerneats and limitations prescribed in this section and referenced seations shall be followed. 528 Definitions For the purposes of this division, cextain toums are defined as follows: Base is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the stucture or the level at whick the structure asa dynamis vibrator is supported. ‘Base Shear, V, is the tots} design lateral force or shear at tho base of a structare. Bearing Wall System is a structural system without 2 complete vertical load-carrying space frame. Sce Section 5.29.6.2. Boundary Element is an clement at edges of openings or at perimeters of shear walls or icphragms S15Bee 51-2007 HOS Braced Frame is an essculially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric typ: that é provided to resist lateral forces. Building Frame System is. an esscatially complete space frame that provides support for gravily loads. Sex Section 5.29.63. Cantitevered Cobonn Element is 2 column element in a lateral-force-tesistiag system that cantilevers ftom a fixed bese and has minimal moment capacity at the fop, with laterat forces applied essentially at the top. Collector is a member of element provided to tansfer lateral forces fiom a postion of a structure to vertical elements of the lateral-force~esisting system. Component is 2 part or clement of an sackitectiral, electrical, mechénieal or structural system, Component, Equipment, is « mechanical ot electrical component or element that is past of a mechenieal and/or electrical system, Component, Flexible, is a component, including its attachments, having a fundamental period greater than 0.06 second, Component, Rigid, is a component, including its attachments, having ¢ fmdamental period less than or equal to 0.06 second. Concentrically Braced Frame is a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial forces. Design Basis Groad Motion is that grcund motion that has 2 10 porcent chance of being exceeded in $0 years as determined by a site-specific hazard analysis or may be determined om a hazaré map. A suite of gound motion time historeys with dynamic propertics represontative of the site characteristics shall be used to represent this ground motion, The dynamic effets of the Design Basis Ground Motion may be represented by the Design Response Spectrum. See Section $312 Design Response Spectrum is an elastic response spectrum for 5 porvent oquivalent viscous damping used to represent the dynamic effeets of the Design Basis Ground Motion for the design of stuctures in accordance with Sections 5.30 and 5.31. his response spectrum may be either a site-specific spectrum based on geologic, tectonic, seismological and soil characteristics associated with a specific site or may be a spectrum constructed in accordance with the spectral shape in Figure $-1 using the site-specific values of C, and C, and multiplied by the aeveleration: of gravity, 9.815 misea® (3864 inJsec’). See Section 5.31.2. Design Seismic Force is the tninimum total strength design base shear, factored and distributed in accordance with Seotion 5:38. Diaphragms is @ horizontal or nearly hotiznntal system acting to transmait lateral forces to the yertical-resisting clomsnts. The torm “diaphragm” includes horizontal bracing systems. Diaphragm or Shear Wall Chord is the boundary clemcet of a diapbragm cr shear wall thal is assumed to sake axial stresses enslogous to the flanges of a beso, Diaphragm Siret (drag sinut, tis, and collector) is the element of a diaphragm perallel to the applied [oad that collects and ttansiers diaphrapm shear to the verticalvesisting elements or distributes Tnaels within the Giaohragm. Such members may taXe axial tension or compression. S16BCP SP-2007 Drift Soe “storey drift.” Dual System is a combination of moment-resisting frames and shear walls or braved frames ‘designed in accotdance with the criteria of Section 5.29.6.5. Eccentrically Braced Frame (EBE) is 4 steel braced frame designed in conformance with Section 8.5, Chapter 8, Blastic Resportse Parameters are forces and deformations determined from an elastic dynamic analysis using an unreduced ground motion representation, in azcordance with Section 5.30. Essential Facilities are those structures that are necessary for emergency operations subsoquerit 10 natural disaster. Flexible Element or system is one whose deformation under lateral load is significantly larger than adjoining parts of the systero, Limiting ratios for defining specific fexible elements are set forth ia Seotion $.306 Horizontal Bracing System is» hosizonial trass system that serves the same function as 2 diaphragm. Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame (MRF) is a conorete frame designed in accordance with Section 7.1, Chapter 7. Lateral-Force-Resisting Seismic Fores, ‘Spsiem is that part of the straetural system designed to resist the Design Moment ~ Resisting Frame is @ fame in which members and joints ate capable of resisting fortes primarily by flexure, Ordinary Braced Frame (OBF) is a szel-breced frame designed in accerdance with the provisions of Section 8.14, Chapter 8 Ordinary Moment — Resisting Frame (OMBE) is a moment-resisting frame nct meeting speciel detailing requirements for ductile behavior. Orthogonal Ejfeets are the earthquake toad effects on structural clements common 10 the lateral- Jorce-resisting systems along two orthogonal axes Overstrength is a charceteristic of structures where the actual strength is larger than the design strength. The degree of over stength is material and system dependent. Po Eyfect is the secondary effect on sheats, axia) forces and moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads acfing on the Taterally displaced building system. Shear Wall ig a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall (sometimes referred to as vertical diaphragm or structural wall). (Shear wall — Frame Interactive System wses combinations of sheat walls and frames designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to their relative rigidities, considering internction between shear ‘walls and fiames on all levels. SATBCP. $2007 CHO ‘Soft Storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 porzent of the ctiffnass of the storey above, See Table 5.11 Space Frame is a three-dimensional siructurat system, without bearing walls, composed of members interconnected so as +0 Function as a somplete salf contained unit with or without the aid of horizontet diaphragms of floor-bracing systems. Special Concentrically Braced Frame (SCBF) is a steel-braced frame designed in conformance with the provisions of Section 8.13, Chapter 8 Special Moment — Resistiag Frame (SMRF) is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior and comply with the requirements given in Chapters 7 and 8. Special Truss Moment Frame (STMF) 's a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior and comply with the provisions of Section 8.12, Chapter 8, Storey is the space between levels, Storey x is the storey below Level x ‘Storey Drifeis the lateral displacement of onc level relative to the level above or below Storey Drift Ratio is the storey dtift divides by the storey height. Storey Shear, Vz, is the surumation of design lateral forces above the storey under consideration, ‘Sength is the capacity of an element or a member to resist factored lead ax specified in Chapter 5. Structure is an assemblage of taming members designed to support gravity leads and resist Jatorat forces, Structures may be categorized as building structares or nen-building structures. Subdiaphragm is 1 portion of a larger wood diaphregm designed to anchor and transfer local forces to primary diaphragm strats ond the main diaphragm. Vertical Load — Carrying Frame isa space frame designed to carry vestival gravity leads. Wall Anchorage System is the system of clements anchering the wall fo the diaphragm and those elements within the diaphragm required to develop the anchorage forces, including, sub- diapbregms and continuous ties, as specified in Sections 5.33.2.8 and 5.33.29. Weak Storey is one in which the storey strength is less than 80 percent of the storey ebove. See ‘Teble $.11. 5.29 Criteria Selection 3.29.1 Basis for Dasign ‘The procedures and the limitations for tho desion of structures shall be determined considering seismic zoning, site characteristics, occupancy, configuration, structural system and height in accordance with this section, Stractues shall be designed with adequate streagth to withstand the lateral displacements incuced Ey the Design Basis Ground Motion, considering the inelastic response of the structure and tho inherent redundancy, overstrength and ductility of the lateral force-resisting system. The minimum design strength shal be based on the Design Seismis Forces ‘determined in accordance with the static lateral force procedure of Section 5.30, except 25 rodified by Section 5.31.54, Where strength design is used, the load combinations of Section 5122 shall apply. Whore Allowable Stress Design is used, the load combinations of Section 3-48ace SP-2007 cuss 5.12.3 shall apply. Allowable Stress Desig may be used to evaluate sliding or overturning at the soil-struciwre interface regardless of dhe design approach used in tho devign of the structure, provided toad combinations of Section 5.12.3 are wiilized. One- and two-family dwellings in Seisinie Zone J} need aot conform to the provisions of this section. $29.2 Occupancy Categories For purposes of earthquake resistant design, cach structure shall be placed in one of the coeupancy eaiegories listed in Table 5.10. Table 5.10 essigns importance factors, J and Jy and structural observation requirements for each catsgory. $29.3 Site Geology and Soil Characteristics Fach site shall be assigned a soi profile type based on property substantiated geotechnical date cing the site categorization procedure set forth in Chapter 4 and ‘Table 4.1. Exception: When the soil properties are aot known in eufficient datail to determine the soil profile (ype, generally Typ: Sp shall be used. Soil Profile Type Se need act be ascumed for al! situations unless the engincer determines that Soil Profile Type Se ‘may be present atthe site or in the event that Type Sy is established by geotechnical data, 529.31 Soil profile type. Soil Profile Types Ss Se Sc, Sp end Ss are defined in Table 4.1 and Soil Profile Type Si-is defined as soils requiring site-specific evaluation as follows: 1, Soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seismic Toading such as liquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays, collapsible weakly cmonted softs. 2. eats and/or highly organic clays [H > 3 m (J0 ft} of peat andlor highly organic clay where H = thiekness of soil} ‘Very hhigh plasticity slays [ET> 7.5 m (24.5 ft) with PI> 75] Vary thick sof/medium stiff clays [I> 37 m (121.36 R.] py $29.4 Site Seismic Hazard Charecteristics “Seismic hazard characteristics for the site shall he established based on the seismic zone and proximily of the sito 10 active scismie sources, sito soil profile cuaracterisies and the siructire’s importance factor. 5.29.4. Seismic Zone, Back site shall be assigned a seismic zone in avcordance with Chapter 2, Figure 2.1. Each sicucture shall be assigned a seismic zone factor Z, in accordance with Table 59. 529.42 Seismic Zone 4 near-seurce factor. In Seismic Zone 4, eath site shall be assigned warssource facter in accordence with Table 5.18 and the Seismic Source Type set forth in Table $20, The value of N used to determine C, noed not exceed 1.1 for structures complying with all ihe following conditions: 1. The soil profile tyoe is $1, So, Se or Se 2 pelo. 3 Except in single-storey structures, Group R, Division 3 and Group U, Division Gocuparcies, moment frame systoms designated as pat of the letera}foree-resisting system chal] be special mosent-resisting frames. 