7.5 SOLVED PROBLEMS * 323 words, fuzzy sets can be thought of as a media through which the human thinking is transferred to a computer. One difference between fuzzy sets and. classical sets is that the former do not follow the law of excluded middle ‘and law of contradiction. Hence, if we want to choose fuzzy intersection and union operations which satisfy these laws, then the operations will not satisfy distributivity and idempotency. Except the difference of set membership being an infinite valued quantity instead of a binary valued quantity, fuzzy sets are treated in the same mathematical form as classical sets. Solved Problems rm 1. Find the power set and cardinality of the-given set X = {?,4, 6}. Also find cardinality of power set. Solutions Since set X contains three elements, so its cardinal number is nx =3 The power set of X is given by P(X) = [, (2), (4) (6, (2,4). (4, 6}, (2, 6}, (2,4, 6 The cardinality of power set P(X), denoted by np(x), is found as ron PT Pag BP 2. Consider two given fuzzy sets = {3 03 0.5 02 raters O40 456 '8 Perform union, intersection, difference and complement over fuzzy sets A and B Solution: The two given fuzzy sets are i 03 05 % =| awe + Union324 « CHAPTER 7 # INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL SETS AND FUZZY SETS + Intersection ~ \ ANB = min{wa(x), g(x) + Complement A=1-palx) 0,07 05 ~ 08 a = (P+ 28 fe 1 . 42 8 + Difference AIB = ANB Aig: Ark. = (95,2305 ,0 wee “274 8 BIA=BOA > _ 5 A Ot 08 SY eee 3. Given the two fuzzy sets bia fe Se soe See \z 06 02 O1 at 1 0.75 03 O15 ah Tot 15 *36+25 +35 find the following: (a) BiUBa (b) Bin Bas (©) Bis (d) Bas (e) Bi |Bas. (9 BiU Bas @) BiOB: (h) BinBi: @BiuBy GW) BN By; (k)B,UBp Solution: The two given fuzzy sets are 1 0,75 | 03 4 O15 | O 20° 25 § 3.0 B=(5 B= f{1,08, 02,01, 0 lie 13 77 0775 '30BS SOLVED PROBLEMS * 325 1 0.6 02 Of 0 ee a) aingi=(rpttstsatae tsa () By= to’ is *iotas ty 7 0 0.25 07 | 0.85 = oo 4 25 3.0 4, It is necessary to compare two sensors based upon their detection levels and gain settings. The table of gain settings and sensor detection levels with a'standard item being monitored providing typical membership values to represent the detection levels for each sensor is given below: ee Gain setting Detection level of sensor 1 Detection level of sensor 2 eon Covet sensor 1 Detection levied of sensor 2. 0 0 0 10 0.2 0.35 20 0.35 0.25 3» 0.65 08 40 0.85 095° 50 dL 1 Se326 « : CHAPTER 7 / INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL SETS AND FUZZY SETS Now given the universe of discourse X = (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50} and the membership functions for the two sensors in discrete form as {5 0.2 0.35 0.65 1= fe 6 0.8: 1 wot a0 36 + Go +5 if 035 0.25 08 +285 +3] 5 wo 2= ot to o find the following membership functions: (a) epep,O (b) pepjna,(x); () pad; ) upOods () epigeh OB tpms @) Hons O) kyem)s apes) G) woo, (x) Solution: The two given fuzzy sets are wo nfSs02 82,065,088 1) ‘lot tot a0 + G0 + G0 +5 p 0.35 ug a8 095 +3) t= oOo o* 0 +20 $30 