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10 Tips for Tricking Out and Optimizing

your Android Smartphone

October 25, 2010

By Kenny Schiff

Send Email

Make no mistake, Android devices are amazingly powerful and useful right out of the box. Still,
if you are a newcomer to Google's mobile operating system, you may find yourself quickly
overwhelmed by the configuration and accessory options available to you. If you look at a lot of
the advertising, the convenience and productivity gains that a smartphone brings to your daily
activities will be about the unique mobile apps that you download and install. I've found that
being a satisfied Android user is not just about the apps -- settings, configuration and accessories
can make an enormous difference. Here are 10 practical tips that will enhance your complete
Android experience.

1. Stock up on portable power

Regardless of how tidy you are about managing the power on your Google-based smartphone,
chances are you are going to need to replenish your battery more than you thought. I carry a
Belkin Mini Surge Protector with USB Charger in my computer bag. In addition to three AC
outlets, the Belkin device has two powered USB ports on it and will also power several other
devices when on the go. I recently purchased one of these for $15 with shipping on eBay, where I
also purchased a car charger and additional standard AC adapters.

2. Get some extra Micro USB cables

Whether you power your Android handset with the AC adapter that shipped with your device, or
the included data cable, you will want to travel with an extra data cable in your computer bag,
jacket pocket, and other convenient hiding spots. I have an extra one at the office, one in my

every day shoulder bag, and have a spare in my home office. I recently paid $1.49 (including
shipping) for spare cables on eBay.
In spite of the various wireless capabilities, data cables come in handy. They are useful for
moving data/music/photos on and off your device, for charging, but also for tethering (using your
device as a broadband modem). The latest version of of Android 2.2 (Froyo) has easy-to-use
tethering, and while it is possible to use a device such as the Nexus One as a hotspot, the option
will really drain your battery quickly.

3. If you have a Nexus One, use it as a hotspot

Even though places such as Borders, Starbucks and McDonald's have free wireless, you may not
be near one, or the service maybe congested. An unrooted Nexus One with Froyo allows for an
easy hotspot. Depending on your carrier (or Android device), your mileage may vary on this, and
as with cabled tethering, you may need to purchase the additional service from your carrier.

4. Consider ditching your standalone GPS and getting a car dock

I have an older portable Garmin unit that I normally travel with, but when it became clear that it
would cost me over $100 to update the Garmin maps for a trip I recently took to Europe, I opted
for a car dock for my Nexus One. Paired with Google's turn-by-turn direction, this solution led
wife, daughter and myself through the UK and Ireland. From what I hear, it works best in the
U.S. for now, but they are covering a good deal of Europe, so this is becoming a viable GPS
alternative.

5. Turn off the radios you don't need

In most cases you will not need continuous Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GPS, and automatic
synchronization running at the same time. While convenient to have these radios on
simultaneously, you will quickly run down your battery. There are a ton of market place apps
focused on power management, but the lowest hanging fruit is Android's standard Power Control
widget. I keep that in one of my secondary home screens, and toggle the individual radios on and
off as necessary (I rarely use the GPS most days), or Wi-Fi and Bluetooth at the same time.

6. Widgets are not just eye candy...they can actually make you more productive
If you've moved from a BlackBerry, or more traditional cell phone, you may become quickly
overwhelmed by the sheer amount of settings and options that are available to you, even for
some basic functions. And, those settings may be nested down a couple of levels deep, making it
cumbersome to change settings on the run. Fortunately, there are many free apps that will allow
you to put a simple widget on one of your phone's screens to quickly change a setting. I use
Quick Profiles to quickly shift between Vibrate Only (no audible ringing) and Phone Only
(audible ringing). Mobile apps like these can bundle together many different behaviors into a
single button push. TeslaLED is another handy widget that turns your device into a flash light.

7. Make sure to use screen protectors

Keep your device's screen in pristine condition with the screen protector of your choice. Costs
and quality widely vary for the protective film that you layer on your display, but by covering up
your touchscreen you will keep it from scratching. The extra protective layer can also help in
bright sunlight. The BoxWave ClearTouch Crystal cover that I have on my N1 has held up nicely
over six months of constant use. At some point I will sell this device, and the new owner will be
happy to get a screen that isn't marred by scratches and such.

Top 10 Features of Froyo, Android 2.2

Droid 2 Running Android 2.2 On Tap

Critics' Choice: Smartphone Review Roundup of Droid 2

Mobile Linux Alert: Motorola Debuts Video-Centric Droid X

Nexus One Review: Fast, Loaded with Features But Enterprise Ready?

Comparison Smartphone Review: BlackBerry Torch or Nexus One? Which is Better?

8. Check the market place for alternative dialers, keyboards, and browser
The Android development community is very active and chances are if you don't like the way a
particular function works, someone else has developed an Android app that is more to your
liking.
As a longtime BlackBerry user I found the stock Android phone dialer cumbersome and missing
key features (especially speed dial). I've been using Dialer One, which turns your Android
dialing experience into one more akin to a BlackBerry. For example, typing on Dialer One's
standard T9 keyboard will invoke a look-ahead search of your appropriate contacts.
There are also many excellent alternative keyboard applications worth exploring (many of them
free). I was a big Swype advocate for a while (enter text using gestures), but have recently
switched to Smart Keyboard Pro which is highly customizable and has allowed me to be more
accurate when typing on the run.
The stock Android browser works very well, but recently I stumbled on Dolphin HD which adds
a variety of additional features, such as full screen capability, and integration with the LastPass
password management system. I use LastPass on a variety of computers, and Dolphin allows me
to easily carry that experience over to my Android device.

9. Secure your Android handset with a mobile app like Mobile Defense or
Lookout
My hairdresser recently told me about several butt dialing incidents she unwittingly triggered
from her Droid X. I quickly showed her how to use a visual pattern for screen unlocking
(Settings/Location & Security/User Visible pattern). Now she can keep her phone locked when
not active, and use a quick gesture-based method of unlocking (much easier than numbers).
And if you are nervous about misplacing your phone, or it getting into the hands of a thief, you
may want to try out an app like Mobile Defense (still in beta) or Lookout. These apps work handin-hand with your device's built in security features (like the Visible pattern) and allow you to
remotely track where your device has last been, lock it out, or wipe it.

10. Ditch your carrier's voice mail or visual voice mail plan and go with Google
voice
Once you've gotten used to interacting with voice mail visually, you will never want to go back
to old fashioned voice only management. The various carriers offer visual voice mail at an extra
charge; however, you can have it for free via Google Voice. Not only will you be able to manage
your messages visually from your devices, you will also be able to do it via the web on your
desktop or laptop computer. Set up is very easy, and you can find Google Voice instructions here.

Kenny Schiff is a contributor to Internet.com's EnterpriseMobileToday.com. He is also the

founder and president of TPC Healthcare, a specialty provider of real-time location and pointof-care communication technologies to hospitals and healthcare organizations.

TAGS:
Google, Android, Droid, nexus one, Froyo
1
0 Comments (click to add your comment)

RhoGallery Aims To Ease Mobile App Provisioning, No

Matter the Smartphone Platform
By James Alan Miller on November 11, 2010 10:55 AM

A couple of months ago mobile device

management (MDM) vendor Rhmobile updated RhoSync--its open source sync server for
enterprise data--to version 2.0. RhoSync is a standalone server that keeps corporate application
data current and accessible on users' mobile devices, including the iPhone, even when offline or
disconnected. This week, the company extended its MDM portfolio even further with the
introduction RhoGallery, a platform that allow single-developer shops and SMBs to large-scale
enterprises to (in the words of Rhmobile) "easily deploy" smartphone applications to their
mobile workforce.
So with RhoGallery companies can manage the ongoing usage and updating of all mobile apps
no matter what mix of smartphone platforms it supports. On the client side, it gives end users ondevice access to IT-selected downloads from a native smartphone application that resides on their
mobile.
"With RhoGallery we offer companies the ability to provision smartphone applications for all
leading platforms, including those written with the underlying native OS language and SDK, "
said Rhomobile CEO Adam Blum in a statement.
The inclusion of RhoGallery in Rhomobile's suite of products creates what the company is
calling Rhomobile Mobile Business Unified Services; a hosted solution that covers the entire
lifecycle of mobile apps and data within the enterprise space--from development to distribution
(data), deployment and management.
The RhoGallery Public Beta is available with a subscription to RhoHub by visiting here. A Basic
Subscription goes for $49 per month for app management and sync for up to 10 devices;
Premium Subscription, $99 per month for app management and sync for up to 100 devices;
Enterprise Subscription, $499 per month for app management and sync for up to 1000 devices.

Mobile Security Tutorial: Enterprise Wi-Fi

Encryption in Mac OS X

August 26, 2010

By Eric Geier

Send Email

Mobile IT needing guidance in how to set up and connect to WPA networks in recent versions of
Leopard and Snow Leopard can follow our tutorial steps for configuration and installation. It
outlines how to use Enterprise Wi-Fi encryption and 802.1X in Mac OS X.
In this tutorial, well see exactly how to configure and connect to WPA/WPA2-Enterprise
networks in 10.5 Leopard and 10.6 Snow Leopard.
A quick note about the screen shots: they are taken from 10.5; some windows differ in 10.6.

Quickly connecting to an 802.1X network

First, lets see how easy it is to connect to an 802.1X network without creating a profile.
If the only EAP type enabled by your RADIUS server is TLS, you must first install the client
security certificate to Mac OS X. However, the PEAP and TTLS protocols dont require this
client-side certificate.

Busting (or Trusting) Wi-Fi Security Myths

May 26, 2010

By Eric Geier

Submit Feedback

More by Author

When youre reading up on Wi-Fi security, youll find many different interpretations and
opinions. One might say disabling SSID broadcasting will hide your network, while others might
say it just draws hackers into an easy job. Some might think WPA encryption is cracked, while
others say its secure. Here we look at each myth and tell you whether it's verified--or busted.

Myth: WEP encryption can be cracked in minutes.

Verdict: Trusted. WEP encryption can be cracked in minutes.
After nearly a decade now, its no secret. The Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption
standard, developed by the IEEE, can be cracked. In some cases, it can even be cracked in
minutes. So, count this myth as True.
Attacks on WEP result in the hacker recovering the encryption key. Then he or she can freely
connect to the network, access network shares and resources, and decode all packets. Needless to
say, WEP doesnt secure your network from hackers. It only protects you from the average Wi-Fi
user.
To help come up with a secure encryption method, the Wi-Fi Alliance developed the Wi-Fi
Protected Access (WPA) standard. Additionally, the IEEE formed another security standard,
called 802.11i, which actually has been implemented as WPA2 by the Wi-Fi Alliance. (Well
discuss more on these two WPA versions and their fate below.)

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To address this problem, make sure you dont use WEP. As well discuss, try to use WPA2. You
shouldnt have a problem with Wi-Fi products manufactured in 2003 or after. Older products
might even support WPA/WPA2 after a simple firmware update. If all else fails, purchase newer
equipment or replace them with a wired connection to the network.

Myth: WPA/WPA2-PSK encryption is also crackable.

Verdict: Trusted. Although it can still be secure with longer complex passphrases.
The Pre-Shared Keys (PSK) or passphrases used with WPA and WPA2 encryption can be
cracked with off-line brute-force dictionary-based attacks. This means once a hacker captures the
right packets of information from your Wi-Fi network, they can run it against a dictionary of
words. Then if the passphrase youre using is in the dictionary, your encryption is cracked.
These dictionary attacks all depend upon the size and type of the dictionary used by the hacker.
The bigger the dictionary, the better the chance he or she has of cracking your passphrase.
Though bigger dictionaries can take longer to crack the passphrase, there are cracking services
(such as WPA Cracker) that hackers can use to save time.
To make sure you arent susceptible to dictionary-based attacks, use longer, more complex,
passphrases. Dont use real words; get creative and make it look like gibberish, like this example:

'Strong' Passwords May Not Be All They're Cracked Up to Be

Top Ten Free Wi-Fi Security Test Tools

Being Secure on Public Wi-Fi: VPN, Firewalls, File Sharing

Understanding the Wi-Fi Security Guidelines of PCI DSS

Improve Your Wireless Security With the Right Routers

\#,ypCAFBpylSt&gSc4qrL8Tp3nUd,2Xz-LeAWuLAi+cQ\9tUBYAXgeCiHhAEii
Remember, all businesses and organizations should use the Enterprise mode of WPA or WPA2
encryption, which uses 802.1X authentication instead of PSK.
There are other types of attacks developing on the first version of WPA (using TKIP-RC4
encryption), for both the Personal and Enterprise modes. To ensure long-term security, you
should be using WPA2 (with AES-CCMP encryption). Most vendors have included support for
this standard in their Wi-Fi gear since mid-2004. Even older equipment may be upgradeable via
firmware updates.
Keep in mind, some wireless routers and access points allow you to select a WPA/WPA2 mixed
mode where it accepts both standards. Even trickier, some let you select the underlying
encryption method. You should use WPA2 only, and only with the AES-CCMP encryption
method.

Myth: Disabling SSID broadcast, using static IPs, and enabling MAC address
filtering protects you from hackers.
Verdict: Busted. Disabling SSID broadcast, using static IPs, and enabling MAC
address filtering does not protect you from hackers.
When scouring the Net, youll find many sites recommending that you disable SSID broadcast,
use static IPs, and enable MAC address filtering to protect yourself from hackers do these things
to help secure your wireless network. Though these techniques protect you from the average WiFi user, they wont stump a hacker. Therefore, well call this one out as False.
Disabling SSID broadcasting doesnt make your network name completely hidden. Disabling
DHCP and using static IPs just means hackers will have to take a minute to assign themselves
one. Lastly, MAC addresses can be easily spoofed, thus making filtering only a small fence that a
hacker can leap over.
The only technique that really secures your Wi-Fi is to use encryption, preferably WPA2.

Myth: Personal mode of WPA/WPA2 is okay for small businesses or

organizations.
Verdict: Busted. Personal mode of WPA/WPA2 is not okay for small businesses
or organizations.
As you may know, there are two very different modes you can use with WPA and WPA2:

Personal or Pre-Shared Key (PSK) mode

Enterprise or 802.1X/RADIUS mode

The Personal mode is easier to setup on smaller networks and is great for home environments.
However, despite popular belief, it should not be used by businesses or organizations, even small
ones. Bustedthis myth is False.
Most say that the Personal mode is okay for small businesses (or any small network) because
running the more secure Enterprise mode requires an external RADIUS server for the 802.1X
authentication. However, these days there are lower cost servers (such as Elektron) targeted for
smaller deployments and outsourced services (such as AuthenticateMyWiFi) that host the server
for you.
Though running the Enterprise mode requires more money and effort, it better protects your
network from misuse by employees and thieves. It gives you more control over who and what
connects to the network.
For instance, users can log in to the Wi-Fi network with usernames and passwords you assign
rather than input and store the actual encryption keys on their computers, which can be recovered
by them or by thieves. When someone leaves the organization or loses their laptop, you can
revoke their account or change their password. If you were using the Personal mode, youd have
to change the WPA/WPA2 passphrase on all APs, computers, and devices.

Myth: Enterprise mode of WPA/WPA2 is vulnerable to attacks

Verdict: Trusted. Enterprise mode of WPA/WPA2 is vulnerable to attacks.
Its no question that the Enterprise mode of WPA and WPA2 provides better security than the
Personal mode. However, this myth is True. The Enterprise mode is also vulnerable to attacks by
hackers.
One particular man-in-the-middle attack is where a hacker would pose as a legitimate AP with a
special RADIUS server, trying to divulge the users login credentials. However, you can protect
yourself by validating the server. When configuring the PEAP or certificate settings in Windows
on clients, there are three key settings:

Check the Validate server certificate option and select the Trusted Root Certificate
Authority from the list.

Check the Connect to these servers option, and input the domain name or IP address of
the RADIUS server.

Check Do not prompt user to authorize new servers or trusted certificate authorities.

[Editor's note: Due to an oversight in the original version of this story, Myth #2 has been revised
and updated.]
Eric Geier is the Founder and CEO of NoWiresSecurity, which helps businesses easily protect
their Wi-Fi with enterprise-level encryption by offering an outsourced RADIUS/802.1X
authentication service. He is also the author of many networking and computing books for
brands like For Dummies and Cisco Press.

Fast, Free Smartphone Phone Internet Access

with Wi-Fi
By Joseph Moran

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, March 17, 2008

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Demystifying a Wireless Network for Small Business Owners

Book Review: Wireless Networking Visual Quick Tips

Wireless Network Configuration Tips for Windows XP

When it comes time to buy a mobile phone, many people opt for the PDA-like features of a
smartphone over a standard model. Smartphones become even more useful when paired with a
mobile data plan that provides Internet access over a cellular carrier's network.
The catch is that mobile data plans can cost a bundle, especially when you get one that offers
unlimited access. And while you can often sign up for less expensive data plans, most of them
severely restrict how long you can use a connection or how much data you can transfer with it.
But these days lots of smartphones are Wi-Fi-capable, and if you've got such a device you may
have an alternative to the cost and/or limitations of a mobile data plan. Here we'll show how to
connect to a WLAN with Wi-Fi-enabled smartphones using the Windows Mobile 5/6 operating
systems. Because menu options vary slightly by hardware model and OS flavor, we can't give
you an exact procedure that will work on every device, but the following general steps should
help you get a wireless connection up and running on most Wi-Fi-equipped Windows Mobile
devices.
Set Up Your Device
The first step to activating Wi-Fi on a Windows Mobile device is to locate and launch the Comm
Manager utility, which you'll typically find right off the Start Menu (on some devices it might be
under the Programs sub-menu). When Comm Manager opens, you'll see a group of icons
representing the various connection types your phone is capable of.
The Wi-Fi iconwhich may or may not be labeled is the one that looks like an antenna. It will
likely contain an "X" and be grayed out. (If you don't see it, your device lacks Wi-Fi support.)
Highlight and select the Wi-Fi icon, either by tapping it or pressing its corresponding number
button if there is one. This will activate Wi-Fi on your device, and within a few seconds the
phone should detect and offer to connect you to any nearby wireless networks.
Select the network you want to use and proceed through the wizard to specify the encryption
type and key, if any. (When asked to specify what the network will connect to, choose "The
Internet".) You'll know you're connected via Wi-Fi when you see the Wi-Fi icon an antenna
surrounded by a solid halo, or something similar at the top of the Windows Mobile "home"
screen.
In most cases your phone should automatically use Wi-Fi for its data connection whenever one is
available. There are exceptions. For example, while you can browse the Web and do e-mail over
Wi-Fi, you'll need the carrier's network for certain things, like sending and receiving MMS
messages. If you have multiple connection types available, the phone should use the most
appropriate one.

Things to Remember
A couple of things to keep in mind when using phone-based Wi-Fi: If you have one of the
earliest Wi-Fi equipped phones, it may support 802.11b but not the more recent 802.11g. If so,
you'll only be able to connect to those 802.11g networks that have been configured for mixed g/b
access.
Heavy use of Wi-Fi will significantly shorten battery life on many smartphones. Remember to
turn off Wi-Fi via Comm Manager when you're not using it, or the phone will always be seeking
out nearby WLANs, which will prematurely drain your battery. Another battery-extending
technique is to configure your phone to automatically deactivate Wi-Fi if a connection goes idle
within a specified amount of time, (like after 30 seconds or a minute).
Granted, getting Internet access via Wi-Fi isn't as convenient as getting it through the more
ubiquitous cellular network. But if you frequently find yourself at free hotspots, or with access to
the WLANs of clients, friends, etc., a Wi-Fi connection can possibly save you the considerable
monthly cost of a data plan. And even if you aren't ready to forgo a data plan, you may still
sometimes want to use a Wi-Fi connection as they're are often faster than those made through the
cellular network. Cellular data connections usually max out around 100K per second, whereas
Wi-Fi will typically give you many times that speed.
Incidentally, Wi-Fi isn't exclusive to Windows Mobile smartphones. If you've got a Symbian
S60-based smartphonemainly Nokia models it may be Wi-Fi-equipped as well; as are some
BlackBerry models. Sorry Palm Treo users you're out of luck because your devices don't
include built-in Wi-Fi support (though you can sometimes add it via an SD card).
Adapted from Wi-FiPlanet.com.

The Smartphone Web: Welcome to Internet

2.0
Tags: Mobileweb 2.0
April 1, 2010 by MaxGladwell
0
The combination of smartphone technology and mobile broadband have lead to a brave new
world of opportunity and possibility. It's nothing short of a panacea. This is Internet 2.0.

It's been more than a year since we wrote about the New and Improved Matrix, a discussion
about the paradigm shift of being perpetually connect wherever we are and how the Web is being
applied to the actual world. These trends are being driven and accelerated by the proliferation of
smartphone technology and mobile broadband. It represents a tremendous opportunity, to be
sure, but most still don't realize its true magnitude. To get a better feel for what's to come, it helps
to understand the landscape and what is really happening in the market.
Though we've heard about the mobile web for many years, there wasn't much excitement about
its immediate potential. One could envision the day when accessing the web from mobile devices
would create new opportunities, mostly in advertising. Then along came smartphones (mini
computers) and mobile broadband. Naturally, people assumed this would lead to increased use of
the mobile web. This amounts to not seeing the forest for the trees.
A recent Fortune interview with the CEO of Ericsson highlights how even industry leaders
largely missed this:
Wireless phone companies and equipment manufacturers totally underestimated the potential of
their own industry, says Ericsson (ERIC) CEO Hans Vestberg. Now he and his company are
preparing for a totally interconnected world in which billions of consumers and machines
talk non-stop to one another via wireless networks.
It's not about the mobile web. It's about something entirely different.
Early last year, we joked among friends about how big the opportunity would be to create a
parallel Internet. What if that was your business plan and you could pull it off? It would be a
trillion-dollar opportunity. What if there were a parallel online universe with all of the same
opportunities as the original Internet and you owned it all? You could sell sex.com and
business.com. You could build another Amazon and Google. It turns out that this is precisely
what smartphones have enabled.
The conventional view of the mobile web consists of accessing the Internet from a mobile
device. The Smartphone Web (as we call it) is entirely different. It is a new online universe unto

itself, which is largely created and accessed exclusively through smartphones. This is where most
have gotten it wrong and why the magnitude of the opportunity has caught so many by surprise.
Indeed, a lot of smart people are still trying to wrap their heads around it.
To be clear, this isn't to suggest that the Smartphone Web and the Internet are mutually exclusive
by any means. Rather, it's a bit like how the Internet was built on top of the electrical grid and
powered by computers. The Smartphone Web is built on top of the Internet and powered by
smartphones. The two are indelibly linked. The parallel nature is driven by the fact that the
Smartphone Web necessarily integrates the real world. Through geolocation and augmented
reality technologies, the real world is an essential part of the Smartphone Web. Whereas the
Internet is largely a virtual place, the Smartphone Web is both virtual and real. It's virtual on top
of real. It's the size of the Internet plus the size of the real world. It's a big f'ing place.
To stick with our initial analogy, could you build another Amazon on the Smartphone Web? We
think so. What if there were an app that let you browse real-time book inventories for all book
stores around you (including tiny niche players), make a selection, and purchase it. You walk a
couple blocks to the store, and it's waiting for you at the checkout area. This can apply to any
type of commerce. And in many ways, it would also be more sustainable by reducing shipping
needs and accessing locally produced goods.
Can you build another Google on the Smartphone Web? Certainly. This is a new and largely realtime environment in which physical locations are digitally connected. The link structure may end
up being vastly different on the Smartphone Web.
In short, the Smartphone Web is every bit as disruptive today as the Internet was in 1994. Today,
smartphones represent only 15% of all mobile phones in the U.S. If our analogy is sound, it
means this is like the days when only 15% of U.S. households had Internet access. Yes, that's a
huge opportunity. Plus, the playing field is quite level. Just as Barnes & Noble was caught by
surprise and had little competitive advantage over Amazon, established companies on the
Internet today have little advantage over startups on the Smartphone Web. Just as the world of
Amazon was fundamentally different from the world of Barnes & Noble, the world of the
Smartphone Web is fundamentally different from the world of the Internet.
So if you're thinking about starting an Internet-based business and realize that the space is
crowded, ask yourself whether a similar business exists on the Smartphone Web. These are
where the biggest opportunities of the next decade will be found. Indeed, it's quite possible that
this sector alone could spark enough economic growth to get the country (and world) back on
track.

Laptop + smartphone = internet anywhere.

by T. Ryan Gregory, March 13th, 2010

For academics, being offline can range anywhere from relief to panic. It can be great to be unable
to check email for a while, but this also means that messages will pile up. And what if you have
revisions on a manuscript that are due, and youre stuck without wireless access? (Or maybe
youre in an airport but they want to charge you for access personally, I refuse to pay extra for
internet at the gate and then again for a snack on the plane). You could pay a monthly fee for a
mobile internet stick which will give you access anywhere that there is cellular coverage, but
probably you only need this sort of connection occasionally. If you have a smartphone and a
laptop, there is an easy, and usually free, solution: tethering.
Tethering means connecting your smartphone to your laptop, and using it as a wireless modem to
get internet access on your existing cellular data network. In fact, as I write this I am without a
proper connection, but I am still able to post this because I have tethered my BlackBerry to my
computer. This can also be done easily with an iPhone and probably most other smartphones.
With a BlackBerry, simply open the current version of the Desktop Manager, and you will see an
option for IP Modem:

Clicking this gives the option to configure or connect:

You only need to configure the first time, and this involves simply choosing your carrier:

Back at the configure or connect screen, click

connect:

Youll soon be back online!

http://img.informer.com/icons/png/48/439/4
39366.png

If you dont have a USB cable with you, or if you prefer not to use one, you can connect via
Bluetooth.
Some things to bear in mind:

Be sure to look into your carriers policy on tethering charges (most major carriers should
not charge for this).

Make sure you keep an eye on your data usage.

Dont expect to be blown away by blazing speeds this is a back-up solution only.

Wi-Fi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the radio station, see WIFI (AM).
It has been suggested that IEEE 802.11 be merged into this article or
section. (Discuss)
This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify
the article; suggestions may be found on the talk page. (September 2010)

Wi-Fi logo

Wi-Fi (pronounced /wafa/) is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. It is not a technical term.
However, the Alliance has generally enforced its use to describe only a narrow range of
connectivity technologies including wireless local area network (WLAN) based on the IEEE
802.11 standards, device to device connectivity [such as Wi-Fi Peer to Peer AKA Wi-Fi Direct],
and a range of technologies that support PAN, LAN and even WAN connections. Derivative
terms, such as Super Wi-Fi, coined by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to
describe proposed networking in the former UHF TV band in the US, may or may not be
sanctioned by the Alliance. As of November 2010 this was very unclear.
The technical term "IEEE 802.11" has been used interchangeably with Wi-Fi, however Wi-Fi has
become a superset of IEEE 802.11 over the past few years. Wi-Fi is used by over 700 million
people, there are over 750,000 hotspots (places with Wi-Fi internet connectivity) around the
world, and about 800 million new Wi-Fi devices every year. Wi-Fi products that complete the
Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification testing successfully can use the Wi-Fi CERTIFIED
designation and trademark.

Not every Wi-Fi device is submitted for certification to the Wi-Fi Alliance. The lack of Wi-Fi
certification does not necessarily imply a device is incompatible with Wi-Fi devices/protocols. If
it is compliant or partly compatible the Wi-Fi Alliance may not object to its description as a WiFi device though technically only the CERTIFIED designation carries their approval.
Wi-Fi certified and compliant devices are installed in many personal computers, video game
consoles, MP3 players, smartphones, printers, and other peripherals, and newer laptop
computers.
This article focuses on the certification and approvals process and the general growth of wireless
networking under the Wi-Fi Alliance certified protocols. For more on the technologies see the
appropriate articles with IEEE, ANSI, IETF , W3 and ITU prefixes (acronyms for the accredited
standards organizations that have created formal technology standards for the protocols by which
devices communicate). Non-Wi-Fi-Alliance wireless technologies intended for fixed points such
as Motorola Canopy are usually described as fixed wireless. Non-Wi-Fi-Alliance wireless
technologies intended for mobile use are usually described as 3G, 4G or 5G reflecting their
origins and promotion by telephone/cell companies.
Contents
[hide]

1 Wi-Fi certification

2 The name Wi-Fi

3 Uses
o

3.1 Internet access

3.1.1 City-wide Wi-Fi

3.1.2 Campus-wide Wi-Fi

3.2 Direct computer-to-computer communications

3.3 Future directions

4 Advantages and challenges

4.1 Operational advantages

4.2 Limitations

4.3 Reach

4.4 Mobility

4.5 Data security risks

4.6 Population

4.7 Channel pollution

5 Hardware
o

5.1 Standard devices

5.2 Distance records

5.3 Embedded systems

6 Network security
o

6.1 Securing methods

6.2 Piggybacking

7 See also

8 Notes

9 References

10 Further reading

11 External links

[edit] Wi-Fi certification

A roof-mounted Wi-Fi antenna

A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a personal computer, video game console, smartphone or digital
audio player can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to
the Internet. The coverage of one or more (interconnected) access points called hotspots
can comprise an area as small as a few rooms or as large as many square miles. Coverage in the
larger area may depend on a group of access points with overlapping coverage. Wi-Fi technology
has been used in wireless mesh networks, for example, in London, UK.[15]
In addition to private use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi can provide public access at Wi-Fi hotspots
provided either free-of-charge or to subscribers to various commercial services. Organizations
and businesses - such as those running airports, hotels and restaurants - often provide free-use
hotspots to attract or assist clients. Enthusiasts or authorities who wish to provide services or
even to promote business in selected areas sometimes provide free Wi-Fi access. As of 2008
more than 300 metropolitan-wide Wi-Fi (Muni-Fi) projects had started.[16] As of 2010 the Czech
Republic had 1150 Wi-Fi based wireless Internet service providers.[17][18]
Routers that incorporate a digital subscriber line modem or a cable modem and a Wi-Fi access
point, often set up in homes and other premises, can provide Internet access and internetworking
to all devices connected (wirelessly or by cable) to them. With the emergence of MiFi and WiBro
(a portable Wi-Fi router) people can easily create their own Wi-Fi hotspots that connect to
Internet via cellular networks. Now many mobile phones can also create wireless connections via
tethering on iPhone, Android, Symbian, and WinMo.[19]

One can also connect Wi-Fi devices in ad-hoc mode for client-to-client connections without a
router. Wi-Fi also connects places that would traditionally not have network access, for example
bathrooms, kitchens and garden sheds.
[edit] City-wide Wi-Fi
Further information: Municipal wireless network

An outdoor Wi-Fi access point in Minneapolis

An outdoor Wi-Fi access point in Toronto

In the early 2000s, many cities around the world announced plans for city-wide Wi-Fi networks.
This proved to be much more difficult than their promoters initially envisioned with the result
that most of these projects were either canceled or placed on indefinite hold. A few were
successful, for example in 2005, Sunnyvale, California became the first city in the United States
to offer city-wide free Wi-Fi.[20]
In May, 2010, London, UK Mayor Boris Johnson pledged London-wide Wi-Fi by 2012.[21] Both
the City of London, UK[22] and Islington [23] already have extensive outdoor Wi-Fi coverage.
[edit] Campus-wide Wi-Fi

Carnegie Mellon University built the first wireless Internet network in the world at their
Pittsburgh campus in 1994,[24] long before Wi-Fi branding originated in 1999. Many traditional

college campuses provide at least partial wireless Wi-Fi internet coverage.

Drexel University in Philadelphia made history by becoming the United State's first major
university to offer completely wireless Internet access across the entire campus in 2000. [25]
[edit] Direct computer-to-computer communications

Wi-Fi also allows communications directly from one computer to another without the
involvement of an access point. This is called the ad-hoc mode of Wi-Fi transmission. This
wireless ad-hoc network mode has proven popular with multiplayer handheld game consoles,
such as the Nintendo DS, digital cameras, and other consumer electronics devices.
Similarly, the Wi-Fi Alliance promotes a pending specification called Wi-Fi Direct for file
transfers and media sharing through a new discovery- and security-methodology.[26]
[edit] Future directions

As of 2010 Wi-Fi technology has spread widely within business and industrial sites. In business
environments, just like other environments, increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points
provides network redundancy, support for fast roaming and increased overall network-capacity
by using more channels or by defining smaller cells. Wi-Fi enables wireless voice-applications
(VoWLAN or WVOIP). Over the years, Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward "thin" access
points, with more of the network intelligence housed in a centralized network appliance,
relegating individual access points to the role of "dumb" transceivers. Outdoor applications may
utilize mesh topologies.
[edit] Advantages and challenges

A keychain-size Wi-Fi detector

[edit] Operational advantages

Wi-Fi allows the deployment of local area networks (LANs) without wires for client devices,
typically reducing the costs of network deployment and expansion. Spaces where cables cannot
be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs.
As of 2010 manufacturers are building wireless network adapters into most laptops. The price of
chipsets for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in
even more devices.[citation needed] Wi-Fi has become widespread in corporate infrastructures.[citation
needed]

Different competitive brands of access points and client network-interfaces can inter-operate at a
basic level of service. Products designated as "Wi-Fi Certified" by the Wi-Fi Alliance are
backwards compatible. "Wi-Fi" designates a globally operative set of standards: unlike mobile
phones, any standard Wi-Fi device will work anywhere in the world.
Wi-Fi operates in more than 220,000 public hotspots and in tens of millions of homes and
corporate and university campuses worldwide.[27] The current version of Wi-Fi Protected Access
encryption (WPA2) as of 2010 is considered[by whom?] secure, provided users employ a strong
passphrase. New protocols for quality-of-service (WMM) make Wi-Fi more suitable for latencysensitive applications (such as voice and video); and power saving mechanisms (WMM Power
Save) improve battery operation.
[edit] Limitations

Spectrum assignments and operational limitations do not operate consistently worldwide. Most
of Europe allows for an additional 2 channels beyond those permitted in the U.S. for the 2.4 GHz
band. (113 vs. 111); Japan has one more on top of that (114). Europe, as of 2007, was
essentially homogeneous in this respect. A very confusing aspect is the fact that a Wi-Fi signal
actually occupies five channels in the 2.4 GHz band resulting in only three non-overlapped
channels in the U.S.: 1, 6, 11, and three or four in Europe: 1, 5, 9, 13. Equivalent isotropically
radiated power (EIRP) in the EU is limited to 20 dBm (100 mW).
[edit] Reach
See also: Long-range Wi-Fi

amount of power that a Wi-Fi device can transmit is limited by local regulations, such as FCC
Part 15[29] in USA.
Due to reach requirements for wireless LAN applications, Wi-Fi has fairly high power
consumption compared to some other standards. Technologies such as Bluetooth (designed to
support wireless PAN applications) provide a much shorter propagation range of <10m[30] and so
in general have a lower power consumption. Other low-power technologies such as ZigBee have
fairly long range, but much lower data rate. The high power consumption of Wi-Fi makes battery
life in mobile devices a concern.
Researchers have developed a number of "no new wires" technologies to provide alternatives to
Wi-Fi for applications in which Wi-Fi's indoor range is not adequate and where installing new
wires (such as CAT-5) is not possible or cost-effective. For example, the ITU-T G.hn standard for
high speed Local area networks uses existing home wiring (coaxial cables, phone lines and
power lines). Although G.hn does not provide some of the advantages of Wi-Fi (such as mobility
or outdoor use), it's designed[by whom?] for applications (such as IPTV distribution) where indoor
range is more important than mobility.
Due to the complex nature of radio propagation at typical Wi-Fi frequencies, particularly the
effects of signal reflection off trees and buildings, algorithms can only approximately predict WiFi signal strength for any given area in relation to a transmitter.[31] This effect does not apply
equally to long-range Wi-Fi, since longer links typically operate from towers that broadcast
above the surrounding foliage.
[edit] Mobility

Speed vs. Mobility of wireless systems: Wi-Fi, HSPA, UMTS, GSM

The very limited practical range of Wi-Fi essentially confines mobile use to such applications as
inventory-taking machines in warehouses or in retail spaces, barcode-reading devices at checkout stands, or receiving/shipping stations. Mobile use of Wi-Fi over wider ranges is limited, for
instance, to uses such as in an automobile moving from one hotspot to another (known as
Wardriving). Other wireless technologies are more suitable as illustrated in the graphic.