4, None ofthe following structural irregularities is present Type f. 4 of 5 of Table 5.11, and “Type 1 or 4 of Table 3.12. 529,43 Seisnie response coafficients. Each structure shall be assigned a seisinic cosfficiem, C., inaccordance with Teble 5.16 and 2 seismic coefficient, Cy, in accordance with Table 5.17. 5-19ucr, sP-2007 ces 3.295 Configuration Requirements 5.29.5. General. Rach structure stall be designated es being structurally regular or irregular jn accordance with Sections §.29.5.2 and $.29.5.3 $29.52 Regular structures. Regular structures have no significant physical disvoatinuitics in plan or vertical configuration or in their leteral-force-resisting systems such as the irregular features deseribed in Section 5.29 5.3 3.29.5.3 regular suructures |. regular structures have significart physical discontinuities in-configuration or in their lateral foroo-resisting syslems, Irregular features include, but are net limited fo, those described in Tebloy 3.11 and 5.12. All structures in Seismie Zone 1 and Cecupancy Categoties 4 and § in Seismic Zone 2 need (0 be evaluated oply for vertical irregularities of Type 5 (Table 5.11) and hosizsntal irregularities of Type £ Table 5.12). 2, Smuctures having any of the features tisted in Table 5.1 shall be designated as if having @ vertical irregularity. Exception: Where no storey drift ratio under design lateral forees is greater then 1.3 times the storey drift ratio of the storey above, the structure may be deemed not have the structural irregularities of Type | or2.in Table 5.11. The storey drift ratio for the top two storeys nced not be considered. The storey dtifis for this determination may be calculated nezlecting torsional effects. 3, Structures having any of the features listed in Table 5.12 shall be designated as having a plan irregularity. 5.29.6 Strustural Systems 5.29.61 General, Siructural systems shall be classified as one of the types listed in Table 3.13, and defined in this section. 52962 Bearing wall system, A structural system without a complete vertical load-canying space freme. Bearing wells cr bracing systems provide support for all or most gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braesd frames, 529.63 Building frame system. A siructoral system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads, Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced Sranes. 529.64 Moment-resisting frame system. A structural system with an cssertielly complete space frame providing swpport for gravity inads, Moment-resisting frames provide resistance (0 teteral fcad primacily by flexural action of members. 5296.5 Dual system. A structural system with the following features: 1. Anessentially complete space frame that provides support for gravity toacs. 2 Resistance 10 Taieral cad is provided by shese walls or braced frames and momeat- resisting frames (SMRF, IMRF, MMRWF or steel OMRF). The moment-resisting frames shall be designed to independently resist at Jeast 25 percent of the design base shear. ‘The two systems shall be designed to resist the (ots! design base sheer ip proportion to their relative rigidities considering the interaction of the dual system at all levels. ¥Ber SP-2007 Hit 529.66 Cantilevered colunes system, A structural system zelying on cantilevered column eloments for lnterat resistance. 529.67 — Lindefined structural sysiem. A structural system not listed ie Table 5.13. 528.68 — Nonbuilding structural system. A structural system conforming to Section 5.34. 529.7 Feight Limits Hieight limits for the various stenctural systems in Seismic Zones 3 snd 4 are given in Table 5.13. Exeeption: Regular structures nay oxcced these limits ty net more than $0 percent for unoccupied structures, which ate not accessible 10 the general public 529.8 Selection of Leteral-force Procedure 5298.4 General. Any structure may be, and certain structures defined below shall be, Gesigaed using the dynamic lateral-force procedures of Section 5.31. 5298.2 Simplified static. ‘The simplificd static Iateral-foree procedure set forth in Section 5,30.2.3 may be wsed for the following structures of Occupancy Caregory 4 or 5: 1. Buildings of avy occupancy (achuing single-family dwellings) not more than tec storeys in height excluding basements that use light-frame construction. 2, Other buildings nct more than tyro storeys in height excluding basements. $298.3 Static, The static Interal force procedure of Section 5.30 may be used for the following structures: 1, Alf structures, regular or irregular, in Soismie Zone 1 and in Qcoupancy Categories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone 2. 2, Regular structures tinder 73.0 meters (240 fect) in height with Yateral fotze resistance provided by systeme listed in Table 5.13, excopt where Section 5.29.84, Hem 4, applies. Jeregular structures not more than five storeys or 20 meters (65 feat) in height. Structures having a flexible upper portion supported ox a rigid lower portion where both portions of the structure considered separately can be classified as being reguler, the average storey stifiness of the lover portion is at least 10 times the average storey stifiness of the upper portion and the period of the entire structure is not greatsr thant 1.4 times the period of the upper portion consideted as a separate structure fixed at the base 52084 Dynamic. The dynamic laterel-force procedure of Section 5.31 shall be used for all other siractures, including the followin, 1. Structures 73 meters (240 fect) or more in height, except as permitted by Section 5.2.8.3, Item 1, Stractures having @ stiffness, weight or geometric vertical irregularity of Type 1, 2 of 3, ts defined ia Table $.11, or structures having irregular features not described in Table 5.1] of 5.12, except as permitied by Section 5.30.42, Structures over five storeys or 20 meters (65 feet) in hetghl in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 not having the same structural system throughout their height except as permitied by Seetfon 5.304, 4, Structures, regular or irregular, located on Soil Profile Type Sz that has a peried greater ‘han 0.7 second, ‘Ehe analysis stall incfude the effeeis of the soils at the site and shall conform fo Section 5.31.2, Htem 4,BCP 2007 cas 529.9 System Limitations $29.91 Discontinuity. Structures with ¢ discontiauity in capacity, vertical irregalerity Type > 28 defined in Table 5.11, shell nct be over two storeys or $ meters (30 feet) in height where the woak storey has a calculated strength of lass than 65 percent of the storey above. Exception: Where the weak storey is capable of resisting a total Ieteral stismis foros of times the design force prescribed in Section 5.30. 3.29.9.2 Undefined strucrural systems. For undefined structural systems not Jisted in Table 5.13, the coafficient R shall be substamtiated by approved cyclic test data and analyses, The following items shall be addressed when establishing 2: Dynamic response characteristics, Lateral force resistance, ‘Overstrength and strain hardening or softening, Strengih and stiffness degradation, Energy dissipation characteristics, Systom ductility, and Redundancy. 5.2993 Irregular features, All structures having imeguiat features described in Table 5.1] ot 5.12 shall bo dosigned to mest the additional requirements of those sections referenced in the ‘ables. 3.2940 Alternative Procedures 29.101 General. Altomstive lateral-force procedures using tational analyses based on well ssiablished principles of mechanics may be used ia lice of those prescribed in thase provisions, 5.29102 Seismic isolation, Scismic isolation, energy dissipation and damping systems may be used in the design of structures when approved by the building official and when special detailing is used to provide results equivalent to those cbtained by the use of conventional siructural systems. 530 Minimum Design Lateral Forces and Related Effects 3301 — arthquake Loails and Modeling Requirements 5301.1 Farthquake loads. Stactures shall be desianed for ground motion producing ‘structural response and seismie forces in any horizontel direction. The following earthquake loads shall be used in the load combinations set forth in Section 3.12. E=pith E300, (6302) ‘Where: E = the earthquake load on an clement of the struoture resulting from the combination of the orizontal component, E;, and the vertical component, £, Th = the carthquake load duc to the base shear, F, as set forth in Seotion 5.30.2 or the design lateral force, Fas set forth in Section 5.32, 5:22,BCP E, = the estimated maximum earthquake foree that can be developed in the structure as set forth in Section 5.30.1.1. = the load effect resulting from fhe vertical componest of the earthquake ground motion and is equal to an addition of 0.5 CyZD to the dead lead cffect, D. for Smength Design, and may be taken as zero for Allowable Stress Design. Q, =. the seismic force amplification factor that is required to sccount for structural over strength, as set forth in Section 5.303.1, p = Relisbility/Redundaney Factor ae given by the following formula p=2 6.1 (5.303) Teas In FPS: 20 a1, ON Ts — fe = the maximum elewent-storey shear ratio. For @ given direction of loading, the clementstorey shear ratio is the ratio of the design storey shear in the most feavily loaded single element divided by the total design storey shew, For any given Storey Level i, the clement-storey shear ratio is denoted 2s 7) The maximum clementstorey shear ratio tru: is defined as the largest of the element storey shear ratios, r, Which occurs ia apy of the storey levels at or below the two-thirds height level of the building. For braced frames, the value of 7, is equal to the maximum horizonial force component ma single brace element divided by the total storey shear. For moment frames, 7, shall be taken as the maximum of the sum of the shears in any bo adjacent cotumns in a moment frame bay divided by the storcy shear, Por columns common £0 two bays with moment-resisting-connections on opposite sides at Level i in the direction ander consideration, 70 percent of the shear in that column may be used in the column shear summation. For shear walls, * shall be foken as the maximum value of the product of the wall shear multiplied by 3.051, (For FPS: 1012) and divided by the total storey sheat, whose ly isthe length of the wall in meter (8). For dual systems, 7; shall be taken as the maximum value of 7,28 defined sbove considering all laterel-load-resisting: elements. The lateral toads shall be distributed to clements based of felative rigidities considering the intsraction of the dual system. For dual systems, the value of 9 need not exceed 80 percent of the value calculated above. p shall not be taken less than 1.0 and need note greater than 1.5, and 4g is the ground floor tea of the structure in square meter (f¥). For speeial moment-resisting frames, except when used in doal systems, p shall not exceed 1.25. The number of bays of special moment-resisting fremes shall be increased to reduce r, suck that p is less than or equel t 1.25. Exception: Ay may be taken as the averege floor area in the upper setback postion of the building where a Teeger bese area exists at the ground floor. When calculating rift, or when the structure is located in Scismic Zones 0, 1 or 2, p shall be taken equalto 1.BP SP-2007 C05 ‘The ground motion producing lateral response and design seismic forces may be assumed © act nonconcurrently in the direction of each principal axis o7 the structure, except as requited by Scotion 5.33. Seismic dead load, V7, is the total dead load end applicable portions of other toads listed below: i. In storage and warchowse ocoupencies, a minimum of 25 percent of the floor live toad shall be applicable. 