EEE 241

ANALOG ELECTRONICS 1
TUTORIAL
DR NORLAILI MOHD NOH

Given, o = F =100

10V

1.
8k

VT =26mV,, VA =100V

VBE =0.7V

10k
I=1mA

a) dc voltage at B, E and C.
IC = IE = F I =0.99mA
IE =1mA
0 99mA
E
F +1

IB = IC = 0.99mA =9.9 A

100

VC =10ICR C =100.99mA(8k)=2.08V

(a)Determine the dc voltages at the 3

terminals
i l off the
h BJT (VB, VC, VE).
)
(b) Determine gm, r and ro ?
(c) Determine the voltage gain (vY / vs)of
this amplifier circuit if a signal source with
a voltage vs and a 2 k internal resistor is
connected to X and an 8 k load resistor
is connected to Y.
Y Z is connected to
ground.
(d) If the ro is neglected, calculate the
percentage
p
g of error in y
your calculation of
the voltage gain.

IB = 0-VB VB =9.9 A(10k)=0.099V

10k

VBE =VB VE =0.7V VE =0.0990.7=0.799V

b)

Given:
o = F =100
100
VT =26mV
VA =100V
Calculated:
IC = IE = F I =0.99mA
E
F +1

gm = IC = 0.99m =0.0381A V
VT

26m
r = o = 100 =2624.6719
g m 0.0381
ro = VA = 100 =101010.101
IC 0.99m
0 99m
3

2k

B
10k

vs

gmvi

vi

8k 8k

10V

vy

8k

10k

c)

I=1mA

a v = vY = g m vi ro // 8k // 8k

vs
vs
(r //10k)vs
gm
((ro // 4k))
2k+
2k+r
//10k

=
vs
= 0.0381 2079.0021 3847.6337
4079 0021
4079.0021

= 74.717

gm = IC = 0.99m =0.0381A V
VT

26m
r = o = 100 =2624.6719
g m 0.0381
ro = VA = 100 =101010.101
101010.101
IC 0.99m
4

d) If ro is neglected, Av =0.0381(0.5097)4k =77.6783

Hence, the percentage of error = 77.678374.717100%
74.717

3.96%
3 96%
2k

+
vs

B
10k
r

gmvi

vi

8k 8k
8k

vy

2. Determine the signal voltage at the B. The signal source gives

a voltage of 10mV rms and has a resistance of 300.
12V

dc equivalent circuit :
12V

1k
C3 v
out

22k

22k

C1

vin

1k
IB

RL
6.8k

560
560

C2

6.8k

VBE

IE
560

ac equivalent circuit :
300 B

Given F =150; o =160;

VBE =0.7V and VT =26mV

22k

vin

6.8k

gmvbe

vbe

r
1k R L

vo

12V

1k
C3 v
out

22k

C1

vs

RL

6.8k

560

C2

Method 1

R IN(B) = VB = VBE + IE R E
IB

(
Assume VBE << IER E , R IN(B) =

12V

1k

22k
R2

IB

F +1)IBR E
IB

where IE = ( +1)IB
1 R IN(B) =FR E
Assume F >>1,R

VBE

6.8k
R1

R IN(B)

IE

560
RE

Since F =150,
R IN(B) =150(560) = 84k
7

A common rule-of-thumb is that if two resistors are in parallel and

one is at least ten times the other, the total resistance is taken to
be approximately equal to the smaller value.

VB =

6.8k//R IN(B)
(12)
6 8k//R IN(B) + 22k
6.8k//R

Since R IN (B) = 84k, VB

6.8k
(12) = 2.8333V
6 8k + 22k
6.8k

(The exact value is 6.8k//84k = 6.2907k)

VE =VB VBE =22.8333
833300.7
7=22.1333V
1333V
IE = 2.1333=3.8095V
560

IC = IE = F IE =3.7843mA
F +1

gm = IC = 3.7843mA = 0.1456 A V
VT

26mA
r = o = 160 =1098.9011
g m 0.1456

12V

1k

22k
R2

6.8k
6
8k
R1

VBE

R IN(B)