[edit] Data security risks

The most common wireless encryption-standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), has been
shown to be easily breakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and
WPA2) encryption, which became available in devices in 2003, aimed to solve this problem. WiFi access points typically default to an encryption-free (open) mode. Novice users benefit from a
zero-configuration device that works out-of-the-box, but this default does not enable any
wireless security, providing open wireless access to a LAN. To turn security on requires the user
to configure the device, usually via a software graphical user interface (GUI). On unencrypted
Wi-Fi networks connecting devices can monitor and record data (including personal
information), but such networks may use other means of protection, such as a virtual private
network or secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTPS) and Transport Layer Security.
[edit] Population

Many 2.4 GHz 802.11b and 802.11g access-points default to the same channel on initial startup,
contributing to congestion on certain channels. To change the channel of operation for an access
point requires the user to configure the device.
[edit] Channel pollution
For more details on this topic, see Electromagnetic interference at 2.4 GHz.

Market forces may drive a process of standardization. Interoperability issues between non-Wi-Fi
brands or proprietary deviations from the standard can still disrupt connections or lower
throughput speeds on all devices within range, including any non-Wi-Fi or proprietary product.
Moreover, the usage of the ISM band in the 2.45 GHz range is also common to Bluetooth,
WPAN-CSS, ZigBee, and any new system will take its share.
Wi-Fi pollution, or an excessive number of access points in the area, especially on the same or
neighboring channel, can prevent access and interfere with other devices' use of other access
points, caused by overlapping channels in the 802.11g/b spectrum, as well as with decreased
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) between access points. This can become a problem in high-density
areas, such as large apartment complexes or office buildings with many Wi-Fi access points.
Additionally, other devices use the 2.4 GHz band: microwave ovens, security cameras, ZigBee
devices, Bluetooth devices and (in some countries) Amateur radio, video senders, cordless
phones and baby monitors, all of which can cause significant additional interference. It is also an
issue when municipalities[32] or other large entities (such as universities) seek to provide large
area coverage.
[edit] Hardware
[edit] Standard devices

An embedded RouterBoard 112 with U.FL-RSMA pigtail and R52 mini PCI Wi-Fi card
widely used by wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) in the Czech Republic

OSBRiDGE 3GN - 802.11n Access Point and UMTS/GSM Gateway in one device

USB wireless adapter

Wireless routers integrate a Wireless Access Point, ethernet switch, and internal router firmware
application that provides IP routing, NAT, and DNS forwarding through an integrated WANinterface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless ethernet LAN devices to connect to a
(usually) single WAN device such as a cable modem or a DSL modem. A wireless router allows
all three devices, mainly the access point and router, to be configured through one central utility.
This utility is usually an integrated web server that is accessible to wired and wireless LAN
clients and often optionally to WAN clients. This utility may also be an application that is run on
a desktop computer such as Apple's AirPort.
Wireless network bridges connect a wired network to a wireless network. A bridge differs from
an access point: an access point connects wireless devices to a wired network at the data-link
layer. Two wireless bridges may be used to connect two wired networks over a wireless link,
useful in situations where a wired connection may be unavailable, such as between two separate
homes.
Wireless range-extenders or wireless repeaters can extend the range of an existing wireless
network. Strategically placed range-extenders can elongate a signal area or allow for the signal
area to reach around barriers such as those pertaining in L-shaped corridors. Wireless devices
connected through repeaters will suffer from an increased latency for each hop. Additionally, a
wireless device connected to any of the repeaters in the chain will have a throughput limited by
the "weakest link" between the two nodes in the chain from which the connection originates to
where the connection ends.
[edit] Distance records

Distance records (using non-standard devices) include 382 km (237 mi) in June 2007, held by
Ermanno Pietrosemoli and EsLaRed of Venezuela, transferring about 3 MB of data between the
mountain-tops of El guila and Platillon.[33][34] The Swedish Space Agency transferred data
420 km (260 mi), using 6 watt amplifiers to reach an overhead stratospheric balloon.[35]
[edit] Embedded systems

Embedded serial-to-Wi-Fi module

Increasingly in the last few years (particularly as of 2007), embedded Wi-Fi modules have
become available that incorporate a real-time operating system and provide a simple means of
wirelessly enabling any device which has and communicates via a serial port.[36] This allows the
design of simple monitoring devices. An example is a portable ECG device monitoring a patient
at home. This Wi-Fi-enabled device can communicate via the Internet.[37]
These Wi-Fi modules are designed[by whom?] so that implementers need only minimal Wi-Fi
knowledge to provide Wi-Fi connectivity for their products.
[edit] Network security

The main issue with wireless network security is its simplified access to the network compared
to traditional wired networks such as ethernet.[citation needed] With wired networking one must either
gain access to a building (physically connecting into the internal network) or break through an
external firewall. Most business networks protect sensitive data and systems by attempting to
disallow external access. Enabling wireless connectivity provides an attack vector, particularly if
the network uses inadequate or no encryption.[38]
An attacker who has gained access to a Wi-Fi network router can initiate a DNS spoofing attack
against any other user of the network by forging a response before the queried DNS server has a
chance to reply.[39]
[edit] Securing methods

To counteract this in 2002, the Wi-Fi Alliance approved Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) which
uses TKIP as a stopgap solution for legacy equipment. Though more secure than WEP, it has
outlived its designed lifetime and has known attack vectors.
In 2004, the IEEE ratified the full IEEE 802.11i (WPA2) encryption standards. If used with a
802.1X server or in pre-shared key mode with a strong and uncommon passphrase WPA2 is still
considered[by whom?] secure, as of 2009.
[edit] Piggybacking
Main article: Piggybacking (internet access)

Piggybacking refers to access to a wireless Internet connection by bringing one's own computer
within the range of another's wireless connection, and using that service without the subscriber's
explicit permission or knowledge.
During the early popular adoption of 802.11, providing open access points for anyone within
range to use was encouraged[by whom?] to cultivate wireless community networks,[42] particularly
since people on average use only a fraction of their downstream bandwidth at any given time.
Recreational logging and mapping of other people's access points has become known as
wardriving. Indeed, many access points are intentionally installed without security turned on so
that they can be used as a free service. Providing access to one's Internet connection in this
fashion may breach the Terms of Service or contract with the ISP. These activities do not result
in sanctions in most jurisdictions; however, legislation and case law differ considerably across
the world. A proposal to leave graffiti describing available services was called warchalking.[43] A
Florida court case determined that owner laziness was not to be a valid excuse.[44]
Piggybacking often occurs unintentionally, most access points are configured without encryption
by default, and operating systems can be configured to connect automatically to any available
wireless network. A user who happens to start up a laptop in the vicinity of an access point may
find the computer has joined the network without any visible indication. Moreover, a user
intending to join one network may instead end up on another one if the latter has a stronger
signal. In combination with automatic discovery of other network resources (see DHCP and
Zeroconf) this could possibly lead wireless users to send sensitive data to the wrong middle-man
when seeking a destination (see Man-in-the-middle attack). For example, a user could
inadvertently use an insecure network to log in to a website, thereby making the login credentials
available to anyone listening, if the website uses an insecure protocol such as HTTP.
[edit] See also

Sony Ericsson Xperia X10

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Xperia X10)
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Sony Ericsson Xperia X10

Manufacturer

Sony Ericsson

Carrier

(AT&T 10a)

22 March 2010 (U.K.)

1 April 2010 (Japan & Mexico)

2 April 2010 (European Union &

Russian Federation)

Available

10 April 2010 (Brazil & Chile)

15 April 2010 (Canada)[1]

24 June 2010 (South Korea)

15 August 2010 (U.S.)

4.0 inch touch screen, Hardware 16M

Screen

Colors, 65,356-colour.
(480 x 854 pixels) (0.41 Megapixels)
FWVGA TFT
8.1 MP with Auto focus, Face
recognition,

Camera

Geo-tagging, Image and video stabilizer,

Smile detection and Touch focus,
Video WVGA

Operating system Android 2.1 (upgraded from Android 1.6)

Touchscreen, Accelerometer, Digital
Input

Compass, Proximity and ambient light

sensors, Headset controls

CPU

1 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon

Memory

384 MB

Storage
Battery

1 GB NAND Flash in phone, up to 16

GB on microSDHC memory card
Rechargeable and replaceable, Li-Po
1500 mAh (BST-41).

Physical size

119 x 63 x 13 mm

Weight

135 g with battery

Series

Sony Ericsson Xperia family

The Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 is a high-end smartphone designed by Sony Ericsson in the
Xperia series. It is the first Sony Ericsson smartphone to run the Android operating system. The
phone runs Android 1.6, and an upgrade to Android 2.1 will be available in the fourth quarter of
2010.[2]
The phone features an 8.1 MP camera and a 1 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon CPU. The screen
supports NTSC DVD wide-screen resolution. It allows users access to "apps" available in the
Android Market. Connection speeds up to HSDPA (3G+) are possible with the handset. The UX
platform gives Xperia X10 one application to lift together all the users different communications,
Timescape, and one to lift together all the users media, Mediascape.[3]
An Xperia X10 functions as a camera phone, including text messaging, a portable media player,
and an Internet client, with e-mail, web browsing, and Wi-Fi connectivity. The user interface is
built around the device's touchscreen, including a virtual keyboard rather than a physical one.
Third-party applications are available from Android Market, which launched in 2009 and now
(30 June 2010) has close to 70,000 "apps".[2] These apps have diverse functionalities, including

games, reference, GPS navigation, social networking, and advertising for television shows, films,
and celebrities.

Contents
[hide]

1 Reception

2 Hardware
o 2.1 Networks
o 2.2 Bluetooth and Wi-Fi

3 Software
o 3.1 Updates
o 3.2 Rooting
o 3.3 Issues

4 Xperia Series

5 Profits

6 See also

7 References

8 External links

[edit] Reception
The XPERIA X10 was first revealed on November 3, 2009.[3]
The Xperia X10 was released in one of its two home countries, Japan, on April 1, 2010 and has
become the quickest-selling smartphone for the carrier NTT DoCoMo.[4] The overall reaction has
been positive to the hardware, camera and screen, with negative comments about the lack of
support for Android 2.1 and calls for improvement in the custom made user interface [5] [6]. The
XPERIA X10 has since been upgraded to Android 2.1 on October 31, 2010. [7]

[edit] Hardware
The display is a wide screen, aspect ratio 16:9, with FWVGA resolution of 480 x 854 pixels,
covered by a capacitive layer that is designed to detect touch by fingers. The 8.1 megapixel
camera has a 16x digital zoom, image stabilizer, auto-focus, geo-tagging, smile detection and
face detection. The camera can be accessed either through the touchscreen menu or by a separate
camera button on the lower part of the right edge. It can also record video, and has a led light for
use in poor light. The Xperia X10 has as a 3-axis accelerometer and built in GPS, and a lug for
attaching a strap.

[edit] Networks
The Xperia X10 is referred to as a quad-band telephone as it covers all four GSM frequency
bands, but it is also a dual mode telephone as it also covers three or four UMTS frequency bands
too, depending on the market. The Xperia X10 is sold worldwide and therefore has both common
frequency band layouts;[8] these variants of the phone are internally called the Xperia X10a and
the Xperia X10i by Sony Ericsson. The Xperia X10a sells in South America; the Xperia X10i
sells in Asia, Europe and Oceania; both variants are sold in North America and Australia. The
Xperia X10a is used by AT&T in the USA; Telstra in Australia; Rogers Wireless, and Bell and in
Canada. The Xperia X10i on the other hand, is used by T-Mobile in the USA; Wind Mobile and
Mobilicity in Canada; Optus and VHA (under both the Vodafone and 3 brands) in Australia. In
Japan the telephone is called the SO-01B and sold by operator NTT Docomo, using the Xperia
X10a configuration.[8]
The Xperia X10i uses GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 and UMTS/HSPA 900/1700/2100.
The Xperia X10a uses GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 and UMTS/HSPA
800/850/1900/2100.

[edit] Bluetooth and Wi-Fi

Xperia has built in Wi-Fi b/g which can create a mobile hotspot with the latest upcoming
Android update. And Bluetooth 2.1. with option to tether (provide internet access to other
devices).

[edit] Software
Sony Ericsson has made its own custom overlay on top of the Android system called UX, short
for User eXperience, which consists of design elements, themes and custom applications. The
main applications are Sony Ericsson Timescape and Sony Ericsson Mediascape. Timescape is a
program that lifts together Facebook, Twitter, SMS and mail into a flowing column on the home
screen. Mediascape is a player and library application for media files that also connects to
Facebook and Picasa accounts online and to the phone's contacts list. This makes it possible to
attach photos you have taken with the camera to your contacts or send them to your Facebook
account. The phone contains all normal smartbook applications and some stand out ones:

Wisepilot (navigation software), Google Maps, YouTube, Sony's PlayNow and TrackID (to
identify a song by recording a small part of it).

[edit] Updates
The Xperia X10 was released with the operating system Android 1.6, with an upgrade to Android
2.1 released on October 31, 2010.[9]

[edit] Rooting
The X10 is an Android powered device. The Android OS uses a Linux kernel and has the usual
Linux concepts of groups and user-accounts. One of the default user accounts in Linux is called
the "root" user. This user has full control over the system. Obtaining "root access" on the system
is important for the deployment of custom ROMs. Custom ROMs are usually developed to bring
newer versions of the OS to the hardware. As an example, the X10 was released with Android
1.6. Although the X10 has been rooted, the bootloader has yet to be hacked. Because of this,
developers are not yet able to load the latest version of Android onto their device. Custom ROMs
will not boot without access to the bootloader.

[edit] Issues
The initial 3UK (and possibly other Mobile Operators) release of firmware contains bugs - Some
users report occasional WiFi disruptions on early software versions.[10]

[edit] Xperia Series

Sony Ericsson announced two mini versions of Xperia X10 at the Mobile World Congress 2010.
The X10 Mini and the X10 Mini Pro which has a slide out keyboard, were released in June 2010
and a further addition to the series, X8, was released in August 2010.[11] Earlier in the year, Sony
Ericsson had released Xperia X1 and Xperia X2 with Microsoft's Windows Mobile operating
system. Sony Ericsson is now planning to upgrade their OS from Android 1.6 to 2.1.

[edit] Profits
Mobile phone maker Sony Ericsson reported a third consecutive net profit of 49 million euros
($70 million) in the third quarter, compared with a year-earlier loss of 164 million euros, mainly
thanks to success with its smartphones as well as new product launches and cost cuts[12]

[edit] See also

List of Android devices

[edit] References

1. ^ "Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Released by Rogers Canada". Phonesreview.co.uk. April

15, 2010. http://www.phonesreview.co.uk/2010/04/15/sony-ericsson-xperia-x10-releasedby-rogers-canada/. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
2. ^ a b "160,000 Android Phones Sold Daily, Market Nears 70,000 ApplicationsUpdates".
AndroidGuys. June 23, 2010. http://www.androidguys.com/2010/06/23/160000-androidphones-sold-daily-market-nears-70000-applications/. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
3. ^ a b "Sony Ericsson unveils Xperia X10 Android handset". Computer Business Review. 3
November 2009.
http://www.cbronline.com/news/sony_ericsson_unveils_xperia_x10_andriod_handset_09
1103. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
4. ^ "Xperia X10 is NTT DoCoMos fastest ever selling smartphone". Xperia X10 Blog - All
things X10. May 4, 2010. http://www.xperiax10.net/2010/05/04/xperia-x10-is-nttdocomos-fastest-ever-selling-smartphone/. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
5. ^ "Sony Experia X10". CNET Australia, CBS Interactive. April 15, 2010.
http://www.cnet.com.au/sony-ericsson-xperia-x10-339299360.htm. Retrieved June 30,
2010.
6. ^ "Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Review". Brighthand.com Smartphone News and Reviews.
June 4, 2010. http://www.brighthand.com/default.asp?
newsID=16380&review=Google+Android+OS+Sony+Ericsson+Xperia+X10+Rachael.
Retrieved June 30, 2010.
7. ^ "XPERIA Software Update".
http://blogs.sonyericsson.com/products/2010/10/29/xperia-software-update-2/. Retrieved
October 30, 2010.
8. ^ a b "GSM World Coverage Map and GSM Country List". WorldTimeZone.com.
http://www.worldtimezone.com/gsm.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
9. ^ "XPERIA Software Update".
http://blogs.sonyericsson.com/products/2010/10/29/xperia-software-update-2/. Retrieved
October 30, 2010.
10. ^ Xperia X10 WiFi bug found
11. ^ "Sony Ericsson 3 inch Xperia X8 made official coming in Q3 2010". Engadget,
Weblogs Inc. June 16, 2010. http://www.engadget.com/2010/06/16/sony-ericssons-3inch-xperia-x8-made-official-coming-in-q3-201/. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
12. ^ http://arabnews.com/economy/article161852.ece

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Xperia X10

Xperia X10 official website

Smartphone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Share of 2010 Q2 smartphone sales to end users by operating system, according to Gartner.[1]
A smartphone is a mobile phone that offers more advanced computing ability and connectivity
than a contemporary basic feature phone.[2] Smartphones and feature phones may be thought of
as handheld computers integrated within a mobile telephone, but while most feature phones are
able to run applications based on platforms such as Java ME,[3] a smartphone allows the user to
install and run more advanced applications based on a specific platform. Smartphones run
complete operating system software providing a platform for application developers.[4] A
smartphone can be considered as a Personal Pocket Computer (PPC) with mobile phone
functions, because these devices are mainly computers, although quite smaller than a desktop
computer (DC). Additionally a PPC (Personal Pocket Computer) is more personal than a DC
(desktop computer).
Growth in demand for advanced mobile devices boasting powerful processors, abundant
memory, larger screens, and open operating systems has outpaced the rest of the mobile phone
market for several years.[5] According to a study by ComScore, over 45.5 million people in the
United States owned smartphones in 2010 and it is the fastest growing segment of the mobile
phone market, which comprised 234 million subscribers in the United States.[6]. Despite the large

increase in smartphone sales in the last few years, smartphone shipments only make up 20% of
total handset shipments, as of the first half of 2010. [7]

Contents
[hide]

1 History
o 1.1 Early years
o 1.2 The rise of Symbian, Windows Mobile, and BlackBerry
o 1.3 The rise of the iPhone and Android
o 1.4 The resurgence of Nokia

2 Operating systems

3 Smartbook

4 Open source development

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

[edit] History
[edit] Early years
The first smartphone was called Simon; it was designed by IBM in 1992 and shown as a concept
product[8] that year at COMDEX, the computer industry trade show held in Las Vegas, Nevada. It
was released to the public in 1993 and sold by BellSouth. Besides being a mobile phone, it also
contained a calendar, address book, world clock, calculator, note pad, e-mail, send and receive
fax, and games. It had no physical buttons to dial with. Instead customers used a touch-screen to
select phone numbers with a finger or create facsimiles and memos with an optional stylus. Text
was entered with a unique on-screen "predictive" keyboard. By today's standards, the Simon
would be a fairly low-end product; however, its feature set at the time was incredibly advanced.

The Nokia Communicator line was the first of Nokia's smartphones starting with the Nokia 9000,
released in 1996. This distinctive palmtop computer style smartphone was the result of a
collaborative effort of an early successful and expensive Personal digital assistant (PDA) by
Hewlett Packard combined with Nokia's bestselling phone around that time, and early prototype
models had the two devices fixed via a hinge. The Nokia 9210 was the first color screen
Communicator model which was the first true smartphone with an open operating system; the
9500 Communicator was also Nokia's first cameraphone Communicator and Nokia's first WiFi
phone. The 9300 Communicator was the third dimensional shift into a smaller form factor, and
the latest E90 Communicator includes GPS. The Nokia Communicator model is remarkable for
also having been the most expensive phone model sold by a major brand for almost the full
lifespan of the model series, easily 20% and sometimes 40% more expensive than the next most
expensive smartphone by any major manufacturer.
In 1997 Ericsson released the concept phone GS88,[9][10] the first device labelled as 'smartphone'.
[11]

[edit] The rise of Symbian, Windows Mobile, and BlackBerry

In 2000 Ericsson released the touchscreen smartphone R380, the first device to use the new
Symbian OS.[12] It was followed up by P800 in 2002, the first camera smartphone.[13]
In 2001 Microsoft announced its Windows CE Pocket PC OS would be offered as "Microsoft
Windows Powered Smartphone 2002."[14] Microsoft originally defined its Windows Smartphone
products as lacking a touchscreen and offering a lower screen resolution compared to its sibling
Pocket PC devices.
In early 2002 Handspring released the Palm OS Treo smartphone, utilizing a full keyboard that
combined wireless web browsing, email, calendar, and contact organizer with mobile third-party
applications that could be downloaded or synced with a computer.[15]
In 2002 RIM released the first BlackBerry which was the first smartphone optimized for wireless
email use and had achieved a total customer base of 32 million subscribers by December 2009.[16]
In 2007 Nokia launched the Nokia N95 which integrated a wide range of features into a
consumer-oriented smartphone: GPS, a 5 megapixel camera with autofocus and LED flash, 3G
and wi-fi connectivity and TV-out. In the next few years these features would become standard
on high-end smartphones.

[edit] The rise of the iPhone and Android

Later in 2007, Apple Inc. introduced its first iPhone. It was initially expensive, costing $500 for
the cheaper of two models on top of a two year contract. It was one of the first smartphones to be
mainly controlled through its touchscreen, the others being the LG Prada and the HTC Touch
(also released in 2007). It was the first mobile phone to use a multi-touch interface. It featured a
web browser that was much better than its competitors - Ars Technica described it as "far
superior to anything that we had ever used prior."[17] At the time of the launch of the iPhone it

was arguable whether it was actually a smartphone as the first generation lacked the ability to
officially use third-party applications.[18] A process called jailbreaking emerged quickly to
provide unofficial third-party applications. Steve Jobs publicly stated that the iPhone lacked 3G
support due to the immaturity, power usage, and physical size requirements of 3G chipsets at the
time.[19] However, it has been rumored that the CDMA2000 Network Providers (Verizon, Sprint)
refused to allow the iPhone on their network because Jobs wanted total control of the application
store associated with the iPhone.
Android, a cross platform OS for smartphones was released in 2008. Android is an Open Source
platform backed by Google, along with major hardware and software developers (such as Intel,
HTC, ARM, Motorola and Samsung, to name a few), that form the Open Handset Alliance.[20]
The first phone to use the Android OS was the HTC Dream, branded for distribution by TMobile as the G1.[21] The software suite included on the phone consists of integration with
Google's proprietary applications, such as Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, and a full HTML web
browser. Third-party apps are available via the Android Market, including both free and paid
apps.[22]
In July 2008 Apple introduced its second generation iPhone which had a lower upfront price and
3G support. It also created the App Store with both free and paid applications. The App Store can
deliver smartphone applications developed by third parties directly to the iPhone or iPod Touch
over wifi or cellular network without using a PC to download. The App Store has been a huge
success for Apple and by April 2010 hosted more than 185,000 applications.[23] The App Store hit
three billion application downloads in early January 2010.[24]

[edit] The resurgence of Nokia

In 2010 Nokia have been planning a fightback in the smartphone market with the Nokia N8
smartphone, the first device to use the new Symbian^3 OS.[25] The Nokia N8 smartphone will
shortly be followed by the Nokia C7 smartphone and the Nokia E7 smartphone.[26][27]
Other platforms are able to download apps from any website, rather than only from a single app
store; however, other companies have more recently launched their own app stores. RIM
launched its app store, BlackBerry App World, in April 2009. Nokia launched its Ovi Store in
May 2009. Palm launched its Palm App Catalog in June 2009. Microsoft launched its Windows
Marketplace for Mobile in October 2009.
In January 2010, Google launched Nexus One using its Android OS. Although Android OS has
multi-touch capabilities, Google initially removed that feature from Nexus One,[28] but it was
added through a firmware update on February 2, 2010.[29]

[edit] Operating systems

Main article: Mobile operating system
There are a multiple array of mobile operating systems currently available. Currently the biggest
selling smartphone operating system is Symbian OS[30], Symbian's smaller rivals include

Android, Blackberry OS, iOS and Windows Mobile. Several mobile operating systems including
Android and iOS are based off Linux and Unix.

[edit] Smartbook
Main article: Smartbook
A smartbook is a concept of a mobile device that falls between smartphones and netbooks,
delivering features typically found in smartphones (always on, all-day battery life, 3G
connectivity, GPS)[31] in a slightly larger device with a full keyboard. Smartbooks will tend to be
designed to work with online applications.[32]
Smartbooks use the ARM processor, which gives them much greater battery life than a netbook
which uses a traditional Intel x86 processor.[33] They are likely to be sold initially through mobile
network operators, like mobile phones are today, along with a wireless data plan.[34]

[edit] Open source development

The open source culture has penetrated the smartphone market in a way. There have been
attempts to open source both hardware and software of a smartphone. Most notable project from
open hardware development is most likely the Neo FreeRunner smartphone developed by
Openmoko. Lately, the Google Android OS is a popular open source mobile operating system.
Nokia has an initiative around Symbian too, which has open-sourced all Symbian smartphone
code in February 2010.[35] Nokia has developed a GNU/Linux-based open-source system Maemo.
Later, Maemo was merged with Intel's project Moblin to form MeeGo operating system.

[edit] See also

Comparison of smartphones

Videophones

Blackberry thumb

PEC-Phone (Pocket Entertainment

Computer-Phone)

Camera phone

e-book reader

List of digital distribution platforms for

mobile devices (app stores)

Energy harvesting

Personal Handy-phone System

Flexible keyboard

Pay As You Go (phone)

HDMI

SIM card

Information appliance

Mobile broadband

Tablet PC

Tethering

mAh, to measure battery capacity

Mobile internet device (MID)

Microbrowser

Smartbook

Memory card

Netbook

Text-to-speech

Laptop

iPhone

[edit] References
1. ^ Gartner (12 August 2010). "Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Device Sales Grew 13.8
Percent in Second Quarter of 2010, But Competition Drove Prices Down". Press release.
http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1421013. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
2. ^ Andrew Nusca (20 August 2009). "Smartphone vs. feature phone arms race heats up;
which did you buy?". ZDNet. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/gadgetreviews/smartphone-vsfeature-phone-arms-race-heats-up-which-did-you-buy/6836.
3. ^ "Feature Phone". Phone Scoop. http://www.phonescoop.com/glossary/term.php?
gid=310. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
4. ^ "Smartphone definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia". PC Magazine.
http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=Smartphone&i=51537,00.asp.
Retrieved 13 May 2010.
5. ^ "Smart phones: how to stay clever in downturn". Deloitte Telecommunications
Predictions.
http://www.deloitte.co.uk/TMTPredictions/telecommunications/Smartphones-clever-indownturn.cfm.
6. ^ "Android Phones Steal Market Share".
http://bmighty.informationweek.com/mobile/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=224201881.
7. ^ "100 Million Club - H1 2010". http://www.visionmobile.com/blog/2010/10/smartfeature-phones-the-unbalanced-equation-100-million-club-series/.
8. ^ Schneidawind, J: "Big Blue unveiling", USA Today, November 23, 1992, page 2B

9. ^ "Ericsson GS88 Preview". Eri-no-moto.

http://pws.prserv.net/Eri_no_moto/GS88_Preview.htm. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
10. ^ "History". Stockholm Smartphone. http://www.stockholmsmartphone.org/history/.
Retrieved 19 September 2010.
11. ^ "Ericsson GS88 box". http://www.stockholmsmartphone.org/wpcontent/uploads/penelope-box.jpg. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
12. ^ "Symbian Device - The OS Evolution". Independent Symbian Blog. http://www.isymbian.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Symbian_Evolution.pdf. Retrieved 12 August
2010.
13. ^ "P800". All About Symbian.
http://www.allaboutsymbian.com/features/item/Sony_Ericsson_P800.php. Retrieved 12
August 2010.
14. ^ Windows Powered Smartphone
15. ^ Handspring's Breakthrough Hybrid
16. ^ BlackBerry Users Call For RIM To Rethink Service
17. ^ "iPhone in depth: the Ars review". ArsTechnica. Cond Nast. 9 July 2007. p. 6.
http://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2007/07/iphone-review.ars/6. Retrieved 3 August
2010.
18. ^ "The iPhone is not a smartphone". Engadget. 9 January 2007.
http://www.engadget.com/2007/01/09/the-iphone-is-not-a-smartphone/. Retrieved 11 July
2010.
19. ^ "No 3G on the iPhone, but why? A battery life analysis". AnandTech. 13 July 2007. p.
1. http://www.anandtech.com/show/2274.
20. ^ http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/oha_members.html
21. ^ http://www.t-mobileg1.com/?WT.srch=1&WT.mc_id=273m1&WT.z=p137999826
22. ^ Paid apps still coming to Android Market in Q1 '09, US an

Luxury good
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from High-end)
Jump to: navigation, search

This article needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (August 2010)

This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims
made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be
removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (August 2010)

The Mercedes-Benz S-Class is an example of a luxury good.

In economics, a luxury good is a good for which demand increases more than proportionally as
income rises, and is a contrast to a "necessity good", for which demand is not related to income.
[citation needed]

Luxury goods are said to have high income elasticity of demand: as people become wealthier,
they will buy more and more of the luxury good. This also means, however, that should there be
a decline in income its demand will drop. Income elasticity of demand is not constant with
respect to income, and may change sign at different levels of income. That is to say, a luxury
good may become a normal good or even an inferior good at different income levels, e.g. a
wealthy person stops buying increasing numbers of luxury cars for his automobile collection to
start collecting airplanes (at such an income level, the luxury car would become an inferior
good).[citation needed]

Contents
[hide]

1 Defining luxury

2 Socioeconomic significance

3 Market characteristics

4 Luxury brands

5 Market size

6 Market trends

7 Luxury Shopping

8 See also

9 References

[edit] Defining luxury

The concept of luxury has been present in various forms since the beginning of civilization. Its
role was just as important in ancient western and eastern empires as it is in modern societies.[1]
With the clear differences between social classes in earlier civilizations, the consumption of
luxury was limited to the elite classes. It also meant the definition of luxury was fairly clear.
Whatever the poor cannot have and the elite can was identified as luxury. With increasing
democratization,[2] several new product categories were created within the luxury market which
were aptly called accessible luxury or mass luxury. This kind of luxury specifically targeted the
middle class (or what is sometimes termed as aspiring class). As luxury penetrated into the
masses, defining luxury has become ever so difficult.[3]
In contemporary marketing usage, Prof. Bernard Dubois defines luxury as a specific (i.e.
higher-priced) tier of offer in almost any product or service category. However, despite the
substantial body of knowledge accumulated during the past decades, researchers still havent
arrived on a common definition of luxury. Many other attempts have been made to define luxury
using the price-quality dimension stating higher priced products in any category is luxury.
Similarly, researchers have used the uniqueness aspects of luxury too. Prof. Jean-Noel Kapferer,
takes an experiential approach and defines luxury as items which provide extra pleasure by
flattering all senses at once. Several other researchers, focus on exclusivity dimension and argue
that luxury evokes a sense of belonging to a certain elite group.

[edit] Socioeconomic significance

18 or more karat gold jewelry is an example of a luxury good.

Several manufactured products attain the status of "luxury goods" due to their design, quality,
durability or performance that are remarkably superior to the comparable substitutes. Thus,
virtually every category of goods available on the market today includes a subset of similar
products whose "luxury" is marked by better-quality components and materials, solid
construction, stylish appearance, increased durability, better performance, advanced features, and
so on. As such, these luxury goods may retain or improve the basic functionality for which all
items of a given category are originally designed.
There are also goods that are perceived as luxurious by the public simply because they play a
role of status symbols as such goods tend to signify the purchasing power of those who acquire
them. These items, while not necessarily being better (in quality, performance, or appearance)
than their less expensive substitutes, are purchased with the main purpose of displaying wealth or
income of their owners. These kinds of goods are the objects of a socio-economic phenomenon
called conspicuous consumption and commonly include luxury vehicles, watches, jewelry,
designer clothing, yachts, as well as large residences, urban mansions, and country houses.

[edit] Market characteristics

Some luxury products have been claimed to be examples of Veblen goods, with a positive price
elasticity of demand: for example, making a perfume more expensive can increase its perceived
value as a luxury good to such an extent that sales can go up, rather than down.
Although the technical term luxury good is independent of the goods' quality, they are generally
considered to be goods at the highest end of the market in terms of quality and price. Classic
luxury goods include haute couture clothing, accessories, and luggage. Many markets have a
luxury segment including, for example, automobile, wine, bottled water, tea, watches, jewelry,
high fidelity, and chocolate.
Luxuries may be services. The hiring of full-time or live-in domestic servants is a luxury
reflecting disparities of income. Some financial services, especially in some brokerage houses,
can be considered luxury services by default because persons in lower-income brackets generally
do not use them.

[edit] Luxury brands

Armani is an example of a luxury brand for clothing.

A luxury brand or prestige brand is a brand for which a majority of its products are luxury goods.
It may also include certain brands whose names are associated with luxury, high price, or high
quality, though few, if any, of their goods are currently considered luxury goods.
Another market characteristic of luxury goods is their very high sensitivity to economic upturns
and downturns, high profit margins as well as prices, and very tightly controlled brands.
For example, following a nearly crippling attempt to widely licence their brand in the 1970s and
1980s, the Gucci brand is now largely sold in directly-owned stores. The Burberry brand is
generally considered to have diluted its brand image in the UK in the early 2000s by overlicensing its brand, thus reducing its cachet as a brand whose products were consumed only by
the elite.
LVMH (Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy) is the largest luxury good producer in the world with
over fifty brands, including Louis Vuitton, the brand with the world's first designer label. The
LVMH group made a profit of 2bn on sales of 12bn in 2003. Other market leaders include
PPR (after it purchased the Gucci Group) and Richemont.
A rather small group in comparison, the wealthy tend to be extremely influential. Once a brand
gets an "endorsement" from members of this group, then the brand can be defined as a true
"luxury" brand. An example of different product lines in the same brand is found in the
automotive industry, with "entry-level" cars marketed to younger, less wealthy consumers, and
higher-cost models for older and more wealthy consumers. The least expensive Mercedes-Benz
sold in the United States is the C300 sedan at $32,000, and the most expensive model is the
Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren coupe at $497,000.
The advertising expenditure for the average luxury brand is 5-15 % of sales revenue. This rises to
about 25 % with the inclusion of other communication such as public relations, events and
sponsorships.[4]

[edit] Market size

The luxury goods market has been on an upward climb for many years. Apart from the setback
caused by the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, the industry has performed well, particularly in 2000.

In that year, the world luxury goods market which includes drinks, fashion, cosmetics,
fragrances, watches, jewelry, luggage, handbags was worth close to US$170 billion and grew
7.9 percent.[5] The largest sector in this category was luxury drinks, including premium whisky,
Champagne, Cognac. This sector was the only one that suffered a decline in value (-0.9 percent).
The watches and jewelry section showed the strongest performance, growing in value by 23.3
percent, while the clothing and accessories section grew 11.6 percent between 1996 and 2000, to
US$32.8 billion. North America is the largest regional market for luxury goods: unlike the
modest 2.9 percent growth experienced by the Western European market, the North American
market achieved growth of just under 10 percent. The top ten markets for luxury goods account
for 83 percent of the market, and include Japan, China, USA, Taiwan, Germany, Italy, France,
UK, Brazil, Spain, and Switzerland.