2. ‘Where a partition [oad is used in the floor design, a load of not less than 0.50, N/m? (10 psi) shall be included 2 Design snow loads of 1.50 kN/m? (30 psf) or less need not be inchsded. Where design snow loads exceed 1.50 KN/m? (30 psf), the design snow load shall be included, but may be reduced up to 73 pereont where corsideration of siting, configuration and load duration warrant when apgtoved by the building offi 4. Total weigh! of permanent equipment shall be included 5304.2 Modeling requirements. The mathematical model of the paysical structure shall jnolude all elements of the Kxtera-force-resisting system, The medal shall alse include the stiffness and strength of elemeats, which are significant to the distribution of forces, and shall represent the spatial distribution of the mass and stiffness of the structure, In addition, the model shall comply with the following: 1. Stiffness properties of reinforced concreie and masonry sfements shall consider the effects of cracked sections. 2, For stecl moment frame systems, the centeibution of panel 2one deformations to overall sforey drift shall be included, 530.13 ?-A effects, The resulting member forces and moments and the storey drifts induced ty P-A effects shalt be considered in the evaluation of overall structural frame stability and shalt be evaluaied using the forors producing the displacements of Ay P-A need pot be considered when the ratio of secondary morcent to primary moment does wot exceed 0.19; the ratio may be evaluated for any storey as the product of the total dead, floor live and stow lozd, as required in Section $.12, above the storey times the seismic drift in thet storey divided by the product of the seisinic shear in thet stozey timos the height of that storey. In Seismic Zones 3 and 4, P-A nec not be considered when the storey drift ratio does not exceed 0.02/R. 530.2 Stati Force Procedare 5302.1 Design base shear. The total design base shear in @ given direction shall be dezermined from the following formula: ve oe w 6304) “The total design base shear reed not excoed the following: patty (305) R ‘The total design bese sheer shall not be less than the following:er SP2007 . . reo V=O0.11C1F 530-6) In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shail also not be fess then the following: GBZNE ry wv 530-7) R ¢ y 5302.2 Structure period. The value of T shail be determined from one of the following methods: 1 ‘Method At For all buildings, the value T may be approximated from the following formula: THC) (530-8) Where: C, = 0.0853 (0.035) for steel moment-resisting frames, C, = 0.0731 (0.036) for reinforwed concrete moment-resisting Fames aad eccentrically braced frames. Cy = 0.0488 (0.020) for ofl other buildings. ‘Altematively, the value of C-for structares with conercte or masonry shear walls may be tele as 0.0743 (For FPS: for 4, in f€). The value of 4 shall be determined from the following 6.309) ‘The value of D, Jin used in Formula (5.20-9) shell nat exceed 0.9. 2. Method 3: The fundamental pericd T may be calculated using, the structural propertics and deformational characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis. ‘The analysis shall be in accordance with the requirements of Section 5.30.12, The value of 7 from Method B slull not eacced a value 30 poroont greater thax the value of 7 obtained from Method A in Seismic Zone 4, and 49 perseat in Seismic Zones 1, 2 and 3. ‘The fundamental period T mey be computed by using the following formula: (23,58) (530-10) 5 ‘The valuas of fj represent any lateral force distributed approximately in secordance with the principles of Formulas ($.30-13), (6.30-14) and (5.30-15) or any other rational distibution. The clastic deflections, 5,, shall be calculated using the spplied lateral forces. f. 5.30.23 Simplified design base shearsce SP-2007 oa.es_ 5.30.2.3.1 General. Structures conforming to the requirements of Scotion 5.29.82 may be designed using this procedure. 53023.2 Base shear, The total design base sheer in a given direction shall be determined from the following formula: ¥ £ (630-11) Where the value of Cy shall be besed on Table 5.16 for the soil profile type. When the soil properties are not known in suffisient detail 1o determine the soil profile type, Type So shell be used in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, and Type S; shall be usod in Seismic Zones 1, 24 and 28. In Seismic Zone 4, the Noar-Source Factor, N, need not be greater than 1.3 if none of the following structural inegularities are present: Type 1, 4 or 5 of Table 5.11, or Type 1 or 4 of Table 5.12. §.302.3.3 Vertical distribusion. The forces al cach fevel shall be calculated using the following fonnale: oc, z 4530-42) Where the valuc of C, shall be determined in Section 5:30.2.3.2. 5302.34 Applicability. Sections $30.52, 9.30.13, 5.30.21, 530.22, 530.5, 5.30.9, 5.30.10 ‘and 5.31 shall not epply when using the simplified procedute. Excoplion: For buildings with relatively flexible structural systems, the building official may require consideration of P-A fleets and drift in accordance with Sections 530.13, 5.30.9 and 530,30. 4, shall be prepared using design sefsmic ferces from Section 5.30.2.3.2. Where used, Ay shall be taken equal to 0.01 times the storey height of all storeys. In 0G and need not exceed Section 5.33.2.9, Formula (5.33-1) shall read F, = Vm 1.0 Cy Woe, but shall not be loss than 05 Cow, Rand O, shall be taken from Teble 513. 5303 Determination of Seismic Factors S3031 Determination of 2, For specific elements of the structure, as specifically identified in this code, the mirituum design strength shail be the product of the seismic lures oversergth factor ©, and the design seismic forces set forth in Section 5.30. For both Allowable Sitess Design and Strongth Design, the Seismic Force Overstrength Factor, 2, shell be taken fiom Table 5.13. 5303.2 Determination of R. The netation & shall be taken from Table 5.13. Combinations of Structural Systems. 53041 General. Where combinations of structural systems are incorporeted into the same structure, the requirements of this section shall be satisfied.Ber SP-2007 cues 52042 Vertical combinations, The value of 2 used in the design of any storey shall be less then or equal to the value of R used in the given ditcction for the storey above. Exception: This requirement need not be applied to a storey where the dead weight above that storey is Tess than 10 percent of the total dead weight of the structure, Structures may be designed using the procedures of this section under the following conditions: J. The entire structure is designed using the lowest R of the lateral-foroe-resisting systems wed, or 2. The following two-stage static analysis provedures may be used for struotursa conforming to Section 5.29.8.3, Hem 4, 2.1 The flexible upper portion shall be designed as a separate structure, supported Jaterally by the rigid lower portion, using the appropriate values of R and p, 2.2 The rigid lower poction shall be designed as 2 separate structure wing the sppropriats valacs of R and p. The reactions from the upper postion sball be these determined from the analysis of the upper portion amplified by the ratio of the (R/p} of the upper portion over /R / n) of the lowes portion 530.43 — Combinations along different axes. Io Seismic Zones 3 and 4 where a structure has a Bearing wall system in only one direction, the value of & used for design in the orthogonal direction shall not be greater than that used for the Learing wall system. ny combination of beating wall systems, building frame systems, dial systems oF moment resisting frame systems may be used to resist seismic forces in structures less than 49 meters (L60 feet) in height. Only combinations of dust systems and special moment resisting frames shall be used to resist scismic forees in siructures exceeding 49 meters (166 feet in height in Seismic ‘Zones 3 and 4 530.44 Combinations along the sane axis, For other than dual systems and shear wallframe inetactive oysters in Seismic Zones Oand 1, where a combination of different structural systems is utilized to resist lateral forces in the same direction, the value of & used for design im that direction shell not be greater than the least value for any ‘of the systems utilized in that sams direction. 830.5 Vertical Distribution of Force “The total force shall be distributed over the hight of the structure in conformance with Formulas 30-13), (3.3014) and (5:30+15) in the absence of a mors rigorous provedure, ya=R SF (53013) ‘The concentrated force F, at the top, which is im addition to F,, shell be determined from the: formula: F, = 00777 (5304) “The value of Tased for the purpose of calculating F; shall be the period that corresponds with the dosign base shear as computed using Formula (530-4). F, need tot exoced 0.257 and may be considered 2s 2070 where 1'is 0.7 second cr less. The remaining portion of the base shear shall be distributed over the height of the structure, including Level n, according to the following formula:ger P2007 ca05 oe Lord (530-15) At each leve] designated as 2, the force F, shall be applied over the area of the building in accordance with the mass distribution at that jevel, Structural displacements and design seismic forces shall be calculated as the effect of forees F, and F; applied at the appropriate levels above the base. 530.6 Horizontal Distribution of Shear The design storey shear, V4, in atly storey is the sum of the forces F, and F,above that storey. shall be distributed 10 the various slements of the vertical lateral-forceresisting system in proportion fo their rigiditios, considering tho rigidity of the ciaphragi. See Section 5.33.24 for rigid elements that are not intended to be part of the lateral-force resisting systems. Where diaphragms are not flexible, the mass at each level shall be assumed to be displaced from the calculated center of mass in each direction a distance equal to 5 percent of the building dimeasion at that level perpendicular to the direction of the force under consideration. The effect of this displacement on the storey shear distribution shall bs considered, Diapheagms shall be considered flexible for the purposes of distribution of storey shear and torsional moment wher the maximum lateral deformation of the diaphragm is more thar two times the average storey drift of the associated storey. This may be determiaed by comparing the computed midpoint in-plane deflection of the diephragm: itself under lateral load with the storey deift of adjoining vertical-resisting elements under equivalent tributary lateral toad. 530.7 Horizontal Torsional Moments Provisions shall be made for the increased shears resulting from-borizental torsion where disphregms are not flexible. The most sevete load combination for each element shell be ‘considered for design. The torsional design moment at a given storey shall be the moment resulting fom coveatricities between applied design lateral forces a: levels above that storey and the vertical resisting elements in that storey plus an accidental torsion, ‘The accidental torsional moment shall be detenmined by assuming the mass is displaced as requited by Seotion 5.30.6, Where torsional ieregalarity exists, as defined in Table 5.12, the effects shall be accounted for by inorcasing the accidental torsion at cach level by an amplification factor, ., determined from ihe following formula: (30-16) ‘Where: dog = the average of the displacements at the extreme points of the structure at Level x, draw tho maximum displacement at Level » 5-28BCP sh2007 eos The valucof 4, need not exesed 3.0. 