WorkedoutExamples:

Lecture
Quiz
PopulationForecastbyDifferentMethods
Design SedimentationTankDesign
Example

RapidSandFilterDesign
FlowinPipesofaDistributionNetworkbyHardyCrossMethod
TricklingFilterDesign
PopulationForecastbyDifferentMethods
Problem:Predictthepopulationfortheyears1981,1991,1994,and2001fromthe
followingcensusfiguresofatownbydifferentmethods.
Year
1901
Population: 60
(thousands)

1911
65

1921
63

1931
72

1941
79

1951
89

1961
97

1971
120

Solution:
Year
1901
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
1961
1971
Netvalues
Averages

Population: Incrementper Incremental

65
+5

63
2
3
72
+9
+7
79
+7
2
89
+10
+3
97
+8
2
120
+23
+15
1
+60
+18

8.57
3.0

+=increase=decrease
ArithmeticalProgressionMethod:
Pn=P+ni
Averageincreasesperdecade=i=8.57
Populationfortheyears,
1981=population1971+ni,heren=1decade
=120+8.57=128.57
1991=population1971+ni,heren=2decade
=120+2x8.57=137.14
2001=population1971+ni,heren=3decade
=120+3x8.57=145.71

PercentageIncrement
perDecade

(5+60)x100=+8.33
(2+65)x100=3.07
(9+63)x100=+14.28
(7+72)x100=+9.72
(10+79)x100=+12.66
(8+89)x100=8.98
(23+97)x100=+23.71
+74.61
10.66

1994=population1991+(population20011991)x3/10
=137.14+(8.57)x3/10=139.71
IncrementalIncreaseMethod:
Populationfortheyears,
1981=population1971+averageincreaseperdecade+averageincrementalincrease
=120+8.57+3.0=131.57
1991=population1981+11.57
=131.57+11.57=143.14
2001=population1991+11.57
=143.14+11.57=154.71
1994=population1991+11.57x3/10
=143.14+3.47=146.61
GeometricProgressionMethod:
Averagepercentageincreaseperdecade=10.66
Pn=P(1+i/100)n
Populationfor1981=Population1971x(1+i/100)n
=120x(1+10.66/100),i=10.66,n=1
=120x110.66/100=132.8
Populationfor1991=Population1971x(1+i/100)n
=120x(1+10.66/100)2,i=10.66,n=2
=120x1.2245=146.95
Populationfor2001=Population1971x(1+i/100)n
=120x(1+10.66/100)3,i=10.66,n=3
=120x1.355=162.60
Populationfor1994=146.95+(15.84x3/10)=151.70
SedimentationTankDesign
Problem: Design a rectangular sedimentation tank to treat 2.4 million litres of raw
waterperday.Thedetentionperiodmaybeassumedtobe3hours.

Solution:Rawwaterflowperdayis2.4x106l.Detentionperiodis3h.
Volumeoftank=FlowxDetentionperiod=2.4x103x3/24=300m3
Assumedepthoftank=3.0m.
Surfacearea=300/3=100m2
L/B=3(assumed).L=3B.
3B2=100m2i.e.B=5.8m
L=3B=5.8X3=17.4m
Hence surface loading (Overflow rate) = 2.4 x 106 = 24,000 l/d/m2 < 40,000
l/d/m2(OK)
100
RapidSandFilterDesign
Problem: Design a rapid sand filter to treat 10 million litres of raw water per day
allowing 0.5% of filtered water for backwashing. Half hour per day is used for
bakwashing.Assumenecessarydata.
Solution:Totalfilteredwater=10.05x24x106=0.42766Ml/h
24x23.5
Lettherateoffiltrationbe5000l/h/m2ofbed.
Areaoffilter=10.05x106x1=85.5m2
23.55000
Providetwounits.Eachbedarea85.5/2=42.77.L/B=1.31.3B2=42.77
B=5.75mL=5.75x1.3=7.5m
Assumedepthofsand=50to75cm.
Underdrainagesystem:
Totalareaofholes=0.2to0.5%ofbedarea.
Assume0.2%ofbedarea=0.2x42.77=0.086m2
100
Areaoflateral=2(Areaofholesoflateral)
Areaofmanifold=2(Areaoflaterals)
So,areaofmanifold=4xareaofholes=4x0.086=0.344=0.35m2.
Diameterofmanifold=x0.351/2=66cm

Assumec/coflateral=30cm.Totalnumbers=7.5/0.3=25oneitherside.
Lengthoflateral=5.75/20.66/2=2.545m.
C.S.areaoflateral=2xareaofperforationsperlateral.Takediaofholes=13mm
Numberofholes:n(1.3)2=0.086x104=860cm2
4
n=4x860=648,say650
(1.3)2
Numberofholesperlateral=650/50=13
Areaofperforationsperlateral=13x(1.3)2/4=17.24cm2
Spacingofholes=2.545/13=19.5cm.
C.S.areaoflateral=2xareaofperforationsperlateral=2x17.24=34.5cm2.
Diameteroflateral=(4x34.51/2=6.63cm
Check:Lengthoflateral<60d=60x6.63=3.98m.l=2.545m(Henceacceptable).
Risingwashwatervelocityinbed=50cm/min.
Washwaterdischargeperbed=(0.5/60)x5.75x7.5=0.36m3/s.
Velocityofflowthroughlateral=0.36=0.36x104=2.08m/s(ok)
Totallateralarea50x34.5
Manifoldvelocity=0.36=1.04m/s<2.25m/s(ok)
0.345
Washwatergutter
Dischargeofwashwaterperbed=0.36m3/s.Sizeofbed=7.5x5.75m.
Assume3troughsrunninglengthwiseat5.75/3=1.9mc/c.
Dischargeofeachtrough=Q/3=0.36/3=0.12m3/s.
Q=1.71xbxh3/2
Assumeb=0.3m
h3/2=0.12=0.234
1.71x0.3
h=0.378m=37.8cm=40cm
=40+(freeboard)5cm=45cmslope1in40

