Protection: Sector Energy PTI NC

Protection
Sector Energy PTI NC

Theodor Connor
Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Content
Protection principle
Network details
Network calculation
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 1
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Task of network protection
Protection of persons against the effects of short-circuits

Protection of operational equipment from destruction and damages
Maintaining the power system operation in case of failures
Page 2
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Owner of high voltage networks

Public utility companies
Interconnected system, National network, Regional system, Urban network
Industrial companies
Steel, Cement, Chemistry, Automobile . . .
Power plants
Railways
Special systems
Airports, Hospitals, Testing stations, Ships . . .
Page 3
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Voltage levels
Extra-high voltage
700 kV
360 kV
220 kV
Transmission
High voltage
150 kV
110 kV
60 kV
Medium voltage
30 kV
20 kV
10 kV
6 kV
Distribution
Page 4
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
System structure: meshed network
Page 5
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
System structure: radial network for public supply
Page 6
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
System structure: radial network in the industry
M
M
M
Page 7
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Main components of electrical networks

Generator
Three-winding
transformer
Earth fault
compensation coil
Bus coupler
Double
busbar
Switch
Short-circuit current
limiting reactor
Cable
M
Motor
Substation
Filter circuit
Overhead
line
Shunt
reactor
Consumer
Page 8
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Protection target
Fast
Selective
Page 9
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Protected zone
Circuit-breaker
Current transformer
Page 10
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Criteria indicating fault condition

I
U
I (t) = I sin t + e
t
T
Current
r
I> I>
Voltage
U<
Impedance
Z<
Phase angle
Power
r r
P Q
Frequency
I>>
I I dI
dt
U>
S(t)
Page 11
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Overcurrent-time protection
Definite-time
overcurrentprotection
t2
t1
IN
I>
I >>
Inverse-time
overcurrent-protection
IN
I
Page 12
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Differential protection
Line
Load condition
Istart - Iend = 0
I = 0
I 0
Fault condition
Istart - Iend 0
Busbar
IA
IB
Load condition
IC
IA
IA + IB + IC = 0
IB
Fault condition
IC
IA + IB + IC 0
I = 0
I 0
Page 13
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Overvoltage - Undervoltage
Overvoltage
U>
UN
U<
Undervoltage
Page 14
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Impedance protection
U
=Z
I
Load
Load
I
U
Load
U
=Z
I
Fault
Fault
<< Z
Load
Page 15
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Distance protection
Z
X
= l Z'
Fault
Line
Line
Load
Z Load
UN
=
S Load
Page 16
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Back-up protection I
t = 700 ms
t = 400 ms
t = 100 ms
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
Page 17
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Back-up protection II
t = 400 ms
t = 100 ms
Z<
Z<
Z<
t = 1000 ms
t = 700 ms
t = 300 ms
t = 0 ms
I
I>
I
I>
I
I>
Page 18
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Survey
Equipment - Type of protection
Line
Time-graded protection
Transformer
High voltage - Medium voltage
Busbar
Reverse interlock
Transformer
Fuse
Medium voltage - Low voltage
Overload protection
Motor
Page 19
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
History
1900
Electromechanical relays
1980
Analog electronical relays
1990
Numerical relays
Page 20
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Network calculation
Power plant Transformer
Switching
station
Line
Load
Three-phase system
Single-line
diagram
Equivalent circuit in
symmetrical components
Page 21
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Load flow
A non-linear task
U = f(I)
U UN
UN
I = f(U)
Iteration-process:
Current iteration
Newton - Raphson
PN, QN
I = f(U)
ILoad =
SN
3 UN
2
Z Load
U
= N
SN
Page 22
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Short-circuit calculation
UN
Ik
Ohms Law:
I =
U
R
Page 23
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Time characterictics of short-circuit currents