330.8 Overturning. 5308.1 Clenercl, Bvery structure shall be designed fo resist the overturning effects caused by earthquake forces specified in Section 5.30.5. At any level, the overtuming moments to be resisted shall be determined using those seismic forces (F, and F,) that act on Tevels above the jovel under consideration. At eny level, the incremeatal changes of the design overteming cnomert shall be distributed to the varions resisting elements in the manner prescribed in Section 5.30.6. Overtorsing offects on every element shall be catriad down to the foundation. See Sections 5.12 and 5.33 for combining gravity and seismic forces. 5308.2 Elements supporting discontimious systems. 530.824 Generul, Where any portion of the larcral-load resisting cystem is discontinuous, such as for vertical irregularity Type 4 in Table 5.11 ot plan imegularity Type 4:in Table 5.12, conersts, masonry, steel and wood elements sipporting such discontinuous systems shall have the design strength 70 resist the enmbination loads resulting ftom the special seismic load combinations of Seotion 5.12.4, Exceptions: 1, The quantity Z, in Section $.12.4 need not exceed the maximum force that can be trensfetred to the clement by the lateral foree-resisting systera. 2, Conorete slabs supporting light-frame wood shear wall systems or light-frame steel and wood structural pane! shear wall systems. For Allowable Stress Design, the design strength may be determined using an allowable siress increase af 1.7 and a resistance factor, , of 1,0, This increase shalf not be combined with the one third stress increase permitted by Section 5.123. 530.822 Detailing requirements in Seismic Zones 3 and 4. in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, elements supporting discontinuous systems shall meet the following ¢etailing or member lienitations: 1. Reinforeed concreie clements designed primarily as axial load members shall comply with Section 7.5.4.5, Chapter 7. 2, Steel elements designed prirarily as axial-load monibers shall comply with Section 8.83, Chapter 8. 3, Steet elements designed primarily as flexwrel members or trusses shall have bracing for both top and bottom beam flanges or chords at the location of the support of the discontinuous system, 5.30.83 dt foundation. See Sections 3.29.1 and 4.5.4 for overturning moments to be resisted at the foundation soil interface. $30.9 Drift Drift or horizontal displacements of the structure shall be computed wheie required by this code. For toth Aflowable Siress Design and Stength Design, the Maximum Inelastic Response Disphicement, Ass ef the stmetmre caused by the Design Besis Ground Motion shall be determined in acconlance with this section. The dtifts correspording to the design seismic forces of Section 5.39.2 1, As, shall be detcwnined in accordance with Section 5.30,9.1. To determine ‘Aye. these drifts shall be amplified in accordance with Section $.30.9.2, 5-29BeP SP-2007 ces 530.91 Determination of Ay A statio, clastic analysis of the lateral foreo-resisting system Shall be prepared using the destgn seismic forces ftom Section 5.30.2.1. AMiornatively, dynamic analysis may be performed in accordance with Section 5.31, Where Allowable Stress Design is aed and where drift is beiag computed, the toad combinations of Section 5.12.2 shall be used. ‘The mathematical model shail comply with Seation 536.12. The resulting deformations, denoted as by shall be devempined at all crivecl locations in the structure, Caleulated drift shall include ‘translational and torsional defections, 530.92 Determination of Ay. The Maximam Inelastic Response Displacement, AM, shall be compated as follows: LT RB 630-17) Eareption: Aternavely, Ay. may he computed by nonlinear site history axalysis in accordance with Section 5.31.6. The analysis ‘used to determine the Maximum Inclastic Response Displacement Aj, shiall consides P-A effects. 30-10 Storey Drift Linitation. 530.101 General, Storey drifs shall be computed using (he Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, A 530102 Celculared, Calculated storey drift using A 4, shall not exceed 0.025 times the storey hoighe Jor structures having a fundamental petiod of less than 0.7 socond. For structures having = fandamental period of 0.7 scoond ot grealct, the calculated storey drift shall not excsed 0.020 times the storey height. ‘Exceptions: 1. These drift limits may be exceeded when it is cemonsiraied that greater drift can be tolerated by both structural elements and ronstractural elements thet could affect life safety. Tho drift wed in this assessment shall be based upon the Maximum lnelastic Response Displacement, A x. 2, There shall be no drift limit in single-storey steel framed strucnires classified as Groups B, P and § Occupancies or Group H, Divisio 4’or 5 Oceupancies. 12 Groups B, F and $ Occupancics, the primary use shall be limited to storaxe, factories or workshops. Structures on which this exception is used shall not have equipment attached fo the structural frame or shall have such equipment detalted to accommodate the additional drif. Wells that are laterally supported by the sive! frame shall be designed to accommodate the drift in accordance with Section 533.24, $3010.3 Limitations. The design Tateral forces used to detenmine the calculated ditt mey disregard the limitations of Formula (5.30-6) and may be tased on the periog ¢etermined Hom Formela (530-10) neglecting the 30-or 40 porcett fritetions of Seetion 3.302.2, Item2, 5.30.11 Vertical Component “The following requiements apply in Ssiamie Zones 3 and 4 only. Horizontal cantilever components shall be designed for annet upward force of 0.7C, I WpBer SP-2007 CHS Inaddition to all other applicable load combinations, horizontal prestressed components stall be designed using not more than 50 porcert of the dead load for the gravity load, slone or ia combination with the lateral force effects. 531 Dynamic Analysis Procedures S311 General Dynamic analyses procedures, when used, shall conform to the criteria established in this section ‘The analysis stall be based on am appropriate ground motion representation and shall be performed using azcepid principles of dynemics, Structures that are cesigned in cccordance with this section shall comply with all other applicable requicements of these provisiens, 531.2 Ground Motion “Tho growad motion representation skal, as 2 minirmum, be one having a L€-parcent probability of being encecded in 50 years, ahull not be reduced by the quantity R and may be one of the following: 1 ‘An elastic design response spestram constructed in accordance with Figure 5.1, asing the jalues of C, end O, consistent with the specific site, The design acceleration ordinates shall be multiplied by the accoleration of gravity, 9.815 mésec’ (386.4 in/sec”), 2. ‘A site-specific elastic design response spectrum based on the geclogie, tectonic, Geismologie and soil charactetisties associated with he specific site. The spectrar shell be developed for a demaping ratio ‘of 0.05, unless a different value is shown to be consistent with the anticipated structural behavior at the intens'ty of shaking established for the site. Ground motion time histories developed for the specific site shall be representative of actual sathquake motions. Response spectra fiom time histories, either indivsdually or fa ‘combination, shall approximate the site design spectrum conforming to Section 3.31.2, Item 2 4. For structres on Soil Profile Type 5), the following requirements shall apply when required by Section 5.29.8.4, Item 4: 4.1 ‘The ground motion representation shall be developed in accordance with Hems 2 and 3. 42 Possible emplificatioa of builéing response due to the effects of soil-structare interaction and lengthening of building period caused by inelastic behavior stall be considered. ‘The vertical component of ground motion may be defined by sealing corresponding horizontal accelerations by a factor of twozhirds, Altemative factors may be used when sabstantiated by site specific data. Where the Near Source Factor, Na, is greater than 1.0, sitespeecific vertioal reoponse spectre shall be used in Tiew of the factor of two-thirds. 5313 Mathematical Modei ‘A mathematical mode! of the physical structure shail represent the spatial distribution of the mass cd stiffness of the strachure fo an extent that is adequate for the calculation of the signfficant features of iis dynamic response. A three-dimensional model shall be used for the dynamic analysis of structures with highly iegular plan configurations such ae those heving « plan inegularity defined in Table 5.12 and having 2 rigid oc sominrigid diaphragm, The stiffness properties used in the analysis and general mathematical modeling shall be ip ancordance wits Section 5.30.1. 531.4 Description of Analysis ProceduresLee SP-2007 cas 3141 Response spectrum analysis. An clestic dynamic analysis of a structure ufllizing the peak dynamic response of all modes having a significant contribution to total structural response. Feek modal responses are calculated using the ordinates of the appropriate response spectrum ‘curve which correspond fo the modal periods, Maximum maéal con‘ributions are combined in @ statistical mennict to obtein an approximate total stractural response $3142 Time-history anaiysis, An analysis of the dynamic response of a structure at each inecement of time when the base is subjected io 2 specific ground motion time history, 331.5 Resporne Spectrum Analysis $318.1 Response spectrum representation and interpretation of results, Tha ground mation representation shall be in ecoordance with Section 5.31.2. The coresponding resporse parameters, inoleding foress, moments and displacemen's, shall be denoted es Elastic Response Parameters. Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced in accordance with Section 5.31.54. 5315.2 Number of modes. The requitement of Section 5.31.4.1 that all significant modes be included may be satisfied by demonstrating that for the modes considcted, at least 90 percent of she patticipeting mass of the structure is included in the calculation of response for each principal horizontal direction, 53153 Combining maces. The peak mesiber forces, displacements, storey forces, storey shears and base reactions for each mede shall be combined by recognized methods. When three- dimensional models are used for analysis, modal interaction effects shall be considered when combining modal maxima. SBLSA — Rechuction of Elastic Response Parameters fer design Flastic Response Parametors may be reduced for parposes of design in accordance with the following tiems, with he limitation tmmt in no oaso shall tha Elastid’ Redponse Parameters be reduzed such that the corresponding design base shear is less than the Elastic Response Base Skear divided by the value of 2. 1. For all segular structures where the ground motion representation complies with Section 5312, Item 1, Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced such that the corresponding ‘design base shear is not less than 90 percent of the base shear determined in accordance with Section 530.2 2. For all regular structures where the ground motion regresentation complies with Section 5.31.2, Teom 2, Blastic Responss Pazauactors may bo reduced cuch that the corresponding, design base shear is not less than 80 percent of the base shear determined in accordance with Section 530.2. 