Clearwaterreservoirforbackwashing
For4hfiltercapacity,Capacityoftank=4x5000x7.5x5.75x2=1725m3
1000
Assumedepthd=5m.Surfacearea=1725/5=345m2
L/B=22B2=345B=13m&L=26m.
Diaofinletpipecomingfromtwofilter=50cm.
Velocity<0.6m/s.Diameterofwashwaterpipetooverheadtank=67.5cm.
Aircompressorunit=1000lofair/min/m2bedarea.
For5min,airrequired=1000x5x7.5x5.77x2=4.32m3ofair.
Flow in Pipes of a Distribution Network by Hardy Cross
Method
Problem:Calculatetheheadlossesandthecorrectedflowsinthevariouspipesofa
distribution network as shown in figure. The diameters and the lengths of the pipes
usedaregivenagainsteachpipe.Computecorrectedflowsafteronecorrections.

Solution:Firstofall,themagnitudesaswellasthedirectionsofthepossibleflowsin
eachpipeareassumedkeepinginconsiderationthelawofcontinuityateachjunction.
Thetwoclosedloops,ABCDandCDEFarethenanalyzedbyHardyCrossmethodas
pertables1&2respectively,andthecorrectedflowsarecomputed.

Table1
ConsiderloopABCD
Pipe

Assumed
Diaofpipe
flow
in
in
din

d4.87
l/sec cumecs m
(1) (2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
AB

(+)
43

BC
CD

(+)
23

DA ()20

Lengthof
K
Q 1.85
HL= lHL/Qal
a
pipe(m) =L
K.Qa1.85
470
d4.87
(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

+0.043 0.30 2.85X10 3

500

373

3X10 3

+1.12

26

+0.023 0.20 3.95X10 4

300

1615

9.4X10 4

+1.52

66

0.020

0.20

500

2690

7.2X10 4

1.94

97

0.035

0.20

300

1615

3.23

92

2.53

281

3.95X10 4
3.95X10 4

2X10 3

()35

*HL=(Qa1.85L)/(0.094x1001.85Xd 4.87)
orK.Qa1.85=(Qa1.85L)/(470Xd 4.87)
orK=(L)/(470Xd 4.87)

ForloopABCD,wehave=HL/x.lHL/Qal
=()2.53/(1.85X281)cumecs
=()(2.53X1000)/(1.85X281)l/s
=4.86l/s=5l/s(say)
Hence,correctedflowsafterfirstcorrectionare:
Pipe
AB
Correctedflowsafter
+48
firstcorrectioninl/s

BC

CD

DA

+28

15

30

Table2
ConsiderloopDCFE
Pipe Assumedflow Diaofpipe
in
in
din
l/sec cumecs m
(1) (2)
(3)
(4)

DC

(+)20

+0.020

0.20

CF

(+)28

+0.028

0.15

FE

()8

0.008

0.15

ED

()5

0.005

0.15

d4.87

Length K=L Q 1.85

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

3.95
X10 4

500

2690

7.2X10

+1.94

97

+8.80

314

1.47

184

0.37

74

+8.9

669

9.7X10
5

9.7X10

300

6580

500

10940

300

6580

1.34
X10 3

1.34
X10 4

9.7X10

5.6X10

ForloopABCD,wehave=HL/x.lHL/Qal
=()+8.9/(1.85X669)cumecs
=()(+8.9X1000)/(1.85X669))l/s
=7.2l/s
Hence,correctedflowsafterfirstcorrectionare:
Pipe
Correctedflowsafter
firstcorrectioninl/s

DC

CF

FE

ED

+12.8 +20.8 15.2 12.2

TricklingFilterDesign
Problem:Designalowratefiltertotreat6.0MldofsewageofBODof210mg/l.The
finaleffluentshouldbe30mg/landorganicloadingrateis320g/m3/d.
Solution:Assume30%ofBODloadremovedinprimarysedimentationi.e.,=210x
0.30=63mg/l.RemainingBOD=21063=147mg/l.
PercentofBODremovalrequired=(14730)x100/147=80%
BODloadappliedtothefilter=flowxconc.ofsewage(kg/d)=6x106x147/106=
882kg/d
Tofindoutfiltervolume,usingNRCequation

E2=100
1+0.44(F1.BOD/V1.Rf1)1/2
80=100Rf1=1,becausenocirculation.
1+0.44(882/V1)1/2
V1=2704m3
Depthoffilter=1.5m,Fiterarea=2704/1.5=1802.66m2,andDiameter=48m<60
m
Hydraulicloadingrate=6x106/103x1/1802.66=3.33m3/d/m2<4henceo.k.
Organicloadingrate=882x1000/2704=326.18g/d/m3whichisapprox.equalto
320.