[edit] Market trends

The three dominant trends in the global luxury goods market are globalization, consolidation,
and diversification. Globalization is a result of the increased availability of these goods,
additional luxury brands, and an increase in tourism. Consolidation involves the growth of big
companies and ownership of brands across many segments of luxury products. Examples include
LVMH, Richemont, and PPR, which dominate the market in areas ranging from luxury drinks to
fashion and cosmetics. Leading global consumer companies, such as Procter & Gamble, are also
attracted to the industry, due to the difficulty of making a profit in the mass consumer goods
market.

[edit] Luxury Shopping

Another phenomenon of the luxury market are "Luxury Shopping Avenues". Certain
thoroughfares like the New York's Fifth and Madison Avenues, Beverly Hills' Rodeo Drive,
Paris' Champs-lyses, Milan's Via Monte Napoleone, London's Bond Street and Tokyo's Ginza
are some places where most luxury brands tend to be concentrated.[6] These retail districts
concentrate luxury good stores that are managed by large corporations, while conventional and
independent retailers are pushed out because of increasing rent and real estate prices.

[edit] See also

Commodity fetishism

Designer label

Wealth effect

[edit] References

1. ^ "Defining luxury: the conundrum of perspectives". Beta.luxurysociety.com.

http://beta.luxurysociety.com/articles/2010/05/defining-luxury-the-conundrum-ofperspectives. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
2. ^ Wong, N. Y., & Ahuvia, A. C. (1998). Personal taste and family face: Luxury
consumption in Confucian and Western societies. Psychology & Marketing, 15(5), 423441.
3. ^ "What is luxury?". Paurav Shukla. 2010-05-14. http://www.pauravshukla.com/what-isluxury. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
4. ^ Okonkwo, Uch. Luxury fashion branding: trends, tactics, techniques . Page 145.
5. ^ The World Market for Luxury Goods. Global Market for Luxury Goods. Nov 1,
2001, March 5, 2007.
6. ^ Visit 5th Avenue.
[hide]
vde

Types of goods
public good - private good (includes household goods) - common good - common-pool resource
- club good - anti-rival good
(non-)rivalrous good and (non-)excludable good
complementary good vs. substitute good vs. independent good
Sony Ericsson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For an arrangement of Sony Ericsson products, see list of Sony Ericsson products
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. See talk page for
details. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009)

Sony Ericsson

Type

Joint venture

Industry

Telecommunications

Founded

October 1, 2001[1]

Headquarte Hammersmith, London, United

rs
Area
served

Kingdom

Worldwide

Sir Howard Stringer

Bert Nordberg

(President)

Key people Rikko Sakaguchi

Kristian Tear

(Chairman)

(EVP)

William A Glaser Jr

(CFO)

[2]

Mobile phones
Mobile music devices
Products

Wireless systems
Wireless voice devices
Hi-Tech accessories
Wireless data devices

Revenue

6.788 billion (2009)[3]

Profit

-836 million (2009)

Employees 8,450 (as of April 2010)[4]

Parent

Sony Corporation (50%)

Ericsson AB (50%)
Website

SonyEricsson.com

Sony Ericsson is a joint venture established on October 1, 2001[1] by the Japanese consumer
electronics company Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson
to manufacture mobile phones. The stated reason for this venture is to combine Sony's consumer
electronics expertise with Ericsson's technological knowledge in the communications sector.
Both companies have stopped making their own mobile phones.
The company's global management is based in Hammersmith in London, United Kingdom, and it
has research & development teams in Lund, Sweden; Tokyo, Japan; Beijing, China and Redwood
Shores, United States. By 2009, it was the fourth-largest mobile phone manufacturer in the world
after Nokia, Samsung and LG.[5] The sales of products largely increased due to the launch of the
adaptation of Sony's popular Walkman and Cyber-shot series.
Contents
[hide]

1 Recent performance

2 History
o

2.1 Troubles in Ericsson's mobile phone business

2.2 Background of the joint venture

2.3 Turnaround

2.3.1 Beginning of the turnaround

2.3.2 Success with Walkman and Cyber-shot phones

2.3.3 Beyond

2.4 Sony Ericsson Cost-Cutting Program And Job Losses

3 Types of phones
o

3.1 Main areas of interest

3.2 Phone series description

3.2.1 Naming convention

3.2.1.1 Current system

3.2.1.2 Previous systems

4 Financial information

5 Compatibility

6 Operations

7 Environmental record

8 See also

9 References

10 External links

[edit] Recent performance

While Sony Ericsson has been enjoying strong growth recently, its South Korean rival LG
Electronics overtook it in Q1 2008 due to the company's profits falling significantly by 43% to
133 million (approx. US$ 179.6697 million[6]), sales falling by 8% and market share dropping
from 9.4% to 7.9%, despite favourable conditions that the handset market was expected to grow
by 10% in 2008. Sony Ericsson announced another profit warning in June 2008[7] and saw net
profit crash by 97% in Q2 2008, announcing that it would cut 2,000 jobs, leading to wide fear
that Sony Ericsson is on the verge of decline along with its struggling rival, Motorola.[8] In Q3
the profits were much on the same level, however November and December saw increased
profits along with new models being released such as the C905 being one of the top sellers
across the United Kingdom.
Sony Ericsson has, as of July 18, 2008, approximately 9,400 employees and 2,500 contractors
worldwide. Bert Nordberg is the president of the company since October, 2009. Sir Howard
Stringer, CEO and President, Sony Corporation, is chairman of the board.
[edit] History
[edit] Troubles in Ericsson's mobile phone business

In the United States, Ericsson partnered with General Electric in the early nineties, primarily to
establish a US presence and brand recognition.

Ericsson had decided to obtain chips for its phones from a single sourcea Philips facility in
New Mexico. In March 2000, a fire at the Philips factory contaminated the sterile facility. Philips
assured Ericsson and Nokia (their other major customer) that production would be delayed for no
more than a week. When it became clear that production would actually be compromised for
months, Ericsson was faced with a serious shortage. Nokia had already begun to obtain parts
from alternative sources, but Ericsson's position was much worse as production of current
models and the launch of new ones was held up.[9]
Ericsson, which had been in the cellular phone market for decades, and was the world's no. 3
cellular telephone handset maker, was struggling with huge losses. This was mainly due to this
fire and its inability to produce cheaper phones like Nokia. To curtail the losses, it considered
outsourcing production to Asian companies that could produce the handsets for lower costs.
[according to whom?]

Speculation began about a possible sale by Ericsson of its mobile phone division, but the
company's president said they had no plans to do so. "Mobile phones are really a core business
for Ericsson. We wouldn't be as successful (in networks) if we didn't have phones", he said.[citation
needed]

[edit] Background of the joint venture

Sony was a marginal player in the worldwide cell phone market with a share of less than 1
percent in 2000.
By August 2001, the two companies had finalized the terms of the merger announced in April.
The company was to have an initial workforce of 3,500 employees.
Ericsson's market share actually fell and in August 2002, Ericsson said it would stop making
mobile phones and end its partnership with Sony if the business continued to disappoint
However, in January 2003, both companies said they would inject more money into the joint
venture in a bid to stem the losses.
Sony Ericsson's strategy was to release new models capable of digital photography as well as
other multimedia capabilities such as downloading and viewing video clips and personal
information management capabilities. To this end, it released several new models which had
built-in digital camera and color screen which were novelties at that time. The joint venture,
however, continued to make bigger losses in spite of booming sales. The target date for making a
profit from its first year to 2002 was postponed to 2003 to second half of 2003. It failed in its
mission of becoming the top seller of multimedia handsets and was in fifth-place and struggling
in 2005.
[edit] Turnaround

Annual net income or loss 2003 to 2009

[edit] Beginning of the turnaround

In June 2002, Sony Ericsson announced it would stop making Code division multiple access
(CDMA) cellphones for the US market and would focus on GSM as the dominant technology. It
also cut jobs in research and development in the USA and in Germany. In October 2003, it
posted its first quarterly profit but warned that falling prices on phones and competition would
make it difficult to stay in the black. Sony Ericsson's recovery is credited to the success of the
T610 model. Although Sony Ericsson no longer makes CDMA cellphones for the global market,
they still manufacture CDMA cellphones for Japanese market, mainly for au by KDDI.[citation needed]
Following the success of its P800 phone, Sony Ericsson introduced the P900 at simultaneous
events in Las Vegas and Beijing in October 2003. It was pegged as smaller, faster, simpler and
more flexible than its predecessor.[10]
In March 2004, Ericsson said it would try to block its rival Nokia from gaining control of
Symbian, an industry consortium that made operating software for smart phones.[citation needed]
In 2004, Sony Ericsson's market share increased from 5.6 percent in the first quarter to 7 percent
in the second quarter[citation needed]. In July 2004, Sony Ericsson unveiled the P910 communicator
with its integrated thumbboard, broad e-mail support, quadruple memory and improved screen.
In February 2005, Sony Ericsson president Miles Flint announced at the 3GSM World Congress
that Sony Ericsson would unveil a mobile phone/digital music player in the next month. It would
be called the Walkman phone and would play music file formats such as MP3 and AAC.[citation
needed]

[edit] Success with Walkman and Cyber-shot phones

On March 1, 2005, Sony Ericsson introduced the K750i with a 2 megapixel camera, as well as its
platform mate, the W800i, the first of the Walkman phones capable of 30 hours of music
playback, and two low-end phones.
In 2007 their first 5-Megapixel camera phone, the Sony Ericsson K850i, was announced
followed in 2008 by the Sony Ericsson C905, the world's first 8-Megapixel phone.[citation needed] At
Mobile World Congress 2009, Sony Ericsson unveiled the first 12-Megapixel phone, named
Satio, on 28 May 2009.
[edit] Beyond

On May 1, 2005, Sony Ericsson agreed to become the global title sponsor for the WTA Tour in a
deal worth 88 million US dollars over 6 years. The women's pro tennis circuit was renamed the
Sony Ericsson WTA Tour. Just over a month later on June 7, it announced sponsorship of West
Indian batsmen Chris Gayle and Ramnaresh Sarwan.
In October 2005, Sony Ericsson presented the first mobile phone based on UIQ 3, the P990.
On January 2, 2007, Sony Ericsson announced in Stockholm that it will be having some of its
mobile phones produced in India. It announced that its two outsourcing partners, FLextronics
and Foxconn will be producing 10 million cellphones per year by 2009. CEO Miles Flint
announced at a press conference held with India's communications minister Dayanidhi Maran in
Chennai that India was one of the fastest growing markets in the world and a priority market for
Sony Ericsson with 105 million users of GSM mobile telephones.
On February 2, 2007, Sony Ericsson acquired UIQ Technology, a Swedish software company
from Symbian Ltd.. UIQ will remain an independent company, Miles Flint announced.[11]
On October 15, 2007, Sony Ericsson announced on Symbian Smartphone Show that they will be
selling half of its UIQ share to Motorola thus making UIQ technology owned by two large
mobile phone companies.
[edit] Sony Ericsson Cost-Cutting Program And Job Losses

In June 2008, Sony Ericsson had about 12,000 employees, it then launched a cost-cutting
program and by the end of 2009 it had slashed its global workforce by around 5,000 people. It
planned to cut another 1,500 jobs in 2010. It has also closed R&D (research and development)
centres globally, such as, Chadwick House, Birchwood (Warrington) in the UK; Miami, Seattle,
San Diego and RTP (Raleigh, NC) in the USA; The Chennai Unit (New Delhi) in India;
Hssleholm and Kista in Sweden and operations in the Netherlands. The UIQ centres in London
and Budapest were also closed, UIQ was a joint venture with Motorola which began life in the
1990s.[12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]

[edit] Types of phones

[edit] Main areas of interest
This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that
may only interest a specific audience. Please relocate any relevant
information, and remove excessive trivia, praise, criticism, lists and
collections of links. (January 2010)

The Sony Ericsson K750i.

Sony Ericsson currently concentrates on the categories of: music, camera, business (web and
email), design, all-rounder, eco-friendly, and budget focused phones. Its six largest categories
are:

The Walkman-branded W series music phones, launched in 2005.

The Sony Ericsson W-series music phones are notable for being the first
music-centric series mobile phones, prompting a whole new market for
portable music that was developing at the time. The main feature that can be
seen in all of these Walkman phones is they all have a 'W' button which once
pressed opens the media center. Sony Ericsson's Walkman phones have
previously been commercially endorsed by pop stars Christina Aguilera and
Jason Kay across Europe. The latest model, Yendo, is the first Walkman
branded phone with full touchscreen. Walkman branded phones are also
produced for the Japanese market, where one Walkman branded phone
launched in 2009, Premier (Premier Cube), is able to rip music from a CD
player directly to the phone via a connector.

The Cyber-shot-branded line of phones, launched in 2006 in newer models of

the K series phones.
This range of phones are focused on the quality of the camera included with
the phone. Cyber-shot phones always include a flash, some with a xenon
flash, and also include auto-focus cameras. Sony Ericsson kicked off its global
marketing campaign for Cyber-shot phone with the launch of 'Never Miss a
Shot'. The campaign featured top female tennis players Ana Ivanovi and
Daniela Hantuchov. On 10 February 2008, the series has been expanded

with the announcement of C702, C902 and C905 phones. The latest model,
S003, which launched in 2010 for the Japanese market only, is the second of
Cyber-shot branded phone series which features a 12 Megapixel camera after
Satio. It uses 'Exmor' CMOS sensor, Dual-LED 'PLASMA' Flash, ISO 3200, and
is waterproof.

The BRAVIA-branded line of phones, launched 2007 in the Japanese market

only.
Until now, four BRAVIA branded phones have been produced. Sony Ericsson
(FOMA SO903iTV, FOMA SO906i, U1, and S004[23]) uses the BRAVIA brand.
BRAVIA branded phone are able to show 1seg terrestrial television.

The UIQ smartphone range of mobiles, introduced with the P series in 2003
with the introduction of P800.
They are notable for their touchscreens, QWERTY keypads (on most models),
and use of the UIQ interface platform for Symbian OS. This range has since
expanded into the M series and G series phones.

The XPERIA range of mobile phones, heralded by the Sony Ericsson XPERIA
X1 on February 2008 at the Mobile World Congress (formerly 3GSM) held in
Barcelona Spain, was the first trademark promoted by the Sony Ericsson as
its own and is designated to provide technological convergence among its
target user base. The first model, X1, carried the Windows Mobile operating
system with a Sony Ericsson's panel interface. The Xperia X10 model features
the Android operating system. Additionally, Yahoo! News reported that Sony
will align with Google to run Android on its upcoming gaming smartphone. [24]

The GreenHeart range of mobile phones, first introduced in 2009, heralded by

the Sony Ericsson J105i Naite and C901 GreenHeart.
It is focused on an environmentally friendly theme, but still featured with
recent mobile technology and multimedia capability. It mainly uses ecofriendly materials and features eco-apps.

[edit] Phone series description

Seri
es

Branding

Cyber-shot

Description

Origin

Camera-focused phones.

Cyber-shot

T-Mobile

T-Mobile network exclusive phones.

Deutsche
Telekom

Vodafone (partial)

Vodafone network exclusive phones;

Gaming focused phones

Vodafone / Fun

Web

Web browsing-oriented phones.

Generation Web

Junior/Low end

Low-end series

Junior

Cyber-shot (partial)
and QuickShare
All-around phones
(partial)
QWERTY, fashionfocused business
phones

Business-focused smartphones.

PDA UIQ (Symbian)

Powerhouse smartphones.
phones

Kamera,
Swedish for
camera
Messaging

PDA

Low end phones that are made for

AM/FM radio

Radio

Fashion low end phones, mostly part

produced by Sagem

Swivel, Slider,
Snapshot,
Sagem

All-around phones/Older Ericsson

handsets

Tala (Swedish
for "talk")

Radio

Style/Sagem

Talker/Older Ericsson

T-Mobile

Entertainment
Unlimited

Internal model number for phones

launched under the Entertainment
Unlimited brand

Unlimited

Vodafone

Vodafone network exclusive phones.

Vodafone

Walkman

Music-focused phones.

Walkman

Xperia

T-Mobile USA network exclusive phones T-Mobile

Convergence and powerhouse devices. Xperia

Ze Bobber (meaning
Design-oriented phones/clamshells
With Flip)

Ze Bobber

[edit] Naming convention

[edit] Current system

After the 2008 Mobile World Congress, Sony Ericsson announced their new naming system
comprising four characters, each character denoting the "Series", the "Range/Class", the
"Version" and the "Form Factor" respectively.
Series

Range/Class Version

Form Factor

(see above for series

letters)

1-4: Low-end (in numerical order of

5-7: Midsuccession)
range

0-2:
Candybar
3-5: Slider

8-9: High-end

6-8:
Clamshell
9: Others

Some older Sony Ericsson handsets and some older that are still on the market (i.e. Sony
Ericsson W890i) use suffixes for the market it is sold in, or stripped down features. The suffixes
used were:

A000a which meant for American/US market only.

A000i was for the Asia-pacific region

A000im was for i-mode mobile phones by Sony Ericsson

A000c was for the Chinese market only.

All new devices created by Sony Ericsson will not use suffixes but just the model (i.e. instead of
A000a there will be A000 in every market, to avoid confusion, they will also have names
replaced instead of a model to avoid even more confusion (i.e. instead of Sony Ericsson U10i
they named it Sony Ericsson Aino)
[edit] Previous systems

Sony Ericsson has used three methods in the past of naming their mobile products:

The most common format uses a total of five (or six) characters, e.g. K750i.
This format begins with a capital letter to denote the series of the phone
(K750i). This is then followed by three numbers (K750i). The first number
indicates the sub-series of the phone, the second indicates the amount of
progression from the previous release, i.e. K700i to K750i, and the third
number is always either a '0','5' or '8'. The number '8' is used either to show
a variation of the phone destined for a different market without a feature, e.g.
the W888 is a W880i without 3G, or it is used to separate phones which have
identical specifications but the designs are different, e.g. K610i and the K618i
or k800i and the k810i. The number '5' is used for newer models, where the
first two numbers and the zero have already been used in a previous model,
for example in the case of the W700 and the W705, which allows for more
naming options. Finally, the lowercase letter at the end of the model name
describes the market for which a product is intended; these are: a for the
Americas, c for China, and i stands for an international version; there is also
an 'im' suffix used for branding i-mode phones. Often the last letter is left out
to describe the phone generically with no region specific branding.

A newer format uses a total of three characters, e.g. P1i. It is believed that
this format is intended for naming flagship models of each phone series due
to the limited numbering combinations.
It begins with a capital letter to denote the series of the phone (P1i). The

number is used to indicate the amount of progression from the previous

release (P1i) and the final lowercase letter, as explained above, describes the
market for which a product is intended. Again, often the last letter is left out
to describe the phone generically with no region specific branding.

The oldest naming format uses a total of four characters, e.g. T68i. This
format continued from the naming scheme of the Ericsson mobile business
and was only ever used once.
This format begins with a capital letter to denote the series of the phone
(T68i). The first number indicates the sub-series of the phone (T68i) and the
second letter indicates the amount of progression from the previous release.
The last lowercase letter indicates that it is an update of the previous model,
i.e. T68 to T68i.

Another peculiar naming format was the one used in naming the Z1010; this format has not been
used since the Z1010.
Furthermore, Sony Ericsson always give their phones codenames when developing. Mainly to
keep the information secret and to prevent leaks. All codenames are female names, and some
have been taken from the female players of the Sony Ericsson-sponsored tennis tournament,
WTA.
[edit] Financial information

Annual shipments of units 2003 to 2009

Sony Ericsson posted its first profit in the second half of 2003. Since then, the sales figures from
phones have been:

2004: 42 million units[25]

2005: 50 million units[26]

2006: 74.8 million units[27]

2007: 103.4 million units[28]

2008: 96.6 million units[29]

2009: 57.1 million units[30]

According to the Swedish Magazine M3s issue 7/2006 Sony Ericsson is the best-selling phone
brand in the Nordic countries, followed by Nokia.
In the third quarter of 2009, Sony Ericsson became the world's fourth largest mobile phone
manufacturer with 4.9% of market share after Nokia(37.8%), Samsung(21%) and LG(11%).
[edit] Compatibility

During E3 2007 Media and Business Summit, Phil Harrison, Sony CEO showcased a Sony
Ericsson phone using the PlayStation's XMB. A select group of phones are also said to integrate
into PlayStation Home (final product)
During the announcement of Sony Ericsson K850, W960 and W910 some review sites have
shown that those mentioned phones and future mid-range or better phones will have Media to
replace the standard File Manager which will be moved to the Organiser of the phone. The
Media manager possesses a UI that resembles the XMB interface found on Sony TV, PS3, and
PSP products. The mobile developer site confirmed from their spec sheets and white papers that
the XMB media manager is standard to the phones running Java Platform 8 also known as A200
Platform and Symbian devices like Sony Ericsson Satio and Sony Ericsson Vivaz.
[edit] Operations

In 2009 Sony Ericsson announced that it was moving its North American headquarters from
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina to Atlanta. The headquarters move was part of a plan to
reduce its workforce, then 10,000 employees, by 20%. As of that year Sony Ericsson had 425
employees in Research Triangle Park; the staff had been reduced by hundreds due to layoffs.[31]
Stacy Doster, a spokesperson of Sony Ericsson, said that the proximity to Hartsfield-Jackson
Atlanta International Airport's flights to Latin America and the operations of AT&T Mobility
influenced the decision to move the USA headquarters. Sony Ericsson will close the Research
Triangle site.[31][32]
[edit] Environmental record

Sony Ericsson ranks 2nd behind Nokia out of 18 leading electronics makers in Greenpeaces
Guide to Greener Electronics that assesses their policies on toxic chemicals, recycling and
climate change. It is the first company to score full marks on all chemical criteria in the ranking.

[33]

Sony Ericsson is ahead of many of its competitors in eliminating chemical substances in its
products. All Sony Ericsson products are free of toxic vinyl plastic (PVC) and brominated flame
retardants (BFRs) except for the ongoing phase-out of a few components. It has removed
antimony, beryllium and phthalate from models launched since 2008.[34] Greenpeace criticises
Sony Ericssons limited take-back and recycling programme, as well as its limited use of recycled
plastic in its products.[35]. However, in June 2009 launched its first GreenHeart series device, the
C901, wich indirectly emits a 15% less of CO2 during its fabrication and usage, compared to
other SE phones. It is also packed in a small box without paper manual, includes an eco-charger,
and its cover is made of recycled plastic.
[edit] See also
companies portal

Sony

Ericsson

Nokia

Samsung

Symbian

MyPhoneExplorer - full featured Sony Ericsson manager software for MS

Windows, (able to backup, synch and editing almost all data on the phone via
Bluetooth, infrared or USB)

Media Go - music, photo, video, and game management software made for
Sony Ericsson phones

Disc2Phone - music management software made for Sony Ericsson phones

SonicStage - music management software made for Japan market phones.

PlayNow - global content distribution portal

List of Sony Ericsson products

[edit] References

1. ^ a b "Ericsson - press release". Cision Wire.

http://www.cisionwire.com/ericsson/sony-ericsson-mobile-communicationsestablished-today. Retrieved 2001-10-01.
2. ^
http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/corporate/company/aboutus/executivebiogr
aphies
3. ^ "Sony Ericsson Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2009 Results"
4. ^ IDG.se - 3150 have been fired
5. ^ http://www.telecomskorea.com/market-8211.html
6. ^ 133 million to $ - Google Search
7. ^ Sony Ericsson issues second profit warning of the year, hopes to break
even in Q2 - Engadget
8. ^ Sony Ericsson Profits Crash 48% - TrustedReviews
9. ^ "When the chain breaks" (June 17, 2006). The Economist: A survey of
logistics, p. 18.
10.^ Pilato, Fabrizio (October 20, 2003). "Sony Ericsson unveils the P900
Symbian OS Powered Smartphone".
http://www.mobilemag.com/2003/10/20/sony-ericsson-unveils-the-p900symbian-os-powered-smartphone/.
11.^ Sony Ericsson seeks shareholders for UIQ software company - MarketWatch
12.^ "Sony Ericsson to close down unit in Manchester". cn-c114.net.
http://www.cn-c114.net/578/a349096.html.
13.^ "UK redundancies reach 25,000 in just a week". Times Online.
http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/economics/article5201539.ece.
14.^ "China wins, Symbian loses in Sony Ericsson reorg". The Register.
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/09/30/sony_ericsson_reorg.
15.^ "Ericsson to cut a further 5,000 jobs". Telegraph.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandteleco
ms/4305325/Ericsson-to-cut-a-further-5000-jobs.html.
16.^ "Sony Ericsson to Cut 2,000 More Jobs After Third Loss (Update3)".
Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?
pid=newsarchive&sid=aB0MUA6dgOk4.

17.^ "Sony Ericsson to lay off 2,000 more workers". ZDNet.

http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/networking/2009/04/17/sony-ericsson-to-lay-off2000-more-workers-39641353.
18.^ "With Profit Down 82% for Quarter, Ericsson Plans More Job Cuts". NY
Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/26/technology/companies/26ericsson.html?
_r=1.
19.^ "Sony Ericsson to close Kista development centre". The Local.
http://www.thelocal.se/23350/20091119.
20.^ "Sony Ericsson to shut down Chennai unit". The Hindu Business Line.
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/11/20/stories/2009112052150100
.htm.
21.^ "Four Facilities Closing and 2000 job Losses with Sony Ericsson". Phones
Review. http://www.phonesreview.co.uk/2009/11/18/four-facilities-closing-and2000-job-losses-with-sony-ericsson.
22.^ "Sony Ericsson to close RTP site". WRAL.
http://www.wral.com/business/story/6446521.
23.^ NTT docomo SO906i
24.^ Mokey, Nick. "Sony Adopts Android 3.0 for Upcoming PlayStation Phone",
Yahoo! News, 12 August 2010. Retrieved on 08-12-10.
25.^ Gartner Says Top Six Vendors Drive Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales to 21
Percent Growth in 2005, gartner.com, 28 February 2006.
26.^ Sony Ericsson reports record shipments, sales and profits,
sonyericsson.com, 18 January 2006.
27.^ Record quarter caps a record year for Sony Ericsson, sonyericsson.com, 17
January 2007.
28.^ Sony Ericsson sells over 100 million handsets in 2007, sonyericsson.com,
16 January 2008.
29.^ Sony Ericsson reports results for fourth quarter and full year 2008,
sonyericsson.com, 16 January 2009.
30.^ Sony Ericsson reports results for fourth quarter and full year 2009,
sonyericsson.com, 22 January 2010.
31.^ a b Dalesio, Emery P. "Sony Ericsson closes NC, other sites as HQ moves."
Associated Press. November 18, 2009. Retrieved on November 18, 2009.

32.^ Swartz, Kristi E. "Sony Ericsson moving North American HQ to Atlanta." The
Atlanta-Journal Constitution. Wednesday November 18, 2009. Retrieved on
November 18, 2009.
33.^ "Guide to Greener Electronics". Greenpeace International.
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/toxics/electronics/Gui
de-to-Greener-Electronics/. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
34.^ "Sony Ericsson Corporate Company Sustainability - Consciousdesign".
Sony Ericsson.
http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/corporate/company/sustainability/consciou
sdesign. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
35.^ "Ranking tables MAY 2010-Sony Ericsson.pdf". Greenpeace International.
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/toxi
cs/2010/Ranking%20tables%20MAY%202010-Sony%20Ericsson.pdf.
Retrieved 2010-08-24.
[edit] External links

Xperia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Xperia is the name of Sony Ericsson's range of high-end smartphones. Five members of the
product family have been released:

Xperia X1 - released in October 2008, runs on Windows Mobile 6.1

Xperia X2 - released in September 2009, runs on Windows Mobile 6.5 [1]

Xperia X10 - released in March 2010, runs on Android 1.6 [2] / 2.1 [3]

Xperia X10 Mini - released in May 2010, runs on Android 1.6 [4] / 2.1 [3]

Xperia X10 Mini Pro - released in May 2010, runs Android 1.6 [5] / 2.1 [3]

Xperia X8 - released in Q4 2010, running Android 1.6 [6] / 2.1 [3]

Contents
[hide]

1 Initial Software Issues

2 Constant Delays in Updates

3 Build Quality Issues

4 Upcoming models

5 X Series: Xperia phones

6 See also

7 References

[edit] Initial Software Issues

The initial 3UK (and possibly other Mobile Operators) release of firmware contains several bugs
- Some users report WiFi reception is very poor[7], and also if the user has a PIN code active on
their USIM, the phone can PUK-lock the user's USIM without warning. Once the USIM is PUKlocked, there is no way to unlock the USIM in the Xperia handset - the USIM must be placed in
another mobile phone to apply the PUK unlock code.

[edit] Constant Delays in Updates

Promised update to Android 2.1 and much needed patches for critical software bugs has its
release date pushed back time and time again. [8]

[edit] Build Quality Issues

X1 and X2 are subject to cracks that appear without reason. Warranty pertaining to the issue is
honoured in selected countries but simply denied and ignored by customer service in the others.
[9][10]

[edit] Upcoming models

Xperia Pureness, a translucent phone without camera that will be sold by selected
retailers in selected cities.[11]

[edit] X Series: Xperia phones

Phone
Screen
model
type
Sony
Ericsso
n
Color
Xperia
X1
Sony
Ericsso
n
Color
Xperia
X2
Sony
Ericsso
n
Color
Xperia
X8
Sony
Ericsso
n
Color
Xperia
X10
Sony
Ericsso
n
Monochro
Xperia me
Purene
ss
Sony
Ericsso
n
Color
Xperia
X10
Mini
Sony
Ericsso
n
Xperia Color
X10
Mini
Pro

Screen
Release Technology/Freque Form
resoluti
d
ncy
factor
on

Camera Carrier(
OS
s)

WVGA 2008

Slider

Rogers
Wireless
3.2
in
Megapix Canada
el
but no
carriers
in US

Windo
8.1
Unknow ws
Megapix
n
Mobile
el
6.5

GSM, UMTS

Windo
ws
Mobile
6.1

WVGA 2009

GSM, UMTS

Slider

Q4
2010

GSM, UMTS

3
Touchscre
Unknow Android
Megapix
en
n
1.6 / 2.1
el

FWVG 2010 [12]

GSM, UMTS
[13]
A

Rogers
8.1
Touchscre
Wireless Android
Megapix
en
in
1.6 / 2.1
el
Canada

Unknow
2009 [14] GSM, UMTS
n

Candybar No

QVGA 2010 [15] GSM, UMTS

Rogers
5
Touchscre
Wireless Android
Megapix
en
in
1.6 / 2.1
el
Canada

QVGA 2010 [15] GSM, UMTS

Slider

HVGA

A200
Unknow
Platfor
n
m

5
Unknow Android
Megapix
n
1.6 / 2.1
el

[edit] See also

Technological convergence

[edit] References
1. ^ Sony Ericsson Unveils XPERIA X2 Smartphone
2. ^ "Sony Ericsson XPERIA X10 - Full phone specifications". GSMArena.com.
http://www.gsmarena.com/sony_ericsson_xperia_x10-2964.php. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
3. ^ a b c d "X8 Announcement and XPERIA Updates". sonyericsson.com.
http://blogs.sonyericsson.com/products/2010/06/16/x8-announcement-and-xperiaupdates/. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
4. ^ "Sony Ericsson XPERIA X10 mini - Full phone specifications". GSMArena.com.
http://www.gsmarena.com/sony_ericsson_xperia_x10_mini-3125.php. Retrieved 27 June
2010.
5. ^ "Sony Ericsson XPERIA X10 mini pro - Full phone specifications". GSMArena.com.
http://www.gsmarena.com/sony_ericsson_xperia_x10_mini_pro-3147.php. Retrieved 27
June 2010.
6. ^ "Sony Ericsson XPERIA X8 - Full phone specifications". GSMArena.com.
http://www.gsmarena.com/sony_ericsson_xperia_x8-3403.php. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
7. ^ Xperia X10 WiFi bug found
8. ^ [http://blogs.sonyericsson.com/products/2010/09/23/update-on-updates/
9. ^ http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=447211
10. ^ http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=691611
11. ^ Xperia Pureness - genomskinlig Sony Ericsson
12. ^ Sony Ericsson XPERIA X10 introduces an open and integrated world of social
media, communication and entertainment
13. ^ Sony Ericsson unveils Xperia X10 Andriod handset
14. ^ Sony Ericsson shows new Xperia Pureness at London brand event

15. ^ a b
http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/corporate/press/pressreleases/pressreleasedetails/sonye
ricssonx10miniandminifinal-20100214
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xperia"
Categories: Sony Ericsson mobile phones
Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from September 2010
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Android (operating system)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Android

Android 2.2
Company / developer
Programmed in

Google Inc.,
Open Handset Alliance
C (core),[1] C++ (some third party
libraries), Java (UI)

Working state

Current

Source model

Free and open source software

Initial release

21 October 2008

Latest stable release

Supported platforms
Kernel type

2.2.1 (Froyo) / 23 September 2010;

50 days ago[2]
ARM, MIPS, Power Architecture,
x86[citation needed]
Monolithic (modified Linux kernel)

Default user interface Graphical

License
Official website

Apache 2.0 and GNU General Public

License v2[3]
android.com

Android is a mobile operating system initially developed by Android Inc., a firm purchased by
Google in 2005.[4] Android is based upon a modified version of the Linux kernel. It is a
participant in the Open Handset Alliance.[5] Unit sales for Android OS smartphones ranked first
among all smartphone OS handsets sold in the U.S. in the second and third quarters of 2010,[6][7][8]
with a third quarter market share of 43.6%.[9]
Android has a large community of developers writing application programs ("apps") that extend
the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 100,000 apps available for Android.[10]
[11]
Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can be downloaded from
third party sites (except on AT&T, which disallows this). Developers write in the Java language,
controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.[12]
The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding
of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 78 hardware, software, and telecom companies
devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[13][14] Google released most of the
Android code under the Apache License, a free software and open source license.[15]
The Android operating system software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java
based object oriented application framework on top of Java core libraries running on a Dalvik
virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries written in C include the surface manager,
OpenCore[16] media framework, SQLite relational database management system, OpenGL ES 2.0
3D graphics API, WebKit layout engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bionic libc. The

Android operating system consists of 12 million lines of code including 3 million lines of XML,
2.8 million lines of C, 2.1 million lines of Java, and 1.75 million lines of C++.[17]

Contents
[hide]

1 History
o 1.1 Acquisition by Google
o 1.2 Open Handset Alliance
o 1.3 Licensing
o 1.4 Update history

2 Features

3 Hardware running Android

4 Software development
o 4.1 Software development kit
o 4.2 Android Market
o 4.3 App Inventor for Android
o 4.4 Android Developer Challenge
o 4.5 Google applications
o 4.6 Third party applications
o 4.7 Languages (locales)
o 4.8 Native code
o 4.9 Community-based firmware
o 4.10 Scripting Layer for Android (SL4A)

5 Marketing
o 5.1 Logos
o 5.2 Typeface
o 5.3 Market share
o 5.4 Android OS usage share

6 Restrictions and issues

o 6.1 Linux compatibility
o 6.2 Networking issues
o 6.3 Issues concerning application development
o 6.4 Other issues
o 6.5 Claimed infringement of copyrights and patents

7 See also

8 References

9 Bibliography

10 External links

[edit] History
[edit] Acquisition by Google
In July 2005, Google acquired Android, Inc., a small startup company based in Palo Alto,
California, USA.[18] Android's co-founders who went to work at Google included Andy Rubin
(co-founder of Danger),[19] Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),[20] Nick
Sears (once VP at T-Mobile),[21] and Chris White (headed design and interface development at
WebTV).[22] At the time, little was known about the functions of Android, Inc. other than that
they made software for mobile phones.[18] This began rumors that Google was planning to enter
the mobile phone market.