3. For all iregular structures, regardless of the ground motion representation, Blsstic Response Parameters may be reduced such that the corresponding design base sheat is not Jess than 100 percent of the base shear determined in accordanee with Section 3.30.2. The corresponding reduced design seismic forces shall be used for éesiga in accordance with Section 5.12. 531.55 Directional effects. Directional effects for horizontal ground motion shall conform to the requirements of Scetion 5.30.1. The effects of vertical ground motions on borizental cantilevers and prestressed elements shall be considered in accordance with Section 3.30.11. ‘Alternately, vertical seismic response may be determined by dynamic response retiods; in a0 ‘case shall the response uscd for design bo fess than that obsained by the static method. 531.56 Torsion, The analysis shall account for tosstonal effects, including accidental torsional effects as preserined in Section 5.30.7. Where three-dimensional models are used for 5-32Be? sp2007 . cHOS analysis, effects of accidental trsion shall be accounted for by appropriate adjustments in the model gach as adjustment of raass lozations, oF by equivalent static procedures euch as provided in Scotion 5.20.6. 5315.7 Dual systems Where she lateral forses are resisted by a dual system as defined Suction 529.655, tae combined system shall be capable of resisting the base shear determined in aerondance wth this scetion, The moment-resisting frame shall conform to Section $.29.6,5, Hem > and ay be analyzed using eithe: the procedures of Section 5.39.5 or those of Section 5.31.5. 531.6 Tinte-history Anaiysis 53161 Time history. Time-history analysis shall be performed with pelrs of appropriate forizental ground motion time history components that shall be selected and sealed from tot less than three recorded events. Appropriate time histories shell have magnitudes, fault distances and Source mechanisms that are consistsat with these that control the design-basis earthqueke (or Staviowm capable carthuake), Where three appropriate 1corded ground motion time-history pairs ere not available, appropriate sittuated ground-anotion tlme-history pais may bs used t0 rake up the tolal number required. For cach pait of horizontal ground motion components, he yun root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) of the 5 percert-damped site-specific specu of {he souled horizontal componerts stall be constructed. Tas motions shall be sealed such that the iverage veluo of the SRSS spectra does not fall below 1.4 times the 5 pervent-darapadl spectrum tf the design basis earthquake for periods from 0.27 socond to 1.57 seconds. Fach pale of time istories shall be applicd simaltaneously to the model considering torsicnel efleets. ‘The parameter of interest shall be calculated for ezch tine history analysis. f thes fine- bistorioe analytes ave performed, then the maximum response of the paramactes of interest shall be thud for dosien, Ff seven or more time-histry analyses are perfortned, then the average value of the response parameter of interest may bo used for design. 5.31.62 Blast time-histories analysis. Elastic time history shall conform te Sections 5.31.1, $542, $313, 531.52, $315.4, 5315.5, S31.8.6, $315.7 aod 531.61, Response pararasicss ‘am clastic time-bistoxy analysis shall be denoted as Elastic Response Parameters. All elements hall be designed sing Strength Design. Plastic Response Paratheters may be staked in acsordanee with Section 531.54 53163 Nonlinear tme-history analysis 531631 Nonlinear time history. Noatincar time-history analysis shall meet the requirements ae eceion 5.29.10, and time histories shalt be developed and resclts determined in socordance swith the requirements of Section §.31.6.1. Capacities and charsateristies of nonlinear elements chal! be modeled consistont with fest éata or substantiated anslysis, considering the importance Faor The nanimnm inelastic esponse displacement shall not be recuced and shall eomply witb Section 5.30.10. 1531.62 Design review. When nonlinesr time-hisiory analysis is used to justify struciual design, a design review of the lnteral ores zesisting system shal! be performed by a independent enemeering team, including persons Ticensed in the appropriate disciplines nc experienced in creemie analysis methods. The lateral-force-resisting system design review shall include, ou not bos limited to, the following: P Reviewing the development of site-specific spectra and ground-motfon time histories 2 Reviewing the preliminary desige of the lateral-force-resisting system 3. Reviewing the final design of the fateral-force-resisting, system and all supporting analyses. 5:33BeP SP-2007 Has The engineer of record shath submit with the plans end caloulations a statement by all memhers of the engineering team doing the review stating that the above review bas bean performed. 532° Lateral Force on Elements of Structures, Nonstructural Components and ‘Equipment Supported hy Structures S321 Genera? Plements of stuctires and their attachments, pemmanont nonstructural components and their atachments, and the attachments for permanent equipment supporied by a structure shall be osigred to resist the total design seismic forces prescribed in Seetiot 5.32.2. Avactuments tor Toor or roof mounted equipment weighing less than 2 kilo-Newton (400 pounds) and furniture need not be designed, "Attachments shail include anchorages and required brecing, Teiction resulting fiom gravity Joads shall not be considered to provide resistance to seismic forces. When the structural faiie of the Jateral-force-resisting systems of non-tigid equipment svoutd cause a life hazaed, such systems shall be designed to resist the seismic forces proscribed in Section 5322. When permissible design stengths and other acceptance crteris are not contained in or referenced iy this code, such criteria shall be obtained from relevant intemational standards subject to the approval of the building official, 5.32.2 Design for Total Lateral Force ‘The total design laroral seismic force, F,, shall be determined from the following formula: F, 2401", 6.32.4) Alternatively. F, may be calculated using the following forcula: 28h sep, (5.322) Except that: F; shall rot be less than 0.7C)h My and nesd ner be more than 4Caff> (532.3) Where: this the element or component asaclment slevetion with respect to grade. h, shall not be taken less than 0.0. hyisthe stracture roof elevation with respect to grade, js the in-structure Component Amplification Factor that varies ftom 1.0 t0 2.5. [A value for a, shall be selected from Table 5.14. Altematively, this factor may be determined posed 09 the dynamic properties or empirical data of the component and the structure that supports it. The value shall net be taken Tess than 1.0. 5.34scr SP-2007 cH 4B, ia the Component Response Modification Pactor that shall be teken from Table 5.14, except that A, for anchorages shall equal 1.5 for shallow expansion anchor bolts, shallow ‘chemical anchors of shallow cast-in-plate anchors. Shallow anchors aro these with an embedracnt length-to-diameter ratio of less than §. When anchorage is constructed of non ductile materials, or bby use of adhesive, R, shall equal 1.0 ‘The design lateral forces determined using Formula (5.32-1) or (5.32-2) shall be distributed in proportion to the mass distribution of the element or component. Forces determined using Porrmula (5:32-1) or (5.322) shall be used to design members and connections that transfer these forees to the ssiemic-rest ing systems. Members and connection design shall use the load combinations and factors specified in Section 5.12.2 or 5.123. ‘The Reliabiliny/Redundancy Factor, p, may be taken equal to 1.0. Fer applicable foreos and Component Response Modification Factors in connectors for exterior panels and diaphragms, refer to Soions 5.33.24, 5.33.28 and $.33.2.0 Forces shall be applied in the horizoatal direotions, which result in the most critical loadings for design. 5323 Specifying Lateral Forces Design specifications for equipment shatl either specify the design letetal farees preseribed hherein or reference these provisions. $32.4 Relative Motton of Equipment Attachments for equipment in Categories 1 and 2 buildings as defined in Table 5.10, the lsteralforce design shall consider the effects of relative motion of the points of attachment to the structure, using che drift hased upon Ase 3325 dliemative Designs Where an approved national standard or approved physicaf test data provide a basis for the carthquake-resistané design of a particular type of equipment or other noustmctural component, such a standard or data may be accepted as a basis for design of the items with the following limitations: 1. These provisions shall provide minimum values for the design of the anchorage and the members and connections that transfer the forces to the solsmic-resisting system. 1, “The forse, Fp, and the overturning momert used in the design of the nonstructural component shail aot be fess then 86 percent of the values that wonld be obtained using these provisions. 5.33 Detailed Systems Design Requirements 5.334 General “AN structural framing systems shall comply with the equirements of Section 5.28. Orly the Slementy of the desigrated seismic-force resisting system shall be used to resist design forces ‘The individual componerts shall be designed to resist tho prosoribed design seismic forces acting on them, The componests shall also comply with the specific requirements for the material Soutsined in Chapters 7 and 8. {n addition, such framing systems and components shell cowply With the detailed system design requirements contained in Section 5.33.per SP-200 CH08 ‘All building components in Seismic Zones 2, 3 and 4 shall be dasigned to resist the effects of the seismic forces preseribed herein and the effects of gravity foadings {rom dead, fleor live ard snow loads. Consideration shall be given to design for aplift effects caused by seismic loads. In Seismic Zones 2, 3 and 4, provision shall be made for the effects of carthquake forces acting in adiveetion other than the prineipal axes in each of the following cireumsiates: “The structure hes plan irregularity Type 5 as given in Table 5.12. “The structure has plan irregalarity Type Js given in Table 5.12 for both major axes, ‘Accoluma of a structare forms part of two of more intersecting latetal-force-resisting systems. Exception: If the axial load in the column due to svismic forces acting in either direction is fess than 20 percent of the cofumn axial load capactty. “The requirement hat orthogonal effects be considered may be satisfied by designing such elements for 100 percent of the prescribed design seismic forces in one direction plus 30 percent of the prescribed design seismic forces in the perpendicular direction. The combination requiring the greater component strength shall be used for desiva. Alternatively, the effects of the tvo orthogonal directions may be combined on a square foct of the sum of the squares (SRSS) basis. When the SRSS method of combining directional effects is used, each term computed shell be assigned the sign that will result in the mos: conservative resui, 5.332 Structural Framing Systems. 5332.1 General, Four types of general building freming systems defied in Sestion 5.29.6 are tecognized in these provisions and showin in Tabie 5.13. Bact type is subdivided by the types of vertical elements used to resist lateral sefsmnic forees. Special framing requirements are given in his section and in Chapters 7 and 8. $332.2 Deteiling for combinations of systems. For components common to different Stractural systems, the more restrictive detailing requirsmerts shall. be used. 5332.3 Cormections. Connections that resist design seismic forces shall be designed and detailed on the drawings. 