IE

560
RE

VB

6.8k
(12) = 2.8333V
6.8k + 22k

VE =VB VBE =2.1333V

IE =3.8095V
IC =3.7843mA
gm = 0.1456 A V
r =1098.9011
vbe = 6.8k//22k // r

6.8k//22k // r +300
1
= 1 + 1 + 1
R T 6.8k 22k 1.0989k

vin

=1.1025103
Hence, R T = 907.0185
907.0185
vbe = 0.75145vin

vbe = 7.5145 mVrms

300 k B

22k

vin

6.8k

gmvbe

+
vbe

r
1k R L

vo

Method 2

VTH =

12V

6.8k
(12) = 2
2.8333
8333 V
6.8k + 22k

1k
C3 v
out

22k

R TH = 22k//6.8k = 5194.4444

C1

2.8333+IB(5194.4444)+VBE +IE (560)=0

IB(5194.4444+(F +1)560)+0.7=2.8333
IB = 2.83330.7 =2.3768
2 3768105 A

vs

RL
6.8k

560

C2

89754.4444

VB =2.8333(5194.44442.3768105)=2.7098 V
VE =VB VBE =22.0098
0098 V
IE =VE R =3.5889 mA

12V

1k

IC = IE =3.5651mA
gm =IC V =0.1371 A V
T

r =o g =1.1670 k
m

Vbe =0.7606 Vin =7.6 mVrms

RTH

VTH

+
I
+ VBE E
+
VB
560 V
E

10

Conclusion
Using VB = R1 V
(once it is known that R IN(B) 10 R1 )
CC
R1 + R 2

will result in a vbe that is very close to the one obtained from Method 2

vin

11

3. Select a minimum value for the emitter-bypass capacitor if the

amplifier must operate over a frequency range from 2kHz to
10kHz
Solution
The value of the bypass
yp
capacitor
p
must be large
g enough
g so that its
reactance over the frequency sample of the amplifier is very small (ideally
0)compared to RE.A good rule of thumb is that XC of the bypass capacitor
should be at least 10 times smaller than REat the minimum frequency for
12V
which the amplifier must operate.

10XCR E

For this circuit,

circuit XC = R E = 560 =56
56

10

XC = 1

10

2 fC
C= 1 = 1 =1.421 F
2 fX C 2 (2k)56

1k

22k
22k

C1

C3

6.8k

This is the minimum value for the bypass capacitor for

this circuit. A larger value can be used, although cost and
physical size usually impose limitations.

560
RE

C2
12

At the maximum frequency of 10kHz, X

C=

1
=11.2
2 (10k)1.421

At the maximum frequency of 10kHz, XC =11.2 and this value is RE /10

where RE =560
If the maximum frequency is used instead to determine C, then

C=

1
=0.2842 F
2 (10k)56

At the minimum frequency of 2kHz,

XC =

1
=280
2 (2k)0.2842

10 XC =2800 and this is > RE. Hence, in order to calculate the minimum value
of the bypass capacitor, the XC must be 10 times smaller than RE at the
minimum frequency.

13

4. Calculate the voltage gain with and without the bypass

12V
capacitor.
a) With capacitor

1k

22k
C1

C3

vo

300

vin

6 8k
6.8k

560

C2

ac equivalent circuit :
300

vin

B
22k

6.8k
r

gmvbe

1k

+
vo

vbe

14

300

B
22k

vin

6.8k
r

Open circuit voltage gain :

gmvbe

1k

+
vo

vbe

a v = vo = g m vbe ( ro //1k )
vin

vin

g m v be (1k )
vin
i
We know vbe = 22k//6.8k//r v
22k//6.8k//r +300 in

Assuming ro >>1k, a v =

0 75145 in
From Question 2 (method 1), r =1098.9011 and hence vbe = 0.75145v

a v = g m (1k )0.7514vin
vin

From Question 2 (method 1), gm = 0.1456 A V

a v = 109.4038

15

12V

If there is no C2

1k

22k
C1

C3

vo

300

vin

6.8k

560

ac equivalent circuit
300

B
r

vin

22k

6.8k

vbe

gmvbe

560

+
1k

vo

16

b) Without bypass capacitor :