At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux
kernel which they marketed to handset makers and carriers on the premise of providing a
flexible, upgradable system. It was reported that Google had already lined up a series of
hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various
degrees of cooperation on their part.[23][24][25] More speculation that Google would be entering the
mobile-phone market came in December 2006.[26] Reports from the BBC and The Wall Street
Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it was
working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google
was developing a Google-branded handset.[27] More speculation followed reporting that as
Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone
manufacturers and network operators.
In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had
filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.[28][29]

[edit] Open Handset Alliance

Main article: Open Handset Alliance
"Today's announcement is more ambitious than any single 'Google Phone' that the press has been speculating
about over the past few weeks. Our vision is that the powerful platform we're unveiling will power thousands
of different phone models."
Eric Schmidt, Google Chairman/CEO[5]

On the 5th of November 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several companies
which include Texas Instruments, Broadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell
Technology Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel and TMobile was unveiled with the goal to develop open standards for mobile devices.[5] Along with
the formation of the Open Handset Alliance, the OHA also unveiled their first product, Android,
a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.[5]
On 9 December 2008, it was announced that 14 new members would be joining the Android
Project, including PacketVideo, ARM Holdings, Atheros Communications, Asustek Computer
Inc, Garmin Ltd, Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group Plc.[30][31]

[edit] Licensing
With the exception of brief update periods, Android has been available under a free software /
open source license since 21 October 2008. Google published the entire source code (including
network and telephony stacks)[32] under an Apache License.[33]
With the Apache License, vendors can add proprietary extensions without submitting those back
to the open source community.

[edit] Update history

Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates to the base
operating system typically fix bugs and add new features. Generally each update to the Android
operating system is developed under a code name based on a dessert item.
1.1

Released 9 February 2009

On 30 April 2009, the official 1.5 (Cupcake) update for Android was
released.[34][35] There were several new features and UI updates included in
the 1.5 update:[36]

1.5 (Cupcake)
Based on Linux
Kernel 2.6.27

Ability to record and watch videos through camcorder mode

Uploading videos to YouTube and pictures to Picasa directly from

the phone

A new soft-keyboard with text-prediction

Bluetooth A2DP and AVRCP support

Ability to automatically connect to a Bluetooth headset within a

certain distance

New widgets and folders that can populate the Home screens

Animated screen transitions

1.6 (Donut)
On 15 September 2009, the 1.6 (Donut) SDK was released.[38][39] Included in
Based on Linux the update were:[37]
Kernel 2.6.29[37]
An improved Android Market experience

An integrated camera, camcorder, and gallery interface

Gallery now enables users to select multiple photos for deletion

Updated Voice Search, with faster response and deeper integration

with native applications, including the ability to dial contacts

Updated search experience to allow searching bookmarks, history,

contacts, and the web from the home screen

Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and

a text-to-speech engine

Support for WVGA screen resolutions

Speed improvements in searching and camera applications

Gesture framework and GestureBuilder development tool

Google free turn-by-turn navigation

2.0/2.1 (Eclair) On 26 October 2009 the 2.0 (Eclair) SDK was released.[41] Among the
Based on Linux changes were:[42]
Kernel 2.6.29[40]
Optimized hardware speed

Support for more screen sizes and resolutions

Revamped UI

New Browser UI and HTML5 support

New contact lists

Better contrast ratio for backgrounds

Improved Google Maps 3.1.2

Microsoft Exchange support

Built in flash support for Camera

Digital Zoom

MotionEvent class enhanced to track multi-touch events[43]

Improved virtual keyboard

Bluetooth 2.1

Live Wallpapers

The 2.0.1 SDK was released on 3 December 2009.[44]

The 2.1 SDK was released on 12 January 2010.[45]

On 20 May 2010 the 2.2 Frozen Yogurt (Froyo) SDK was released.[2]
Changes included:[48]

2.2 (Froyo)[46]
Based on Linux
Kernel 2.6.32[47]

General Android OS speed, memory, and performance

optimizations[49]

Additional application speed improvements courtesy of JIT

implementation[50]

Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into the Browser

application

Increased Microsoft Exchange support (security policies, autodiscovery, GAL look-up, calendar synchronization, remote wipe)

Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser

applications

USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality

Added an option to disable data access over mobile network

Updated Market application with batch and automatic update

features[49]

Quick switching between multiple keyboard languages and their

dictionaries

Voice dialing and contact sharing over Bluetooth

Support for numeric and alphanumeric passwords

Support for file upload fields in the Browser application[51]

Browser can now display animated GIFs (instead of just the first
frame)

Support for installing applications to the expandable memory[52]

Adobe Flash 10.1 support[53]

Scheduled for 11. November 2010.[55] Confirmed new features:

Support for WebM video playback[56]

Improved copypaste functionalities[57]

Improved social networking features[58]

Unconfirmed new features:

2.3 (Gingerbread)

Android Market music store[59]

Media streaming from PC library[59]

Revamped UI[60]

Support for bigger screens with up to Wide XGA (1366768)

resolution[61]

New 3D Games support including new Marketplace area for gaming

Use of mksh for /system/bin/sh[62]

Support for video calls

Support for WebP image files

Support for Google TV

[54]

Based on Linux
Kernel 2.6.33 or .
34[47]

3.0 (Honeycomb) Scheduled for early 2011 launch. Feature list started with features that won't
[63][64]
make the cut-off for Gingerbread

? (Ice Cream)

Rumored to be Android 4.0

Supposed mid 2011 launch.[65]

[65]

[edit] Features
Current features and specifications:[66][67][68]

The Android Emulator default home screen (v1.5).

Architecture Diagram
The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics
Handset layouts library based on OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone
layouts.
Storage

SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes

Connectivity

Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, IDEN,

CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, and WiMAX.

Messaging

SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded text
messaging and now Android Cloud to Device Messaging Framework (C2DM)
is also a part of Android Push Messaging service.

The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit

Web browser layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. The browser
scores a 93/100 on the Acid3 Test.
While Android applications are written in Java, there's no Java Virtual
Machine in the platform and Java byte code is not executed. Java classes get
recompiled into Dalvik executable and run on Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik
Java support is a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android and
optimized for battery-powered mobile devices with limited memory and CPU.
J2ME support can be provided via third-party-application such as the J2ME
MIDP Runner.[69]
Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: H.263, H.264
(in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container),
Media support
AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV,
JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP.[68]
RTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS, ISMA), HTML progressive download
(HTML5 <video> tag). Adobe Flash Streaming (RTMP) is supported through
Adobe Flash Player plugin. Apple HTTP Live Streaming is supported through
Streaming
third party media player (Nextreaming NexPlayer). Microsoft Smooth
media support
Streaming is planned to be supported through the awaited port of Silverlight
plugin to Android. Adobe Flash HTTP Dynamic Streaming is planned to be
supported through an upgrade of the Flash plugin.

Additional
hardware
support

Android can use video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers,

gyroscopes, magnetometers, proximity and pressure sensors, thermometers,
accelerated 2D bit blits (with hardware orientation, scaling, pixel format
conversion) and accelerated 3D graphics.

Development Includes a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance
environment profiling, and a plugin for the Eclipse IDE.
Market

Like many phone-based application stores, the Android Market is a catalog of

applications that can be downloaded and installed to target hardware over-theair, without the use of a PC. Originally only free applications were supported.

Paid-for applications have been available on the Android Market in the United
States since 19 February 2009.[70] The Android Market has been expanding
rapidly. As of August 3, 2010, it had over 100,000 Android applications for
download.[71] There are other markets, such as SlideME and Getjar, but
Google's Android Market is the only one whose downloader is installed on
every Google Android phone.

Multi-touch

Bluetooth

Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available
in handsets such as the HTC Hero. The feature was originally disabled at the
kernel level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patents on touch-screen
technology).[72] Google has since released an update for the Nexus One and the
Motorola Droid which enables multi-touch natively.[73]
Support for A2DP and AVRCP were added in version 1.5;[36] sending files
(OPP) and accessing the phone book (PBAP) were added in version 2.0;[42] and
voice dialing and sending contacts between phones were added in version 2.2.
[48]

Videocalling

The mainstream Android version doesn't support videocalling,[74] however

some handsets could have a customized version of the operating system which
supports it (like the Samsung i9000 Galaxy S and HTC Evo 4G).

Multitasking Multitasking of applications is available.[75]

Voice based
features

Google search through Voice is available as Search Input since initial release.
[76]
Also launched Voice actions supported on Android 2.2 onwards.

Tethering

Android supports tethering, which allows a phone to be used as a

wireless/wired hotspot (All 2.2 Froyo phones, unofficial on phones running
1.6 or higher via applications available in the Android Market, e.g. PdaNet).
To allow a laptop to share the 3G connection on an Android phone software
may need to be installed on both the phone and the laptop[77]

[edit] Hardware running Android

Main article: List of Android devices
The Android OS can be used to power cellphones, netbooks and tablet PCs, including the Dell
Streak, Samsung Galaxy Tab and other devices.[78][79]

The world's first TV running Android, called Scandinavia, has also been launched by the
company People of Lava.[80]
The first commercially available phone to run the Android operating system was the HTC
Dream, released on 22 October 2008.[81]

[edit] Software development

Early Android device.

The early feedback on developing applications for the Android platform was mixed.[82] Issues
cited include bugs, lack of documentation, inadequate QA infrastructure, and no public issuetracking system. (Google announced an issue tracker on 18 January 2008.)[83] In December 2007,
MergeLab mobile startup founder Adam MacBeth stated, "Functionality is not there, is poorly
documented or just doesn't work... It's clearly not ready for prime time."[84] Despite this, Androidtargeted applications began to appear the week after the platform was announced. The first
publicly available application was the Snake game.[85][86] The Android Dev Phone is a SIMunlocked and hardware-unlocked device that is designed for advanced developers. While
developers can use regular consumer devices purchased at retail to test and use their applications,
some developers may choose not to use a retail device, preferring an unlocked or no-contract
device.

[edit] Software development kit

The Android SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools.[87] These include a
debugger, libraries, a handset emulator (based on QEMU), documentation, sample code, and
tutorials. Currently supported development platforms include x86-architecture computers
running Linux (any modern desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X 10.4.9 or later, Windows XP
or Vista. Requirements also include Java Development Kit, Apache Ant, and Python 2.2 or later.
The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (3.2 or later) using

the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin, though developers may use any text editor to edit
Java and XML files then use command line tools to create, build and debug Android applications
as well as control attached Android devices (e.g., triggering a reboot, installing software
package(s) remotely).[88]
A preview release of the Android software development kit (SDK) was released on 12 November
2007. On 15 July 2008, the Android Developer Challenge Team accidentally sent an email to all
entrants in the Android Developer Challenge announcing that a new release of the SDK was
available in a "private" download area. The email was intended for winners of the first round of
the Android Developer Challenge. The revelation that Google was supplying new SDK releases
to some developers and not others (and keeping this arrangement private) has led to widely
reported frustration within the Android developer community.[89]
On 18 August 2008 the Android 0.9 SDK beta was released. This release provided an updated
and extended API, improved development tools and an updated design for the home screen.
Detailed instructions for upgrading are available to those already working with an earlier release.
[90]
On 23 September 2008 the Android 1.0 SDK (Release 1) was released.[91] According to the
release notes, it included "mainly bug fixes, although some smaller features were added". It also
included several API changes from the 0.9 version.
This section overlaps with other sections too much. It should be combined with the
rest of the article.
Please improve this article if you can.

On 9 March 2009, Google released version 1.1 for the Android dev phone. While there are a few
aesthetic updates, a few crucial updates include support for "search by voice, priced applications,
alarm clock fixes, sending gmail freeze fix, fixes mail notifications and refreshing intervals, and
now the maps show business reviews". Another important update is that Dev phones can now
access paid applications and developers can now see them on the Android Market.[92]
In the middle of May 2009, Google released version 1.5 (Cupcake) of the Android OS and SDK.
This update included many new features including video recording, support for the stereo
Bluetooth profile, a customizable onscreen keyboard system and voice recognition. This release
also opened up the AppWidget framework to third party developers allowing anyone to create
their own home screen widgets.[93]
In September 2009 the "Donut" version (1.6) was released which featured better search, battery
usage indicator and VPN control applet. New platform technologies included Text to Speech
engine (not available on all phones), Gestures & Accessibility framework.[94]
Android Applications are packaged in .apk format and stored under /data/app folder on the
Android OS. The user can run the command adb root to access this folder as only the root has
permissions to access this folder.

[edit] Android Market

Main article: Android Market

On 28th August 2008 Google announced the Android Market which was available to users on
22nd October 2008. Support for paid applications was available from 13th February 2009 for US
and UK developers[95], with additional support from 29 countires on 30th September 2010[96]. The
[Android Market] is the official download location for applications and games for Android
powered devices, in mobile phone the Market application is built in and integrated with each
version of the OS to allow user's quick access to a range of applications and games that will be
usable on their individual device.[97] There is a huge amount of games, applications and widgets
available on the [Android Market] with the number of applications being cited in November
2010 at 160,000[98].

[edit] App Inventor for Android

Main article: Google App Inventor
On July 12, 2010 Google announced the availability of App Inventor for Android, a Web-based
visual development environment for novice programmers, based on MIT's Open Blocks Java
library and providing access to Android devices' GPS, accelerometer and orientation data, phone
functions, text messaging, speech-to-text conversion, contact data, persistent storage, and Web
services, initially including Amazon and Twitter.[99] "We could only have done this because
Androids architecture is so open," said the project director, MIT's Hal Abelson.[100] Under
development for over a year,[101] the block-editing tool has been taught to non-majors in computer
science at Harvard, MIT, Wellsley, and the University of San Francisco, where professor David
Wolber developed an introductory computer science course and tutorial book for non-computer
science students based on App Inventor for Android.[102][103]

[edit] Android Developer Challenge

Main article: Android Developer Challenge
The Android Developer Challenge was a competition for the most innovative application for
Android. Google offered prizes totaling 10 million US dollars, distributed between ADC I and
ADC II. ADC I accepted submissions from 2 January to 14 April 2008. The 50 most promising
entries, announced on 12 May 2008, each received a $25,000 award to fund further development.
[104][105]
It ended in early September with the announcement of ten teams that received $275,000
each, and ten teams that received $100,000 each.[106] ADC II was announced on 27 May 2009.[107]
The first round of the ADC II closed on 6 October 2009.[108] The first-round winners of ADC II
comprising the top 200 applications were announced on 5 November 2009. Voting for the second
round also opened on the same day and ended on November 25. Google announced the top
winners of ADC II on November 30, with SweetDreams, What the Doodle!? and WaveSecure
being nominated the overall winners of the challenge.[109][110]

[edit] Google applications

Google has also participated in the Android Market by offering several applications for its
services. These applications include Google Voice for the Google Voice service, Sky Map for
watching stars, Finance for their finance service, Maps Editor for their MyMaps service, Places
Directory for their Local Search, Google Goggles that searches by image, Gesture Search for
using finger written letters and numbers to search the contents of the phone, Google Translate,
Google Shopper, Listen for podcasts and My Tracks, a jogging application.
In August 2010, Google launched "Voice Actions for Android",[111] which allows users to search,
write messages, and initiate calls by voice.

[edit] Third party applications

With the growing number of Android handsets, there has also been an increased interest by third
party developers to port their applications to the Android operating system. Notable applications
that have been converted to the Android operating system include Shazam, Doodle Jump, and
WeatherBug.
The Android operating system has grown significantly, and a lot of the most popular internet
sites and services have created native applications. These include MySpace, Facebook, and
Twitter.
As of 15 July 2010, the Android Marketplace had over 70,000 applications, with over 1 billion
downloads.[112][113]

[edit] Languages (locales)

The locales for Android are:
(from Android 2.2)

Chinese, People's Republic of China (zh_CN)

Chinese, Taiwan (zh_TW)

Czech (cs_CZ)

Dutch, Netherlands (nl_NL)

Dutch, Belgium (nl_BE)

English, United States (en_US)

English, United Kingdom (en_GB)

English, Canada (en_CA)

English, Australia (en_AU)

English, New Zealand (en_NZ)

English, Singapore(en_SG)

French, France (fr_FR)

French, Belgium (fr_BE)

French, Canada (fr_CA)

French, Switzerland (fr_CH)

German, Germany (de_DE)

German, Austria (de_AT)

German, Switzerland (de_CH)

German, Liechtenstein (de_LI)

Hebrew, Israel (iw_IL)

Italian, Italy (it_IT)

Italian, Switzerland (it_CH)

Norwegian

Japanese (ja_JP)

Korean (ko_KR)

Polish (pl_PL)

Russian (ru_RU)

Spanish (es_ES)[114]

[edit] Native code

Libraries written in C and other languages can be compiled to ARM native code and installed
using the Android Native Development Kit. Native classes can be called from Java code running
under the Dalvik VM using the System.loadLibrary call, which is part of the standard Android
Java classes.[115][116]
Complete applications can be compiled and installed using traditional development tools.[117] The
ADB debugger gives a root shell under the Android Emulator which allows native ARM code to
be uploaded and executed. ARM code can be compiled using GCC on a standard PC.[117] Running
native code is complicated by the fact that Android uses a non-standard C library (libc, known as
Bionic). The underlying graphics device is available as a framebuffer at /dev/graphics/fb0.[118]
The graphics library that Android uses to arbitrate and control access to this device is called the
Skia Graphics Library (SGL), and it has been released under an open source license.[119] Skia has
backends for both win32 and Unix, allowing the development of cross-platform applications, and
it is the graphics engine underlying the Google Chrome web browser.[120]

[edit] Community-based firmware

There is a community of open-source enthusiasts that build and share Android-based firmware
with a number of customizations and additional features, such as FLAC lossless audio support
and the ability to store downloaded applications on the microSD card.[121] This usually involves
rooting the device. Rooting lets users load modified firmwares allowing users of older phones to
use applications available only on newer releases.[122]
Those firmware packages are updated frequently, incorporate elements of Android functionality
that haven't yet been officially released within a carrier-sanctioned firmware, and tend to have
fewer limitations. CyanogenMod and VillainROM are two examples of such firmware.
On 24 September 2009, Google issued a cease and desist letter[123] to the modder Cyanogen,
citing issues with the re-distribution of Google's closed-source applications[124] within the custom
firmware. Even though most of Android OS is open source, phones come packaged with closedsource Google applications for functionality such as the application store and GPS navigation.
Google has asserted that these applications can only be provided through approved distribution
channels by licensed distributors. Cyanogen has complied with Google's wishes and is
continuing to distribute this mod without the proprietary software. He has provided a method to
back up licensed Google applications during the mod's install process and restore them when it is
complete.[125]

[edit] Scripting Layer for Android (SL4A)

SL4A (previously Android Scripting Environment) allows the creation and running of scripts
written in various scripting languages directly on Android devices.
These scripts have access to many of the APIs available to normal Java Android applications, but
with a simplified interface. Scripts can be run interactively in a terminal, in the background, or
via Locale (which can trigger based on location).

Currently supported languages are:

Python

Perl

JRuby

Lua

BeanShell

JavaScript

Tcl

Shell

Links:

http://code.google.com/p/android-scripting/

http://code.google.com/p/android-scripting/wiki/UserGuide

[edit] Marketing

Android robot logo.

[edit] Logos
The Android logo was designed with the Droid font family made by Ascender Corporation.[126]
Android Green is the color of the Android Robot that represents the Android operating system.
The print color is PMS 376C and the RGB color value in hexadecimal is #A4C639, as specified
by the Android Brand Guidelines.[127]

[edit] Typeface

Text logo.
The custom typeface of Android is called Norad, only used in the text logo.[128]

[edit] Market share

Research company Canalys estimates that by Q2 2009, Android had a 2.8% share of the
worldwide smartphone market.[129] By the following quarter (Q3 2009), Android's market share
had grown to 3.5%.[130]
In February 2010 ComScore ranked the Android platform as obtaining a 9.0% of the smartphone
platform marketshare. This figure was up from an earlier estimate of 5.2% stated in November
2009.[131] In July 2010 ComScore revised Android's share for 3 months March/April/May 2010 to
13.0%, an increase of 4 percentage points, 0.2 percentage points behind Microsoft whose share
had dropped 1.9%.[132]
Analytics firm Flurry estimates that 250,000 Motorola Droid phones were sold in the United
States during the phone's first week in stores.[133]
In May 2010, Android's first quarter U.S. sales surpassed that of the rival iPhone platform.
According to a report by the NPD group, Android achieved 28% smartphone sales in the US
market, up 8% from the December quarter. In the second quarter, Apple's iOS was up by 1%,
indicating that Android is taking market share mainly from RIM, and still has to compete with
heavy consumer demand for new competitor offerings.[6] Furthermore, analysts point to
advantages that Android has as multi-channel, multi-carrier OS, which has allowed it to duplicate
the quick success of Microsoft's Windows Mobile.[134]
According to an interview with Eric Schmidt in The Guardian, Android is getting 160,000 new
users per day (end June 2010) up from 100,000 per day in May 2010.[135]
As of August 4, 2010 Google is now activating 200,000 new phones to the Android platform per
day according to Eric Schmidt.[136]
In early October 2010, Google added 20 countries to its list of approved submitters. By midOctober, purchasing apps will be available in a total of 32 countries.[137]
Market research firm Gartner reported that at the end of the 3rd Quarter 2010, Android had a
worldwide market share of 25.5%[138].
For a complete list of countries that are allowed to sell apps and those able to buy them see
Android Market.

[edit] Android OS usage share

Data collected during two weeks ending on November 1, 2010

Other: 0.1% of devices running obsolete versions[139]
Platform
API Level
Android 2.2 (Froyo)
Android 2.1 (Eclair)
Android 1.6 (Donut)
Android 1.5 (Cupcake)

Distribution
8
7
4
3

36.2%
40.8%
15.0%
7.9%

[edit] Restrictions and issues

Google tracks issues and feature requests publicly at Google Code's site.[140]

[edit] Linux compatibility

Android's kernel was derived from Linux but has been tweaked by Google outside the
main Linux kernel tree.[141] Android does not have a native X Window System nor does it
support the full set of standard GNU libraries, and this makes it difficult to port existing
GNU/Linux applications or libraries to Android.[142] However, support for the X Window
System is possible.[143]

Google no longer maintains the code they previously contributed to the Linux kernel as
part of their Android effort, effectively branching kernel code in their own tree,
separating their code from Linux.[144][145][146] This was due to a disagreement about new
features Google felt were necessary[citation needed]. The code which is no longer maintained

was deleted in January 2010 from the Linux codebase.[147] However, Google announced in
April 2010 that they will employ staff to work with the Linux kernel community.[148]

[edit] Networking issues

Support for setting up a network proxy configuration for WiFi connections is not
available.[149]

Support for setting up a network proxy configuration for APN (i.e. GSM/EDGE)
connections is not available.[150]

Android doesn't natively support EAP extensions configuration.[151]

Android does not support Cisco virtual private network servers requiring XAUTH
extensions for IPsec (L2TP/IPsec and PPTP are supported).[152]

[edit] Issues concerning application development

Android does not use established Java standards, i.e. Java SE and ME. This prevents
compatibility among Java applications written for those platforms and those for the
Android platform. Android only reuses the Java language syntax, but does not provide the
full-class libraries and APIs bundled with Java SE or ME.[153] However, the Myriad Group
claim that their new J2Android tool can convert Java MIDlets into Android applications.
[154][155][156]

Developers have reported that it is difficult to maintain applications on multiple versions

of Android, owing to compatibility issues between versions 1.5 and 1.6,[157][158] especially
the different resolution ratios in use among various Android phones.[159] Such problems
were pointedly brought into focus as they were encountered during the ADC2 contest.[160]

The rapid growth in the number of Android-based phone models with differing hardware
capabilities also makes it difficult to develop applications that work on all Android-based
phones.[161][162][163][164] As of August 2010, 64% of Android phones run the 2.x versions, and
36% still run the 1.5 and 1.6 versions[165]

[edit] Other issues

Older versions of Android do not readily support Bluetooth file exchange,[166] although it
may still be achieved with some hacking.[167] Bluetooth is supported by more recent
phones.[168]

In version 2.2 the rSAP protocol is missing which many vehicles use for handsfree.[169]

Using the native Google Calendar functionality for Android phones, an Android device
user runs into the same limitations that exist in the Calendar application. The most

noticeable defect is the lack of proper time zone support: it is not possible to set the time
zone for start/end times of events.[170][171][172] Because of this issue, some users experience
difficulty while traveling with Android devices.[173]

As of the 2.2 release, Android does not have full Unicode support.[174] Developers are
reporting rendering issues, support for conjunct consonants, etc.[175]

Android supports all the file systems supported by the linux kernel, with its own
limitations. For read/write access to other popular filesystems, Tuxera launched Tuxera
File System Suite, which combines NTFS, exFAT and HFS+ for Android.[176]

[edit] Claimed infringement of copyrights and patents

See also: Java applet#The 2010 Oracle - Google lawsuit
On the 12th of August 2010, Oracle, owner of Java since it acquired Sun Microsystems in April
2009, sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents. The lawsuit claims that,
"In developing Android, Google knowingly, directly and repeatedly infringed Oracle's Javarelated intellectual property."[177] Oracle has named Boies, Schiller & Flexner as part of its legal
team.[178]
Specifically the patent infringement claim references seven patents including United States
Patent No. 5,966,702, entitled Method And Apparatus For Preprocessing And Packaging Class
Files, and United States Patent No. 6,910,205, entitled Interpreting Functions Utilizing A
Hybrid Of Virtual And Native Machine Instructions.[179] It also references United States Patent
No. RE38,104, (the '104 patent) entitled Method And Apparatus For Resolving Data
References In Generated Code authored by James Gosling best known as the father of the Java
programming language.[180]
According to Gartner analyst Ken Dulaney, Android is based on a clean room reverse-engineered
version of Java, called Dalvik, which was developed without using any Sun technology or
intellectual property. Oracle says Dalvik is a competitor to Java and infringes several of its
patents, which are listed in the complaint, and its Java copyright.[177][181] While officially claiming
that "Android is not Java", Google at the same time calls the suit an "attack on Java community",
[182]
making a distinction between "official Java" and "Java in general".
The Free Software Foundation has said that Google could have avoided this suit by building
Android on top of IcedTea whose GPL license provides some protection against patents, instead
of implementing it independently under the Apache License. It has also called the suit a "clear
attack against someone's freedom to use, share, modify, and redistribute software".[183]

[edit] See also

Android (disambiguation)

Android Market

BlackBerry OS

Dalvik virtual machine

Dual-OS smartphone

Chromium OS

Google Chrome OS

iOS

LiMo Foundation

Linux Phone Standards Forum

List of Android devices

List of Android OS-related topics

List of Android Permissions

List of Open Source Android Applications

MeeGo Linux

Nexus One

Goobuntu

Samsung's Bada OS

Mobile World Congress

Mobilinux

OPhone

Open Mobile Alliance

Openmoko

Palm, Inc.'s webOS

Symbian Foundation

Windows Mobile

Windows Phone 7

Google TV

Droid (from Motorola)

Triad Method

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Pixel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Megapixel)

Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the picture element. For other uses, see Pixel (disambiguation).

This example shows an image with a portion greatly enlarged, in which the individual pixels are
rendered as little squares and can easily be seen.

A photograph of sub-pixel display elements on a laptop's LCD screen.

In digital imaging, a pixel (or picture element[1]) is a single point in a raster image. The pixel is
the smallest addressable screen element; it is the smallest unit of picture that can be controlled.
Each pixel has its own address. The address of a pixel corresponds to its coordinates. Pixels are
normally arranged in a two-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares.
Each pixel is a sample of an original image; more samples typically provide more accurate
representations of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable. In color image systems, a
color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue,
or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
In some contexts (such as descriptions of camera sensors), the term pixel is used to refer to a
single scalar element of a multi-component representation (more precisely called a photosite in
the camera sensor context, although the neologism sensel is also sometimes used to describe the
elements of a digital camera's sensor),[2] while in others the term may refer to the entire set of
such component intensities for a spatial position. In color systems that use chroma subsampling,
the multi-component concept of a pixel can become difficult to apply, since the intensity
measures for the different color components correspond to different spatial areas in a such a
representation.

The word pixel is based on a contraction of pix ("pictures") and el (for "element"); similar
formations with el for "element" include the words voxel[3] and texel.[3]

Contents
[hide]

1 Etymology
o 1.1 Words with similar etymologies

2 Technical
o 2.1 Sampling patterns
o 2.2 Display resolution vs. native resolution in computer monitors
o 2.3 Bits per pixel
o 2.4 Subpixels

3 Megapixel

4 Standard display resolutions

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

[edit] Etymology
The word "pixel" was first published in 1965 by Frederic C. Billingsley of JPL, to describe the
picture elements of video images from space probes to the Moon and Mars. However, Billingsley
did not coin the term himself. Instead, he got the word "pixel" from Keith E. McFarland, at the
Link Division of General Precision in Palo Alto, who did not know where the word originated.
McFarland said simply it was "in use at the time" (circa 1963).[4]
The word is a combination of picture and element, via pix. The word pix appeared in Variety
magazine headlines in 1932, as an abbreviation for the word pictures, in reference to movies.[5]
By 1938, "pix" was being used in reference to still pictures by photojournalists.[4]

The concept of a "picture element" dates to the earliest days of television, for example as
"Bildpunkt" (the German word for pixel, literally picture point) in the 1888 German patent of
Paul Nipkow. According to various etymologies, the earliest publication of the term picture
element itself was in Wireless World magazine in 1927,[6] though it had been used earlier in
various U.S. patents filed as early as 1911.[7]
Some authors explain pixel as picture cell, as early as 1972.[8] In video processing, pel is often
used instead of pixel.[9] For example, IBM used it in their Technical Reference for the original
PC.

[edit] Words with similar etymologies

Texel (texture element) and luxel (lux element) are words used to describe a pixel when it
is used in specific context (texturing and light mapping respectively)

A voxel is a volume element, the 3D analogue of a 2D pixel.

Surfels (surface elements) have the same naming pattern as pixels, but share more
similarities with shrunken triangles than expanded pixels.

[edit] Technical

A pixel does not need to be rendered as a small square. This image shows alternative ways of
reconstructing an image from a set of pixel values, using dots, lines, or smooth filtering.
A pixel is generally thought of as the smallest single component of a digital image. The
definition is highly context-sensitive. For example, there can be "printed pixels" in a page, or
pixels carried by electronic signals, or represented by digital values, or pixels on a display
device, or pixels in a digital camera (photosensor elements). This list is not exhaustive, and
depending on context, there are several terms that are synonymous in particular contexts, such as
pel, sample, byte, bit, dot, spot, etc. The term "pixels" can be used in the abstract, or as a unit of
measure, in particular when using pixels as a measure of resolution, such as: 2400 pixels per
inch, 640 pixels per line, or spaced 10 pixels apart.
The measures dots per inch (dpi) and pixels per inch (ppi) are sometimes used interchangeably,
but have distinct meanings, especially for printer devices, where dpi is a measure of the printer's

density of dot (e.g. ink droplet) placement.[10] For example, a high-quality photographic image
may be printed with 600 ppi on a 1200 dpi inkjet printer.[11] Even higher dpi numbers, such as the
4800 dpi quoted by printer manufacturers since 2002, do not mean much in terms of achievable
resolution.[12]
The more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result can resemble the original. The
number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution, though resolution has a more
specific definition. Pixel counts can be expressed as a single number, as in a "three-megapixel"
digital camera, which has a nominal three million pixels, or as a pair of numbers, as in a "640 by
480 display", which has 640 pixels from side to side and 480 from top to bottom (as in a VGA
display), and therefore has a total number of 640 480 = 307,200 pixels or 0.3 megapixels.
The pixels, or color samples, that form a digitized image (such as a JPEG file used on a web
page) may or may not be in one-to-one correspondence with screen pixels, depending on how a
computer displays an image. In computing, an image composed of pixels is known as a
bitmapped image or a raster image. The word raster originates from television scanning
patterns, and has been widely used to describe similar halftone printing and storage techniques.

[edit] Sampling patterns

For convenience, pixels are normally arranged in a regular two-dimensional grid. By using this
arrangement, many common operations can be implemented by uniformly applying the same
operation to each pixel independently. Other arrangements of pixels are also possible, with some
sampling patterns even changing the shape (or kernel) of each pixel across the image. For this
reason, care must be taken when acquiring an image on one device and displaying it on another,
or when converting image data from one pixel format to another.
For example:

Text rendered using ClearType

LCD screens typically use a staggered grid, where the red, green, and blue components
are sampled at slightly different locations. Subpixel rendering is a technology which takes
advantage of these differences to improve the rendering of text on LCD screens.

Some digital cameras use a Bayer filter, resulting in a regular grid of pixels where the
color of each pixel depends on its position on the grid.

A clipmap uses a hierarchical sampling pattern, where the size of the support of each
pixel depends on its location within the hierarchy.

Warped grids are used when the underlying geometry is non-planar, such as images of the
earth from space.[13]

The use of non-uniform grids is an active research area, attempting to bypass the
traditional Nyquist limit.[14]

Pixels on computer monitors are normally "square" (this is, having equal horizontal and
vertical sampling pitch); pixels in other systems are often "rectangular" (that is, having
unequal horizontal and vertical sampling pitch oblong in shape), as are digital video
formats with diverse aspect ratios, such as the anamorphic widescreen formats of the
CCIR 601 digital video standard.

[edit] Display resolution vs. native resolution in computer monitors

Computers can use pixels to display an image, often an abstract image that represents a GUI. The
resolution of this image is called the display resolution and is determined by the video card of the
computer. LCD computer monitors also use pixels to display an image, and have a native
resolution. Each pixel is made up of triads, with the number of these triads determining the
native resolution. On some CRT monitors, the beam sweep rate may be fixed, resulting in a fixed
native resolution. Most CRT monitors do not have a fixed beam sweep rate, meaning they don't
have a native resolution at all - instead they have a set of resolutions that are equally well
supported.
To produce the sharpest images possible on an LCD, the user must ensure the display resolution
of the computer matches the native resolution of the monitor. On a CRT with a fixed beam sweep
rate, you are required to use the native resolution. On a CRT without this restriction, you may use
any resolution supported by the monitor that matches the monitor's physical aspect ratio and it
will look fine. If the aspect ratio of the physical display and the selected resolution are different,
many different things can happen. On some LCDs, the monitor will stretch or squash the image
to fill the entire display. This can result in the image appearing blurry or jagged.
On others, the aspect ratio will be maintained while expanding the image to fit the display,
resulting in black bars on the top or sides of the image. This can also result in the image
appearing blurry or jagged, depending on the native resolution of the display and the selected
resolution on the computer. For example, let's take the relatively common case of a full-screen
application written assuming a 4:3 aspect ratio running on a 16:10 aspect ratio widescreen
display. If the selected resolution were 16001200 and you were running it on a 19201200
display that maintains aspect ratio while expanding the image to fit, the image would not look
blurry, because each pixel in the 16001200 image maps to exactly 1 pixel on the 19201200
display. If the selected resolution were 1280960, the display would have to try to stretch the 960
pixels to fill 1200 pixels, which would mean each of the selected resolution pixels needs to take
up 1.25 pixels on the physical display. Since this can't be done, the monitor uses some scheme to
figure out how to distribute the colors from those 960 pixels to fill the 1200 pixels of the physical
display. This mapping results in a blurry or jagged appearance. However, if the selected
resolution were 800600, you would be OK again, because 600 pixels can be expanded to 1200
pixels by having each pixel from the selected resolution take up 2 pixels on the physical display.

On yet other LCD monitors, if the selected resolution is less than the native resolution of the
monitor, the monitor will display things in the selected resolution, with a black border around the
edges.