5332.4 Deformation compatibitity. Ail structural framing elements anc their connections, not retived by design to be pact of the Joteral-force-tesisting system, stall be cesigned and/or detailed 10 be adequate to maintain support of design dead plus live loads when subjected to the expected deformations caused by seismic faces, P-d effects on such elements shall be considered, Expected deformations shall be determined as the greater of the Maximuumt Tnckastic Response Displacement, 4, considering P-d effects determined in accordance with Section 5.30.9. or the deformation induced by 3 storey drift of 0.0025 times the storey height, When computing expected deformations, the stiffening eect of those elements not part of the Taferal- force-resisting svstem shall be neglected, For clements not part of the Jateral-force-resisting system, the forces induced by the expected deformation may be cousidered as ultimate o: factored forces. When comniting the forces induced by expectid deformations, the resiraining effect of adjoining rigid ovuctures and onstruchiral elements shall be considered and 2 rational yalue of member an restraint stiffness shall be used, inslotic deformations of members and coanections may te considered in the 5:36evaluation, provided the assumed calonlated capscities are consistent with member and connection design and detailing. For concrete and masoney elements that are part of the lateral ferce-resisting system, the assutned flegural and shear stiffness properties skall vot exceed one half of the gross section properties unless a rational cracked-section analysis is performed. Additional deformations that Tray result from foundation Gexibility and diaphragm deflections shall be considered. Tor concrete clements not part of the lateral-force-sesisting system, sez Scetion 7.12, Chepter 7 533.241 Adjoining rigid elements. Momont-resisting frames ané shear walls may be enclosed by of adjoined by more rigid elements; provided it ean be shown that the participation or failure of the more rigid elements wit) not impair the vertical and lateral load resisting ability of the gravity load and lateral-fonce-resisting systems. The effects of joining rigid elements stall be considered when assessing whether a structure shall be designated regular or icregular in Section 529.55 533.2.42 Exterior elements. Exterior noabearing, non-shear wall pancls or elements that are attached to ot enclose the exterior shall be designed to resist the forces per Formula (5.32-1} or (9.52-2) and shall accommodate movemenis of the ctructure based on yy and temperature ‘changes. Such elements shal! be supported by means of cast-in-place concrete or by mechanical connections and fasteners ia accordance with the following provisions: 1. Connections end panel joints shall allow for a relative movement between storeys of not less than two times story drift caused by wind, the calculated storey drift based on Ay or 12 mm (1/2 inch), whichever is greater. 1. Connections to permit movement in the plane of the panel for storey crift shell be sliding connections using slotted or oversize holes, connections that permit movement by bending of steel, or thor connections providing equivalent slicing and ductility capacity 3, Bodies of connections stall have sufficient ductility and rotation capacity to prechide Fracture of the concrete or brite failures at or near welds. 4. Tne body of the connection shali be designed for the force determined by Formula (5.32 2), where Ry = 3.0 and a,= 1.0. ‘Alt fasteners in the connecting system, such as bolts, insects, welds and dowels, shall be designed for the forces determined by Formula (532-2), where R,= 1.9 end p= 1.0. 5. Fasteners embedded in concrete shall be attached (0, o7 hooked around, reinforcing steel or otherwise terminated to effeotively transfer forces to the eeinforcing steet. 5332.8 Ties and contimdty. AM parts of @ structure shall bo interconnected and the connections shal) be capable of transmitting the sefsmic force induced by the par being connected, As a minimum, any smaller portion of the building shalk be tied to the remainder of the building with clemonts heving at Ieast strength to resist 0.5 C, [times the weight of the smaller portion. ‘A positive connection for resisting horizental force geting paraliel to the member shall be provided for each beam, girder or truss. This force shall not be less than 0.5 (1 times the dca plus live toad, 53326 Collector elements, Collector elemests shall be provided that are capable of transferring the ceismie forces originating ia other portions of the structure to the elemont providing the resistance to those Forces. Collector elements, splices. and their connectiogs 10 Fesisting elemeats shall resist the forces determined in accordance with Formula (5.33-1) In addition, collector elements, splices, and their connections to resisting clements shall have the design strength to resist the combined loacs resulting from the special seismic toad of Section 5424crt Exception: In structures, or portions thereof, braced entirely by light-ftame wood shear walls or Tightframe steel and wood structatal panel shear well systems, collector clomants, splices and connections to resisting elements need only be designed 10 resist forces in accordance with Formula ($.32-1). ‘The quantity Fy need not exceed the maximum force that can be transferred to fhe collector by the diaphragm and other elements of the lateral-force-resisting: system. For Allowable Stress Design, the design strength may be determined using on allowable stress increase of 1.7 and a resistance factor, ©, of 1.0. This facreese shall nat be combined with the one-third stress incroase permitted by Section 5.12.3. 5.33.27 Concrete frames. Coxorete frames sequired by design fo be part of the laterab-foree~ resisting system shall conform to the following: 1 In Seismic Zones 3 and 4 they shall be special moment-resisting frames. 2. J Selsmie Zone 2 they shall, es 2 minimum, be intermediate moment-resisting fares. 533.28 Anchorage of concrete or masonry walls, Concrete or masonry walls shall be anchored to all floors acd rools that provide ouref-plane lateral support of the wall, The anchorage shell provide, a positive direct connection between the wall and floor or roof construction oxpable of resisting the larger of the horizontal forces specified in this section and Seotions 5.11.4 and 5.52, In addition, in Scismic Zones 3 and 4, diaphragm to wall anchorage ising embedded straps shell have the straps zitached to or hooked around the reinforcing steel ot otherwise terminated to effectively transfer forces to the reinforcing steel, Requirements for developing anchorage forces in diaphragms are given in Section 5.3.2.9. Diaphragm deformation shall be considered in the dusign of the supported walls. 3332.81 Out-of-plane wall anchorage to flexible diaphragms. ‘This section shall apply in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 where flexible diaphragms, as defined in Section 5.30.6, provide lateral support for walls. 1. Elements of the wall anchorage system shall be designed for the forces specifisd im Section 5.32 where 2,= 3.0 and ap = 15. Ip Seismic Zone 4, the value of F, used for the design of the clements of the wall anchorage system shall not be ess than 6.1 KN per finoar meter (420 pounds per linear foo!) of wall substituted for E, See Section 5.11.4 for minimum design forces in other seismic zones. Whan elements of che wall anchorage system are tot loaded concentrically or are act perpendicular tb the wall, the systom shal} be designed to resist all components of the forces induced by the eccentricity When pilasters are present in the wall, the anchorage force at the pilasters shall be caleulated considering the additional load transferred from the wall panels to the pilasters. However, tho minimum anchorage force at a floor or roof shall be that specified in Section 5.33.2.8.1, tem L. 4. The strength design forces for steel elements of the wal! anchorage systrm shall be 14 times the forces otherwise required by this section. 5, The etrength design forces fer wood elements of the wall anchorage system shall be 6.85, limes the force otherwise required by t's section and these wood elements shail have a sminimum actual net thickness of 63.5 mru (2 44 inches). 5332.9 Dianhragns.Be 52.2007 5.33201 The deflection in the plane of the diaphragm stalt not execed the permissible deflection of the atached elemenis, Permissible deflection shell be that deflection that will permit the attached element to maintain its siructural integrity under the individual loading and continue (o support the prescribed loads. Floor and coof diaphragms shall be designed to resist the forces determined in accordance vwith the following formule: FaASk ‘The fore Fy determined from Formuta (5.33-1) need not oxceed 1.0 Cy vex, butt shall aot be lass than 0.5 C.I Wx When the diaphragm is required to transftr design seismic forces from the vertical. resisting elements above the diaphragm to olhcr vertical-resisting elements below the digphtagm due to offset in the placement of the elements or to changes in stiffness in the vertical elements, these forces shall be added to those determined ‘tom Formula (533-1). Design seismic forces for Sexible diaphragms providing latera! supports for walls ot frames of masonry ot concrete shall be obtained using formula (533-1) based on the load determined in accordance with section 5.30.2 using R not exezoding 4. Diaphragms supporting concrete ct masomy walls shell have continuous ties or strats bobween diaphragm chords ‘a distribate the anchotage forces specified in Section 5.3328, Added chords of sub diaphragms may be ued to form sub diaphragms to jsansmnit the anchorage forces to the main continuous ctosstics, The maximum length to- width ratio of the wood structural sab-diaphragm shall be 2.5.1 Where wood diaphragms are used to laterally support concrete or mesonty walls, the auchorage shel] conform 10 Section $,33.2.8. In Seismic Zones 2, 3 and 4, anchorage shell nt be accomplished by use of toenails or ails subject to withdrawal, wood ledgers or framing shal! not be used in cross-grain bending or cross-grain tension, and the canfinuous ties recuired by [tem 4 shall be in addition to the digphragm sheathing, Connestions of diaphragms to the vertical elements in structures in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, having a plan irrogulatity of Typel, 2,3 or 4 in Table 5.12, shall be designed without considering either the one-chird increase or the duration of load increase considered in allowable stresscs for element resisting carthquake Forces. Ja stractures in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 having a len imegularity of Type 2 in Table 3.12, diaphragm chords and drag members shall be designed considering independent movereat of the projecting wings of the structure, Each of these diaphragm elements shall be designed for the moze severe of the following two assumptions: Motion of tho projecting wings in the same direction. Motion of the projecting wings in opposing directions. Exception: ‘This seqaitemeat may be doemed satisfied if the procedures of Section 531 in conjuaction with a three-dimensional model have been used to deicrmine the Isieral seismic forees for design. 0. Framing below the Dase, The strength and stiffiess of the framing between the base and the foundation shall not be less than that of the superstructure. The special detailing reqqirements of Chapters 7 and 8, 28 appropriate, shall apply to eclunmns supporting discontinuous Iateral-force-rosisting elements and to SMRF, IMRF, EBF, STMF and MMRWF system elements 3339cP. SP-2007 cu9s below the base, which are required to mansmit the forces resulting from Teteral loads to the foundation. 