300

vin

22k

ib

v1

6 8k
6.8k

vbe

gmvbe

560

+
1k

E +

R'

vo

ve

If the effect of ro is neglected, the open circuit voltage gain :

a v = vo

vin

vo = gmvbe (1k )

v1 = vbe + ve
= vbe + (ib + gmvbe )560
= vbe + vbe( 1 + gm )560
r

= 1+( 1 +g m )560 vbe

= 1+(
+ 0.1456)560 vbe
1098.9011

= 83.0456vbe

vo 0.1456(1k )
=
v1
83.0456

= 1.7532

17

300

vin

22k

ib

v1

6 8k
6.8k

vbe

gmvbe

560

R'

1k

E +

ve

vo

v1 = ( 22k//6.8k//R') vin

22k//6.8k//R'+300
R' = v1 = 83.0456vbe ( r ) = 91.2589k
ib
v be
v1 = 4914.7vin = 0.9425vin
i
5214.7
vo vo v1
= = 1.75320.9425 = 1.6524
vin v1 vin

Hence, if there is no C2, the open circuit voltage gain is very much
reduced.
18

5. Connect a 5k load to the CE amplifier shown below. Find

the overall gain.
ac equivalent circuit
12V

300
1k

22k
C1

C3

6.8k

vin

560

a v = vo = g m v be (1k // 5k )
vin
i

vbe =

gmvbe

1k

5k

vbe

vin
i

RT
vin
R T +300

R T = 6.8k//22k//r
6 8k//22k//r

+
vo

5k

300

vin

C2

vbe = 0.7514vin
a v = 0.1456(833.3333)(0.7514)
0 1456(833 3333)(0 7514)
= 91.1699
From Question 4, when there is no load,

a v = 109.4038
109 4038
Thus, open-circuit voltage gain is the
maximum gain that can be achieved by
an amplifier.
lifi

From Question 2, gm = 0.1456 A V, r =1098.9011, R T = 907.0185

19

Conclusion
Connecting a load to the output will reduce the gain. When there
is no load (i.e. RL=), the gain of the amplifier is at its maximum.
At RL=,the
th gain
i iis said
id tto be
b th
the open circuit
i it voltage
lt
gain.
i

20

6. Find Ri, av, ai, and ap. Given F=o=175 and assume that the
capacitances reactances are negligible at the frequency of
operation VT=26mV and VBE=0.7V.
operation.
=0 7V Neglect ro.
10V

C1

vin

ac equivalent circuit

10k
C2

1V rms

10k

vin

5k

Rib

1 k

ib

10 k

C
vbe

Ri

gmvbe
= oib

10k//1k
=909.0909

vo

Ri

R IN(B) = F(1k) =175k

R IN(B) 10R 2

VB = 10k (10) = 5V
20k

VE = VB 0.7 = 4.3V
IE = 4.3 = 4.3mA
1k

IC = IE = 175 (4.3m) = 4.2756mA

176
r = 175 (26) =1064.1781
4.2756
Rib = v in = i b r +(i b + oi b )909.0909
ib
ib

Rib = r + (1+ o )909.0909

Rib =1064.1781
+ (176)909.0909
(176)909 0909
=161.0642k
Ri = 5k//161.0642k
= 4.8494k
4 8494k
21

10V

10k

C1

vin

a v = vo
vin
C2

1V rms
10k

1 k

i b r +(i b + oi b )909.0909
= (1+ o )909.0909
r +(1+ o )909.0909
= 159999.9984
161064.1765

= 0.9934

10 k

Ri

= ((i b + oi b ))909.0909

r = o = 175 (26mV)
gm

ac equivalent circuit
B

ib

vin

5k

Ri

IC

C
vbe

gmvbe
= oib

10k//1k
=909.0909

vo

22

vin

5k

Ri
ai

ib

C
gmvbe
= oib

vbe

10k//1k
=909.0909

vo

= io
ii

i b (1+ o )
i b r +(1+ o )i b 909.0909
+i b
5k
i b (1+ o )
=
i b r +(1+ o )i b (909.0909)
+i b
5k
176
=
1064.1781+176(909.0909)
+1
5k
= 176
33.2128