[edit] Bits per pixel

Main article: Color depth
The number of distinct colors that can be represented by a pixel depends on the number of bits
per pixel (bpp). A 1 bpp image uses 1-bit for each pixel, so each pixel can be either on or off.
Each additional bit doubles the number of colors available, so a 2 bpp image can have 4 colors,
and a 3 bpp image can have 8 colors:

1 bpp, 21 = 2 colors (monochrome)

2 bpp, 22 = 4 colors

3 bpp, 23 = 8 colors

8 bpp, 28 = 256 colors

16 bpp, 216 = 65,536 colors ("Highcolor" )

24 bpp, 224 16.8 million colors ("Truecolor")

...

For color depths of 15 or more bits per pixel, the depth is normally the sum of the bits allocated
to each of the red, green, and blue components. Highcolor, usually meaning 16 bpp, normally has
five bits for red and blue, and six bits for green, as the human eye is more sensitive to errors in
green than in the other two primary colors. For applications involving transparency, the 16 bits
may be divided into five bits each of red, green, and blue, with one bit left for transparency. A
24-bit depth allows 8 bits per component. On some systems, 32-bit depth is available: this means
that each 24-bit pixel has an extra 8 bits to describe its opacity (for purposes of combining with
another image).

[edit] Subpixels

Geometry of color elements of various CRT and LCD displays; phosphor dots in a color CRT
display (top row) bear no relation to pixels or subpixels.
Many display and image-acquisition systems are, for various reasons, not capable of displaying
or sensing the different color channels at the same site. Therefore, the pixel grid is divided into
single-color regions that contribute to the displayed or sensed color when viewed at a distance. In
some displays, such as LCD, LED, and plasma displays, these single-color regions are separately
addressable elements, which have come to be known as subpixels. For example, LCDs typically
divide each pixel horizontally into three subpixels. When the square pixel is divided into three
subpixels, each subpixel is necessarily rectangular. In the display industry terminology, subpixels
are often referred to as pixels, as they are the basic addressable elements in a viewpoint of
hardware, and they call pixel circuits rather than subpixel circuits.
Most digital camera image sensors also use single-color sensor regions, for example using the
Bayer filter pattern, and in the camera industry these are known as pixels just like in the display
industry, not subpixels.
For systems with subpixels, two different approaches can be taken:

The subpixels can be ignored, with full-color pixels being treated as the smallest
addressable imaging element; or

The subpixels can be included in rendering calculations, which requires more analysis
and processing time, but can produce apparently superior images in some cases.

This latter approach, referred to as subpixel rendering, uses knowledge of pixel geometry to
manipulate the three colored subpixels separately, producing a slight increase in the apparent
resolution of color displays. While CRT displays also use red-green-blue masked phosphor areas,
dictated by a mesh grid called the shadow mask, it would require a difficult calibration step to be
aligned with the displayed pixel raster, and so CRTs do not currently use subpixel rendering.

[edit] Megapixel

A megapixel (MP or Mpx) is one million pixels, and is a term used not only for the number of
pixels in an image, but also to express the number of image sensor elements of digital cameras or
the number of display elements of digital displays. For example, a camera with an array of
20481536 sensor elements is commonly said to have "3.1 megapixels" (2048 1536 =
3,145,728). The megapixel count is often used as a figure of merit, though it is only one of the
figures that determines camera quality.
Digital cameras use photosensitive electronics, either charge-coupled device (CCD) or
complementary metaloxidesemiconductor (CMOS) image sensors, consisting of a large
number of single sensor elements, each of which records a measured intensity level. In most
digital cameras, the sensor array is covered with a patterned color filter mosaic having red, green,
and blue regions in the Bayer filter arrangement, so that each sensor element can record the
intensity of a single primary color of light. The camera interpolates the color information of
neighboring sensor elements, through a process called demosaicing, to create the final image.
These sensor elements are often called "pixels", even though they only record 1 channel (only
red, or green, or blue) of the final color image. Thus, two of the three color channels for each
sensor must be interpolated and a so-called N-megapixel camera that produces an N-megapixel
image provides only one-third of the information that an image of the same size could get from a
scanner. Thus, certain color contrasts may look fuzzier than others, depending on the allocation
of the primary colors (green has twice as many elements as red or blue in the Bayer
arrangement).

[edit] Standard display resolutions

The display resolution of a digital television or display device is the number of distinct pixels in
each dimension that can be displayed. It can be an ambiguous term especially as the displayed
resolution is controlled by all different factors in cathode ray tube (CRT) and flat panel or
projection displays using fixed picture-element (pixel) arrays.
One use of the term display resolution applies to fixed-pixel-array displays such as plasma
display panels (PDPs), liquid crystal displays (LCDs), Digital Light Processing (DLP) projectors,
or similar technologies, and is simply the physical number of columns and rows of pixels
creating the display (e.g., 19201200). A consequence of having a fixed grid display is that, for
multi-format video inputs, all displays need a "scaling engine" (a digital video processor that
includes a memory array) to match the incoming picture format to the display.
Note that the use of the word resolution here is misleading. The term display resolution is
usually used to mean pixel dimensions (e.g., 19201200), which does not tell anything about the
resolution of the display on which the image is actually formed. In digital measurement the
display resolution would be given in pixels per inch. In analog measurement, if the screen is
10 inches high, then the horizontal resolution is measured across a square 10 inches wide. This is
typically stated as xxx lines horizontal resolution, per picture height. Example: Analog NTSC
and PAL TVs can typically display 480 (for NTSC) lines horizontal resolution, per picture height
which is equivalent to 640 total lines from left-edge to right-edge.

Display standards comparison

Selected standard display resolutions include:
Name
CGA
EGA
VGA
SVGA
XGA
SXGA
UXGA
WUXGA
QXGA
QSXGA
QUXGA
WQUXGA
HXGA
HSXGA
HUXGA
WHUXGA

[edit] See also

Megapixels
0.06
0.22
0.31
0.48
0.79
1.31
1.92
2.30
3.15
5.24
7.68
9.22
12.58
20.97
30.72
36.86

Width x Height
320200
640350
640480
800600
1024768
12801024
16001200
19201200
20481536
25602048
32002400
38402400
40963072
51204096
64004800
76804800

Computer graphics portal

Computer display standard

Gigapixel image

Image resolution

Intrapixel and Interpixel processing

Pixel advertising

Pixel art

Pixel art scaling algorithms

Pixel aspect ratio

Point (typography)

Raster scan

Rasterisation

Vector graphics

Voxel

[edit] References
1. ^ Rudolf F. Graf (1999). Modern Dictionary of Electronics. Oxford: Newnes. p. 569.
ISBN 0-7506-43315. http://books.google.com/?
id=o2I1JWPpdusC&pg=PA569&dq=pixel+intitle:
%22Modern+Dictionary+of+Electronics%22+inauthor:graf.
2. ^ Michael Goesele (2004). New Acquisition Techniques for Real Objects and Light
Sources in Computer Graphics. Books on Demand. ISBN 3833414898.
http://books.google.com/?id=ZTJJ8QzNv1wC&pg=PA33&dq=sensel+sensor-element.
3. ^ a b Foley, James D.; Andries van Dam, John F. Hughes, Steven K. Feiner (1990).
"Spatial-partitioning representations; Surface detail". Computer Graphics: Principles and
Practice. The Systems Programming Series. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-12110-7.
"These cells are often called voxels (volume elements), in analogy to pixels."

4. ^ a b Lyon, Richard F. (2006). A brief history of 'pixel'. IS&T/SPIE Symposium on

Electronic Imaging.
5. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pixel.
6. ^ "On language; Modem, I'm Odem", The New York Times, April 2, 1995. Accessed April
7, 2008.
7. ^ Sinding-Larsen, Alf Transmission of Pictures of Moving Objects, US Patent 1,175,313,
issued March 14, 1916.
8. ^ Robert L. Lillestrand (1972). "Techniques for Change Detection". IEEE Trans.
Computers C-21 (7).
9. ^ Lewis, Peter H. (February 12, 1989). The Executive Computer; Compaq Sharpens Its
Video Option. The New York Times.
10. ^ Derek Doeffinger (2005). The Magic of Digital Printing. Lark Books. p. 24.
ISBN 1579906893. http://books.google.com/?id=s2hIx1amJUcC&dq=printer+dots-perinch+pixels-per-inch.
11. ^ "Experiments with Pixels Per Inch (PPI) on Printed Image Sharpness".
ClarkVision.com. July 3, 2005. http://www.clarkvision.com/imagedetail/printer-ppi/.
12. ^ Harald Johnson (2002). Mastering Digital Printing. Thomson Course Technology.
p. 40. ISBN 1929685653. http://books.google.com/?
id=wto19gxFyfQC&dq=inkjet+printer+4800+dpi+addressability.
13. ^ "Image registration of blurred satellite images".
http://staff.utia.cas.cz/zitova/registration.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
14. ^ "ScienceDirect - Pattern Recognition: Image representation by a new optimal nonuniform morphological sampling:". http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V143YXB1T5-8/2/15b559f2aefbc7bdc54c55df148c2374. Retrieved 2008-05-09.

[edit] External links

A Pixel Is Not A Little Square: Microsoft Memo by computer graphics pioneer Alvy Ray
Smith.

Pixels and Me: Video of a history talk at the Computer History Museum.

Square and non-Square Pixels: Technical info on pixel aspect ratios of modern video
standards (480i,576i,1080i,720p), plus software implications.

120 Megapixel is here now: A lot of information about MegaPixel and Gigapixel.
[hide]

vde

Photography

Technical
terms

Angle of view Aperture Circle of confusion Color temperature Depth of

field Depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation F-number Film
format Film speed Focal length Hyperfocal distance Metering mode
Perspective distortion Photograph Photographic printing Photographic
processes Reciprocity Red-eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed
Zone System

Genres

Aerial Black-and-white Commercial Cloudscape Documentary Erotic

Fashion Fine art Forensic Glamour High speed Landscape Lomography
Nature Nude Photojournalism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Senior
Social documentary Sports Still life Stock Street Vernacular Underwater
Wedding Wildlife

Afocal photography Bokeh Contre-jour Cyanotype Fill flash Fireworks

Harris shutter Holography Infrared Kite aerial Long exposure Macro
Techniques Multiple exposure Night Panning Panoramic Photogram (Kirlian) Print
toning Rephotography Rollout Sabatier Effect Stereoscopy Stopping down
Sun printing Tilt-shift Time-lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting
Composition

Diagonal Method Framing Geometry and symmetry Headroom Lead room

Rule of thirds Simplicity

Camera (Pinhole Rangefinder SLR Still TLR Toy View) Darkroom

Equipment (Enlarger Safelight) Film (Base Format Holder Stock) Filter Flash Lens
Manufacturers Movie projector Slide projector Tripod Zone plate

History

Analog photography Autochrome Lumire Box camera Calotype Camera

obscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Painted photography
backdrops Photography and the law Timeline of photography technology
Visual arts

Digital

Digital camera (D-SLR Comparison of D-SLRs Digital camera back)

Digiscoping Digital versus film photography Film scanner Image sensor

photography (CMOS APS CCD Three-CCD camera Foveon X3 sensor) Photo sharing
Pixel
Color
Color Color film (Print Slide) Color management (CMYK color model Color
photography space Primary color RGB color model)
C-41 process Cross processing Developer Dye coupler E-6 process Fixer
Photographi
c processing Gelatin silver process Gum printing K-14 process Print permanence Push
processing Stop bath
List of most expensive photographs List of photographers Photography museums and
galleries (category) Portal WikiProject
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Qualcomm
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification.
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removed. (May 2008)

Qualcomm Inc.

Type

Public (NASDAQ: QCOM)

Industry

Wireless

Founded

San Diego, California, USA (1985)

San Diego, California, USA

Headquarters

Coordinates: 325343N
1171145W / 32.8952N
117.1957W
Dr. Paul E. Jacobs, (Chairman & CEO)
Steven R. Altman, (President)

Key people

William Keitel, (EVP & CFO)

Dr. Roberto Padovani (EVP & CTO)
Franklin Antonio (EVP & Chief
Scientist)
CDMA/WCDMA chipsets
BREW
OmniTRACS

Products

MediaFLO
QChat
mirasol displays
uiOne
Gobi

Revenue

US$ 10.99 billion (2010)[1]

Operating income

US$ 3.28 billion (2010)[1]

Net income

US$ 3.25 billion (2010)[1]

Total assets

US$ 30.572 billion (2010)[1]

Total equity

US$ 20.858 billion (2010)[1]

Employees

16,100 (2010)[2]

Website

Qualcomm.com

Qualcomm Research Center and Office of the Chief Scientist in San Diego, CA.
Qualcomm (NASDAQ: QCOM) is an American wireless telecommunications research and
development company, as well as the largest fabless chip supplier in the world, based in San
Diego, California.

Contents
[hide]

1 Corporate history

2 Mobile phone standards

3 Satellite phone network

4 Legal issues
o 4.1 Qualcomm's role in 3G

5 Products
o 5.1 Software

6 Locations

7 See also

8 Books

9 References

10 External links

[edit] Corporate history

Qualcomm was founded in 1985 by UC San Diego Professor Irwin Jacobs, MIT Alumni Andrew
Viterbi, Harvey White, Adelia Coffman, Andrew Cohen, Klein Gilhousen, and Franklin Antonio.
Jacobs and Viterbi had previously founded Linkabit. Qualcomm's first products and services
included the OmniTRACS satellite locating and messaging service, used by long-haul trucking
companies, developed from a product called Omninet owned by Parviz Nazarian and Neil
Kadisha, and specialized integrated circuits for digital radio communications such as a Viterbi
decoder.
In 1990, Qualcomm began the design of the first CDMA-based cellular base station, based upon
calculations derived from the CDMA-based OmniTRACS satellite system. This work began as a
study contract from AirTouch which was facing a shortage of cellular capacity in Los Angeles.
Two years later Qualcomm began to manufacture CDMA cell phones, base stations, and chips.
The initial base stations were not reliable and the technology was licensed wholly to Nortel in
return for their work in improving the base station switching. The first CDMA technology was
standardized as IS-95. Qualcomm has since helped to establish the CDMA-2000, WCDMA, and
LTE cellular standards.
In 1997, Qualcomm paid $18 million for the naming rights to the Jack Murphy Stadium in San
Diego, renaming it to Qualcomm Stadium. The naming rights will belong to Qualcomm until
2017.[3]
In 1999, Qualcomm sold its base station business to Ericsson, and later, sold its cell phone
manufacturing business to Kyocera. The company was now focused on developing and licensing
wireless technologies and selling ASICs that implement them.
In 2000, Qualcomm acquired SnapTrack, the inventor of the assisted-GPS system for cellphones,
branded as gpsOne. The Snaptrack patents describe how a cellphone can acquire a GPS signal
rapidly using timing information sent from the base station. This reduces the searching time for
geolocation from minutes down to roughly one second.
In October 2004, Qualcomm acquired Trigenix Ltd, a mobile user interface (UI) software
development company, based in Cambridge, UK. After integrating the company, Qualcomm rebranded their interface markup language and its accompanying integrated development
environment (IDE) as uiOne. In March 2009, Qualcomm informed their Cambridge engineering
staff, mostly from the division working on uiOne, that they were going to be eliminated, and, in
April that year, (after a legally required 30 day consultancy period) around 45 staff were let go.
The rationale was stated as being a greater focus on deploying Flash Lite as a UI solution for
Qualcomm-chipset-powered mobile phones.

In 2006, Qualcomm purchased Flarion Technologies. Flarion is the creator of the Flash-OFDM
wireless base station, and the inventor of the "flash" beaconing method and several other
innovations in OFDM communications.
In 2010, Qualcomm Announced acquisition of San Francisco based iSkoot Technologies Inc.
Qualcomm did not disclose financial details of the acquisition.[4]

[edit] Mobile phone standards

Qualcomm is the inventor of CDMAone (IS-95), CDMA 2000, and CDMA 1xEV-DO, which are
wireless cellular standards used for communications. The company also owns significant number
of key patents on the widely adopted 3G technology, W-CDMA.[5] The license streams from the
patents on these inventions, and related products are a major component of Qualcomm's
business.

[edit] Satellite phone network

Main article: Globalstar
Qualcomm participated in the development of the Globalstar satellite system along with Loral
Space & Communications. It uses a low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation comprising 44
active satellites. The system is used for voice telephony via hand-held satellite phones, asset
tracking and data transfer using mobile satellite modems. The system was designed as a normal
IS-95 system, and used the satellite as a "bent pipe" or "repeater" to transfer cellular signals from
the handset to the terrestrial base station. Unlike the Iridium system, which routes phone calls
between satellites, the Globalstar satellite must always be able to see both the handset and the
base station to establish a connection, therefore, there is no coverage over the Earth's poles where
there are no satellite orbits. Some of the Globalstar hardware is manufactured by Qualcomm.
Like other satellite phone networks Globalstar went bankrupt in 1999, only to be bought up by a
group of investors who are currently running the system. Those investors plan to launch a
constellation supporting EV-DO in 2009.

[edit] Legal issues

In April 2006, a dispute between Reliance Communications and Qualcomm over royalty fees
cost Qualcomm approximately $11.7b in market capitalization.[6] In July 2007, Reliance and
Qualcomm decided to bury the hatchet and agreed to expand the use of CDMA technology in
India.[7]
In June 2007, the U.S. International Trade Commission blocked the import of new cell phone
models based on particular Qualcomm microchips. They found that these Qualcomm microchips
infringe patents owned by Broadcom. Broadcom has also initiated patent litigation in U.S. courts
over this issue.

At issue is software designed to extend battery life in chips while users make out-of-network
calls. In October, an ITC administrative judge made an initial ruling that Qualcomm violated the
Broadcom patent covering that feature and the commission later affirmed the decision.
Sprint Nextel Corp. is using a software patch from Qualcomm to get around a U.S. government
agency ban on new phones with Qualcomm chips.
In August 2007, Judge Rudi Brewster held that Qualcomm had engaged in litigation misconduct
by withholding relevant documents during the lawsuit it brought against Broadcom and that
Qualcomm employees had lied about their involvement.[8][9]

[edit] Qualcomm's role in 3G

The current UMTS air interfaces are for the most part based on Qualcomm patents, and royalties
from these patents represent a significant part of Qualcomm's revenue. Qualcomm's control over
3G technology and the revenue connected to licensing is a driving force behind many
developments within the mobile sector.
This followed a series of patent-related lawsuits and antitrust complaints, spearheaded by
Broadcom, in the US. In 2006, Broadcom started a series of patent-related lawsuits and antitrust
complaints against Qualcomm to get what Broadcom regarded fair terms for access to the WCDMA technologies. Broadcom was soon joined by Nokia and others, and complaint were also
filed in the European Commission.[10]
The Chinese TDSCDMA 3G technology was developed primary to avoid Qualcomm licensing
fees, although Qualcomm claims that the Chinese technology still infringes on many Qualcomm
patents.
October 2008, Nokia announced it will make a one time payment of $2.29 billion (US) to
Qualcomm as part of its patent agreement with the company.

[edit] Products

A Qualcomm Satellite Phone

Tracking devices - OmniTRACS is a two-way satellite communications and geolocation

trailer tracking technology designed for the over-the-road transport market. As of summer
2005, over 567,000 units have been shipped to transport companies on 4 continents.

Semiconductors - Qualcomm designs various ARM architecture CDMA and UMTS

modem chipsets designated Mobile Station Modem (MSM), baseband radio processors,
and power processor chips. These chipsets are sold to mobile phone manufacturers such
as Kyocera, Motorola, Sharp, Sanyo, LG and Samsung for integration into CDMA and
UMTS cell phones. Although a "fabless" semiconductor company, meaning Qualcomm
does not engage in the actual manufacturing process, the chips the firm has designed are
powering a significant number of handsets and devices world wide, both in CDMA and
UMTS markets. As of summer of 2007, Qualcomm is among the top-ten semiconductor
firms, after Intel, Texas Instruments, Samsung, and a few others.

Satellite phones - Qualcomm manufactures some of the handsets used on the Globalstar
network.

MediaFLO - Qualcomm is the inventor of the MediaFLO system, based upon OFDM,
which transmits 12-15 television channels within 6 MHz of spectrum. Qualcomm has
standardized the lower layers of this design in TIA, and manufactures chips and software
to add this television capability to cellphones.

QChat - QChat is a cellular/data 2-way push-to-talk voice communications program.

Nextel's original push-to-talk technology operates on the iDen network, but Qualcomm's
Qchat push-to-talk operates on the EV-DO Revision A mobile broadband network.
Sprint-Nextel's first Qchat phones were released in June 2008. Both iDen and Qchat
handsets are sold under the Nextel brand. On November 29, 2009 Sprint issued a
statement to PhoneNews.com that there are no new QChat handsets on the product
development roadmap, but it will continue supporting its existing QChat subscribers.

Qualcomm Gobi - Qualcomm Gobi is a mobile broadband technology that connects

laptops and UMPCs to the Internet via 3G cellular networks around the world. Gobi is the
first built-in, 3G modem with the ability to connect you to both EVDO and HSPA cellular
networks using a single embedded device. It uses a firmware image that is uploaded to
the card prior to connection; the type of firmware image depends on whether the software
is configured for a CDMA-based or a GSM-based network.

mirasol Displays - mirasol Displays are the world's first and only reflective, bistable
display based on IMOD technology. Qualcomm's mirasol displays use ambient light as
their source of illumination and consume almost no power when the image is unchanged.
This results in a very low power display solution that is visible even in direct sunlight.

[edit] Software

Operating system - BREW (Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless) is a proprietary

cell phone application platform. Unlike Java ME (Java Platform, Micro Edition), BREW
is a licensed (i.e., not open) product. Unlike some Java ME implementations, BREW is
designed so that the platform rejects unsigned applications. In order to have an
application signed, a developer must pay a testing fee to National Software Testing Labs
(NSTL), which then can approve or deny the request. This allows carriers to maintain
control over the applications that run on their customers' phones. BitPim is a popular
open source program which can access the embedded filesystem on phones using
Qualcomm MSMs via a cable or Bluetooth. It should be pointed out that signing systems
are also used in Java ME, and signing is often required by carriers and OEMs.

Speech codec - Qualcomm has developed an audio codec for speech called PureVoice,[11]
which besides use on mobile phones was also licensed for use in the very popular
Chinese instant messaging software Tencent QQ.[12]

Eudora client - Qualcomm formerly developed and distributed Eudora, which it acquired
in 1991 from its author Steve Dorner. Qualcomm ceased sales of Eudora on May 1, 2007.
[13]
Qualcomm has committed to co-operating with Mozilla developers to develop a
Eudora-like version of Thunderbird, called Project Penelope.[14]

Eudora servers - Qualcomm formerly developed and sold email servers for multiple
platforms, including WorldMail for Windows and EIMS (Eudora Internet Mail Server)
for Macintosh. Qualcomm no longer sells these products. Qualcomm continues to
maintain and distribute the popular open-source Qpopper for Unix and Linux.

[edit] Locations
Qualcomm offices are present in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Finland, France,
Germany, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands,
Philippines, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden,
Taiwan, Thailand, U.A.E, U.K, U.S, and Vietnam.

[edit] See also

San Diego portal
Companies portal

Smartbook

Snapdragon

DTRACS

[edit] Books

Mock, Dave (2005-02-28). The Qualcomm Equation. American Management

Association. ISBN 0-8144-0818-4.

[edit] References
1. ^ a b c d e 2010 Final Report
2. ^ Google Finance Summary Retrieved 2010-11-06.
3. ^ [1], Qualcomm San Diego page.
4. ^ "Qualcomm Innovation Center, Inc. Acquires iSkoot Technologies Inc., a Leader in
Mobilizing Internet Services on the Handsets Most People Use Today". qualcomm.
http://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2010/10/13/qualcomm-innovation-center-incacquires-iskoot-technologies-inc-leader. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
5. ^ List of Qualcomm's patents
6. ^ India costs Qualcomm $12 bn
7. ^ Qualcomm, RCom bury hatchet
8. ^ Judge Brewster Benchslaps Qualcomm Lawyers, Wall Street Journal Law Blog, 8
August 2007.
9. ^ LAffaire Qualcomm: Judge Sanctions Six Lawyers, Wall Street Journal Law Blog, 8
January 2008.
10. ^ Qualcomm issues Nokia licensing warning, Wireless Watch, 25 April 2006.
11. ^ http://www.qctconnect.com/products/purevoice.html
12. ^ Qualcomm PureVoice is acknowledged in QQ2008's installation splash screen and in
its license.txt
13. ^ Eudora page[dead link]
14. ^ Penelope - MozillaWiki

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Qualcomm

Official website
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Categories: Companies listed on NASDAQ | Companies in the NASDAQ-100 Index |
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companies of the United States | Fabless semiconductor companies | Telecommunications
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Snapdragon (processor)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Snapdragon (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (September 2010)

Qualcomm Snapdragon Logo

Snapdragon is a family of mobile processors by Qualcomm. The architecture is based on the
ARM v7 instruction set. Qualcomm considers Snapdragon a "platform" for use in smartphones,
tablets, and smartbook devices. The Snapdragon platform is designed for real time ubiquitous
computing with low power consumption for day-long battery life. The Snapdragon application
processor core, dubbed Scorpion, is Qualcomm's own design. It has many features similar to
those of the ARM Cortex-A8 core, but theoretically has much higher performance for
multimedia-related SIMD operations.[1][2] All Snapdragon processors contain the circuitry to
decode High-Definition (HD) video resolution at 720p or 1080p depending on the Snapdragon
chipset.[3] Adreno, the company's proprietary GPU technology, integrated into Snapdragon
chipsets (and certain other Qualcomm chipsets) is Qualcomm's own design, leveraging assets the
company acquired from AMD. [4] The first chipsets in the Snapdragon family were the QSD8650

and the QSD8250, available since the fourth quarter of 2008, both integrating a 1 GHz
applications processor, a cellular modem and GPS.

Contents
[hide]

1 History

2 Current & Future Specifications[12][13][14]

3 Similar platforms

4 See also

5 Notes and references

6 External links

[edit] History

Q4 2008

June 2009

Qualcomm presented an ASUS Eee PC using the Snapdragon processor and

running Google's Android operating system.[5] At the same event, ASUS also
showed a Snapdragon-based device, then withdrew it abruptly.[6][7]

December 7, 2009

The first chipsets in the Snapdragon family, the QSD8650 and the QSD8250,
were made available.

The LG eXpo was the first US phone to utilize the Snapdragon processor.[8]

January 5, 2010

The Google Nexus One was released, manufactured by HTC, and featured
Android OS 2.1 powered by a Snapdragon running at 1 GHz (Qualcomm
QSD8250).[9]

April 29, 2010

June 1, 2010

Qualcomm announced sampling of the MSM8x60 series of Snapdragon of

processors.[10]

June 4, 2010

The HTC Droid Incredible was released, using the Snapdragon QSD8650 1 GHz
processor, and was the first Snapdragon device available on the Verizon Wireless
network.

The HTC EVO 4G was released, using the Snapdragon QSD8650 1 GHz
processor, and was available on the Sprint network. The HTC EVO 4G was the
United State's first 4G (WiMAX) phone.[11]

October 22, 2010

The HTC Desire HD is released, featuring the MSM8255 processor.

[edit] Current & Future Specifications[12][13][14]

Max
Model Cloc Instru
GP
Numb k ction
U
er Spee Set
d
QSD8 1 GH ARMv Adr
250
z
7
eno
200

Semicon
Wireless
ductor Gener
Technologies
Technolo
ation
[clarification needed]
gy
GSM, GPRS, 65 nm
EDGE,
UMTS/WCD
MA,
HSDPA,
HSUPA,
MBMS

1st
Gen

Utilizing Devices

Availa
bility

Acer Stream/Liquid, Acer

Q4 08
neoTouch, Dell Venue Pro
(Lightning), Dell Streak, Dell
Thunder, Fujitsu Toshiba
Mobile REGZA Phone T-01C,
HP Compaq AirLife 100,
HTC Desire, HTC Dragon,
HTC HD2, HTC 7 Mozart,
HTC 7 Trophy, HTC HD7,
HTC 7 Pro, HTC
Passion/Google Nexus One,
Huawei SmaKit S7, Lenovo
LePhone, LG eXpo, LG
Optimus Q, LG Optimus Z,
LG Panther, Pantech IMA600S, Sharp SH-10B, Sharp
LYNX 3D SH-03C, Samsung

Omnia 7, Sony Ericsson

Xperia X10, Toshiba
dynapocket T-01B/KG01,
Toshiba TG01/TG02/TG03,
LePhone.

Adr
QSD8 1 GH ARMv
eno
650
z
7
200

Adr
QSD8 1.3 G ARMv
eno
250A Hz 7
205
QSD8 1.3 G ARMv Adr
650A Hz 7
eno
205

GSM, GPRS,
EDGE,
UMTS/WCD
MA,
HSDPA,
HSUPA,
MBMS,
CDMA2000
1xRTT,
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
65 nm
Rel.0,
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
Rev. A,
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
MC(MCRev. A),
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
Rev. B
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE,
UMTS/WCD
45 nm
MA,
HSDPA,
HSUPA
GSM, GPRS, 45 nm
EDGE,
UMTS/WCD
MA,
HSDPA,
HSUPA,
MBMS,
CDMA2000
1xRTT,
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
Rel. 0,
CDMA2000

1st
Gen

Fujitsu Toshiba Mobile

REGZA Phone IS04(TSI04),
Fujitsu Toshiba Mobile
T006(TS006)/TSX06, HTC
Diamond 3/Obsession, HTC
Droid Incredible, HTC
Supersonic/EVO 4G, LG
Apollo GW990, LG Fathom
VS750, LG GW820 eXpo,
Q4 08
LG GW825 IQ, Pantech
IS06(PTI06), Sharp
IS01(SHI01)/IS03(SHI03)/IS
05(SHI05), Sony Ericsson
S004(SO004)/S005(SO005)/S
006(SO006)/SOX02, Toshiba
dynapocket IS02(TSI01)/K01,
Toshiba T004(TS004),

2nd
Gen

Q4 09

2nd
Gen

Q4 09

Adr
MSM7 800 ARMv
eno
230
MHz 7
205

Adr
MSM7 800 ARMv
eno
630
MHz 7
205

MSM8 1 GH ARMv Adr

255
z
7
eno
205

1xEV-DO
Rev. A,
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
MC(MCRev. A),
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
Rev. B
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE,
UMTS/WCD
MA,
45 nm
HSDPA,
HSUPA,
HSPA+
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE,
UMTS/WCD
MA,
HSDPA,
HSUPA,
HSPA+,
MBMS,
CDMA2000
1xRTT,
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
Rel. 0,
45 nm
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
Rev. A,
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
MC(MCRev. A),
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
Rev. B,
CDMA SVDO
GSM, GPRS, 45 nm
EDGE,
UMTS/WCD
MA,
HSDPA,

2nd
Gen

Dell Flash, Dell Smoke, HTC

Desire Z/T-Mobile G2, Acer Q2 10
Liquid Metal

2nd
Gen

HTC Lexikon, Sharp

IS05(SHI05)

2nd
Gen

HTC Desire HD, T-Mobile

myTouch 4G

Q2 10

Dual
Adr
MSM8
ARMv
1.2 G
eno
260
7
Hz
220

Dual
Adr
MSM8
ARMv
1.2 G
eno
660
7
Hz
220

QSD8 Dual ARMv Adr

672
1.5 G 7
eno
Hz
220

HSUPA,
HSPA+
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE,
UMTS/WCD
MA,
45 nm
HSDPA,
HSUPA,
HSPA+
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE,
UMTS/WCD
MA,
HSDPA,
HSUPA,
HSPA+,
MBMS,
CDMA2000
1xRTT,
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
45 nm
Rel. 0,
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
Rev. A,
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
MC(MCRev. A),
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
Rev. B
GSM, GPRS, 45 nm
EDGE,
UMTS/WCD
MA,
HSDPA,
HSUPA,
HSPA+,
MBMS,
CDMA2000
1xRTT,
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
Rel. 0,
CDMA2000

3rd
Gen

Q3 10

3rd
Gen

Q3 10

3rd
Gen

1xEV-DO
Rev. A,
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
MC(MCRev. A),
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
Rev. B

[edit] Similar platforms

OMAP by Texas Instruments

PXA by Marvell

i.MX by Freescale

SH-Mobile by Renesas

Nomadik by ST Ericsson

U8500[15] by ST Ericsson

Tegra by Nvidia

Atom by Intel

Apple A4 by Samsung

[edit] See also

Smartbook, a new netbook-like class of devices, first models of which are powered by
Snapdragon

[edit] Notes and references

1. ^ http://www.dspdesignline.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=204700527
2. ^ http://www.insidedsp.com/tabid/64/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/238/QualcommReveals-Details-on-Scorpion-Core.aspx

3. ^ "Snapdragon - Technical Features". Qualcomm.

http://www.qualcomm.com/products_services/chipsets/snapdragon.html. Retrieved 29
December 2009.
4. ^ "Qualcomm Acquires Handheld Graphics and Multimedia Assets from AMD".
Qualcomm. 20 January 2009.
http://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2009/01/20/qualcomm-acquires-handheldgraphics-and-multimedia-assets-amd. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
5. ^ Qualcomm shows Eee PC running Android OS
6. ^ Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (2009-06-02). "Microsoft strikes back at Linux netbook
push". http://blogs.computerworld.com/microsoft_strikes_back_at_linux_netbook_push.
Retrieved 2009-06-20.
7. ^ Charlie Demerjian (2009-06-12). "MS steps on a Snapdragon".
http://www.semiaccurate.com/2009/06/12/ms-steps-snapdragon/. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
8. ^ "AT&T and LG Mobile Phones Announce the First 1Ghz Smartphone in the United
States, the LG Expo". ATT.com. http://www.att.com/gen/press-room?
pid=4800&cdvn=news&newsarticleid=27621.
9. ^ Nexus One Phone, Google.com
10. ^ "Qualcomm Ships First Dual-CPU Snapdragon Chipset". Qualcomm. 1 June 2010.
http://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2010/06/01/qualcomm-ships-first-dual-cpusnapdragon-chipset.
11. ^ "HTC EVO 4G is Sprint's Android-powered knight in superphone armor, we go handson". Engadget. 23 March 2010. http://www.engadget.com/2010/03/23/htc-evo-4g-issprints-android-powered-knight-in-superphone-armo/.
12. ^ "Snapdragon Chipset Product Page". Qualcomm.
http://www.qualcomm.com/products_services/chipsets/snapdragon.html.
13. ^ "Qualcomm Ships First Dual-CPU Snapdragon Chipset". Qualcomm. 1 June 2010.
http://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2010/06/01/qualcomm-ships-first-dual-cpusnapdragon-chipset.
14. ^ "The World's Largest PDA Database". PDAdb. http://www.pdadb.net.
15. ^ "ST Ericsson U8500 platform". http://www.stericsson.com/platforms/U8500.jsp.

[edit] External links

Snapdragon platform at Qualcomm's QCTConnect

Snapdragon article at IntoMobile

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapdragon_(processor)"

Categories: ARM architecture | Embedded microprocessors
Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from September 2010 | All articles
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Android Market
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Android Market

Developer(s)

Google

Initial release

October 22, 2008

Operating system

Android

Size

160,000+ apps [1]

Type

Software store

Website

http://www.android.com/market/

Android Market is an online software store developed by Google for Android devices. An
application program ("app") called "Market" is preinstalled on most Android devices and allows

users to browse and download apps published by third-party developers, hosted on Android
Market. The website, rather than the Market app itself, provides details of some of the available
apps, in particular those that are termed "Featured", "Top Paid" and "Top Free".