533.211 Building separations. AM structures shall be separated ftom wdjoining structures. Separations shall allow for the displacement Ay, Adjacent buildings on the eame property shall be separated by atleast Ayr where; bye AO He) (5352) ‘And Ayy and Aye re the displacoments of dhe adjacent buildings. Whion ‘structure adjoins a property Hine not common to a public way, that structure shall also be set back from the property fine by at least the displacement Ave of that structure. Exception: Smaller separations or property line setbacks maybe permitted when justified by rational analyses based on maximum expected ground motions 534 Nonbuilding Structures S341 General 534.11 Scop, Nonbeilding structures include all self-supporting strucues other than buildings that carry gravity loads end resist the effects of corthquakes, Non building structures shall be designed to provide the strength required to resist the displacements induced by the ‘mninimum lateral forces specified in this section. Design shall conform to the applicable provisions af other sections as mocified by the provisions eostained in Section 5.34 53412 — Criteria. The minimum design seismic forces: prescribed in this section are at a level thet produces displacements in a fixed base, elastic model of the structure, comparable to those expected of the real structure when responding to the Design Basis Ground Motion. Reductions in these forces using the coefficient R is permitted where the design of nonbuilding structures provides sufficient strength and ductility, consistent with the provisions specified herein for buildings, 10 resist the effects of seiamic around motions as represented by these design forces. When applicable, design strengths and other detelted design criteria shall be obtained from other sections or their referenced standands, The design of noabuilding structures shall use the Toad combinations or factors specified in Section $12.2 or 5.12.3, For aonbuildiag structures designed using Section 5.34.3, 5.344 or 5345, the RofabilityRedundaney Factor p, may be taken as 1.0. ‘Whoa applicable design strengths and other design etiteria are rot contained in or referomeed dy this code, such criteria shall be obiained from approved international standards, 53413 Weight W, The weight, W, for non tuilding structures shell inchude all dead loads es Gofined for buildings in Section 5.30.1.1. For purposes of calculating design seismic forces in aon Duilding structures, W shall also include all normal operating contents for items such as tanks, vessels, bits and piping, $34.14 Peried. ‘The fundamental period of the sucture shall be determined by rational methods suck as by using Method B in Seetion 5.30.22. 53415 Dri, The drift limilaions of Section 5.30.10 vood not apply to nonbuilding Shuctures. Drift limitations shell be esteblishee for structural or nonstructural elements whoseBor SP-2007 Cleo Taiture would cause life hazards. P-A effects shall be considered for stractures whose cslcubated. drifis exceed the values in Section 3.30.13. 534.6 Interaction effects. In Seismic Zones 3 and 4, structures that sapport exible nonsiructual elemenis whose combined weight exceeds 25 perment of the weight of the structure Shall be designed considering interaction cffects botween the structure and the supported clements. 5342 Lateral Force Tateral-force procedures for noabuilding otrustures with stmetural systems similar to buildings (those with structural systems which are listed in Tabls 5.13) shall be selected fa accordance with the provisions of Seation 5.29. Exception: Intermediate moment-zesisting frames (MRF)may be used in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 for non building structures in Occupancy Categories 3 and 4 if (1) the Structure is Jess than 15 meters (50 feet) in eight and (2) the value R used in redneing calculated member forces and moments does not excced 2.8. 5343 Rigil Structures ‘Rigid structures (those with period T less than 0.06 sceord) and their anchorages shall bo designed for the leteral force obtained from Formula (6.341). vrorcgir (334-9) “Vhe force ¥ shall be distributed according to the distribution of mass and shall be assumed to act in any horizontal direction, S344 Tanks with Supported Bottoms “Flat bottom tanks or other tanks with supported bottoms, founded at or below grade, shall be designed to resist the svismic forces calculated using the procedures in Section 5.24 for rigid siructares considering the entire waight of the tank and its contents. Alternatively, such fanks may be designed asing oae of the two procedures described below: 1. A response spectrum analysis thar includes consideration of the acrvel ground motion ‘anticipated at the site and the inertial sffects of the contained fluid. 2. Adesign basis prescribed for the particular type of fank by an approved national standard, provided that the seismic zones ard occupaney categories shell be in conformance wth the provistons of Sections 5.29.4 and 5.292, respoctively. 5345 Other Nonbuilding Structures Nonbuilding streotures that are not covered by Sections 5.34.3 and 5.34.4 shall be designed (0 resist dasign selsmic forces not ess than those detirmined in aceordence with the provistons ia Seotion 5.30 with the following additions end exceptions: 1. The factors R and Qo shall be as set forth in Teble 5.15. The total design base sheer determined in accordance with Section 5.302 shall not be less than the following: Vs 0.56 C1 634.2) ‘Additionally, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base sheer shall also net be less then he following: V=(L.6ZNTWYR, 6343) SHay 2007 [eed 2. ‘The vertical distribution of the design scismic forces in structures covered by this scction may be determined by using the provisions of Section 5.30.5 or by using the procedures of Section 5.31. Exception: For ireguisr structures assigned to Occupancy Categories 1 and 2 thet cannot be modeled as a single mass, the procedures of Section 3.3 shall be used. Where an approved national standard provides a basis for the earthquake-resistant design of @ particular type of non building stucture covered by this section, suck a standard may be used, subject to the limitations in this section: ‘The seismic zones end cocapancy categories shall be ia conformance with the provisions of Sections 5.29.4 and $.29.2, respectively. ‘The values for total lateral force and total base overturaing moment used in design shall not be less then 80 percent of the values that would be obtained using these provisions. 535 Earihqwake-Recording Instrimcntations S351 General In seismaie zones 3 and 4, every building over LO storeys in height with an aggregate floor area of 9290 meter square (100,060 £2) or more and svery butlding over 15 storeys in height regardless of floor area shall be provides with rot less than three approved recording accclerographs. The aocelerographs shall be interconnected for common start and common tuning. 5: Lecation “The instruments will be located in the basement, mid portion and near the top of the building Bach instrument shall be ‘ocated s¢ that aocess is maintained at all times and is unobstructed by room contents, A sign staiing MAINTAIN CLEAR ACCESS TO THIS INSTRUMENT shall be posted in & conspicuous Jovation. 3.353 Maintenance Maintenance and sorvice of the instramonis shall be provided by the owner of the building subject to the approval of the building official. Data produced by the instrument stall be made available to the building official on request. 5. 5.4 Instruniontation of Existing Buildings All owners of existing structures selected by the jurisdiction authorities sual provide accessible space for the installation of eppropriate strong motion recording instruments. Location of said instruments shall be determined by the jurisdiction authorities, The jurisdiction authorities shall make arrangements to provide, mainiain and service the instruments. Data shall be the property of the jurisdiction but the copies of individual records shall be made available to the public on request and payment of an appropriate fee.cues ‘Table 5. ~ Uniform and Covcontrated Loads ion - > Uniform Load Concentrated se Or Occ Us ‘Occupaacy ‘Load GT id hm [ a ts T Auew Pose gaan PORE 34 fs} oat 200 Cov EE agi 90-f 2.08 Z_Amnories i Fa} 0 tt o 3 Asenily aoa? and | Fed sang te fo o aolloriuns and balconies Movabi seaing and oer ces, a [ae terete ‘Stage ans and engined plete gos 7 Comics and ies ae fe o (3 Exit faites 4a7[ oo z © Guages Gorural stamemor pa 437] 100 co Prete or pkiswenype moor vege tongs [240 1 Ti Fospitals| Wands and rooms: 49 20, AS 1,000" bo Renling eons [90a 3 Labreies ‘Stack roars, 6a 123 67 1500" rare Tieke 357 ps0 | 200" 5. Manufacturing Heavy 60 125 | 13.5) 3.007 Os, 240 $0200 ‘ining oh Tet nore 720 za 11, Printing plans Conmosing and linatype rooms: 48 100 | 9.0 2,000" Dasie foe wea ig ty ¢ A Exterior fone tg a0 —, 2 : i V2. Residential! Desks 19 40° a o Sots cc 0 13, Resroune” i ‘ Th Revening sane 1 grncdsanis. bicahe's, 4 and folding, and a8 wo ° ° i ceescoing ang na Tene ts wea wed oe Bee pe oF 15, Roof decks oveupancy eecommodatsd 5 Cinssoms [a eT ! ube acco to_[_at q ‘one Ti

sacks shai be destaned so hat ire verusal nenbe wif totsatne collages of mage than the bay or bape dec sapped By ht mace. VERSA Ta G0 pound) lad iste he appied (oa see fie sprinkle: svppet poet but nat surwianeausy m a saposrt js adage where ny packing ea located ror th 1524 m (Sel) above the adjaver grade, vehicle arses sal Depew ‘Table 53 -Minimam Live Loads! ofene ‘Mothod 1 T ‘Method 2 Tribal Tended Area im sqvove toeer (Sane fest for Any Siectral | niform Root ope Meme Tost | gaat | Menem, cate ag orca) Knit | Anions | madnoion& F gatzany | eostegos) | ico) | ah | @xeemane | ere es) | ‘Unifers Load KNim™ (psf) 1 Raton eee Sarre ee T 2 a Ceseameas | 1D | ose J esca | 2a0 “ | » | Spurge Tesh arouse | ‘ ; pret te ren Tews acs | asae | 070 | vez) | a8Go % = fr dom wast oe ep : Slsstna teste fa 7-ee series 12a enol (10% lap and eae terol tise tse: | ogcry | sca) j cotta) | ose orgie pea i soabstiaspemied et cop eee! Tease | SFE eons ss . Greate ozay | say | esco | ase "yrire vow tous oan the too sustresall b designe for such los a desman Ue Luling fia Sov Sertion 5.14 For speci purpnse of, se Senton 57.44 See ee 3i.3 and 97.6 for Sve Yad rotucions. The rae of eedustion vin Seaton £7 ‘madi eeduiioe Asha) not exceed tbe vue Tae tho bio Seemala (-f) shalt be as dicated inthe table, The a ee ela sige of es than ont red units horizontal 0% stepe) The fv led fo fa refs imation ke pondirg oad tered by Secons 6.117. seaeaton $24.4 fr concent Wea reepierenls for geeninowse 0" members “Table £4 Maximum Allowable Deflection for Structurat Members! ‘TypeOf Member Womber Loaded With Live Load | Member Loaded With Live Load Plas 1 ‘Only @) Dead Lead (L 4 KD) eat manor spe DIR oF fro ene ne vs ‘soca slope of confer shal be provide for lt usin amen wits Satan 117 Ioelive lad = dea lad Sante a Getermaee by Tabs 55 2 eat of meter ame sotsae deflection ‘Table 5.5-Value of K" eee Reinforeed Conerete! | Steet ‘ee aly Section LKB (USE {997 fr eatnitons ad tes equines aera adipa supe na corns spars, al at ssppo fo emer, Yew panes feo Pfr sss os ay be fake esval to: frayear ormare 2.0 fveleorrons 12 semis J4 Ureements 10Bee P2007 Table 56 -Wind Stagnation Pressure (Qs) at Standard Height of 10 Motor 3 Fest) Basle wind speed Caw) © OGL for meh) 1 ps T Ta ai 13 | 8 Prewure g (Nim) (2095 for pst) ase OTe 1 12 Ts [irr [zat | * wind sneed fem Seine $18 TTabte 5:7. Combined Height, Exponsre and Gust Faster Coefficten (Ce Height Above Average Level OF ‘Adjoining Ground (Meter ) BxposureD | Expose } Exposure 3.3.28 foe fest 7-36 30 ‘= | 6.000 ms} ous og} 7500 150 ns on 9.50 134 13 0% | 13192 152 131 owt 13300 1% 13 035, paaen if 3 ve | 3080 138 161 13 36.600 193 167 1.20 7d 202 179 val 64.000 210 187 12 aia 22 205 1a . i000 zu | 2 fe | Yotie or enemedinte sighs above 4. m (1S ee may be itp 546Ree $°.2007 es ‘Table 5.8 — Pressure Coefficient (C) iructure or Part Thereof, Description ©, Factor Wathod T Normal farce method) Wille ‘Windand walt Esourd wall Roof t | Wied pemeratoula oi ecw oot er Dat 20 Wingwrd mot Lee haa 212 (16794) Slope 2:12 06790) toe than 9:12 (758) 1. Primary famesand yuens | "Soucturs 1152 mn (40 fede ein eight Srustares over 12 492 mim fees) eet 3 inca SS our 07 antiwar 1? ontamed j 03 outrand or 03 vara ‘Slope 5:2 15%) m0 2-12 (OO) 0 sora Slope (2:2 (10028) oes ‘iad patalel to sigs ad eros iow GEkiginyaantod 7 SS~*Y j Gn vert uefeced wea | Shortztl any direction \ehesizantal any eectce | Gaiorizentl gered mes Nupsedd - Wall eli “AN structures 1 2iewand Encksed and uneclosed stuctas | ouviara Paral onclnedstoeures j foamed Faraoet wale 12ers eutoard : Toot eemens” 2. Demons and componeetsrotin aess | Enetsed and anencbsl seoturs of euecauenty* ‘hogs “72 (2.290) 1ownwen Slope 7.258.386) 9 (212 G00%) 1Sowewados tard | Parialy enclosed sauces Slope 2:12 16.7% 1 oscars : Slope 212 (16,796) 10132 (38.36) Slape> Tad 8.399) we 12:12 (100%) 1g ouatd oF 08 ord 1 octmardor are Wales Roof eaves, sakes ges wnut i Ovehanas! 