= 5.2992

23

ib
r

vin

5k

C
gmvbe
= oib

vbe

Ri

10k//1k
909.0909
0909
=909

i b (1+ o )
i b r +(1+ o )i b (909.0909)
+i b
5k
176
=
1064 1781+176(909
1064.1781
176(909.0909)
0909)
+1
5k
= 176
33.2128

ai =

= 5.2992

a p = aia v = 5.29920.9934 = 5.2642

For a CC configuration, a p ai

vo

r =1064.1781

or

ai = i b (1+ o )
vin
Ri

176
r + (1+ o )909.0909
4.8494k

= 5.2991

24

Using Method 2 to determine IC :

10V

R1

Using KVL at the input loop :

10k

R2
1k

10k

a p = aia v = 5.29920.9934 = 5.2642

5 + IB(5k) + 0.7 + IE (1k) = 0
IB(5k) + IB(1+ )(1k) = 4.3
IB = 44.33 = 0.0238mA
181k

10V

10k//10k
=5k
10k
(10)
20k

=5V

176(909.0909)
= 0.9932
1092.437 +176(909.0909)
176(4.8495k)
ai =
= 5.2983
1092.437 +176(909.0909)

av =

0.7

IC = IB = 4.165mA
r =1092.437
1092 437
Rib =1092.437 +176(909.0909) =161.0924k
Ri = 5k//161.0924k = 4.8495k

1k

25

7. Given : F=250, VT=26mV and VBE=0.7V. Find the input

resistance, short circuit current gain and power gain for the
amplifier shown below
below.
ac equivalent circuit
10 V

B
2.2k

56k

vo

C2 =1F

C3 =1F

12k

1k

vbe g v
m be

56 k//12 k
2.2k

10k

C1
100F

+
vo

10k

vin

1k

vin

The 56 k//12 k is shorted to ground and can

be neglected in the small signal model. The
analysis
l i b
becomes diffi
difficult
lt b
because th
the currentt
source is between the output and the input
26
node. Hence, use the T-model.

T-model
ii

vin

ie
i1k

1k re

R IN(B) = FR E

= 250k
250k >1012k
VB = 12 k (10 )
12 k+56 k
=1.7647
VE =1.7647
1 7647 00.7
7
=1.0647
IE =1.0647mA
IC =1.0604mA

io

io

gmve

ve

2.2k

10k

Rie = vbe = re
ie

re = o =
gm

RL

a v = vo

1
gm +

1
r

gm = IC
VT

vo

Notice that the 56 k//12 k

are shorted to ground and

can be neglected in the small
signal model.

= 73.5738
IC =1.0604mA
a vo = gm ( 2.2k )
gm = 0.0408
0 0408A V
= 89.76
re = 250 1 = 24.4122
251 0.0408

10 V

vin
= g m ve (2.2k//10k)
ve
= gm ( 2.2k//10k
2 2k//10k )

Ri =1k//24.4122
1k//24 4122 = 23
23.8304
8304
Ri re

2.2k

56k
56k

vo

C2 =1F

C3 =1F
10k

C1
100F

12k

1k

vin
27

ii

ie

io

i1k

vin

io

gmve

ve

1k re

2.2k

RL
10k

10 V

vo

2.2k

56k

ais = io
ii v =0
o

io = gmvbe

ais =

g m ve
0 0408
= 0.0408
1 1 0.042
ve +
1k re

= 0.9714
0 9714

100F

ii = ie + i1k
1k

10k
12k

1k

vin

Short circuit current gain of a CB amplifier 1.