G0 +50 (a) #pup,(x) = max fup, (x), soso) 4035 +088 08 095 1 ~{(5+ 370 +70 +30 bag t ail (b) 4p,np,(x) = min tgp, (x), Hath) _ [3 02 025 0.65 0.85 1 | ; ot io * 20 +0 +a 5 (c) mt no) - 1 065 035 015 0 ={5+4 at 20° + Sea] (d) eplx) =1— wp,(x) 1 065 0. - (j++ 20 + 30 eat (©) Mun x) = max{uep,(x), up, (x)) -(3+3 08 0.65 0.65 0.85 | ot 30 + a0 +50 Rpg lx) = sie i, ep (xd) 02 0.35 035 615 0 } 101 20 +30 +9 73525 SOLVED PROBLEMS: (g) Brum s) = max{an, (x), app(x)} __* 327 1 065 0.75 08 095 1 ={5+ 55+ He +H ea | (h) > Lp.np;(*) = min{ap, (x), wp (x) 0 035 025 0.2 0.05, 0 “oT 1d * ao * 30% Go 756 @ Haun (x) = Kayne) : = min{p, (x), wp, (x)} a [04 92 | 035 0.2 0.05 0 =jo' 10 * a0 +30 * aa * 50 @ Hay x) = Ap apyls) ='min{ap,(x), up, (x)} wef Bp OBE, 125" O35) ONS, 0 ~ 10° “fo "20 "30 40 50 5. Design’a computer software to perform image processirig to locate objects within a scene. The two fuzzy sets representing a plane anda train image are: 02 05 03 0.8 OL Plane = { rain T bike. Boat t Slane * boast af 1 0.2 0.4 05 0.2 Tn: lat me oat ¥ flane * house Find the following: (a) Plane U Tain; (b) Plane 9 Train; (c) Plane; (d) Train; (e)-Plane[Trgin; (f) Plane U Train; ~(g) Plane Train; (h) Plane U Pine; (i) Plane N Plane; Gj) Train U (k) Train U Train Solution: The two given fuzzy sets are 0.2 0.5 03 08 OL Pl mf 4 ye ne wan Bis * Baw * pias * toe Train = {—L. 4 22, 04 , 05 | 02 “~~ (train " bike “boat” plane " house -328 + (a) (b) te) (d) (e) ita) (g) (h) (i) (i) CHAPTER 7 / INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL SETS AND FUZZY SETS. Plane U Train = max{ppigne(X), A Train(*)) = [eee See te ee SS] train” bike " boat” plane ” house Plane M Trgin = min{yptane(x)s MTagin(x)} a ~ (222 oe ET train bike © boat Plane = 1 ~ Hptane(x) ; 08 , 05, 01, 02 | 08 train bike boat plane ~~ house Frgin = 1 — ptgin(x) _f.0 08 06 , 05 , 08 = Vein” ike” boat" plane” inooxe Plane|Train = Plane N' Trin = min{ertmne(X), BT) 0,05 03, 05 | 01 comin” bike boar" plane ” house Plane U Train = 1 — max{uptne(X), HTein(x)} 0 05 06 , 02 | 08 -(3:+hte plane * house Plane 9 Train = 1 — min{itptanc(x), HTrain(X)} _ { 08 08 07 05 | 0: uain ike * Boat * plane * house Plane U Plane = max (urine), Hpiga()} [08 , 8, 1, OF ~ |uain " bike ” boat” plane " house Plane 0 Plane = min{/4ptane(x), Miigc(x)) BF, Oe OS , OF. aA train’ bike” boat” plane " house Train U Train = max{atnin(x), aTga(X)} _ f.08 + 0.5 + 0.7 + 0.8 + 09 ~ {erain " bike “ boar " plane " house7.5 SOLVED PROBLEMS ‘ ° 329 (k) Train 9 Train = min (urea), ere) 0,02, 04) 05 | 02 train bike " boat plane — house 6. For aircraft simulator data the determination of certain changes in its operating condi- tions is made on the basis of hard break points ithe mach region. We define two fuzzy sets Aand B representing the condition of “near” a mach number of 0.65 and “in the region” of a mach number of 0.65, respectively, as follows 0 0.75 1 0.5 0 | A x nearmuch 6s = (55+ Seas tas * a6s5 +O . 