3. Elenentsandconpmeatsin weesor | Slave <3:12 (16794) Paani Slope 212 08.9 0 712 (8.3%) Slope 97-12 68.398 0 1212(10079) For topes les har 252 11679) ‘ethangs at och exes, kes ornidges, a eanoples 1 23 opwad Paonia 1s once TH ounardor 2 aoart 03 aded values Bore ga ores TF my ition 44. Chimneys, tank and slideowers | Trexagond cr oxtazoma 1 ay aneetion Round o:eliptial 5s guy drecion Sar ad emai o ‘Digen 40 5, Opar-fauee wer Diag 48 tangle 32 Tynan mona 6. Toveruscessories (sen laos, "st mn 2 indica) o¢ loan claret to onda gb a teats) Guar sl mra(2 inches) indie og | hat or angel members 13. Sims, Ragpalen, Rgipole, minor Te apa ‘por one str or the tp sosey oF mlUisooy sartallycecesed sucks, en afeiioxal value ot 0. sll beaded £9 dhe cntsand Ee The now enfeal combination shal be wed fr design, For dctntnr of arly euctsed saucuss, Be Seton 516, 22S cee xed ace Sor 093 wf (10 )ecary aes. Fur wht was of 9.29 rm? 00 2, he va of 05 ry Bee Fem Co, cuore or areas ac Uscontioutian with ope Tes than 7 mie vertical i [2 ons boirtl (58.338) SRP IREe ie velac ur 0d may be sanseoned fo Cy, serpoltgn say be ws or tbutay areas beewean 093 end 929 eR ip and 100 5 Tor tinny avo rome than 929 (1,00 2, seiary ee walt, Teotskopes eau than 12 une vortca in T2 mts karznetal (0% slopes, ws wal eecent vas OURSLE char epply ove dstnas (uz the Wscoarnny of 3048 an (10 fet) or 61 rs te east wih of Ce trots, whichever is sac AMwortieaies at all corns ce eoof ridges are defied as discon engl eases 1?) egress oes 5-47 ous bras in he surice where Ui Welded fatriornee SP.2007 “Lona sto be aplied on siner side of iscominetty bu uct simutenenesly on bom side *Snnpresioes call be eppetoSrefotd normal prjened area of all ements on on Fae. Te forces shall be assured et pla te te wind dzeron ‘lereonts ee (09 Sires of thse fora ormgular exes. ‘Table 5: — Seismic Zone Factor Z cH0s Zone 1 28, 2B z oa Es 020 030 ase ‘Notes ‘The ze shell be detectnnes from ve seismic ame map in Figure 21 “Table 5.10 Occupancy Category* Oceupaney Category ‘Oczupaacy Or Functions of Structure Sakmie Importance Eactor, | __ Seismic Importance! Factors Wind Importance Factor, Jy 1 Een fils Group, Davin 1 Oacapates RD SUEY ond tmetgtiey Eeatment ees Flr aud pullco stations (Garage and csters fr etargancy wehiees andere sera Stracares ad doers in emerseney preparedness coms “Aviat coat owes | Seucures end equiprsn: i goverument sonmanicauun certs mid othe lies quedo emergency poe Sancoy paves generating quipmant for Ceezory 1 ullses| ‘Tarka orotic strectene eoataning hosing or 2uppating | ter or other freuppression msec oe ecoipment ‘equi fr the protein of Carer 1, 2 or Sstrucees “y 125 130 T13 3 Hhaasdone resiies Groep F, Livisions 12,608 7 Oseopances and soos them bauting ot seppitcg toxic orexaloiveshemizals ar substances { Nintulaing succes booing sopporung or nating, quantities of tate or explosivesunstinors Bat, Teanaines ‘pid abulding, would cease tha uildngto be laied 2351 Group Ll, Diisien 2a 7 Oseupane 12 Ts Ti 3 Seoul orsonaney T Grenp A, Diviioaa Lz and2.1 Oceupanoies Buildings hosing Group E, Divito Land Occupecies | swtha etoaeity peur an 300 stients uslings teving Group 8 Occupandes used fr eolsgeor ‘sult etecson with 2 capacity greater than 500 students ‘Group Divisions Land 2 Oceupences with 30 oF i Soup 1 Division Oosupencie (Dl arustons ith am occupancy grete than 600 persons ‘Srmunes andequipmest a over-gmerating stone and tes public wily files net eluted inCagory To Cateuore 2 shove, ard nquied (er contaued pert. resin incagactaed pales. burn cluded in Category | Tor Te 1a 7 anid ccuparey struct ‘Al atrenues hosing oapancies or having fines aat sted in Cacgory 1,2 er Sand Grouy U Oceupency awers To TH 12 Mitetineaas ssricorss Group © Octane Cpl Ore Ta “the itn of forgave onnetions nSoxon5 33.24 sal be 6. fx cate comes. -Siwcrral bseration resumes me iva in Seon 62 2Povannhorage ob chery 2x ogre equ or iui stn, val sa be ten 3813 See Table S21 5-48BCP. $P.2007 ‘Table 58— Vertical Structural Irregularities cH0s Trregularity Type aed Definifion Tinea ergulariy— soft tory ‘av ony one faethe tera tithes ess then 70 perc of tat inthe toney howe elec than 0 percent be average stficss ofthe tee rors sbowe ‘Reference Seaton 31084, lten Weight (mas) ierexulrity Tia tregulety shall bs considered to eit where he efecive mass af any rey is ere than [50 pereen ofthe etve miss OF at afjacemt suey. roof Sas Tiger dan he Ace tela abe act be constr. SoBe Tem? Vertical geoneziciregatariy Teltan Goouictie egal slallp soeidnod te exist where thehuvizcatl dimen of Ihelancalcree reading system in my serey ie mere Gra 130 perencof that nan adhicont soy. One cane poruhoass need not he enusiered. SHORE Ten? F Tarps diceoctinaity i vertical iteraHforee-ressting coment S307 [An onelene offi of the luteal oa-resising elements gseater than diefenalh of ose ements Discontinue eapity — weak Hovey TBS 7 Ji eck ciomy i ore In wan he somy soon less Dan ¥0 percent oUt inthe storey ‘hove The sory ancogO ithe toa teagm f ll sesmie-resiing cements sharing to ‘Sore shew Tor the deson unr couse. ‘Table $42 Plan Structural Feregularities Trregulority Tyne and Defipition ‘Raferenré Section Tata regularly = to he toesidered when Giapbragns ere ood lecible Tonoalfoegetarty shalt be consdredio odst when Te maximun store dif, compute ‘nels seston prinn & vend ofthe stuctur msvers tears Ws aretha: 1.2 Tings the average of Ge storey def ofthe tg ends of srucae, 53225; emo J Reeatrant comers Blan sooFiguratons of strane ands eal Corcetesting system contin yo-ersrant amon, nee bon projectionsof de tocuse beyord ace-cnran comer ake restr than 15 puvell ofthe plan dimersien of Ue seustus tothe given dicoion T_Biapacagesdscoatinaity Diaphragms wtb sre dissorengtes cr wxisous in izes, insing those having, ‘eto or open tens sear tan SI perzent of the gros closed area te diaphrag, Shannen fertve daphreem tithes more th SO pervert fom one stag) to the net, EHLGG Tena Canl 7 53129, Tew F Ont-of-plan offsets ‘Sioontiuiies ina leet free palh, such a nat faze atte of the veil skomants 37 Nnparwel ssters ‘Tre erica facta) load-yeseting eoracets ae ot panda te or syne abut the major nigonal axes oF Une ler Cnersisiag ston. 5-49 3053, SES, Tm aeBCP creos ‘Table 5.13 ~ Structural Systems! (Height Limit | | tor Seismic ! tasic: paral im ‘pti | Basie Strucinral Lateral-Force-Resisting System Description R | MQ | Zones3 And d System ! \ | © TiesagecTnsen 1 Taieaatval arpa i—* oe dala ei mle Vas [oo i Mtns Seed ote g/l R | 2. Siemon i 2 Gas as fas | w | uw : tam Sila] s | & i | taba ming wah sore bios ju |e | |S BoINT Cnr ican at : : ay aia | 9} | 1b, Conccete? as 22 pe o teeyine pili | & Taam ramares | 1 Steen aed ae eT ae : 3. Enchant ron | yeaa a emcees eae vis fu | oo | os *§ MHSne ES cet ele SLR | ey & i Peon sjwis | : 3 Scon a) R |B 2. Bey end nes ose sc | | @ | om | bot ee) 8) oo % : : £8 Nao tnber of 2 | mp a | 5 5, Sool som ed foes : me cep toe | we | Sioa ag face | 1 Sa ITE Ha COT i a we fap we foe & Sh fab fae | ae ! 2. Hasty gemstesshys ace) 1 | | we | te 15 ESL Rnea neg fr (REF Sk) Py) i 10 Stay growarecagdone ONES ! ose sia |» | i £ See? Bit] 2 5. ier om nes SF) Fe et Tae eras 2M ones wn hak? se fas | oe | xe : E Slene vanes cos & | | Oh le i © Ennmee wahoo a ee : 5 Soy wh SF So [a8 | & | te &. Nesaywm aes met 2 3] te | £ Miter wibsrmce o ey : 1 Mee Si bnew 8 a | a ! ; 2 bel BP Marea ser ala] oa Mihaela Bo |S |e 2. Bachan belt oS ae lel er ss | as bom | xt 5 SSS oe 8 | |W | fe 2 Ganevchconee sane a | Re 1 Bite nincemes nae 0 | 3 4 Spemcceamibiiegel ae 2 Seal Se is i 28 sb : & SSSR gue BS ei : [Cages lees — | TCaree ens dare par # Siders i whee nas eat a a inocula eum i | 7 hstesl acer Sarina SET RETEST — = NI =s0fit |e sation $20.4 for sombienon of uct system "Basicstvsturl system om daized in Secon $29.6. 3 Sprite in Signi Zone 3 ant 4 “stages paces ceuereteovnfoning 1 Seton 1951.27 (TBC 8997), 5-50>rotibnecia Seite Zanes 3 and 4, exept me purmited in Section 5.342. ‘oedinasy moneni-esiing frames ie Sisaie Zone | anotngthe requiements of Chapt: # may use B value oF rol Brit of te buding chaing cantlevored cfu, "protihited in Seiamie Zones 7A, 2,3 a6, Soe section 53; ‘Table 5.14— Horizntal Force Factors, ae and Re crs Tlewonts of Structures and Nonstructural Components and Equipments’ | a, |B UT Footnote “1 Heneiisat Smacires 2 Was neluding the owing (i) Drbvaced iantovered) pares. 2s_| 39 4 Gheeerr il ete Re TT SOT Te | ae 7 GH Ail marr bering and noakearog wal, ra] -30 z B erchouse (eve wen ted by mn eenien of ig vocal Sa 2349 a E Cannosions far pretbricetee srucural cements oder tay wal, Se= 1p) 30 5 slo selin 5222. 3 7 Nostuenal Conpooals t 5 1 enor and inion omamentatoss end appendages 2s | 30 3 Chance, cs and trusod vores supported 01 of ProjngTOONe Te 1 pot ‘Stately braced or anchored to the steal frame ata pun teow 2s | 30 ihr centr of ma. DTA Hood or anchors ete Scio Rane a ore wr ie 130 ects of mas. i © Signean) bilowd ze] 38 Spe rks ihe canes) over 1S mim [SO TE zs 40 7 E Borranint Moorapporcd canes and book tars more dian TRIS | ae ; (Fos) ight ict cont [ES are ans trl act orsuaededcolings and ECTS. wa G. Arcs for see [oT 30 Spey oe capes pes es TD 6 ea tof so % Potions, tes 5 Eauipment oy ae ese tad ytsta Gace contents) inctuding apport syst. FEE echelon plambing caiemmt end associated condi To a0 1 Saas on dgonorlsand pin Laie woe to edt ltr ond a These resend ales piv mpi resuait provided ‘Eich entice te ths Bcton forme ueteontinovely, load plas # 050 Si? (30 pe) Table §15—Rand ©, Factors forNon-Buitding Structures { Seructare Type Rr | &, ua alding ter and pressor et ares on franc rambo za fa 2 Cea peg cones los nn chrvneys having wal cow ious tthe fonda 36 [20 =. Disrlbued inass canllicver structurca suck a sacks, chimaeys, sifas and skit-supported vertical | 29 20 | resets 1 Trjgel mms Gieeoacling & Bae) Baad I NS oe 5 Conateveed clumn-ype roires. 22 [20 © Coning wivers ye 20 {C7 Bins and nog on ase of bead gs aT 20 7 Sums ks i 36 [30 Sigs a ibaa 38 TO, Amuso

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