Short-circuit
CB is a current buffer.

re

ii = ve 1k1 + r1

C3 =1F

C1

KCL at node E :

ii = ve + ve

vo

C2 =1F

Open-circuit
p
voltage
g g
gain, a vo = gm (2.2k) = 89.76
Hence, for a CB amplifier, power gain voltage gain.

a p = a vo ais = 89.76(0.9714) = 87.1929

28

 C W
8. Given k = n ox = 0.24103 A
2

V2

, VGSQ=6.4mV,

IDQ=2.75mV
=2 75mV and rO=50k.
=50k Determine gm , Ri with and without rO
(compare the result), and av with and without rO (compare the
result).
12V

Solution

2k
vo

10M

1F

gm =nCox W (VGS Vt ) = 2k(VGS Vt )

ID = n Cox
2

vi

1F

L
2
2
W
(VGS Vt ) = k(VGS Vt )
L
2

ID = k g m
2k
gm = 2.75 m 4 0.24 103 =1.6248mS

29

12V

ii

2k
vo
10M

1F

vi

2k

vo

Ri

R i = vi

50k

1F

gmvgs

vgs

vi

G 10M

ii

vi = vgs
KCL at node D :

ii = gm vgs + vo

50k//2k

vo = vgs ii (10M)
ii = gm vgs + vgs ii (10M)
50k//2k

ii 1+ 10M = vi g m + 1
50k//2k
50k//2k

10M

+
1

vi
50k//2k

= 5201 = 2.425M
Ri = =
1 2.1448m
ii
g
+
m

50k//2k

30

ii

G 10M D

vi

vgs

2k

Ri

gmvgs

vo

Without ro :
10M
R i = vi = 2k = 5001 = 2.3536M
ii g + 1 2.1248m
m
2k
1+

Observation :
Since ro>10RD, Ri with or without ro will be quite close.

31

ii

G 10M D

vi

vgs

gmvgs
2k

50k

vo

a v = vo

Without ro,
o

vi

ii = gm vgs + vo

50k//2k

vo = vgs ii (10M)

vo = vi g m vi + vo

10M
50k//2k

vo 1+ 10M = vi (1g m (10M) )

50k//2k

vo [1g m (10M) ] 16247

=
=
= 3.2488
10M
vi
5001
1+
2k

The two results are close.

Hence, the effect of ro is not very
significant to the calculation of
av.

16247
a v = 11.6248m(10M)
3 1238
= 5201 = 3.1238
10M
1+

1923.0769

32

9. Determine the output voltage if Vi=0.8mV and ro=40k.

Given k=0.4X10-3 A/V2 and Vt=3V. The dc voltage at source is
1 2V Assume that body effect is negligible.
1.2V.
negligible
30V

3.3k

40M

C1

vi

C3

vo

10M

1.2k

C2

ac equivalent circuit
+

vi

gmvgs

vgs
10M 40M

40k

3.3k

vo

S
33

a v = g m vgs (40k//3.3k)

gmvg
gs

vi

vgs

10M 40M

40k

3.3k

C1

vi

gm =nCox W (VGS Vt )

30V

3.3k

40M

vi = vgs
a v = g m ( 3048.4988 )
gm = ?
L
k = n Cox W = 0.4103
2 L
gm = 0.8103 (VGS 3)

d
dc-analysis
l i
30V

vo

vi

40M

3.3k

C3

vo

10M

10M
1.2k

C2

1.2k

VGS = ?
VG =

10M
(30V) = 6V
10M+40M

VS =1.2V
1 2V
VGS = 6 1.2 = 4.8V
gm = 0.8103(1.8) =1.44mS
a v = 1.44m
1 44m(3048
3048.4988
4988) = 4.3898
4 3898
vo = a v vi = 4.3898(0.8m) = 3.5118mV
34

10 (a) VD = ? VOV = ? VGS = ? VG = ? VS = ?

VDD

RD
vo

CC2

Rsig

vsig

isig
CC1
Rin

Ro

RL

DC model

Given:
VDD = VSS =10V
I = 0.5mA
R D =15k
Vt =1.5V

VDD

RD

n Cox W
=1m A 2
L
V

VA = 75V

VSS

VSS

ID = n Cox W (VGS Vt )2

VG = 0
ID = 0.5mA
VD = VDD IDR D
VD =10 00.5(15k)
5(15k) = 22.5V
5V

2 L
ID = n Cox W (VOV )2
2 L
0.5m = 1m VOV2
2
VOV = (0.5m)2 =1V
1m

VGS Vt =1
VGS =1+1.5 = 2.5V
VGS = VG VS = 2.5V
VS = 2.5V
35

(b)

gm = ? rO = ?
VDD

ID = n Cox W (VGS Vt )2

RD
vo

CC2

Rsig

Rin

L
gm = nCox W (VGS Vt )
L
ID = gm (VGS Vt )

gm = 2ID = 2(0.5m) =1mA V

CC1

vsig

RL

VSS

VGS Vt
1
ro = VA =150k
ID

36

Ri = ? RO = ? a v = ?