Fault occurrence in
the voltage maximum
Fault occurrence at
voltage zero
Remote
Fault location
t
Fault location
close to the
generator
Page 24
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Fault currents
Current
Initial symmetrical
short-circuit
current
2 2 I "
2 2 Ia
Peak short-circuit
current
Breaking current
2 2 Ik Sustained short-
circuit current
Time
ta
Ik3
Ia
ip
Sk
Sa
Fault current contributions
Fault current distribution in the system
Ik2E
IEE
Ik2
Ik1
Ik max
Ik min
VDE
Preloaded short-circuit
Page 25
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Types of short-circuits in three-phase systems
3-pole
2-pole
1-pole
Page 26
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Typical equipment data Network
S = 3 U I
"
ZSystem
U
=
S
System
"
UN
SK
IK
ZSystem
380 kV
26 GVA
40 kA
5.5
110 kV
1 GVA
5 kA
12.1
5 GVA
26 kA
2.4
350 MVA
10 kA
1.1
500 MVA
14 kA
0.8
500 MVA
28 kA
0.2
20 kV
10 kV
Page 27
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Typical equipment data Transformer
U
ZTransf.= N uK
SN
Ztransf.
UN1/UN2
SN
uK
380/110 kV
300 MVA
15 %
110/20 kV
40 MVA
15 %
20/0.4 kV
630 kVA
6%
ZTransf.
380 kV
110 kV
20 kV
72
0.2
45
1.5
37.0
Page 28
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Typical equipment data Line
ZLine = l (R1 + j X1)

ZLine
R1
X1
Z1
C1
Overhead line
0.03
+ j 0.25 /km
0.25 /km
14 nF/km
Overhead line
Cable
0.07
0.04
+ j 0.38 /km
+ j 0.11 /km
0.39 /km
0.12 /km
10 nF/km
400 nF/km
Overhead line
Cable
0.31
0.20
+ j 0.36 /km
+ j 0.13 /km
0.48 /km
0.24 /km
10 nF/km
300 nF/km
380 kV
110 kV
20 kV
Page 29
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Data for a sample calculation

System
Transformer
Line A
Line B
F2
F1
3 GVA 110/20 kV
110 kV 40 MVA
15 %
5 km
0.2 /km
(0.5 /km)
System
5 km
0.2 /km
(0.5 /km)
(110 10 )
= 1.1
Transforme r
Cable
(Overhead line)
(20 10 ) = 0.15
(110 10 )
3 10
(20 10 ) 15 = 1.5
=
3
F3
40 10
Z
Line A
100
= 5 0.2 = 1.0
Line B
= 5 0.2 = 1.0
(2.5 )
(2.5 )
Page 30
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Short-circuit current calculation Results
Cable
F1
F2
F3
I K3 =
I K3 =
I K3 =
1.1 20 10 3
3 [0.15 + 1.5 ]
Overhead line
(7.7 kA)
= 7.7 kA
1.1 20 10 3
3 [0.15 + 1.5 + 1.0 ]
1.1 20 10 3
= 4.8 kA
3 [0.15 + 1.5 + 1.0 + 1.0 ]
= 3.5 kA
(3.1 kA)
(1.9 kA)
Page 31
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Short-circuit current calculation Results
System
Transformer
Line A
Line B
F2
F3
4.8 kA
3.5 kA
F1
7.7 kA
(7.7 kA)
(3.1 kA)
(1.9 kA)
Cable
Overhead line
Page 32
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI

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Protection

Sector Energy PTI NC

Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.

Task of network protection

Protection of persons against the effects of short-circuits

Owner of high voltage networks

System structure: meshed network

System structure: radial network for public supply

System structure: radial network in the industry

Main components of electrical networks

Criteria indicating fault condition

Equipment - Type of protection

High voltage - Medium voltage

Medium voltage - Low voltage

Power plant Transformer

Time characterictics of short-circuit currents

Types of short-circuits in three-phase systems

Typical equipment data Network

Typical equipment data Transformer

Typical equipment data Line

ZLine = l (R1 + j X1)

Data for a sample calculation

Short-circuit current calculation Results

3 [0.15 + 1.5 + 1.0 ]

3 [0.15 + 1.5 + 1.0 + 1.0 ]

Short-circuit current calculation Results

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