1 0.5 B = inthe region of mach 0.65 tustsal For these two sets find the following: (AUB; (h)ANB; (A: (Bs (e) AUB; Solution: The two given fuzzy sets are i 05 QO 5 * oes T0685 +a 0 0.25 0.75 1 0.5 B = in the region of mach 065 = | 75 + sae + age + Ome t Ome Qo A = near mach 0.65 = {aga (a) AUB =max{wa(x), ap(x)} {2,07 , 4 1, 05 * 10.64 * 0.645 0.65 * 0.655 " 0.66 {b) ANB =mintwa(x), up(x)} af 2, 225, 075 otal = 10.64 * 0.645 ” 0.65 * 0.655 * 0.66 () A=1-sHalx) _f{1 {oa 0, 05 = oe + 065 * 0.055 + 0.66 — ug(x) 1 O15 0.25 0 4 0.64 * 0.645 © 0.65 (0.655 (0.66 / il (a) 8330 .¢ CHAPTER 7 / INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL SETS_AND FUZZY sera (e) AUB =1~ maxlwalx), uplx)} af 110%, 0, 9 =, 05 ~ 10.64" 0.645 ° 0.65 * 0.655 © 0. () ANB =1~minlza(x), ug) 1 0.75 0.25 | 0.5 1 | aea * 064s * 0.65 | 0.655 * 0.66 . For the two given fuzzy sets OF, 02 04 06 21 a=(+y ea g aft 05497, 03,,0 “O01 2 34 find the following: fa) AUB; (b) ANB; (c) A; (Bs (e) AVA: (DANA; (2) BUB; (h) BOB; ANB; G@AUB; BNA; () BUA; ({m) AUB; 408 Solution: The two given fuzzy sets are O1 0.2 04 06 1 a= err +B] ga [Late a, 2,8 ejo° 1 2° 3 "4 (@) AUB =max(ia(x), aa(x)} fi 4 0.5 OF sf 0. =jo' Tt? (b) ANB =min(ualx), up(x)} or 02, 04 03,0 0 A 2 () A=1-pae) ot oo 0.8 96843 3047.5 SOLVED PROBLEMS (2) 6 =1- pg) O05 03 07. i = q _. Tt? fe) AUA = max{ug(x), zalx)} zi 08 BE A ~ 0 1 2 304 @) ANA =min{ualx), wala) -|F 05 03 07 ‘| otrtrta ts (g) B UB = max{ug(x), ug(x)} {5 05 =}54 2 {h) BAB = min{ya(x), ug(x)) _ fo 05 = hot T @ ANB =min{ualx), ug(x)) (3 02 03 06 i} lotr tzataty G) AUB =maxtualx), ug(x)] _ 01 05 +t +t ={e+P+ 1 +; tk) BAA =min{up(x), alx)} 9 05 06 03 i tyT+Tt Ft @ BUA =maxtua(x), pa(x)} {i 08 0.4 it -jotrtatsts (m) AUB =1— max(walx), alx)} + 331332.6 CHAPTER 7 / INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL SETS AND FUZZY song 7 (n) 408 = minfeeg(x), g(x) . 0.05 ,03 04 0 a ort 4 t 8. Lot U be the universe of military aircraft of interest’ as defined below: U ={al0, 652, c130, f2, f9} Let A be the fuzzy set of bomber class aircraft: 03 04 0.2 + , &= +¥| aio * 527 c130t Let B be the fuzzy set of fighter class aircraft: Be OL p Ob, 08 UD ~ aio * 52 * 2130 fz f9 Find the following: @ & (AUB: W)ANB; (A, Bs (AB: (g) AUB; (ANB; WAUB; GENA Solution: The two given fuzzy sets are = {08 4 04, OF Ol alo” 52° 130" f2° 9 O1 02, 08 02 B= {Sat bar ot (a) AUB = max{palx), wa(x)} 03 04, 08 07 1 aid * 652 * e130" fz" f9 (b) ANB =min{yalx), wp(x)} a (01,02, 02 joo a0’ 652" c130" f2° fo (e) A=1-palx) ag (OE Oy, 0.8 +e ald B52 * a0 t +5Piocvco PROBLEMS (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) a @ B =1- p(x) =(%8 08 {02 03.1 * Yald ” 552" e130 P 79 4B =anB = min(a(x), eyla)} 03, 04 or, 1 =(S rt aet pt +3} BiA=BNA = min{yeg(x), a(x) a fob, 02, 08 , 07 O ~ \a10” 552." 