(c)

VDD

RD

vo
CC2

vsig

isig

vgs

isig

gmvgs

ro

RD

RL

vo

vsig

RL

CC1

Rsig

Rsig

Rin

VSS

Ro

gmb
bvbs
b

S isig

T-model

Rsig

vi

vsig

1
gm

Ri

ro

+
vsg

gmvsg vo

R D // R L

37

S isig
Rsig
i

vi

vsig

1
gm

ro

+
vsg

gmvsg vo

R D // R L

Ri

Given :

R i = Vi

isig

KCL at node S,

Vi = Vsg
isig = Vi Vo + gmVi
ro

R L =15k
R sig = 50
ro =150k
gm =1m A V
R D =15k

Since is not given, assume the body

effect is negligible.

R i = ? a v = Vo

vsig

KCL at node
d D
D:
Vi Vo
+ gmVi = Vo
ro
R D // R L

Vi r1 +gm = Vo r1 + R
o

D // R L

1
+

ro R D // R L
o
1

+gm
ro

Vi = V

1
1

Vo ro +

r
o R D // R L

Ri =
1

+
V
V
g
r
V
( i o m o i ) +g m
ro

38

1
1

Vo ro +

r
o R D // R L

Ri =
1

Vi (1+ g m ro ) Vo + g m
ro

1
1

Vo ro +

ro R D // R L
Ri =
1

+
+
V
1
g
r
(
)
o
m
o
r R // R
1

o
D
L

Vo + g m

ro
+g m

ro

1
1
150k
+

150k
7500

Ri =
1
1

+
151
(
)
150k 7500
1

+1m
1

150k
+
1
1m

150k

21
Ri =

0.02111.006710 3

R D //R L = 7.5k
ro =150k
gm =1m A V

R i =1045.1245

39

Rsig S

vsig

1
gm

ro

D
gmvsg

vsg

RL

Ro

Ro'

R O'= vt
it v =0
sig

ro

KCL at node S :
Vsg
+ gmVsg = Vt Vsg
R sig
ro
Vsg 1 +g m + 1 = Vt
ro ro
R sig
Vt
Vsg =
1
1
+
g
+
m
R
ro
r
o
sig

RD

+
Rsig

vsg

1
gm

+
vsg

it
gmvsg

vt

Ro'

40

ro

vsg

Rsig

1
gm

gmvsg

vsg

it + gmVsg = Vt Vsg
ro

it = Vt Vsg 1 +g m

ro

Vt + g m
ro

it = Vt
ro 1
1
+
g
+
m
R
ro
r
o
sig

ro

vt

KCL at node D :

it

Ro'

1

+
g
m

ro
Vt

it = 1
1
ro 1
+
+
g
m

R sig
r
o

1

+
1m

150k
Vt

it =
1
150k 1 +1m + 1

50
150k

it = 6.3471106 Vt

R O' = Vt =157
157.5528k
5528k
it

R O =15k//157.5528k =13.696k

41

isig
Rsig

vi

vsig

a v = vo

ro iro D

1
gm

Ri

vo 1+ R D //R L = vsg 1 +g m R D //R L

ro

ro
1

+
g
m
R D //R L
vo ro

=
R //R
vsg
1+ D L
ro
1

+1m
1 7500

vo 150k

=
7500
vsg
1+
150k

gmvsg vo

vsig
vo = vsg vo +g m vsg R D //R L
ro

+
vsg

R D // R L

G
vo 7.55
= 7 55 = 7.1905
vsg 1.05
vsg = R i vsig
R i + R sig
i
vsg = 1045.1245 vsig
1095.1245

vsg = 0.9543vsig

a v = vo = vo vsg
vsig

vsg vsig

a v = 7.19050.9543
a v = 6.8619
42