Contents
[hide]

1 History

2 Priced applications
o 2.1 Availability for users
o 2.2 Availability for developers

3 Banned applications

4 Implementation details

5 App Security

6 Known Issues

7 See also

8 References

9 External links
o 9.1 Third Party Market Alternatives
o 9.2 Utilities for browsing Android Market
o 9.3 Utilities for deleting Android Market History

[edit] History
The Android Market was announced on 28 August 2008 and was made available to users on 22
October 2008. Priced application support was added for U.S. users and developers in the U.S.

and UK in mid-February 2009. UK users gained the ability to purchase priced applications on 13
March 2009.
On 17 March 2009, there were about 2,300 applications available for download from the Android
Market, according to T-Mobile chief technical officer Cole Brodman.[2]
By December 2009, there were over 20,000 applications available for download in the Android
Market.[3]
By August 2010, there were over 80,000[4] applications available for download in the Android
Market, with over 1 billion application downloads[5][6]. Recent months (in 2010) have shown an
ever increasing growth rate, recently (in May 2010) surpassing 10,000 additional applications per
month.[7]
On October 25, 2010 the official AndroidDev twitter account announced that the Android market
had surpassed the 100,000 app milestone. As of November 2010, statistics show that over
160,000 apps are available for download.[8]
A report in July 2010 by Distimo showed that the Android Market features the highest
percentage of free apps, with over 57% being free to download, double the amount of Apple
Inc.'s App Store, in which only 28% of apps are free. Other competitors, such as Nokia's Ovi
Store and Blackberry's App World had 26%, with Windows Marketplace only having 22%.[9]

[edit] Priced applications

Developers of software (apps) receive 70% of the application price, with the remaining 30%
distributed among carriers (if authorized to receive a fee for applications purchased through their
network) and payment processors.[10] Revenue earned from the Android Market is paid to
developers via Google Checkout merchant accounts. T-Mobile, the first carrier with an Android
device, recently updated the market to allow Google to directly bill app purchases to a customer's
cell phone account that show up as a charge on the bill.

[edit] Availability for users

Paid applications are currently available to Android Market users in following countries:
Country
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Brazil
Denmark

Users can purchase apps[11]

No
Yes
Yes (except MVNO)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Developers can sell apps[12]

Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Finland
France
Germany
Hong Kong
India
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Singapore
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
South Korea
Spain
United Kingdom
United States

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes (except MVNO)
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Users reported problems with at least several mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) in
some of the countries listed above whose subscribers can't access priced applications.

Simyo and Jazztel Mvil,[13]

Spain.

As of 30 April 2010, these problems were fixed, and users of BOB and Jazztel have reported[14]
the market showing the paid downloads too.

[edit] Availability for developers

Early on, only developers in the U.S. and UK were able to publish priced applications. In an
email to Android Market developers on 2 April 2009, Google wrote: "... we are hard at work to
enable developers in Germany, Austria, Netherlands, France, and Spain to offer priced
applications in the coming weeks. Once merchant support for priced apps are live in these
countries, we will announce our plans for launching support for developers in additional
geographies."

This was partly realized and, for the time being, developers from Austria, France, Germany,
Netherlands, Spain, UK and the U.S. can sell priced applications on the Android Market.[12]
Unlike with the iPhone, there is no requirement that Android apps be acquired from Android
Market. Android apps may be obtained from any source including a developer's own website or
from any of the 3rd party alternatives to Market which exist and can be installed on Android
devices alongside Market.

[edit] Banned applications

On 31 March 2009, Google pulled all tethering applications from the Android Market.[15] Google
later restored the applications for Android Market users, except those inside the T-Mobile USA
network:[16]
On Monday, several applications that enable tethering were removed from the Android Market
catalog because they were in violation of T-Mobile's terms of service in the US. Based on
Android's Developer Distribution Agreement (section 7.2), we remove applications from the
Android Market catalog that violate the terms of service of a carrier or manufacturer. We
inadvertently unpublished the applications for all carriers, and today we have corrected the
problem so that all Android Market users outside the T-Mobile US network will now have access
to the applications. We have notified the affected developers.[16]
As of 20 May 2010, PDAnet, Easy Tether and Proxoid were all available in the U.S. market for
T-mobile users.

[edit] Implementation details

The applications themselves are self-contained Android Package files. The Android Market does
not install applications itself, rather it asks the phone's PackageManagerService to install them.
The package manager can be seen directly if the user tries to download an APK file direct to their
phone. Applications can be installed to the phone's internal storage, and can also be installed to
the owner's external storage card under certain conditions.[17]

[edit] App Security

Android devices can run apps written by third party developers and distributed through the
Android Market or one of several other app stores. Once they've signed up, developers can make
apps available immediately, without a lengthly approval process. Because of this, Android
devices may be more vulnerable to malware or virus infection.[citation needed]
When an app is installed, Android displays all required permissions. At that point the user can
decide whether or not to install the application. The user may decide not to install an application
whose permission requirements seem excessive or unnecessary. A game may need to enable
vibration, for example, but should not need to read messages or access the phonebook.

App permissions include things like:

Accessing the Internet

Making phone calls

Sending SMS messages

Reading and writing to the installed memory card

Accessing a user's address book data

While there have only been a few malware attacks in the wild, the possibility exists, and so
security software companies have been developing applications to help ensure the security of
Android devices. SMobile Systems, one such manufacturer, makes the claim that 20% of the
apps in the Android Market request permissions that could be used for malicious purposes. They
also state that five percent of the apps can make phone calls without the user's intervention.[18][19]
[20]
Note that they are not claiming that the apps actually are malicious, just that the possibility
exists.

[edit] Known Issues

A widespread issue has been reported by hundreds of users which inhibits their ability to
download apps from the marketplace. Some user issues related to the migration of UK users
from googlemail.com addresses to gmail.com [21], but the majority are still unresolved, despite a
number of suggested fixes. The two most popular questions on android technical help relate to
the issue, with hundreds of unanswered queries[22]. There is a problem with the Android 2.2
update. Hundreds of users across multiple networks have experienced the market place app
disappearing. So far Google have only offered one solution, a hard reset of your phone. Doing
this will wipe your contact text messages and any other apps you have installed so make sure you
back up your data. This can be a lengthy and very annoying process, but as mentioned above,
Google have offered no other solution and queries have gone unanswered on their forum.

[edit] See also

Android

List of Android devices

List of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices

List of Android OS-related topics

List of Open Source Android Applications

[edit] References
1. ^ "Android Market Statistics". AndroLib. 8 November 2010.
http://www.androlib.com/appstats.aspx.
2. ^ Stephen Lawson (17 March 2009). "Android Market Needs More Filters, T-Mobile
Says". PC World.
http://www.pcworld.com/article/161410/android_market_needs_more_filters_tmobile_sa
ys.html.
3. ^ "Android Market Going Strong, Now Has 20,000 Apps". Maximum PC. 15 December
2009.
http://www.maximumpc.com/article/news/android_market_going_strong_now_has_2000
0_apps. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
4. ^ Jerry Hildenbrand (9 September 2010). "Android Market has more than 80,000 apps,
Android's Rubin says". Android Central. http://www.androidcentral.com/googles-andyrubin-says-over-80k-apps-now-android-market.
5. ^ "Android Market Has 100,000 Apps & Passes 1 Billion Downloads". 2009-07-15.
http://www.engadget.com/2010/07/15/android-market-now-has-100-000-apps-passes-1billion-download-m/. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
6. ^ "Android Market Hits 1 Billion Downloads & 100,000 apps". 2009-07-15.
http://www.fonehome.co.uk/2010/07/16/android-market-hits-1-billion-downloads100000-apps/. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
7. ^ "Android Market statistics from AndroLib, Androlib, Android Applications and
Games". Androlib.com. http://www.androlib.com/appstats.aspx. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
8. ^ "Android Market Statistics". AndroLib. 8 November 2010.
http://www.androlib.com/appstats.aspx.
9. ^ "Google Android has double the number of free apps than Apple's App Store". Distimo.
15 July 2009. http://techcrunch.com/2010/07/05/distimo-june-2010/. Retrieved 15 July
2009.
10. ^ "Android Market Developer Distribution Agreement (USA)". android.com.
http://www.android.com/us/developer-distribution-agreement.html.
11. ^ "Paid App Availability". Android Market Help.
12. ^ a b "Supported locations for merchants". Android Market Help.
http://market.android.com/support/bin/answer.py?answer=150324.

13. ^ "Why the operator Simyo in Spain is now banned/blocked to show paid appplications
in Market? - Android Market Help". Google.com.
http://www.google.com/support/forum/p/Android+Market/thread?
tid=1096295d987dd4c1&hl=en. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
14. ^ "Issue 3852 - android - No paid apps in market after changing SIM card! - Project
Hosting on Google Code". Code.google.com. 2009-09-10.
http://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=3852. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
15. ^ "Banned from the Market... ok.". False Dichotomies.
http://www.falsedichotomies.org/node/73. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
16. ^ a b Krazit, Tom (2009-04-02). "Google restores tethering app for Android users outside
U.S. | Wireless - CNET News". News.cnet.com. http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_310210515-94.html. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
17. ^ http://developer.android.com/guide/appendix/install-location.html
18. ^ "SMobile Systems Analysis of Android App Store Reveals Massive Potential for
Malware and Viruses". prnewswire.com. 2009-06-22. http://www.prnewswire.com/newsreleases/smobile-systems-analysis-of-android-app-store-reveals-massive-potential-formalware-and-viruses-96896999.html. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
19. ^ "Threat Analysis of the Android Market". smobilesystems.com. 2009-06-22.
http://threatcenter.smobilesystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Android-MarketThreat-Analysis-6-22-10-v1.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
20. ^ "20 % des applications de l'Android Market demandent l'accs des donnes
personnelles". Le Monde. 2009-06-23.
http://www.lemonde.fr/technologies/article/2010/06/23/20-des-applications-de-l-androidmarket-demandent-l-acces-a-des-donnees-personnelles_1377745_651865.html. Retrieved
2010-06-27.
21. ^ "gmail.com UK issues". bitterwallet.com. http://www.bitterwallet.com/googlemailchanges-to-gmail-but-snarls-up-android-phones/29294.
22. ^ "Android Technical Help Forum". google.com.
http://www.google.com/support/forum/p/Android+Market/label?
lid=7dc8a5c590cd22ee&hl=en&sort=popularity.

[edit] External links

Android Market

Android Market Help

[edit] Third Party Market Alternatives

AndAppStore - Alternative App Store with its own download client (no country
restrictions)

AppsLib - Alternative apps market provided by Archos (currently limited to Archos

devices)

SlideME - Alternative/Complementary Android Marketplace (no country restrictions)

Adroia - Alternative market with payment solution, Pay by Intent and Pay by URL
(Norway only)

AndroidPIT - Alternative market with PayPal and ClickandBuy (no country restrictions)

[edit] Utilities for browsing Android Market

AppAware

AndBOT

AndroidZoom

Androlib

AppBrain

Cyrket

Raw Apps

AndroidTapp

AndroidAppLib

Androlicious

[edit] Utilities for deleting Android Market History

Refine Efficiency
[show]

vde

Android (Google Inc., Open Handset Alliance)

[show]
vde

Digital distribution platforms

AppUp BigPond GamesArena Direct2Drive DotEmu EA Store Gaikai

GamersGate GameAgent GameShadow GameTap GFW Live Marketplace
Windows
Good Old Games Impulse Jumboplay Metaboli Microsoft Store RealArcade
OnLive Steam WildTangent Windows Marketplace Zylom
Mac OS

Gametreeonline.com GameAgent GamersGate Mac Games Arcade OnLive

Steam

Other
Gaikai Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection OnLive PlayStation Store Wii Shop
platform
Channel Xbox Live Marketplace ZeeboNet 3G
s
Android Market App Catalog App Store AppUp App World Cydia DSi
Mobile Shop Get It Now GetJar Handango N-Gage Ovi Store PlayNow PlayStation
Store for PSP Windows Marketplace for Mobile Windows Phone Marketplace
Browser

Bing Entertainment Kongregate MSN Games Pogo.com WildTangent Yahoo!

Games Zylom

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Market"

Categories: Android (operating system) | Android software | Mobile software
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Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
organization.

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile
telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also
dubbed 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current
HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s. Further speed
increases are available with HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84
Mbit/s with Release 9 of the 3GPP standards.[1]

Contents
[hide]

1 Technology
o 1.1 HS-DSCH channel
o 1.2 Hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ)
o 1.3 Fast packet scheduling
o 1.4 Adaptive modulation and coding
o 1.5 Other improvements

2 HSDPA User Equipment (UE) categories

3 Roadmap

4 Adoption

o 4.1 Marketing as mobile broadband

5 See also

6 References

7 Further reading

8 External links

[edit] Technology
[edit] HS-DSCH channel
For HSDPA, a new transport layer channel, High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH),
has been added to W-CDMA release 5 and further specification. It is implemented by
introducing three new physical layer channels: HS-SCCH, HS-DPCCH and HS-PDSCH. The
High Speed-Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) informs the user that data will be sent on the
HS-DSCH 2 slots ahead. The Uplink High Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HSDPCCH) carries acknowledgment information and current channel quality indicator (CQI) of the
user. This value is then used by the base station to calculate how much data to send to the user
devices on the next transmission. The High Speed-Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HSPDSCH) is the channel mapped to the above HS-DSCH transport channel that carries actual user
data.

[edit] Hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ)

Data is transmitted together with error correction bits. Minor errors can thus be corrected without
retransmission; see forward error correction.
If retransmission is needed, the user device saves the packet and later combines it with
retransmitted packet to recover the error-free packet as efficiently as possible. Even if the
retransmitted packets are corrupted, their combination can yield an error-free packet.
Retransmitted packet may be either identical (Chase combining) or different from the first
transmission (incremental redundancy).
The round-trip time for retransmissions is improved since the retransmissions are done from base
station instead of radio network controller.

[edit] Fast packet scheduling

The HS-DSCH downlink channel is shared between users using channel-dependent scheduling to
make the best use of available radio conditions. Each user device continually transmits an

indication of the downlink signal quality, as often as 500 times per second. Using this
information from all devices, the base station decides which users will be sent data on the next 2
ms frame and how much data should be sent for each user. More data can be sent to users which
report high downlink signal quality.
The amount of the channelisation code tree, and thus network bandwidth, allocated to HSDPA
users is determined by the network. The allocation is "semi-static" in that it can be modified
while the network is operating, but not on a frame-by-frame basis. This allocation represents a
trade-off between bandwidth allocated for HSDPA users, versus that for voice and non-HSDPA
data users. The allocation is in units of channelisation codes for Spreading Factor 16, of which
16 exist and up to 15 can be allocated to HSDPA. When the base station decides which users will
receive data on the next frame, it also decides which channelisation codes will be used for each
user. This information is sent to the user devices over one or more "scheduling channels"; these
channels are not part of the HSDPA allocation previously mentioned, but are allocated separately.
Thus, for a given 2 ms frame, data may be sent to a number of users simultaneously, using
different channelisation codes. The maximum number of users to receive data on a given 2 ms
frame is determined by the number of allocated channelisation codes. By contrast, in
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, data is sent to only one user at a time.

[edit] Adaptive modulation and coding

The modulation scheme and coding is changed on a per-user basis depending on signal quality
and cell usage. The initial scheme is Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), but in good radio
conditions 16QAM and 64QAM can significantly increase data throughput rates. With 5 Code
allocation, QPSK typically offers up to 1.8 Mbit/s peak data rates, while 16QAM offers up to
3.6. Additional codes (e.g. 10, 15) can also be used to improve these data rates or extend the
network capacity throughput significantly.

[edit] Other improvements

HSDPA is part of the UMTS standards since release 5, which also accompanies an improvement
on the uplink providing a new bearer of 384 kbit/s. The previous maximum bearer was
128 kbit/s.
As well as improving data rates, HSDPA also decreases latency and so the round trip time for
applications.
In later 3GPP specification releases HSPA+ increases data rates further by adding 64QAM
modulation, MIMO and Dual-Cell HSDPA operation, i.e. two 5 MHz carriers are used
simultaneously.

[edit] HSDPA User Equipment (UE) categories

HSDPA comprises various versions with different data speeds. The following table is derived
from table 5.1a of the release 9 version of 3GPP TS 25.306 [2] and shows maximum speeds of
different device classes and by what combination of features they are achieved. In 2009 the most

common devices are category 6 (3.6 Mbit/s) and category 8 (7.2 Mbit/s) with retail prices around
60 euros without subscription.

Protocol
HSDPA
HSDPA
HSDPA
HSDPA
HSDPA
HSDPA
HSDPA
HSDPA
HSDPA
HSDPA
HSDPA
HSDPA
HSPA+
HSPA+
HSPA+
HSPA+
HSPA+
HSPA+
Dual-Cell
HSDPA
Dual-Cell
HSDPA
Dual-Cell
HSDPA
Dual-Cell
HSDPA
DC-HSDPA
w/MIMO
DC-HSDPA
w/MIMO
DC-HSDPA
w/MIMO
DC-HSDPA
w/MIMO

Max.
3GPP
number of
MIMO,
Category
Modulation
Release
HS-DSCH
Dual-Cell
codes

Code rate
at
Max. data
max.
rate
data
[Mbit/s]
rate[3]
.76
1.2
.76
1.2
.76
1.8
.76
1.8
.76
3.6
.76
3.6
.75
7.2
.76
7.2
.70
10.1
.97
14.0
.76
0.9
.76
1.8
.82
17.6
.98
21.1
.81
23.4
.97
28.0
.82
35.3
.98
42.2

Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 7
Release 7
Release 7
Release 7
Release 7
Release 7

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
19
20

5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
15
15
5
5
15
15
15
15
15
15

16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
QPSK
QPSK
64-QAM
64-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
64-QAM
64-QAM

MIMO
MIMO
MIMO
MIMO

Release 8

16-QAM

Dual-Cell

.81

23.4

Release 8

16-QAM

Dual-Cell

.97

28.0

Release 8

64-QAM

Dual-Cell

.82

35.3

Release 8

64-QAM

Dual-Cell

.98

42.2

Release 9

16-QAM

.81

46.7

Release 9

.97

55.9

Release 9

.82

70.6

Release 9

.98

84.4

Dual-Cell +
MIMO
Dual-Cell +
16-QAM
MIMO
Dual-Cell +
64-QAM
MIMO
Dual-Cell +
64-QAM
MIMO

16-QAM implies QPSK support, 64-QAM implies 16-QAM and QPSK support. The maximum
data rates given in the table are physical layer data rates. Application layer data rate is
approximately 85% of that, due to the inclusion of IP headers (overhead information) etc.

[edit] Roadmap
The first phase of HSDPA has been specified in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
release 5. Phase one introduces new basic functions and is aimed to achieve peak data rates of
14.0 Mbit/s (see above). Newly introduced are the High Speed Downlink Shared Channels (HSDSCH), the adaptive modulation QPSK and 16QAM and the High Speed Medium Access
protocol (MAC-hs) in base station.
The second phase of HSDPA is specified in the 3GPP release 7 and has been named HSPA
Evolved. It can achieve data rates of up to 42 Mbit/s.[1] It introduces antenna array technologies
such as beamforming and Multiple-input multiple-output communications (MIMO). Beam
forming focuses the transmitted power of an antenna in a beam towards the users direction.
MIMO uses multiple antennas at the sending and receiving side. Deployments are scheduled to
begin in the second half of 2008.
Further releases of the standard have introduced dual carrier operation, i.e. the simultaneous use
of two 5 MHz carrier. By combining this with MIMO transmission, peak data rates of 84 Mbit/s
can be reached under ideal signal conditions.
After HSPA Evolved, the roadmap leads to E-UTRA (Previously "HSOPA"), the technology
specified in 3GPP Release 8. This project is called the Long Term Evolution initiative. The first
release of LTE offers data rates of over 320 Mbit/s for downlink and over 170 Mbit/s for uplink
using OFDMA modulation.[1]

[edit] Adoption
As of August 28, 2009, 250 HSDPA networks have commercially launched mobile broadband
services in 109 countries. 169 HSDPA networks support 3.6 Mbit/s peak downlink data
throughput. A growing number are delivering 21 Mbit/s peak data downlink and 28 Mbit/s.
Several others will have this capability by end 2009 and the first 42 Mbit/s network came online
in Australia in February 2010. Telstra switches on 42 Mbit/s Next G, plans 84 Mbit/s through the
implementation of HSPA+ Dual Carrier plus MIMO technology upgrade in 2011.[4] This protocol
is a relatively simple upgrade where UMTS is already deployed.[1] First week in May 2010,
Second-ranked Indonesia cellco: Indosat has launched the first DC-HSPA+ 42 Mbit/s fastest
commercial network in Asia-Pasific (first operator in Asia and the second in the world after
Telstra). Indosat has beaten Australia's Telstra, Singapore's StarHub and Hong Kong's CSL to
stake its claim as the first operator in Asia-Pacific to offer theoritical download speeds of 42
Mbit/s via HSPA+.[5][6]
CDMA2000-EVDO networks had the early lead on performance, and Japanese providers were
highly successful benchmarks for it. But lately this seems to be changing in favour of HSDPA as

an increasing number of providers worldwide are adopting it. In Australia, Telstra announced
that its CDMA-EVDO network would be replaced with a HSDPA network (since named NextG),
offering high speed internet, mobile television and traditional telephony and video calling.
Rogers Wireless deployed HSDPA system 850/1900 in Canada on April 1, 2007. In July 2008,
Bell Canada and Telus announced a joint plan to expand their current shared EVDO/CDMA
network to include HSDPA.[7] Bell Canada launched their joint network November 4, 2009,
while Telus launched November 5, 2009.[8] In January 2010, T-Mobile USA adopted HSDPA.[9]

[edit] Marketing as mobile broadband

During 2007, an increasing number of telcos worldwide began selling HSDPA USB modems as
mobile broadband connections. In addition, the popularity of HSDPA landline replacement boxes
grewproviding HSDPA for data via Ethernet and WiFi, and ports for connecting traditional
landline telephones. Some are marketed with connection speeds of "up to 7.2 Mbit/s",[10] which is
only attained under ideal conditions. As a result these services can be slower than expected,
especially when in fringe coverage indoors.

[edit] See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: HSDPA

3GPP Long Term Evolution

Cellular router

High-Speed Uplink Packet Access

High-Speed OFDM Packet Access

List of device bandwidths

List of HSDPA mobile phones

Multi-band

UMTS

UMTS frequency bands

[edit] References
1. ^ a b c d HSPA mobile broadband today

2. ^ 3GPP TS 25.306 v9.0.0 http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25306.htm

3. ^ The maximal code rate is not limited. A value close to 1 in this column indicates that
the maximum data rate can be achieved only in ideal conditions. The device is therefore
connected directly to the transmitter to demonstrate these data rates.
4. ^ Telstra switches on 42 Mbps Next G, plans 84 Mbps upgrade in 2011 | Comms Day
http://www.commsday.com/commsday/?p=789
5. ^ Indosat first in Asia to launch 42 Mbps HSPA+ http://www.telecomasia.net/print/17244
6. ^ Indosat gears up for 4G and launches Asia's fastest network - Ericsson
http://www.ericsson.com/news/142992
7. ^ "Telus, Bell Announce Switch from CDMA to HSDPA".
http://www.iphonealley.com/news/telus-bell-announce-switch-from-cdma-to-hsdpa.
8. ^ Marlow, Iain (3 November 2009). "Bell, Telus launch high-speed networks". Toronto
Star. http://www.thestar.com/business/article/720096--bell-races-to-launch-high-speednetwork-one-day-ahead-of-telus.
9. ^
http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/185916/tmobile_usa_finishes_upgrade_to
_hspa_72.html
10. ^ Vodafone UK 7.2 MBs service

[edit] Further reading

Sauter, Martin (2006). Communication Systems for the Mobile Information Society.
Chichester: John Wiley. ISBN 0470026766.

[edit] External links

GSM Association on HSPA

Understand HSDPA's implementation challenges

[show]

vde

Mobile telephony standards

AMP AMPS TACS ETACS
S

family
Other NMT Hicap Mobitex DataTAC
GSM/3GP
GSM CSD
P family
3GPP2
family

CdmaOne (IS-95)

AMPS
family

D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)

Other

CDPD iDEN PDC PHS

GSM/3GP
HSCSD GPRS EDGE/EGPRS
P family
3GPP2
family

CDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000)

Other

WiDEN

3GPP
UMTS (UTRAN) WCDMA-FDD WCDMA-TDD UTRA-TDD LCR (TD-SCDMA)
family
3GPP
2
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856)
family
3GPP
HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+ LTE (E-UTRA)
family
3GPP
2
EV-DO Rev. A EV-DO Rev. B
family
Other Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) Flash-OFDM IEEE 802.20
3GPP
LTE Advanced
family
WiMAX
IEEE 802.16m
family
unconfirme

[hide]Internet access
Wired
Unlicense
d
terrestrial
bands
G.hn
Wi-Fi
HomePlu Bluetooth
HomePN
Ethernet
g
DECT
A G.hn
Powerline Wireless
Alliance USB

Network
Coaxial Twisted
type Optical
cable
pair

LAN Ethernet G.hn

Wireless
Phone
line

Power
line

Licensed
terrestrial
bands

Satellite

GPRS iBurst
WiBro/WiMAX
Muni Wi UMTS-TDD, Satellite
Fi
HSPA EVDO
LTE
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access"
Categories: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System | High-Speed Packet Access
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Internet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the public worldwide computer network system. For other uses, see Internet
(disambiguation).

Visualization from the Opte Project of the various routes through a portion of the Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard
Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks
that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of
local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking
technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the
inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to
support electronic mail.
Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are
being reshaped or redefined by the Internet. Newspaper, book and other print publishing are
having to adapt to Web sites and blogging. The Internet has enabled or accelerated new forms of
human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Online
shopping has boomed both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-tobusiness and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries.
The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s with both private and United States military
research into robust, fault-tolerant, and distributed computer networks. The funding of a new
U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation, as well as private funding for other
commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking
technologies, and the merger of many networks. The commercialization of what was by then an
international network in the mid 1990s resulted in its popularization and incorporation into
virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated quarter of Earth's
population used the services of the Internet.
The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for
access and usage; each constituent network sets its own standards. Only the overreaching
definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space

and the Domain Name System, are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and
standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that
anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.

Contents
[hide]

1 Terminology

2 History

3 Technology
o 3.1 Protocols
o 3.2 Structure

4 Governance

5 Modern uses

6 Services
o 6.1 Information
o 6.2 Communication
o 6.3 Data transfer

7 Access

8 Social impact

9 See also

10 Notes

11 References

12 External links

Terminology
See also: Internet capitalization conventions
Internet is a short form of the technical term "internetwork",[1] the result of interconnecting
computer networks with special gateways (routers). The Internet is also often referred to as the
net.
The term the Internet, when referring to the entire global system of IP networks, has traditionally
been treated as a proper noun and written with an initial capital letter. In the media and popular
culture a trend has developed to regard it as a generic term or common noun and thus write it as
"the internet", without capitalization.

Depiction of the Internet as a cloud in network diagrams

The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday speech without much
distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same. The
Internet is a global data communications system. It is a hardware and software infrastructure that
provides connectivity between computers. In contrast, the Web is one of the services
communicated via the Internet. It is a collection of interconnected documents and other
resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs.[2]
In many technical illustrations when the precise location or interrelation of Internet resources is
not important, extended networks such as the Internet are often depicted as a cloud.[3] The verbal
image has been formalized in the newer concept of cloud computing.

History
Main article: History of the Internet
The USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA or DARPA) in February 1958 to regain a technological lead.[4][5] ARPA
created the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) to further the research of the Semi
Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide radar

systems together for the first time. The IPTO's purpose was to find ways to address the US
Military's concern about survivability of their communications networks, and as a first step
interconnect their computers at the Pentagon, Cheyenne Mountain, and Strategic Air Command
headquarters (SAC). J. C. R. Licklider, a promoter of universal networking, was selected to head
the IPTO. Licklider moved from the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory at Harvard University to MIT
in 1950, after becoming interested in information technology. At MIT, he served on a committee
that established Lincoln Laboratory and worked on the SAGE project. In 1957 he became a Vice
President at BBN, where he bought the first production PDP-1 computer and conducted the first
public demonstration of time-sharing.

Professor Leonard Kleinrock with one of the first ARPANET Interface Message Processors at
UCLA
At the IPTO, Licklider's successor Ivan Sutherland in 1965 got Lawrence Roberts to start a
project to make a network, and Roberts based the technology on the work of Paul Baran,[6] who
had written an exhaustive study for the United States Air Force that recommended packet
switching (opposed to circuit switching) to achieve better network robustness and disaster
survivability. Roberts had worked at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory originally established to work
on the design of the SAGE system. UCLA professor Leonard Kleinrock had provided the
theoretical foundations for packet networks in 1962, and later, in the 1970s, for hierarchical
routing, concepts which have been the underpinning of the development towards today's Internet.
Sutherland's successor Robert Taylor convinced Roberts to build on his early packet switching
successes and come and be the IPTO Chief Scientist. Once there, Roberts prepared a report
called Resource Sharing Computer Networks which was approved by Taylor in June 1968 and
laid the foundation for the launch of the working ARPANET the following year.
After much work, the first two nodes of what would become the ARPANET were interconnected
between Kleinrock's Network Measurement Center at the UCLA's School of Engineering and
Applied Science and Douglas Engelbart's NLS system at SRI International (SRI) in Menlo Park,
California, on 29 October 1969. The third site on the ARPANET was the Culler-Fried Interactive
Mathematics center at the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the fourth was the
University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of future growth, there were already
fifteen sites connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971.

The ARPANET was one of the eve networks of today's Internet. In an independent development,
Donald Davies at the UK National Physical Laboratory also discovered the concept of packet
switching in the early 1960s, first giving a talk on the subject in 1965, after which the teams in
the new field from two sides of the Atlantic ocean first became acquainted. It was actually
Davies' coinage of the wording "packet" and "packet switching" that was adopted as the standard
terminology. Davies also built a packet switched network in the UK called the Mark I in 1970. [7]
Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), the private contractors for ARPANET, set out to create a
separate commercial version after establishing "value added carriers" was legalized in the U.S.[8]
The network they established was called Telenet and began operation in 1975, installing free
public dial-up access in cities throughout the U.S. Telenet was the first packet-switching network
open to the general public.[9]
Following the demonstration that packet switching worked on the ARPANET, the British Post
Office, Telenet, DATAPAC and TRANSPAC collaborated to create the first international packetswitched network service. In the UK, this was referred to as the International Packet Switched
Service (IPSS), in 1978. The collection of X.25-based networks grew from Europe and the US to
cover Canada, Hong Kong and Australia by 1981. The X.25 packet switching standard was
developed in the CCITT (now called ITU-T) around 1976.

A plaque commemorating the birth of the Internet at Stanford University

X.25 was independent of the TCP/IP protocols that arose from the experimental work of DARPA
on the ARPANET, Packet Radio Net and Packet Satellite Net during the same time period.
The early ARPANET ran on the Network Control Program (NCP), implementing the host-to-host
connectivity and switching layers of the protocol stack, designed and first implemented in
December 1970 by a team called the Network Working Group (NWG) led by Steve Crocker. To
respond to the network's rapid growth as more and more locations connected, Vinton Cerf and
Robert Kahn developed the first description of the now widely used TCP protocols during 1973
and published a paper on the subject in May 1974. Use of the term "Internet" to describe a single
global TCP/IP network originated in December 1974 with the publication of RFC 675, the first
full specification of TCP that was written by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine, then at
Stanford University. During the next nine years, work proceeded to refine the protocols and to

implement them on a wide range of operating systems. The first TCP/IP-based wide-area
network was operational by 1 January 1983 when all hosts on the ARPANET were switched over
from the older NCP protocols. In 1985, the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF)
commissioned the construction of the NSFNET, a university 56 kilobit/second network backbone
using computers called "fuzzballs" by their inventor, David L. Mills. The following year, NSF
sponsored the conversion to a higher-speed 1.5 megabit/second network. A key decision to use
the DARPA TCP/IP protocols was made by Dennis Jennings, then in charge of the
Supercomputer program at NSF.
The opening of the NSFNET to other networks began in 1988.[citation needed] The US Federal
Networking Council approved the interconnection of the NSFNET to the commercial MCI Mail
system in that year and the link was made in the summer of 1989. Other commercial electronic
mail services were soon connected, including OnTyme, Telemail and Compuserve. In that same
year, three commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began operations: UUNET, PSINet, and
CERFNET. Important, separate networks that offered gateways into, then later merged with, the
Internet include Usenet and BITNET. Various other commercial and educational networks, such
as Telenet (by that time renamed to Sprintnet), Tymnet, Compuserve and JANET were
interconnected with the growing Internet in the 1980s as the TCP/IP protocol became
increasingly popular. The adaptability of TCP/IP to existing communication networks allowed
for rapid growth. The open availability of the specifications and reference code permitted
commercial vendors to build interoperable network components, such as routers, making
standardized network gear available from many companies. This aided in the rapid growth of the
Internet and the proliferation of local-area networking. It seeded the widespread implementation
and rigorous standardization of TCP/IP on UNIX and virtually every other common operating
system.

This NeXT Computer was used by Sir Tim Berners-Lee at CERN and became the world's first
Web server.
Although the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet possible had existed for
almost two decades, the network did not gain a public face until the 1990s. On 6 August 1991,
CERN, a pan European organization for particle research, publicized the new World Wide Web
project. The Web was invented by British scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. An early popular
web browser was ViolaWWW, patterned after HyperCard and built using the X Window System.
It was eventually replaced in popularity by the Mosaic web browser. In 1993, the National
Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois released version 1.0 of
Mosaic, and by late 1994 there was growing public interest in the previously academic, technical

Internet. By 1996 usage of the word Internet had become commonplace, and consequently, so
had its use as a synecdoche in reference to the World Wide Web.
Meanwhile, over the course of the decade, the Internet successfully accommodated the majority
of previously existing public computer networks (although some networks, such as FidoNet,
have remained separate). During the 1990s, it was estimated that the Internet grew by 100
percent per year, with a brief period of explosive growth in 1996 and 1997.[10] This growth is
often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the
network, as well as the non-proprietary open nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages
vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the
network.[11] The estimated population of Internet users is 1.97 billion as of 30 June 2010.[12]
From 2009 onward, the Internet is expected to grow significantly in Brazil, Russia, India, China,
and Indonesia (BRICI countries). These countries have large populations and moderate to high
economic growth, but still low Internet penetration rates. In 2009, the BRICI countries
represented about 45 percent of the world's population and had approximately 610 million
Internet users, but by 2015, Internet users in BRICI countries will double to 1.2 billion, and will
triple in Indonesia.[13][14]

Technology
Protocols
Main article: Internet Protocol Suite
The complex communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of its hardware components
and a system of software layers that control various aspects of the architecture. While the
hardware can often be used to support other software systems, it is the design and the rigorous
standardization process of the software architecture that characterizes the Internet and provides
the foundation for its scalability and success. The responsibility for the architectural design of the
Internet software systems has been delegated to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).[15]
The IETF conducts standard-setting work groups, open to any individual, about the various
aspects of Internet architecture. Resulting discussions and final standards are published in a
series of publications, each called a Request for Comments (RFC), freely available on the IETF
web site. The principal methods of networking that enable the Internet are contained in specially
designated RFCs that constitute the Internet Standards. Other less rigorous documents are simply
informative, experimental, or historical, or document the best current practices (BCP) when
implementing Internet technologies.
The Internet Standards describe a framework known as the Internet Protocol Suite. This is a
model architecture that divides methods into a layered system of protocols (RFC 1122, RFC
1123). The layers correspond to the environment or scope in which their services operate. At the
top is the Application Layer, the space for the application-specific networking methods used in
software applications, e.g., a web browser program. Below this top layer, the Transport Layer
connects applications on different hosts via the network (e.g., clientserver model) with
appropriate data exchange methods. Underlying these layers are the core networking

technologies, consisting of two layers. The Internet Layer enables computers to identify and
locate each other via Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and allows them to connect to one-another
via intermediate (transit) networks. Lastly, at the bottom of the architecture, is a software layer,
the Link Layer, that provides connectivity between hosts on the same local network link, such as
a local area network (LAN) or a dial-up connection. The model, also known as TCP/IP, is
designed to be independent of the underlying hardware which the model therefore does not
concern itself with in any detail. Other models have been developed, such as the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model, but they are not compatible in the details of description, nor
implementation, but many similarities exist and the TCP/IP protocols are usually included in the
discussion of OSI networking.
The most prominent component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol (IP) which
provides addressing systems (IP addresses) for computers on the Internet. IP enables
internetworking and essentially establishes the Internet itself. IP Version 4 (IPv4) is the initial
version used on the first generation of the today's Internet and is still in dominant use. It was
designed to address up to ~4.3 billion (109) Internet hosts. However, the explosive growth of the
Internet has led to IPv4 address exhaustion which is estimated to enter its final stage in
approximately 2011.[16] A new protocol version, IPv6, was developed in the mid 1990s which
provides vastly larger addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic. IPv6
is currently in commercial deployment phase around the world and Internet address registries
(RIRs) have begun to urge all resource managers to plan rapid adoption and conversion.[17]
IPv6 is not interoperable with IPv4. It essentially establishes a "parallel" version of the Internet
not directly accessible with IPv4 software. This means software upgrades or translator facilities
are necessary for every networking device that needs to communicate on the IPv6 Internet. Most
modern computer operating systems are already converted to operate with both versions of the
Internet Protocol. Network infrastructures, however, are still lagging in this development. Aside
from the complex physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is facilitated
by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts (e.g., peering agreements), and by technical
specifications or protocols that describe how to exchange data over the network. Indeed, the
Internet is defined by its interconnections and routing policies.