130° f2° f9 AUB =1—maxtwalx), up (x)} Se 02 +340) = Yaio * b52 * e130 7 9 ANE = 1 -min{u a(x), ualx)} wf Bt y 28 Bhs = alo 52" e130 f2° f9 AUB =maxtua(x), ag(x)) {09 08, 08 08, 1 = alo | b52 * e130 * f2* 5 BUA = max{ug(x), ug(x)} 09 08 , 02 a3, 4} ato t b52* 130 * F2* F9 9. Consider two fuzzy sets 2 333 = [02,03 , 04 , 05 ~ 2 3 +3} Find the algebraic sum, algebraic product, bounded sum and bounded difference of the given fuzzy sets.334 * CHAPTER 7 / INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL SETS AND FUZZY SETS Solution: The two fuzzy sets are 02 03 04 05 =V7trtst a ee Pe YT TT a5" 4 Harpe) = Leale) + ep od] — eats) - p(x] + Algebraic sum _ [0.3 Bs oe 88 _ 0,02 0.05 , 0.08 , 0 “br Batty 713 4 0.28 044 0.52 0, fr at } + Algebraic product Hap 2) = tale) p(x) 0.02 0.06 0.08 g& Po2 3 "a + Bounded sum Happ x) = min[I, a(x) + Ma(x)] ,. 0.5 wninfi {224 959895) 03 05 06 , 0 rtzt + Bounded difference Maga) = maxlO, 42a(x) — p60] 01, 01, 02, 05 wnasfo (22-524 22,254]"BS SOLVED PROBLEMS ° 335 10. The discretized membership functions for a transistor and a resistor-are given below: = 2g 82 07 08 08 41 - OTT 77 ETS el 4 BH 85 a tats Find the following: (a) Algebraic sum; (b) algebraic product; (c) bounded sum; (d) bounded difference. Solution: The two given membership functions are a ee TTT TTS 5 001 0302, 04 be m=jotptgtstat * (a) Algebraic sum Her ag (2) = [er (x) + py (1 ~ Lar (x) + ag] a fh OF hO 10, 13 1s torr 2" 3 7 4 = Wo yp OO Seed ,. SIS: 0:86) 0.5 ot tT tTts 537 Oo = {9 4 028 , 079 9 “lot Tt? (b) Algebraic product \ pera (x) = wer (x).ug (x) 2. OP _ JO 0.02 0.21 0.16 036, 0.5 2 “ae =pta trata tae ts (c) Bounded sum Mer (x) = mind], p(x) + ua (x)) wrainfi [2493 422,00 13 15 = OTT TTT sts og b8, Weds 1 otTtTtstat I336 © (d) Bounded difference CHAPTER 7 / INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL SETS AND FUZZY SETS Hog (x) = max{O, per (x) — ag (x)} =marfo, (3+ ++ wi Review Questions 1, Define classical sets and fuzzy sets. 2. State the importance of fuzzy sets. 3. What are the methods of representation of a classical set? 4, Discuss the operations of crisp sets. 5. List the properties of classical sets. 6. What is meant by characteristic function? 7. Write the function theoretic form representa- tion of crisp set operations. 8. Justify the following statement: “Partial mem- bership is allowed in fuzzy sets." 9. Discuss in detail the operations and properties of fuzzy sets. 10. Represent the fuzzy sets operations using Venn diagram. L1. Whar is the cardinality of a fuzzy set? Whether a power set can be formed for a fuzzy set? 12. Apart from basic operations, state few other op- erations involved in fuzzy sets. 13. Compare and contrast classical logic and fuzry logic. 14. Why the excluded middle law does not get sat- isfied in fuzzy logic? 15. Describe the importance of fuzzy sets. | 7.7 | Exercise Problems 1. Find the cardinality of the given set A=(1,3,5,7,9) 2. ConsiderseeX = (2,4, 6, 8, 10}. Find its power set, cardinality and cardinality of power set. 3. Show the following fuzzy sets satisfy DeMorgan’s awe 1 (@) wa) = 5 1 7 Uz ©) mbd= (se) 4, Consider two fuzzy sets 1. a= {33 40 0 035 a=(r5+55 find the following: (AUB; (b)ANB; )AnB; (Au (Hh ANB; WAUA k)BUB; WBNB (ce) A; (40 MANA: (a) B; 5. We want to compare two liquid level controllers for their control levels and flow speed. The fol-