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Dynamic Programming - Set 10 (0-1 Knapsack Problem) - GeeksforGeeks PDF

The document discusses the 0-1 knapsack problem in computer science. It describes the problem as selecting a subset of items with weights and values that fit within a knapsack's capacity while maximizing the total value. It presents a simple brute force solution and discusses how dynamic programming can solve it more efficiently by storing solutions to subproblems to avoid recomputing them. Specifically, it provides pseudocode for a dynamic programming solution that builds a table in bottom-up fashion to find the optimal subset in O(nW) time, where n is the number of items and W is the knapsack capacity.

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Tanisha Jindal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
904 views

Dynamic Programming - Set 10 (0-1 Knapsack Problem) - GeeksforGeeks PDF

The document discusses the 0-1 knapsack problem in computer science. It describes the problem as selecting a subset of items with weights and values that fit within a knapsack's capacity while maximizing the total value. It presents a simple brute force solution and discusses how dynamic programming can solve it more efficiently by storing solutions to subproblems to avoid recomputing them. Specifically, it provides pseudocode for a dynamic programming solution that builds a table in bottom-up fashion to find the optimal subset in O(nW) time, where n is the number of items and W is the knapsack capacity.

Uploaded by

Tanisha Jindal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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6/10/2015

DynamicProgramming|Set10(01KnapsackProblem)GeeksforGeeks

DynamicProgramming|Set10(01
KnapsackProblem)
Givenweightsandvaluesofnitems,puttheseitemsinaknapsackofcapacity
Wtogetthemaximumtotalvalueintheknapsack.Inotherwords,giventwo
integerarraysval[0..n1]andwt[0..n1]whichrepresentvaluesandweights
associatedwithnitemsrespectively.AlsogivenanintegerWwhichrepresents
knapsackcapacity,findoutthemaximumvaluesubsetofval[]suchthatsumof
theweightsofthissubsetissmallerthanorequaltoW.Youcannotbreakan
item,eitherpickthecompleteitem,ordontpickit(01property).
Asimplesolutionistoconsiderallsubsetsofitemsandcalculatethetotalweight
andvalueofallsubsets.Considertheonlysubsetswhosetotalweightissmaller
thanW.Fromallsuchsubsets,pickthemaximumvaluesubset.
1)OptimalSubstructure:
Toconsiderallsubsetsofitems,therecanbetwocasesforeveryitem:(1)the
itemisincludedintheoptimalsubset,(2)notincludedintheoptimalset.
Therefore,themaximumvaluethatcanbeobtainedfromnitemsismaxof
followingtwovalues.
1)Maximumvalueobtainedbyn1itemsandWweight(excludingnthitem).
2)Valueofnthitemplusmaximumvalueobtainedbyn1itemsandWminus
weightofthenthitem(includingnthitem).
IfweightofnthitemisgreaterthanW,thenthenthitemcannotbeincludedand
case1istheonlypossibility.
2)OverlappingSubproblems
Followingisrecursiveimplementationthatsimplyfollowstherecursivestructure
mentionedabove.
/*ANaiverecursiveimplementationof01Knapsackproblem*/
#include<stdio.h>

//Autilityfunctionthatreturnsmaximumoftwointegers
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DynamicProgramming|Set10(01KnapsackProblem)GeeksforGeeks

intmax(inta,intb){return(a>b)?a:b;}

//Returnsthemaximumvaluethatcanbeputinaknapsackofcapacity
intknapSack(intW,intwt[],intval[],intn)
{
//BaseCase
if(n==0||W==0)
return0;

//IfweightofthenthitemismorethanKnapsackcapacityW,then
//thisitemcannotbeincludedintheoptimalsolution
if(wt[n1]>W)
returnknapSack(W,wt,val,n1);

//Returnthemaximumoftwocases:(1)nthitemincluded(2)noti
elsereturnmax(val[n1]+knapSack(Wwt[n1],wt,val,n1),
knapSack(W,wt,val,n1)
);
}

//Driverprogramtotestabovefunction
intmain()
{
intval[]={60,100,120};
intwt[]={10,20,30};
intW=50;
intn=sizeof(val)/sizeof(val[0]);
printf("%d",knapSack(W,wt,val,n));
return0;
}
Itshouldbenotedthattheabovefunctioncomputesthesamesubproblems
againandagain.Seethefollowingrecursiontree,K(1,1)isbeingevaluated
twice.Timecomplexityofthisnaiverecursivesolutionisexponential(2^n).
Inthefollowingrecursiontree,K()referstoknapSack().Thetwo
parametersindicatedinthefollowingrecursiontreearenandW.
Therecursiontreeisforfollowingsampleinputs.
wt[]={1,1,1},W=2,val[]={10,20,30}

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DynamicProgramming|Set10(01KnapsackProblem)GeeksforGeeks

K(3,2)>K(n,W)
/\
/\
K(2,2)K(2,1)
/\/\
/\/\
K(1,2)K(1,1)K(1,1)K(1,0)
/\/\/\
/\/\/\
K(0,2)K(0,1)K(0,1)K(0,0)K(0,1)K(0,0)
RecursiontreeforKnapsackcapacity2unitsand3itemsof1unitweight.

Sincesuproblemsareevaluatedagain,thisproblemhasOverlapping
Subprolemsproperty.Sothe01Knapsackproblemhasbothproperties
(seethisandthis)ofadynamicprogrammingproblem.Likeother
typicalDynamicProgramming(DP)problems,recomputationsofsame
subproblemscanbeavoidedbyconstructingatemporaryarrayK[][]inbottomup
manner.FollowingisDynamicProgrammingbasedimplementation.

//ADynamicProgrammingbasedsolutionfor01Knapsackproblem
#include<stdio.h>

//Autilityfunctionthatreturnsmaximumoftwointegers
intmax(inta,intb){return(a>b)?a:b;}

//Returnsthemaximumvaluethatcanbeputinaknapsackofcapacity
intknapSack(intW,intwt[],intval[],intn)
{
inti,w;
intK[n+1][W+1];

//BuildtableK[][]inbottomupmanner
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
for(w=0;w<=W;w++)
{
if(i==0||w==0)
K[i][w]=0;
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DynamicProgramming|Set10(01KnapsackProblem)GeeksforGeeks

elseif(wt[i1]<=w)
K[i][w]=max(val[i1]+K[i1][wwt[i1]],K[i1][w
else
K[i][w]=K[i1][w];
}
}

returnK[n][W];
}

intmain()
{
intval[]={60,100,120};
intwt[]={10,20,30};
intW=50;
intn=sizeof(val)/sizeof(val[0]);
printf("%d",knapSack(W,wt,val,n));
return0;
}
TimeComplexity:O(nW)wherenisthenumberofitemsandWisthecapacityof
knapsack.
References:
http://www.es.ele.tue.nl/education/5MC10/Solutions/knapsack.pdf
http://www.cse.unl.edu/~goddard/Courses/CSCE310J/Lectures/Lecture8
DynamicProgramming.pdf

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