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Wet Scrubbers

Wet scrubber

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218 views31 pages

Wet Scrubbers

Wet scrubber

Uploaded by

Diemsur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SECTION 9.0 WET SCRUBBERS This section provides the reader with guidance on proper operation and maintenance of wet scrubber systems used as air pollution control devices. Wet scrubber systems include spray chambers, venturis, packed bed and tray towers, absorbers and water assisted mechanical collectors (@.g., Roto-Clones). Water assisted mechanical collectors are discussed in Section 3. 9.1 General Description Wet scrubbers can be used to separate particulate and gases from other gas streams. They are used in situations where: Soluble gases are present. The contaminant cannot be removed easily in a dry form. Soluble or wettable particulates are present. . The contaminant will undergo some subsequent wet process (such as recovery, wet separation or settling, or neutralization). . The pollution contro! system must be compact. The contaminants are most safely handled wet rather than dry (where the dry particulate may ignite or explode). Pens on There are many different types of scrubbers. The type of scrubber selected is based on factors such as the gas temperature, pollutants to be removed, space available, and desired efficiency. Some types of scrubbers are mainly designed to remove particulate pollutants (e.g., venturi scrubbers) and others are designed to mostly remove gaseous pollutants or soluble particulates (0.g., packed towers and tray towers). Spray chambers are often added ahead of other scrubbers to condition the gas by saturating the gas stream, by cooling the gas stream via evaporative cooling, or by removing larger a4 particulates. Examples of various categories of scrubbers and related types of scrubbers are presented in Table 9-1. Figures 9-1 through 9-4 show representative schematics of a spray chamber, fixed and variable throat venturi scrubbers, and packed tower, respectively. Wet scrubbing is a two-step process, the first step being the capture of the gas stream contaminants in the liquid and the second step being separation of the scrubbing liquid droplets from the gas stream after it leaves the scrubber. This step is important in the ultimate collection of pollutants because poor liquid separation will cause reentrainment of the droplets containing the pollutant. ‘There are four basic types of liquid entrainment separators or “demisters": mesh- pad, chevron, centrifugal, and cyclonic. The mesh-pad and chevron types utilize inertial impaction of the liquid droplets to cause their agglomeration and removal. The centrifugal and cyclonic types utilize centrifugal inertia to collect the liquid droplets. Figure 9-5 shows schematics of the generic types of entrainment separators. ‘Awet scrubber system could contain more than one different type of scrubber. A typical air pollution control system for a hazardous waste incinerator, for example, might contain a spray chamber or quench chamber to cool and saturate the exhaust gases as they leave the incinerator. A venturi scrubber would follow the spray chamber to remove most of the particulate before the gas stream enters a packed column for gaseous contaminant removal (e.g., hydrogen chloride or chlorine gas). Liquid entrainment separators would follow both the venturi and packed column to remove the water droplets and their contained pollutants before going to the next air pollution control stage. In most of these type of systems, an induced draft fan follows the air pollution controls to pull the gases through the control system and force the cleaned exhaust gases through the stack. This type of scrubber control system is shown schematically in Figure 9-6. 9.1.1 Pollutant Collection Pollution collection mechanisms are briefly discussed in this section. More detailed discussions of wet scrubber collection mechanisms and system design are readily available in most textbooks on air pollution control. 9-2 TABLE 9-1. MAJOR TYPES OF WET SCRUBBERS” General Category Particle Capture Liquid Collection Specific Types of of Scrubbers Mechanism® Mechanism Scrubbers Preformed-spray | Impaction Droplets Spray towers Cyclonic spray towers Vane-type cyclonic towers Multiple-tube cyclones Packed-bed impaction Sheets, droplets | Standard packed-bed scrubbers (moving bed scrubbers scrubbers) Fiber-bed scrubbers Moving-bed scrubbers Cross-flow scrubbers Grid-packed scrubbers Tray-type Impaction Droplets, jets, | Perforated-plate scrubbers Brownian and sheets Impingement-plate diffusion scrubbers Horizontal impinge- ment-piate (batfle) scrubbers Mechanically Impaction Droplets and —_| Wet fans aided scrubbers sheets Venturi and orifice | Inertial Droplets Standard venturi scrubbers (gas impaction scrubbers atomized Brownian Variable-throat venturi scrubbers) diffusion scrubbers: tlooded disc, plumb bob, movable blade, radial flow, variable rod Orifice scrubbers * List not intended to be alll inclusive. © Reference 2. © Absorption is the capture mechanism for gaseous pollutants. 9-3 b. Cyclone Spray Tower a. Simple Spray Tower Figure 9-1. Preformed spray scrubbers’. a4 ubber’. Figure 9-2. Fixed throat venturi scr DIRTY GAS IN Laquor ye wa movaste VENTURI BLADES, oO To Liguio ENTRAINENT SEPARATOR a. Movable-blade venturi rRTY GAS 18 Oo LiquoR _ INLET oT | _ MOVABLE ‘RUM oa oOo To LIQUID ENTRAINENT ‘SEPARATOR cc. Radial-flow venturi PLUMB B08 ACTUATOR: db. LrquoR INLET DIRTY GAS 18 U TO LIQUID ENTRATIENT ‘SEPARATOR Plumb-bob venturi DIRTY GAS IN PovABLe LoOnED —+ 10 Luquio [—Lewrentnwent ‘SEPARATOR Flooded-disc venturi Figure 9-3. Throat sections of variable throat venturi scrubbers (Industrial Gas Cleaning Institute, Inc.). 9-6 Figure 9-4. Packed bed scrubber’. 97 a } C—— ]CJors in WIRE MESH “TANGENTIAL INLET CENTRIFUGAL MIST COLLECTOR Ces ar

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