Structure
The Internet structure and its usage characteristics have been studied extensively. It has been
determined that both the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web
are examples of scale-free networks. Similar to the way the commercial Internet providers
connect via Internet exchange points, research networks tend to interconnect into large
subnetworks such as GEANT, GLORIAD, Internet2 (successor of the Abilene Network), and the
UK's national research and education network JANET. These in turn are built around smaller
networks (see also the list of academic computer network organizations).
Many computer scientists describe the Internet as a "prime example of a large-scale, highly
engineered, yet highly complex system".[18] The Internet is extremely heterogeneous; for
instance, data transfer rates and physical characteristics of connections vary widely. The Internet
exhibits "emergent phenomena" that depend on its large-scale organization. For example, data

transfer rates exhibit temporal self-similarity. The principles of the routing and addressing
methods for traffic in the Internet reach back to their origins the 1960s when the eventual scale
and popularity of the network could not be anticipated. Thus, the possibility of developing
alternative structures is investigated.[19]

Governance
Main article: Internet governance

ICANN headquarters in Marina Del Rey, California, United States

The Internet is a globally distributed network comprising many voluntarily interconnected
autonomous networks. It operates without a central governing body. However, to maintain
interoperability, all technical and policy aspects of the underlying core infrastructure and the
principal name spaces are administered by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN), headquartered in Marina del Rey, California. ICANN is the authority that
coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers for use on the Internet, including domain names,
Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, application port numbers in the transport protocols, and many
other parameters. Globally unified name spaces, in which names and numbers are uniquely
assigned, are essential for the global reach of the Internet. ICANN is governed by an
international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and
other non-commercial communities. The US government continues to have the primary role in
approving changes to the DNS root zone that lies at the heart of the domain name system.
ICANN's role in coordinating the assignment of unique identifiers distinguishes it as perhaps the
only central coordinating body on the global Internet. On 16 November 2005, the World Summit
on the Information Society, held in Tunis, established the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) to
discuss Internet-related issues.

Modern uses
The Internet is allowing greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the
spread of unmetered high-speed connections and web applications.
The Internet can now be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means, especially through
mobile Internet devices. Mobile phones, datacards, handheld game consoles and cellular routers
allow users to connect to the Internet from anywhere there is a wireless network supporting that

device's technology. Within the limitations imposed by small screens and other limited facilities
of such pocket-sized devices, services of the Internet, including email and the web, may be
available. Service providers may restrict the services offered and wireless data transmission
charges may be significantly higher than other access methods.
Educational material at all levels from pre-school to post-doctoral is available from websites.
Examples range from CBeebies, through school and high-school revision guides, virtual
universities, to access to top-end scholarly literature through the likes of Google Scholar. In
distance education, help with homework and other assignments, self-guided learning, whiling
away spare time, or just looking up more detail on an interesting fact, it has never been easier for
people to access educational information at any level from anywhere. The Internet in general and
the World Wide Web in particular are important enablers of both formal and informal education.
The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills has made
collaborative work dramatically easier, with the help of collaborative software. Not only can a
group cheaply communicate and share ideas, but the wide reach of the Internet allows such
groups to easily form in the first place. An example of this is the free software movement, which
has produced, among other programs, Linux, Mozilla Firefox, and OpenOffice.org. Internet
"chat", whether in the form of IRC chat rooms or channels, or via instant messaging systems,
allow colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way when working at their computers
during the day. Messages can be exchanged even more quickly and conveniently than via e-mail.
Extensions to these systems may allow files to be exchanged, "whiteboard" drawings to be
shared or voice and video contact between team members.
Version control systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents without
either accidentally overwriting each other's work or having members wait until they get "sent"
documents to be able to make their contributions. Business and project teams can share calendars
as well as documents and other information. Such collaboration occurs in a wide variety of areas
including scientific research, software development, conference planning, political activism and
creative writing. Social and political collaboration is also becoming more widespread as both
Internet access and computer literacy grow. From the flash mob 'events' of the early 2000s to the
use of social networking in the 2009 Iranian election protests, the Internet allows people to work
together more effectively and in many more ways than was possible without it.
The Internet allows computer users to remotely access other computers and information stores
easily, wherever they may be across the world. They may do this with or without the use of
security, authentication and encryption technologies, depending on the requirements. This is
encouraging new ways of working from home, collaboration and information sharing in many
industries. An accountant sitting at home can audit the books of a company based in another
country, on a server situated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a
fourth. These accounts could have been created by home-working bookkeepers, in other remote
locations, based on information e-mailed to them from offices all over the world. Some of these
things were possible before the widespread use of the Internet, but the cost of private leased lines
would have made many of them infeasible in practice. An office worker away from their desk,
perhaps on the other side of the world on a business trip or a holiday, can open a remote desktop
session into his normal office PC using a secure Virtual Private Network (VPN) connection via

the Internet. This gives the worker complete access to all of his or her normal files and data,
including e-mail and other applications, while away from the office. This concept has been
referred to among system administrators as the Virtual Private Nightmare,[20] because it extends
the secure perimeter of a corporate network into its employees' homes.

Services
Information
Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web, or just the Web, interchangeably, but
the two terms are not synonymous. The World Wide Web is a global set of documents, images
and other resources, logically interrelated by hyperlinks and referenced with Uniform Resource
Identifiers (URIs). URIs allow providers to symbolically identify services and clients to locate
and address web servers, file servers, and other databases that store documents and provide
resources and access them using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the primary carrier
protocol of the Web. HTTP is only one of the hundreds of communication protocols used on the
Internet. Web services may also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to
share and exchange business logic and data.
World Wide Web browser software, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox,
Opera, Apple's Safari, and Google Chrome, let users navigate from one web page to another via
hyperlinks embedded in the documents. These documents may also contain any combination of
computer data, including graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content
including games, office applications and scientific demonstrations. Through keyword-driven
Internet research using search engines like Yahoo! and Google, users worldwide have easy,
instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to printed
encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled the decentralization of
information.
The Web has also enabled individuals and organizations to publish ideas and information to a
potentially large audience online at greatly reduced expense and time delay. Publishing a web
page, a blog, or building a website involves little initial cost and many cost-free services are
available. Publishing and maintaining large, professional web sites with attractive, diverse and
up-to-date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition, however. Many individuals
and some companies and groups use web logs or blogs, which are largely used as easily
updatable online diaries. Some commercial organizations encourage staff to communicate advice
in their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert
knowledge and free information, and be attracted to the corporation as a result. One example of
this practice is Microsoft, whose product developers publish their personal blogs in order to
pique the public's interest in their work. Collections of personal web pages published by large
service providers remain popular, and have become increasingly sophisticated. Whereas
operations such as Angelfire and GeoCities have existed since the early days of the Web, newer
offerings from, for example, Facebook and MySpace currently have large followings. These
operations often brand themselves as social network services rather than simply as web page
hosts.

Advertising on popular web pages can be lucrative, and e-commerce or the sale of products and
services directly via the Web continues to grow.
When the Web began in the 1990s, a typical web page was stored in completed form on a web
server, formatted with HTML, ready to be sent to a user's browser in response to a request. Over
time, the process of creating and serving web pages has become more automated and more
dynamic. Websites are often created using content management or wiki software with, initially,
very little content. Contributors to these systems, who may be paid staff, members of a club or
other organization or members of the public, fill underlying databases with content using editing
pages designed for that purpose, while casual visitors view and read this content in its final
HTML form. There may or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the
process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target visitors.

Communication
E-mail is an important communications service available on the Internet. The concept of sending
electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates
the creation of the Internet. Today it can be important to distinguish between internet and internal
e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks
and machines out of both the sender's and the recipient's control. During this time it is quite
possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it
important enough. Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves
the corporate or organization's network, are much more secure, although in any organization
there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally
accessing, the e-mail of other employees not addressed to them. Pictures, documents and other
files can be sent as e-mail attachments. E-mails can be cc-ed to multiple e-mail addresses.
Internet telephony is another common communications service made possible by the creation of
the Internet. VoIP stands for Voice-over-Internet Protocol, referring to the protocol that underlies
all Internet communication. The idea began in the early 1990s with walkie-talkie-like voice
applications for personal computers. In recent years many VoIP systems have become as easy to
use and as convenient as a normal telephone. The benefit is that, as the Internet carries the voice
traffic, VoIP can be free or cost much less than a traditional telephone call, especially over long
distances and especially for those with always-on Internet connections such as cable or ADSL.
VoIP is maturing into a competitive alternative to traditional telephone service. Interoperability
between different providers has improved and the ability to call or receive a call from a
traditional telephone is available. Simple, inexpensive VoIP network adapters are available that
eliminate the need for a personal computer.
Voice quality can still vary from call to call but is often equal to and can even exceed that of
traditional calls. Remaining problems for VoIP include emergency telephone number dialing and
reliability. Currently, a few VoIP providers provide an emergency service, but it is not universally
available. Traditional phones are line-powered and operate during a power failure; VoIP does not
do so without a backup power source for the phone equipment and the Internet access devices.
VoIP has also become increasingly popular for gaming applications, as a form of communication

between players. Popular VoIP clients for gaming include Ventrilo and Teamspeak. Wii,
PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 also offer VoIP chat features.

Data transfer
File sharing is an example of transferring large amounts of data across the Internet. A computer
file can be e-mailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can be uploaded to
a website or FTP server for easy download by others. It can be put into a "shared location" or
onto a file server for instant use by colleagues. The load of bulk downloads to many users can be
eased by the use of "mirror" servers or peer-to-peer networks. In any of these cases, access to the
file may be controlled by user authentication, the transit of the file over the Internet may be
obscured by encryption, and money may change hands for access to the file. The price can be
paid by the remote charging of funds from, for example, a credit card whose details are also
passedusually fully encryptedacross the Internet. The origin and authenticity of the file
received may be checked by digital signatures or by MD5 or other message digests. These simple
features of the Internet, over a worldwide basis, are changing the production, sale, and
distribution of anything that can be reduced to a computer file for transmission. This includes all
manner of print publications, software products, news, music, film, video, photography, graphics
and the other arts. This in turn has caused seismic shifts in each of the existing industries that
previously controlled the production and distribution of these products.
Streaming media refers to the act that many existing radio and television broadcasters promote
Internet "feeds" of their live audio and video streams (for example, the BBC). They may also
allow time-shift viewing or listening such as Preview, Classic Clips and Listen Again features.
These providers have been joined by a range of pure Internet "broadcasters" who never had onair licenses. This means that an Internet-connected device, such as a computer or something
more specific, can be used to access on-line media in much the same way as was previously
possible only with a television or radio receiver. The range of available types of content is much
wider, from specialized technical webcasts to on-demand popular multimedia services.
Podcasting is a variation on this theme, whereusually audiomaterial is downloaded and
played back on a computer or shifted to a portable media player to be listened to on the move.
These techniques using simple equipment allow anybody, with little censorship or licensing
control, to broadcast audio-visual material worldwide.
Webcams can be seen as an even lower-budget extension of this phenomenon. While some
webcams can give full-frame-rate video, the picture is usually either small or updates slowly.
Internet users can watch animals around an African waterhole, ships in the Panama Canal, traffic
at a local roundabout or monitor their own premises, live and in real time. Video chat rooms and
video conferencing are also popular with many uses being found for personal webcams, with and
without two-way sound. YouTube was founded on 15 February 2005 and is now the leading
website for free streaming video with a vast number of users. It uses a flash-based web player to
stream and show video files. Registered users may upload an unlimited amount of video and
build their own personal profile. YouTube claims that its users watch hundreds of millions, and
upload hundreds of thousands of videos daily.[21]

Access

See also: Internet access worldwide, List of countries by number of Internet users, English on the
Internet, Global Internet usage, and Unicode

Graph of Internet users per 100 inhabitants between 1997 and 2007 by International
Telecommunication Union
The prevalent language for communication on the Internet is English. This may be a result of the
origin of the Internet, as well as English's role as a lingua franca. It may also be related to the
poor capability of early computers, largely originating in the United States, to handle characters
other than those in the English variant of the Latin alphabet. After English (28% of Web visitors)
the most requested languages on the World Wide Web are Chinese (23%), Spanish (8%),
Japanese (5%), Portuguese and German (4% each), Arabic, French and Russian (3% each), and
Korean (2%).[22] By region, 42% of the world's Internet users are based in Asia, 24% in Europe,
14% in North America, 10% in Latin America and the Caribbean taken together, 5% in Africa,
3% in the Middle East and 1% in Australia/Oceania.[23] In Asia, South Korea has the biggest
internet penetration with 81.1% users (as comparison Japan with 78.2%[24] and USA with
77.3%[25]). The Internet's technologies have developed enough in recent years, especially in the
use of Unicode, that good facilities are available for development and communication in the
world's widely used languages. However, some glitches such as mojibake (incorrect display of
some languages' characters) still remain.
Common methods of Internet access in homes include dial-up, landline broadband (over coaxial
cable, fiber optic or copper wires), Wi-Fi, satellite and 3G technology cell phones. Public places
to use the Internet include libraries and Internet cafes, where computers with Internet
connections are available. There are also Internet access points in many public places such as
airport halls and coffee shops, in some cases just for brief use while standing. Various terms are
used, such as "public Internet kiosk", "public access terminal", and "Web payphone". Many
hotels now also have public terminals, though these are usually fee-based. These terminals are
widely accessed for various usage like ticket booking, bank deposit, online payment etc. Wi-Fi
provides wireless access to computer networks, and therefore can do so to the Internet itself.
Hotspots providing such access include Wi-Fi cafes, where would-be users need to bring their
own wireless-enabled devices such as a laptop or PDA. These services may be free to all, free to
customers only, or fee-based. A hotspot need not be limited to a confined location. A whole
campus or park, or even an entire city can be enabled. Grassroots efforts have led to wireless
community networks. Commercial Wi-Fi services covering large city areas are in place in

London, Vienna, Toronto, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Chicago and Pittsburgh. The Internet can
then be accessed from such places as a park bench.[26] Apart from Wi-Fi, there have been
experiments with proprietary mobile wireless networks like Ricochet, various high-speed data
services over cellular phone networks, and fixed wireless services. High-end mobile phones such
as smartphones generally come with Internet access through the phone network. Web browsers
such as Opera are available on these advanced handsets, which can also run a wide variety of
other Internet software. More mobile phones have Internet access than PCs, though this is not as
widely used.[citation needed] An Internet access provider and protocol matrix differentiates the methods
used to get online.

Social impact
Main article: Sociology of the Internet
The Internet has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities, and organizing,
thanks to its basic features such as widespread usability and access. Social networking websites
such as Facebook, Twitter and MySpace have created new ways to socialize and interact. Users
of these sites are able to add a wide variety of information to pages, to pursue common interests,
and to connect with others. It is also possible to find existing acquaintances, to allow
communication among existing groups of people. Sites like LinkedIn foster commercial and
business connections. YouTube and Flickr specialize in users' videos and photographs.
In the first decade of the 21st century the first generation is raised with widespread availability of
Internet connectivity, bringing consequences and concerns in areas such as personal privacy and
identity, and distribution of copyrighted materials. These "digital natives" face a variety of
challenges that were not present for prior generations.
The Internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool, leading to Internet censorship by
some states. The presidential campaign of Howard Dean in 2004 in the United States was notable
for its success in soliciting donation via the Internet. Many political groups use the Internet to
achieve a new method of organizing in order to carry out their mission, having given rise to
Internet activism. Some governments, such as those of Iran, North Korea, Myanmar, the People's
Republic of China, and Saudi Arabia, restrict what people in their countries can access on the
Internet, especially political and religious content.[citation needed] This is accomplished through
software that filters domains and content so that they may not be easily accessed or obtained
without elaborate circumvention.[original research?]
In Norway, Denmark, Finland[27] and Sweden, major Internet service providers have voluntarily,
possibly to avoid such an arrangement being turned into law, agreed to restrict access to sites
listed by authorities. While this list of forbidden URLs is only supposed to contain addresses of
known child pornography sites, the content of the list is secret.[citation needed] Many countries,
including the United States, have enacted laws against the possession or distribution of certain
material, such as child pornography, via the Internet, but do not mandate filtering software.
There are many free and commercially available software programs, called content-control
software, with which a user can choose to block offensive websites on individual computers or
networks, in order to limit a child's access to pornographic materials or depiction of violence.

The Internet has been a major outlet for leisure activity since its inception, with entertaining
social experiments such as MUDs and MOOs being conducted on university servers, and humorrelated Usenet groups receiving much traffic. Today, many Internet forums have sections devoted
to games and funny videos; short cartoons in the form of Flash movies are also popular. Over
6 million people use blogs or message boards as a means of communication and for the sharing
of ideas. The pornography and gambling industries have taken advantage of the World Wide
Web, and often provide a significant source of advertising revenue for other websites.[citation needed]
Although many governments have attempted to restrict both industries' use of the Internet, this
has generally failed to stop their widespread popularity.[citation needed]
One main area of leisure activity on the Internet is multiplayer gaming. This form of recreation
creates communities, where people of all ages and origins enjoy the fast-paced world of
multiplayer games. These range from MMORPG to first-person shooters, from role-playing
games to online gambling. This has revolutionized the way many people interact[citation needed] while
spending their free time on the Internet. While online gaming has been around since the 1970s,
[citation needed]
modern modes of online gaming began with subscription services such as GameSpy
and MPlayer. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of game play or certain games. Many
people use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their
enjoyment and relaxation. Free and fee-based services exist for all of these activities, using
centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Some of these sources exercise
more care with respect to the original artists' copyrights than others.
Many people use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and
book vacations and to find out more about their interests. People use chat, messaging and e-mail
to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some
previously had pen pals. The Internet has seen a growing number of Web desktops, where users
can access their files and settings via the Internet.
Cyberslacking can become a drain on corporate resources; the average UK employee spent 57
minutes a day surfing the Web while at work, according to a 2003 study by Peninsula Business
Services.[28] Internet addiction disorder is excessive computer use that interferes with daily life.
Some psychologists believe that Internet use has other effects on individuals for instance
interfering with the deep thinking that leads to true creativity.[citation needed]
Internet usage has also shown a strong connection to loneliness.[29] Lonely people tend to use the
internet for an outlet for their feelings and to share their stories with other lonely people, such as
in the "I am lonely will anyone speak to me" thread.

See also
Book:Internet
Books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.
Internet portal

All pages with titles containing "Internet"

Internet organizations

Internet Strategy Forum

Network neutrality

Outline of the Internet

Notes
1. ^ "Internet, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Draft ed.). Mar. 2009.
http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00304286. Retrieved 2010-10-26. "Shortened <
INTERNETWORK n., perhaps influenced by similar words in -net".
2. ^ "Links". HTML 4.01 Specification. World Wide Web Consortium. HTML 4.01
Specification. http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/links.html#h-12.1. Retrieved 200808-13. "[T]he link (or hyperlink, or Web link) [is] the basic hypertext construct. A link is
a connection from one Web resource to another. Although a simple concept, the link has
been one of the primary forces driving the success of the Web."
3. ^ "Cloud Computer Dictionary Definition". YourDictionary.com. LoveToKnow.
http://computer.yourdictionary.com/cloud. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
4. ^ "ARPA/DARPA". Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Archived from the
original on April 7, 2007.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070407064829/http://www.darpa.mil/body/arpa_darpa.html
. Retrieved 2007-05-21.
5. ^ "DARPA: History". Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
http://www.darpa.mil/history.html. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
6. ^ Baran, Paul (1964). On Distributed Communications.
http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3767. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
7. ^ "Internet History". Living Internet site. http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii.htm.
Retrieved 2010-03-10.
8. ^ "Electronic post for switching data." Timothy Johnson. New Scientist. May 13, 1976
9. ^ Stephen Segaller, NERDS 2.0.1:115 (TV Books Publisher 1998)

10. ^ Coffman, K. G; Odlyzko, A. M. (1998-10-02) (PDF). The size and growth rate of the
Internet. AT&T Labs. http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/internet.size.pdf. Retrieved
2007-05-21.
11. ^ Comer, Douglas (2006). The Internet book. Prentice Hall. p. 64. ISBN 0132335530.
12. ^ "World Internet Users and Population Stats". Internet World Stats. Miniwatts Marketing
Group. 2010-06-30. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
13. ^ "Internet users in BRICI countries set to double by 2015". International Business
Times IBTIMES.com. 2010-09-01. http://www.ibtimes.com/art/services/print.php?
articleid=48062. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
14. ^ "Internet Users in Indonesia to Triple by 2015: Report". The Jakarta Globe.
http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/internet-users-in-indonesia-to-triple-by-2015report/394066. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
15. ^ "IETF Home Page". Ietf.org. http://www.ietf.org/. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
16. ^ Huston, Geoff. "IPv4 Address Report, daily generated".
http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
17. ^ "Notice of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) Address Depletion" (PDF).
https://www.arin.net/knowledge/about_resources/ceo_letter.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
18. ^ Walter Willinger, Ramesh Govindan, Sugih Jamin, Vern Paxson, and Scott Shenker
(2002). Scaling phenomena in the Internet, in Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 99, suppl. 1, 25732580
19. ^ "Internet Makeover? Some argue it's time". The Seattle Times, 2007-04-16.
20. ^ "The Virtual Private Nightmare: VPN". Librenix. 2004-08-04. http://librenix.com/?
inode=5013. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
21. ^ "YouTube Fact Sheet". YouTube, LLC. http://www.youtube.com/t/fact_sheet. Retrieved
2009-01-20.
22. ^ Internet World Stats, updated for 2009-12-31. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
23. ^ World Internet Usage Statistics News and Population Stats updated for 31 December
2009. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
24. ^ Asia Internet Usage Stats and Population Statistics
25. ^ North America Internet Usage Statistics, Population and Telecommunications Reports

26. ^ "Toronto Hydro to Install Wireless Network in Downtown Toronto". Bloomberg.com.

Retrieved 19-Mar-2006.
27. ^ "Finland censors anti-censorship site". The Register. 2008-02-18.
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/02/18/finnish_policy_censor_activist/. Retrieved 200802-19.
28. ^ "Net abuse hits small city firms". News.scotsman.com.
http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=914&id=1001802003. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
29. ^ Carole Hughes, Boston College (1999-01-01). "The relationship of use of the Internet
and loneliness among college students". Escholarship.bc.edu.
http://escholarship.bc.edu/dissertations/AAI9923427/. Retrieved 2010-10-31.

References

Media Freedom Internet Cookbook by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the

Media Vienna, 2004

Living InternetInternet history and related information, including information from

many creators of the Internet

First Monday peer-reviewed journal on the Internet

How Much Does The Internet Weigh? by Stephen Cass, Discover 2007

Castells, M. 1996. Rise of the Network Society. 3 vols. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA:
Blackwell Publishers.

Castells, M. (2001), Lessons from the History of Internet, in The Internet Galaxy,
Ch. 1, pp 935. Oxford University Press.

Rehmeyer, Julie J. 2007. Mapping a medusa: The Internet spreads its tentacles. Science
News 171(June 23):387388.

RFC 1122, Requirements for Internet HostsCommunication Layers, IETF, R. Braden

(Ed.), October 1989

RFC 1123, Requirements for Internet HostsApplication and Support, IETF, R. Braden
(Ed.), October 1989

External links

Find more about Internet on Wikipedia's sister projects:

Definitions from Wiktionary
Images and media from Commons
Learning resources from Wikiversity
News stories from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks

The Internet (National Science Foundation)

"10 Years that changed the world" a look at the evolution of the Internet from 1995 to
2005

Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard

CBC Digital ArchivesInventing the Internet Age

History of the Internet

How the Internet Came to Be

The Internet Society History Page

RFC 801, planning the TCP/IP switchover

Preparing Europes digital future i2010 Mid-Term Review

Manjoo, Farhad The Unrecognizable Internet of 1996 Slate

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"

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Web browser
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A web browser or Internet browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and
traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified
by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of
content.[1] Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to
related resources.
Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used
to access information provided by Web servers in private networks or files in file systems. Some
browsers can also be used to save information resources to file systems.

Contents
[hide]

1 History

2 Function

3 Features
o 3.1 User interface
o 3.2 Privacy and security
o 3.3 Standards support

4 See also

5 References

6 External links

[edit] History
Main article: History of the web browser

WorldWideWeb for NeXT, released in 1991, was the first Web browser.[2]
The history of the Web browser dates back in to the late 1980s, when a variety of technologies
laid the foundation for the first Web browser, WorldWideWeb, by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. That
browser brought together a variety of existing and new software and hardware technologies.
Ted Nelson and Douglas Engelbart developed the concept of hypertext long before Berners-Lee
and CERN. It became the core of the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee does acknowledge
Engelbart's contribution.
The introduction of the NCSA Mosaic Web browser in 1993 one of the first graphical Web
browsers led to an explosion in Web use. Marc Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team at
NCSA, soon started his own company, named Netscape, and released the Mosaic-influenced
Netscape Navigator in 1994, which quickly became the world's most popular browser,
accounting for 90% of all Web use at its peak (see usage share of web browsers).
Microsoft responded with its browser Internet Explorer in 1995 (also heavily influenced by
Mosaic), initiating the industry's first browser war. By bundling Internet Explorer with Windows,
Microsoft was able to leverage its dominance in the operating system market to take over the
Web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002.[3] Internet
Explorer has 60% browser usage share as of September 2010 according to Net Applications, and
it continues to show a negative trend.[4]
Opera first appeared in 1996; although it has never achieved widespread use, with a browser
usage share that is stable around 2.4% as of September 2010,[4] it has a substantial share of the

fast-growing mobile phone Web browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones. It
is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendo's Wii video game
console.
In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to
produce a competitive browser using the open source software model. That browser would
eventually evolve into Firefox, which developed a respectable following while still in the beta
stage of development; shortly after the release of Firefox 1.0 in late 2004, Firefox (all versions)
accounted for 7.4% of browser use.[3] As of September 2010, Firefox has a 23% usage share.[4]
Apple's Safari had its first beta release in January 2003; it has a dominant share of Apple-based
Web browsing, accounting for 5.3% of the entire browser market as of September 2010 and is
slowly gaining.[4] Its rendering engine, called WebKit, is also running in the standard browsers of
several mobile phone platforms, including Apple iOS, Google Android, Nokia S60 and Palm
webOS.
The most recent major entrant to the browser market is Google's WebKit-based Chrome, first
released in September 2008. Its market share has quickly risen; as of September 2010, it has an
8% usage share and appears to be gaining further in the coming months.[4]

[edit] Function
The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user. This process
begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), for example
http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URI determines how the URI will be
interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be
retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Many browsers also support a variety of
other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local
files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another
application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail
application and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader.
In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser
will display it. HTML is passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to
an interactive document. Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally display any kind of
content that can be part of a web page. Most browsers can display images, audio, video, and
XML files, and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets. Upon
encountering a file of an unsupported type or a file that is set up to be downloaded rather than
displayed, the browser prompts the user to save the file to disk.
Interactivity in a web page can also be supplied by JavaScript, which usually does not require a
plugin. JavaScript can be used along with other technologies to allow "live" interaction with the
web page's server via AJAX.

Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains
the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource
indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again.

[edit] Features
For more details on this topic, see Comparison of web browsers.
Available web browsers range in features from minimal, text-based user interfaces with barebones support for HTML to rich user interfaces supporting a wide variety of file formats and
protocols. Browsers which include additional components to support e-mail, Usenet news, and
Internet Relay Chat (IRC), are sometimes referred to as "Internet suites" rather than merely "web
browsers".[5][6][7]
All major web browsers allow the user to open multiple information resources at the same time,
either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window. Major browsers also
include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from "popping up" without the user's
consent.[8][9][10][11]
Most web browsers can display a list of web pages that the user has bookmarked so that the user
can quickly return to them. Bookmarks are also called "Favorites" in Internet Explorer. In
addition, all major web browsers have some form of built-in web feed aggregator. In Mozilla
Firefox, web feeds are formatted as "live bookmarks" and behave like a folder of bookmarks
corresponding to recent entries in the feed.[12] In Opera, a more traditional feed reader is included
which stores and displays the contents of the feed.[13]
Furthermore, most browsers can be extended via plug-ins, downloadable components that
provide additional features.

[edit] User interface

Most major web browsers have these user interface elements in common:[14]

Back and forward buttons to go back to the previous resource and forward again.

A history list, showing resources previously visited in a list (typically, the list is not
visible all the time and has to be summoned)

A refresh or reload button to reload the current resource.

A stop button to cancel loading the resource. In some browsers, the stop button is merged
with the reload button.

A home button to return to the user's home page

An address bar to input the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) of the desired resource
and display it.

A search bar to input terms into a search engine

A status bar to display progress in loading the resource and also the URI of links when
the cursor hovers over them, and page zooming capability.

Major browsers also possess incremental find features to search within a web page.

[edit] Privacy and security

Most browsers support HTTP Secure and offer quick and easy ways to delete the web cache,
cookies, and browsing history. For a comparison of the current security vulnerabilities of
browsers, see comparison of web browsers.

[edit] Standards support

Early web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of
web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems
with interoperability. Modern web browsers support a combination of standards-based and de
facto HTML and XHTML, which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers.

[edit] See also

Internet portal

Browser wars

Comparison of web browsers

Geobrowsing

Internet suite

Layout engine

List of web browsers

Mobile browser

Timeline of web browsers

Usage share of web browsers

[edit] References
1. ^ Jacobs, Ian; Walsh, Norman (15 December 2004). "URI/Resource Relationships".
Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One. World Wide Web Consortium.
http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/#id-resources. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
2. ^ Stewart, William. "Web Browser History".
http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_browse.htm. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
3. ^ a b Searchenginejournal.com
4. ^ a b c d e Hitslink.com
5. ^ "The SeaMonkey Project". Mozilla Foundation. 7 November 2008.
http://www.seamonkey-project.org/. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
6. ^ "Cyberdog: Welcome to the 'doghouse!". 5 July 2009. http://www.cyberdog.org/.
Retrieved 30 June 2009.
7. ^ Teelucksingh, Dev Anand. "Interesting DOS programs". Opus Networkx.
http://www.opus.co.tt/dave/internet.htm. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
8. ^ Andersen, Starr; Abella, Vincent (15 September 2004). "Part 5: Enhanced Browsing
Security". Changes to Functionality in Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2. Microsoft.
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb457150.aspx#EEAA. Retrieved 30 June
2009.
9. ^ "Pop-up blocker". Mozilla Foundation. http://support.mozilla.com/en-US/kb/Popup+blocker. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
10. ^ "Safari: Using The Pop-Up Blocker". Mac Tips and Tricks. WeHostMacs. 2004.
http://www.mactipsandtricks.com/tips/display.lasso?mactip=137. Retrieved 30 June
2009.
11. ^ "Simple settings". Opera Tutorials. Opera Software.
http://www.opera.com/browser/tutorials/settings/#tabs. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
12. ^ Bokma, John. "Mozilla Firefox: RSS and Live Bookmarks".
http://johnbokma.com/firefox/rss-and-live-bookmarks.html. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
13. ^ "RSS newsfeeds in Opera Mail". Opera Software. http://www.opera.com/mail/rss/.
Retrieved 30 June 2009.

14. ^ "About Browsers and their Features". SpiritWorks Software Development.

http://www.about-the-web.com/shtml/browsers.shtml. Retrieved 5 May 2009.

[edit] External links

Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One

WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project

What is browser? Video by Google

How browsers work

50 different browsers in one place

[show]

vde

Cloud computing

[show]
vde

Web browsers

HTML
transcoder Deepfish JOCA Opera Mini Skyfire Skweezer Teashark uZard Web Vision
s

[show]
vde

Early web browsers (up to 1996)

[show]
vde

Internet suites

[show]
vde

Mac OS X web browsers

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser"

Categories: Web browsers
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Wi-Fi logo

Wi-Fi (pronounced / wa fa /) is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. It is not a technical term.

However, the Alliance has generally enforced its use to describe only a narrow range of
connectivity technologies including wireless local area network (WLAN) based on the IEEE
802.11 standards, device to device connectivity [such as Wi-Fi Peer to Peer AKA Wi-Fi Direct],
and a range of technologies that support PAN, LAN and even WAN connections. Derivative
terms, such as Super Wi-Fi, coined by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to
describe proposed networking in the former UHF TV band in the US, may or may not be
sanctioned by the Alliance. As of November 2010 this was very unclear.
The technical term "IEEE 802.11" has been used interchangeably with Wi-Fi, however Wi-Fi has
become a superset of IEEE 802.11 over the past few years. Wi-Fi is used by over 700 million
people, there are over 750,000 hotspots (places with Wi-Fi internet connectivity) around the
world, and about 800 million new Wi-Fi devices every year. Wi-Fi products that complete the
Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification testing successfully can use the Wi-Fi CERTIFIED
designation and trademark.
Not every Wi-Fi device is submitted for certification to the Wi-Fi Alliance. The lack of Wi-Fi
certification does not necessarily imply a device is incompatible with Wi-Fi devices/protocols. If
it is compliant or partly compatible the Wi-Fi Alliance may not object to its description as a WiFi device though technically only the CERTIFIED designation carries their approval.
Wi-Fi certified and compliant devices are installed in many personal computers, video game
consoles, MP3 players, smartphones, printers, and other peripherals, and newer laptop
computers.
This article focuses on the certification and approvals process and the general growth of wireless
networking under the Wi-Fi Alliance certified protocols. For more on the technologies see the
appropriate articles with IEEE, ANSI, IETF , W3 and ITU prefixes (acronyms for the accredited
standards organizations that have created formal technology standards for the protocols by which
devices communicate). Non-Wi-Fi-Alliance wireless technologies intended for fixed points such

as Motorola Canopy are usually described as fixed wireless. Non-Wi-Fi-Alliance wireless

technologies intended for mobile use are usually described as 3G, 4G or 5G reflecting their
origins and promotion by telephone/cell companies.
Contents
[hide]

1 Wi-Fi certification

2 The name Wi-Fi

3 Uses
o

3.1 Internet access

3.1.1 City-wide Wi-Fi

3.1.2 Campus-wide Wi-Fi

3.2 Direct computer-to-computer communications

3.3 Future directions

4 Advantages and challenges

4.1 Operational advantages

4.2 Limitations

4.3 Reach

4.4 Mobility

4.5 Data security risks

4.6 Population

4.7 Channel pollution

5 Hardware
o

5.1 Standard devices

5.2 Distance records

5.3 Embedded systems

6 Network security
o

6.1 Securing methods

6.2 Piggybacking

7 See also

8 Notes

9 References

10 Further reading

11 External links

[edit] Wi-Fi certification

[edit] The name Wi-Fi

A roof-mounted Wi-Fi antenna

An outdoor Wi-Fi access point in Minneapolis

An outdoor Wi-Fi access point in Toronto

Carnegie Mellon University built the first wireless Internet network in the world at their
Pittsburgh campus in 1994,[24] long before Wi-Fi branding originated in 1999. Many traditional
college campuses provide at least partial wireless Wi-Fi internet coverage.
Drexel University in Philadelphia made history by becoming the United State's first major
university to offer completely wireless Internet access across the entire campus in 2000. [25]
[edit] Direct computer-to-computer communications

As of 2010 Wi-Fi technology has spread widely within business and industrial sites. In business
environments, just like other environments, increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points

provides network redundancy, support for fast roaming and increased overall network-capacity
by using more channels or by defining smaller cells. Wi-Fi enables wireless voice-applications
(VoWLAN or WVOIP). Over the years, Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward "thin" access
points, with more of the network intelligence housed in a centralized network appliance,
relegating individual access points to the role of "dumb" transceivers. Outdoor applications may
utilize mesh topologies.
[edit] Advantages and challenges

A keychain-size Wi-Fi detector

[edit] Operational advantages

sensitive applications (such as voice and video); and power saving mechanisms (WMM Power
Save) improve battery operation.
[edit] Limitations

Wi-Fi networks have limited range. A typical wireless router using 802.11b or 802.11g with a
stock antenna might have a range of 32 m (120 ft) indoors and 95 m (300 ft) outdoors. The IEEE
802.11n however, can exceed that range by more than two times.[28] Range also varies with
frequency band. Wi-Fi in the 2.4 GHz frequency block has slightly better range than Wi-Fi in the
5 GHz frequency block. Outdoor ranges - through use of directional antennas - can be improved
with antennas located several kilometres or more from their base. In general, the maximum
amount of power that a Wi-Fi device can transmit is limited by local regulations, such as FCC
Part 15[29] in USA.
Due to reach requirements for wireless LAN applications, Wi-Fi has fairly high power
consumption compared to some other standards. Technologies such as Bluetooth (designed to
support wireless PAN applications) provide a much shorter propagation range of <10m[30] and so
in general have a lower power consumption. Other low-power technologies such as ZigBee have
fairly long range, but much lower data rate. The high power consumption of Wi-Fi makes battery
life in mobile devices a concern.
Researchers have developed a number of "no new wires" technologies to provide alternatives to
Wi-Fi for applications in which Wi-Fi's indoor range is not adequate and where installing new
wires (such as CAT-5) is not possible or cost-effective. For example, the ITU-T G.hn standard for
high speed Local area networks uses existing home wiring (coaxial cables, phone lines and
power lines). Although G.hn does not provide some of the advantages of Wi-Fi (such as mobility
or outdoor use), it's designed[by whom?] for applications (such as IPTV distribution) where indoor
range is more important than mobility.

Due to the complex nature of radio propagation at typical Wi-Fi frequencies, particularly the
effects of signal reflection off trees and buildings, algorithms can only approximately predict WiFi signal strength for any given area in relation to a transmitter.[31] This effect does not apply
equally to long-range Wi-Fi, since longer links typically operate from towers that broadcast
above the surrounding foliage.
[edit] Mobility

Speed vs. Mobility of wireless systems: Wi-Fi, HSPA, UMTS, GSM

An embedded RouterBoard 112 with U.FL-RSMA pigtail and R52 mini PCI Wi-Fi card
widely used by wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) in the Czech Republic

OSBRiDGE 3GN - 802.11n Access Point and UMTS/GSM Gateway in one device

USB wireless adapter

A wireless access point (WAP) connects a group of wireless devices to an adjacent wired LAN.
An access point resembles a network hub, relaying data between connected wireless devices in
addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an ethernet hub or switch,
allowing wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices.
Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to
devices using various external or internal interconnects such as PCI, miniPCI, USB,
ExpressCard, Cardbus and PC Card. As of 2010, most newer laptop computers come equipped
with internal adapters. Internal cards are generally more difficult to install.
Wireless routers integrate a Wireless Access Point, ethernet switch, and internal router firmware
application that provides IP routing, NAT, and DNS forwarding through an integrated WANinterface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless ethernet LAN devices to connect to a
(usually) single WAN device such as a cable modem or a DSL modem. A wireless router allows
all three devices, mainly the access point and router, to be configured through one central utility.
This utility is usually an integrated web server that is accessible to wired and wireless LAN
clients and often optionally to WAN clients. This utility may also be an application that is run on
a desktop computer such as Apple's AirPort.
Wireless network bridges connect a wired network to a wireless network. A bridge differs from
an access point: an access point connects wireless devices to a wired network at the data-link

layer. Two wireless bridges may be used to connect two wired networks over a wireless link,
useful in situations where a wired connection may be unavailable, such as between two separate
homes.
Wireless range-extenders or wireless repeaters can extend the range of an existing wireless
network. Strategically placed range-extenders can elongate a signal area or allow for the signal
area to reach around barriers such as those pertaining in L-shaped corridors. Wireless devices
connected through repeaters will suffer from an increased latency for each hop. Additionally, a
wireless device connected to any of the repeaters in the chain will have a throughput limited by
the "weakest link" between the two nodes in the chain from which the connection originates to
where the connection ends.
[edit] Distance records

Embedded serial-to-Wi-Fi module

These Wi-Fi modules are designed[by whom?] so that implementers need only minimal Wi-Fi
knowledge to provide Wi-Fi connectivity for their products.
[edit] Network security

A common but unproductive measure to deter unauthorized users involves suppressing the access
point's SSID broadcast. This is ineffective as a security method because the SSID is broadcast in
the clear in response to a client SSID query. Another unproductive method is to only allow
computers with known MAC addresses to join the network.[40] But intruders can defeat this
method because they can often (though not always) set MAC addresses with minimal effort
(MAC spoofing). If eavesdroppers have the ability to change their MAC address, then they may
join the network by spoofing an authorized address.
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption was designed to protect against casual snooping,
but is now deprecated. Tools such as AirSnort or Aircrack-ng can quickly recover WEP
encryption keys. Once it has seen 5-10 million encrypted packets, AirSnort can determine the
encryption password in under a second;[41] newer tools such as aircrack-ptw can use Klein's
attack to crack a WEP key with a 50% success rate using only 40,000 packets.
To counteract this in 2002, the Wi-Fi Alliance approved Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) which
uses TKIP as a stopgap solution for legacy equipment. Though more secure than WEP, it has
outlived its designed lifetime and has known attack vectors.
In 2004, the IEEE ratified the full IEEE 802.11i (WPA2) encryption standards. If used with a
802.1X server or in pre-shared key mode with a strong and uncommon passphrase WPA2 is still
considered[by whom?] secure, as of 2009.
[edit] Piggybacking
Main article: Piggybacking (internet access)

List of WLAN channels

San Francisco Digital Inclusion Strategy

Wi-Fi operating system support

WiMAX

Wireless electronic devices and health

Super Wi-Fi

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Phil Belanger is the founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance.

[edit] References
1. ^ . The Wi-Fi Alliance has also develop some core technology that has
expanded the applicability of Wi-Fi, including a simple set up protocol (Wi-Fi
Protected Set Up) and a peer to peer connectivity technology (Wi-Fi Peer to
Peer) "Wi-Fi Alliance: Organization". www.wi-fi.org. http://www.wifi.org/organization.php. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
2. ^ "Wi-Fi Alliance: White Papers". www.wi-fi.org. http://www.wi-fi.org/wp/wifialliance-certification/. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
3. ^ "Wi-Fi Alliance: Programs". www.wi-fi.org. http://www.wifi.org/certification_programs.php. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
4. ^ GainSpan specifically designs for Wi-Fi technology between Wi-Fi devices.
"GainSpan low-power, embedded Wi-Fi". www.gainspan.com.
http://www.gainspan.com/technology/technology_overview.php. Retrieved
2010.
5. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1989.
ISBN 0198611862.
6. ^ "Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) Awards New Wi-Fi
Interoperability Certification". Wi-Fi Alliance. 2000-05-08. http://www.wifi.org/news_articles.php?f=media_news&news_id=64. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
7. ^ "Six Wi-Fi Interoperability Certifications Awarded By The Wireless Ethernet
Compatibility Alliance (WECA)". Wi-Fi Alliance. 2000-07-19. http://www.wifi.org/news_articles.php?f=media_news&news_id=62. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
8. ^ a b c "Securing Wi-Fi Wireless Networks with Todays Technologies". Wi-Fi
Alliance. 2003-02-06. http://www.wi-fi.org/files/wp_4_Securing%20Wireless
%20Networks_2-6-03.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
9. ^ a b "WPA Deployment Guidelines for Public Access Wi-Fi Networks". Wi-Fi
Alliance. 2004-10-28. http://www.wi-fi.org/files/wp_6_WPA%20Deployment
%20for%20Public%20Access_10-28-04.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
10.^ "Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) Technology". ITAA. January 2004.
http://www.itaa.org/isec/docs/innovation/wifiwhitepaper.pdf. Retrieved 200911-30.
11.^ a b c "WiFi isn't short for "Wireless Fidelity"". boingboing.net.
http://www.boingboing.net/2005/11/08/wifi_isnt_short_for_.html. Retrieved
2007-08-31.

12.^ a b "Wireless Fidelity' Debunked". Wi-Fi Planet. 2007-04-27. http://www.wifiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3674591. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
13.^ U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.[verification needed]
14.^ "What is the True Meaning of Wi-Fi?". Teleclick.
http://www.teleclick.ca/2005/12/what-is-the-true-meaning-of-wi-fi/. Retrieved
2007-08-31.
15.^ "Switch on for Square Mile wi-fi". news.bbc.co.uk. 2007-04-23.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6577307.stm. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
16.^ "MuniWireless City Initiatives Directory". www.muniwireless.com.
http://www.muniwireless.com/initiatives/2008/01/02/7483/. Retrieved 200803-12.[dead link]
17.^ "Wi-Fi: Poskytovatel bezdrtovho pipojen". internetprovsechny.cz.
http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.internetprovsechny.cz%2Fwifiposkytovatele.php&hl=cs&ie=UTF8&sl=cs&tl=en. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
18.^ "Bezdrtov pipojen k internetu". bezdratovepripojeni.cz.
http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.bezdratovepripojeni.cz&hl=cs&ie=UTF8&sl=cs&tl=en. Retrieved
2008-05-18.
19.^ "Mifi vs Joikuspot". mificlub.com. http://www.mificlub.com/2010/07/mifi-vsjoikuspot/. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
20.^ "Sunnyvale Uses MetroFi". unstrung.com.
http://www.unstrung.com/document.asp?doc_id=85119&WT.svl=wire1_1.
Retrieved 2008-07-16.
21.^ "London-wide wi-fi by 2012 pledge". BBC News. 2010-05-19.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8692103.stm. Retrieved
2010-05-19.
22.^ "City of London Fires Up Europe's Most Advanced Wi-Fi Network".
www.govtech.com. http://www.govtech.com/dc/118717. Retrieved 2007-0514.
23.^ "London gets a mile of free Wi-Fi". .zdnet.co.uk.
http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/networking/2005/04/18/london-gets-a-mile-offree-wi-fi-39195421/. Retrieved 200-04-18.
24.^ "Wi-Fi Origins".
http://www.cmu.edu/homepage/computing/2009/summer/wi-fi-origins.shtml.
Retrieved 2008-07-16.

25.^ http://www.drexel.edu/catalog/general/aboutuniversity.htm
26.^ "Wi-Fi Direct allows device-to-device links".
http://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/101409-wi-fi-direct.html?hpg1=bn.
27.^ "Wi-Fi Finder". jiwire.com. http://www.jiwire.com/search-hotspotlocations.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
28.^ "802.11n Delivers Better Range". Wi-Fi Planet. 2007-05-31. http://www.wifiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/3680781.
29.^ FCC Sec.15.249 Operation within the bands 902928 MHz, 24002483.5
MHz, 57255875 MHZ, and 24.024.25 GHz.
30.^ See for example IEEE Standard 802.15.4 section 1.2 scope
31.^ "WiFi Mapping Software: Footprint". Alyrica Networks, Inc..
http://www.alyrica.net/node/20. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
32.^ Wilson, Tracy V.. "How Municipal WiFi Works". computer.howstuffworks.com.
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/municipal-wifi.htm. Retrieved 2008-0312.
33.^ "Ermanno Pietrosemoli has set a new record for the longest communication
Wi-Fi link". http://interred.wordpress.com/2007/06/18/ermanno-pietrosemolihas-set-a-new-record-for-the-longest-communication-wi-fi-link/. Retrieved
2008-03-10.
34.^ "Wireless technology is irreplaceable for providing access in remote and
scarcely populated regions".
http://www.apc.org/en/news/strategic/world/wireless-technologyirreplaceable-providing-access. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
35.^ "Long Distance WiFi Trial" (PDF). http://www.eslared.org.ve/articulos/Long
%20Distance%20WiFi%20Trial.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
36.^ "Quatech Rolls Out Airborne Embedded 802.11 Radio for M2M Market".
http://edageek.com/2008/04/18/embedded-wifi-radio/. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
37.^ "CIE article on embedded WiFi for M2M applications".
http://www.cieonline.co.uk/cie2/articlen.asp?pid=1810&id=19742. Retrieved
2008-08-27.[dead link]
38.^ "802.11 X Wireless Network in a Business Environment -- Pros and Cons.".
NetworkBits.net. http://networkbits.net/wireless-printing/80211-g-pros-consof-a-wireless-network-in-a-business-environment/. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
39.^ Bernstein, Daniel J. (2002). "DNS forgery".
http://cr.yp.to/djbdns/forgery.html. Retrieved 2010-03-24. "An attacker with

access to your network can easily forge responses to your computer's DNS
requests."
40.^ Mateti, Prabhaker (2005). "Hacking Techniques in Wireless Networks".
Dayton, Ohio: Department of Computer Science and Engineering Wright State
University.
http://www.cs.wright.edu/~pmateti/InternetSecurity/Lectures/WirelessHacks/
Mateti-WirelessHacks.htm#_Toc77524658. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
41.^ "Wireless Vulnerabilities & Exploits". wirelessve.org.
http://www.wirelessve.org/entries/show/WVE-2005-0020. Retrieved 2008-0415.
42.^ NoCat's goal is to bring you Infinite Bandwidth Everywhere for Free
43.^ "Let's Warchalk" (PDF). Matt Jones.
http://www.blackbeltjones.com/warchalking/warchalking0_9.pdf. Retrieved
2008-10-09.
44.^ See the wikinews article mentioned in this section.
[edit] Further reading

Wireless Networking in the Developing World (PDF book)

[edit] External links

The Wi-Fi Alliance

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of
Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wi-Fi

Look up Wi-Fi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

[hide]Internet access
Wired
Netwo
Coaxi
rk
Optica
Twiste Phone
al
type
l
d pair
line
cable

Wireless
Unlicense
Power
d
line
terrestria
l bands

Licensed
terrestrial
bands

Satelli
te

Ethern
G.hn
et

LAN

G.hn
HomePlu
Ethern HomePN
g
et
A G.hn
Powerline
Alliance

PON
Dial-up
DOCSI Ethern
WAN Ethern
ISDN
BPL
S
et
et
DSL

Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
DECT
Wireless
USB
GPRS iBurst
WiBro/WiMAX
Satellit
Muni Wi-Fi UMTS-TDD,
e
HSPA EVDO
LTE

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User interface
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In the industrial design field of human-machine interaction, the user interface is (a place) where
interaction between humans and machines occurs. The goal of interaction between a human and
a machine at the user interface is effective operation and control of the machine, and feedback
from the machine which aids the operator in making operational decisions. Examples of this
broad concept of user interfaces include the interactive aspects of computer operating systems,
hand tools, heavy machinery operator controls. and process controls. The design considerations

applicable when creating user interfaces are related to or involve such disciplines as ergonomics
and psychology.
A user interface is the system by which people (users) interact with a machine. The user
interface includes hardware (physical) and software (logical) components. User interfaces exist
for various systems, and provide a means of:

Input, allowing the users to manipulate a system, and/or

Output, allowing the system to indicate the effects of the users' manipulation.

Generally, the goal of human-machine interaction engineering is to produce a user interface

which makes it easy, efficient, and enjoyable to operate a machine in the way which produces the
desired result. This generally means that the operator needs to provide minimal input to achieve
the desired output, and also that the machine minimizes undesired outputs to the human.
Ever since the increased use of personal computers and the relative decline in societal awareness
of heavy machinery, the term user interface has taken on overtones of the (graphical) user
interface, while industrial control panel and machinery control design discussions more
commonly refer to human-machine interfaces.
Other terms for user interface include human-computer interface (HCI) and man-machine
interface (MMI).

Contents
[hide]

1 Introduction

2 Terminology

3 Usability

4 User interfaces in computing

o 4.1 Types
o 4.2 History
o 4.3 Consistency

o 4.4 Modalities and modes

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

[edit] Introduction
Main article: Human-computer interaction
To work with a system, users have to be able to control and assess the state of the system. For
example, when driving an automobile, the driver uses the steering wheel to control the direction
of the vehicle, and the accelerator pedal, brake pedal and gearstick to control the speed of the
vehicle. The driver perceives the position of the vehicle by looking through the windshield and
exact speed of the vehicle by reading the speedometer. The user interface of the automobile is on
the whole composed of the instruments the driver can use to accomplish the tasks of driving and
maintaining the automobile.

[edit] Terminology
There is a distinct difference between User Interface versus Operator Interface or Human
Machine Interface (HMI).

The term user interface is often used in the context of (personal) computer systems and
electronic devices
o Where a network of equipment or computers are interlinked through an MES
(Manufacturing Execution System)-or Host.
o An HMI is typically local to one machine or piece of equipment, and is the
interface method between the human and the equipment/machine. An Operator
interface is the interface method by which multiple equipment that are linked by a
host control system is accessed or controlled.[clarification needed]
o The system may expose several user interfaces to serve different kinds of users.
For example, a computerized library database might provide two user interfaces,
one for library patrons (limited set of functions, optimized for ease of use) and the
other for library personnel (wide set of functions, optimized for efficiency).
[clarification needed]

The user interface of a mechanical system, a vehicle or an industrial installation is

sometimes referred to as the human-machine interface (HMI). HMI is a modification
of the original term MMI (man-machine interface). In practice, the abbreviation MMI is
still frequently used although some may claim that MMI stands for something different
now. Another abbreviation is HCI, but is more commonly used for human-computer
interaction. Other terms used are operator interface console (OIC) and operator interface
terminal (OIT). However it is abbreviated, the terms refer to the 'layer' that separates a
human that is operating a machine from the machine itself.

In science fiction, HMI is sometimes used to refer to what is better described as direct neural
interface. However, this latter usage is seeing increasing application in the real-life use of
(medical) prosthesesthe artificial extension that replaces a missing body part (e.g., cochlear
implants).
In some circumstance computers might observe the user, and react according to their actions
without specific commands. A means of tracking parts of the body is required, and sensors noting
the position of the head, direction of gaze and so on have been used experimentally. This is
particularly relevant to immersive interfaces.

[edit] Usability
Main article: Usability
See also: mental model, human action cycle, usability testing, and ergonomics. List of
human-computer interaction topics
User interfaces are considered by some authors to be a prime ingredient of Computer user
satisfaction.
The design of a user interface affects the amount of effort the user must expend to provide input
for the system and to interpret the output of the system, and how much effort it takes to learn
how to do this. Usability is the degree to which the design of a particular user interface takes into
account the human psychology and physiology of the users, and makes the process of using the
system effective, efficient and satisfying.
Usability is mainly a characteristic of the user interface, but is also associated with the
functionalities of the product and the process to design it. It describes how well a product can be
used for its intended purpose by its target users with efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction,
also taking into account the requirements from its context of use.

[edit] User interfaces in computing

In computer science and human-computer interaction, the user interface (of a computer
program) refers to the graphical, textual and auditory information the program presents to the
user, and the control sequences (such as keystrokes with the computer keyboard, movements of

the computer mouse, and selections with the touchscreen) the user employs to control the
program.

[edit] Types
Currently (as of 2009) the following types of user interface are the most common:

Graphical user interfaces (GUI) accept input via devices such as computer keyboard
and mouse and provide articulated graphical output on the computer monitor. There are at
least two different principles widely used in GUI design: Object-oriented user interfaces
(OOUIs) and application oriented interfaces[verification needed].

Web-based user interfaces or web user interfaces (WUI) are a subclass of GUIs that
accept input and provide output by generating web pages which are transmitted via the
Internet and viewed by the user using a web browser program. Newer implementations
utilize Java, AJAX, Adobe Flex, Microsoft .NET, or similar technologies to provide realtime control in a separate program, eliminating the need to refresh a traditional HTML
based web browser. Administrative web interfaces for web-servers, servers and
networked computers are often called Control panels.

Touchscreens are displays that accept input by touch of fingers or a stylus. Used in a
growing amount of mobile devices and many types of point of sale, industrial processes
and machines, self-service machines etc.

User interfaces that are common in various fields outside desktop computing:

Command line interfaces, where the user provides the input by typing a command string
with the computer keyboard and the system provides output by printing text on the
computer monitor. Used by programmers and system administrators, in engineering and
scientific environments, and by technically advanced personal computer users.

Touch user interface are graphical user interfaces using a touchpad or touchscreen
display as a combined input and output device. They supplement or replace other forms
of output with haptic feedback methods. Used in computerized simulators etc.

Other types of user interfaces:

Attentive user interfaces manage the user attention deciding when to interrupt the user,
the kind of warnings, and the level of detail of the messages presented to the user.

Batch interfaces are non-interactive user interfaces, where the user specifies all the
details of the batch job in advance to batch processing, and receives the output when all
the processing is done. The computer does not prompt for further input after the
processing has started.

Conversational Interface Agents attempt to personify the computer interface in the

form of an animated person, robot, or other character (such as Microsoft's Clippy the
paperclip), and present interactions in a conversational form.

Crossing-based interfaces are graphical user interfaces in which the primary task
consists in crossing boundaries instead of pointing.

Gesture interface are graphical user interfaces which accept input in a form of hand
gestures, or mouse gestures sketched with a computer mouse or a stylus.

Intelligent user interfaces are human-machine interfaces that aim to improve the
efficiency, effectiveness, and naturalness of human-machine interaction by representing,
reasoning, and acting on models of the user, domain, task, discourse, and media (e.g.,
graphics, natural language, gesture).

Motion tracking interfaces monitor the user's body motions and translate them into
commands, currently being developed by Apple[1]

Multi-screen interfaces, employ multiple displays to provide a more flexible interaction.

This is often employed in computer game interaction in both the commercial arcades and
more recently the handheld markets.

Noncommand user interfaces, which observe the user to infer his / her needs and
intentions, without requiring that he / she formulate explicit commands.

Object-oriented user interface (OOUI)

Reflexive user interfaces where the users control and redefine the entire system via the
user interface alone, for instance to change its command verbs. Typically this is only
possible with very rich graphic user interfaces.

Tangible user interfaces, which place a greater emphasis on touch and physical
environment or its element.

Task-Focused Interfaces are user interfaces which address the information overload
problem of the desktop metaphor by making tasks, not files, the primary unit of
interaction

Text user interfaces are user interfaces which output text, but accept other form of input
in addition to or in place of typed command strings.

Voice user interfaces, which accept input and provide output by generating voice
prompts. The user input is made by pressing keys or buttons, or responding verbally to
the interface.

Natural-Language interfaces - Used for search engines and on webpages. User types in
a question and waits for a response.

Zero-Input interfaces get inputs from a set of sensors instead of querying the user with
input dialogs.

Zooming user interfaces are graphical user interfaces in which information objects are
represented at different levels of scale and detail, and where the user can change the scale
of the viewed area in order to show more detail.

Batch interface, 19451968

Command-line user interface, 1969 to present[citation needed]

Graphical user interface, 1981 to present see History of the GUI for a detailed
look[citation needed]

[edit] Consistency
A key property of a good user interface is consistency. Good user interface design is about
getting a user to have a consistent set of expectations, and then meeting those expectations.
There are three important aspects to consistency.[2][dubious discuss]
First, the controls for different features should be presented in a consistent manner so that users
can find the controls easily. For example, users find it difficult to use software when some
commands are available through menus, some through icons, some through right-clicks, some
under a separate button at one corner of a screen, some grouped by function, some grouped by
common, some grouped by advanced. A user looking for a command should have a
consistent search strategy for finding it. The more search strategies a user has to use, the more
frustrating the search will be. The more consistent the grouping, the easier the search.
Second, the "principle of least astonishment" is crucial. Various features should work in similar
ways.[3] For example, some features in Adobe Acrobat are "select tool, then select text to which

apply." Others are "select text, then apply action to selection." [2]. Commands should work the
same way in all contexts.
Third, consistency counsels against user interface changes version-to-version. Change should be
minimized, and forward-compatibility should be maintained. For example, the change from the
menu bars of Microsoft Office 2003 to the ribbon toolbar of Microsoft Office 2007 caused mixed
reactions to the redesign, intended to enhance access to the most used functions. It was said to
cause "anger and frustration," and "major efforts in time, training and costs."[4] Power users said
it "takes too much time and patience to learn" the new interface.[4] An online survey by an Excel
user group reports that about 80% of respondents had a negative opinion of the change, and
within that 80%, the self-estimated reduction in productivity was "about 35%".[5][6]
Consistency is one quality to trade off in user interface designnot the only thing, but one of the
most important. In some cases, a violation of consistency principles can provide sufficiently clear
advantages that a wise and careful user interface designer may choose to violate consistency to
achieve some other important goal. Generally, less mature software has fewer users who are
entrenched in the status quo. Older, more broadly used software must more carefully hew to the
status quo to avoid disruptive costs. The most experienced users, and the ones who derive most
value from a program, are the users who tend to bear the greatest costs from change. However, of
those trade-offs, consistency is one of the most important core principles, and it should be
violated least often. Bad user interface design, and poorly implemented changes to an existing
user interface, can impose staggering costs on users.

[edit] Modalities and modes

Main articles: Modality (human-computer interaction) and Mode (computer interface)
A modality is a path of communication employed by the user interface to carry input and output.
Examples of modalities:

Input computer keyboard allows the user to enter typed text, digitizing tablet allows
the user to create free-form drawing

Output computer monitor allows the system to display text and graphics (vision
modality), loudspeaker allows the system to produce sound (auditory modality)

The user interface may employ several redundant input modalities and output modalities,
allowing the user to choose which ones to use for interaction.
A mode is a distinct method of operation within a computer program, in which the same input
can produce different perceived results depending of the state of the computer program. For
example, caps lock sets an input mode in which typed letters are uppercase by default; the same
typing produces lowercase letters when not in caps lock mode. Heavy use of modes often
reduces the usability of a user interface, as the user must expend effort to remember current
mode states, and switch between mode states as necessary.

[edit] See also

Accessibility and computer accessibility user interface's suitability for people with
special needs

Adaptive user interfaces

Brain-computer interface

Computer user satisfaction

Ergonomics and human factors the study of designing objects to be better adapted to
the shape of the human body

Framebuffer

Graphical User Interface

Human-computer interaction links

Icon design

Information visualization the use of sensory representations of abstract data to

reinforce cognition

Interaction technique

Interface (computer science)

Kinetic user interface

Knowledge visualization the use of visual representations to transfer knowledge

List of user interface literature

Natural user interfaces

Ncurses, a semigraphical user interface.

Unified Code for Units of Measure

Usability links

User Assistance

User experience

User interface design

Virtual artifact

Virtual user interface

[edit] References
1. ^ Appleinsider.com
2. ^ David E. Boundy, A taxonomy of programmers, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering
Notes 16(4) 23-30 (October 1991)
3. ^ For example, inconsistent user interface was one of the major causes of the Three Mile
Island nuclear accident in 1979. Some indicator lights indicated normal as red, some as
green. [1]
4. ^ a b Word 2007: Not Exactly a Must-Have For one thing, Word 2007 uses the entirely
new ribbon interface. People will get used to the new interface, but at major efforts in
time, training and cost,' says [a] director of systems When it came time to move [a
user] from 2003 to 2007 I might as well of hit her over the head with a bat, he says. I
could see anger and frustration.
5. ^ "Ribbon survey results". http://www.exceluser.com/explore/surveys/ribbon/ribbonsurvey-results.htm. Among advanced users, nearly 80% "dislike" or "hate" the new
interface, only 20% "like" or "love" it, and of that 80%, the average productivity loss is
about 35%.
6. ^ On the other hand, average and less-intensive users who are not as dependent on old
user interfaces are less bothered by the change. "'Other readers feel it's worth taking the
time to learn the new interface. Once you do, they say, it actually makes creating
professional-looking documents much easier for the average user.'" Word 2007: Not
Exactly a Must-Have The usual solution in providing a new user interface is to provide a
backwards-compatibility mode, so that a product's most intensive users are not forced to
bear the costs of the change.

[edit] External links

Look up user interface in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Its bibliography covers a wide area of user interface publications

Chapter 2. History: A brief History of user interfaces

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GPS navigation software

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
GPS navigation software usually falls into one of the following two categories:
1. Navigation with route calculation and directions from the software to the user of the route
to take, based on a vector-based map, normally for motorised vehicles with some
motorised forms added on as an afterthought.
2. Navigation tracking, often with a map "picture" in the background, but showing where
you have been, and allowing "routes" to be preprogrammed, giving a line you can follow
on the screen. This type can also be used for geocaching.

Contents
[hide]

1 Terminology
o 1.1 Track
o 1.2 Route
o 1.3 Waypoint

2 Platforms

3 Software
o 3.1 Land-based Navigation Software

o 3.2 Marine Navigation Software

4 References

[edit] Terminology
[edit] Track
A track is a trace of somewhere that you have actually been (often called a "breadcrumb trail").
The GPS unit (external or internal) periodically sends details of the location which are recorded
by the software, either by taking a reading based on a set time interval, based on a set distance,
based on a change in direction by more than a certain angle, or a combination of these. Each
point is stored together with its date and time. The resulting track can be displayed as a series of
the recorded points or a line connecting them.
Retracing your steps is a simple matter of following the track back to the source.

[edit] Route
A route is a preset series of points that make up a set route to follow for your destination. Most
software allows the route and the track to be displayed at the same time.

[edit] Waypoint
Waypoints are used to mark particular locations, typically used as markers along the "way" to
somewhere. They are either key entered by users or downloaded from other sources, depending
upon the sophistication of the device. Although not linked to tracks or routes, they can be used to
simplify the construction of routes, by being able to be re-used. Frequently, waypoints serve a
"safety" purpose, enabling a route to be taken around obstacles such as shallow water (marine
navigation) or streams/cliffs/other hazards which may prevent a safe passage directly from point
"A" to point "B".

[edit] Platforms
See also: GPS navigation device
Software can be used on a laptop computer with an attached GPS receiver. Most commercial
software runs only on Windows and Mac OS X, yet some projects have started to support Linux
as well. For most daily use however, a PDA, a dedicated device, or a smartphone might be
handier. These devices can often also be used as a wireless modem for a computer, so that
routing information can be uploaded or created tracks can be downloaded.

[edit] Software
There is a number of navigation software products available. Primary distinction is between
navigation software designed for use on land and for use on the water.

[edit] Land-based Navigation Software

Commercial navigation software with embedded maps

Destinator

Microsoft Streets and Trips 2009

Navigon

Nav N Go (iGO)

NAVV

NDrive

ROUTE 66

TomTom Navigator

TomTom Mobile

Opensource and free navigation software with maps

OpenStreetMap

Commercial navigation software with scanned or downloaded maps and orthophotos stored in
the computer (independent stand alone system)

Master Navigator Software (MNS)

OziExplorer

Free navigation software (independent stand alone system)

Waze

Navigation software with maps downloaded from a remote server

Google Earth (Windows, Mac, Linux)

Google maps (platform independent)

Navit

VZ Navigator (smartphone)

[edit] Marine Navigation Software

Navigation software for use on the water has many features in common with land-based GPS
navigation software. It can use electronic navigation chart or raster charts, usually provides user
ability to plan routes and set waypoints, and may have live GPS tracking capabilities. In addition,
marine navigation software often has option to control external autopilot for automated boat
navigation. It may incorporate GRIB weather overlay on the chart, Tide predictions and other
related information services of additional use to mariners.
Marine navigation software supporting raster and vector charts

PolarView Marine navigation application supporting raster and vector charts. For Linux,
Mac and Windows.

Opensource and free marine navigation software

OpenCPN Open Chart Plot Navigation is a free software (GPL) project to create a
concise chart plotter and navigation software for use as an underway or planning tool.
OpenCPN supports both raster and vector charts, and it has support for Linux, Mac and
Windows.

SeaClear is a free, PC based chart plotter for Windows 2000/XP/NT/95/98/ME. SeaClear

supports raster charts.

[edit] References
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_navigation_software"
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Geotagging
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Geo-tagging)
Jump to: navigation, search
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Geotagged
photograph. (Discuss)

Geotag information in a JPEG photo, shown by the software gThumb

Geotagger "Solmeta N2 Kompass" for Nikon DSLR

For information on geotagging content on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:WikiProject
Geographical coordinates.

Geotagging is the process of adding geographical identification metadata to various media such
as photographs, video, websites, SMS messages, or RSS feeds and is a form of geospatial
metadata. These data usually consist of latitude and longitude coordinates, though they can also
include altitude, bearing, distance, accuracy data, and place names. It is commonly used for
photographs, giving geotagged photographs.
Geotagging can help users find a wide variety of location-specific information. For instance, one
can find images taken near a given location by entering latitude and longitude coordinates into a
suitable image search engine. Geotagging-enabled information services can also potentially be

used to find location-based news, websites, or other resources.[1] Geotagging can tell users the
location of the content of a given picture or other media or the point of view, and conversely on
some media platforms show media relevant to a given location.
The related term geocoding refers to the process of taking non-coordinate based geographical
identifiers, such as a street address, and finding associated geographic coordinates (or vice versa
for reverse geocoding). Such techniques can be used together with geotagging to provide
alternative search techniques.
Contents
[hide]

1 Geotagging techniques
o

1.1 Geotagging Photos

1.2 GPS formats

2 Geotagging standards in electronic file formats

2.1 JPEG photos

2.2 SMS messages

2.3 HTML pages

2.3.1 ICBM method

2.3.2 RDF feeds

2.3.3 Microformat

2.3.4 Wikipedia

2.4 Geotagging in tag-based systems

2.5 Geoblogging

3 Wikipedia article geosearching apps

4 Dangers of geotagging

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

[edit] Geotagging techniques

The base for geotagging is positions. The position will, in almost every case, be derived from the
global positioning system, and based on a latitude/longitude-coordinate system that presents each
location on the earth from 180 west through 180 east along the Equator and 90 north through
90 south along the prime meridian.
[edit] Geotagging Photos

There are two main options for geotagging photos; capturing GPS information at the time the
photo is taken or attaching the photograph to a map after the picture is taken.
In order to capture GPS data at the time the photograph is captured, the user must have a camera
with built in GPS or a standalone GPS along with a digital camera. Because of the requirement
for wireless service providers to supply more precise location information for 911 calls by
September 11, 2012 [2], more and more cell phones have built-in GPS chips. Some cell phones
like the iPhone and Motorola Backflip already utilize a GPS chip along with built-in cameras to
allow users to automatically geotag photos. Others may have the GPS chip and camera but do
not have internal software needed to embed the GPS information within the picture. A few digital
cameras also have built-on or built-in GPS that allow for automatic geotagging such as Nikon,
Sony and Ricoh. Devices use GPS, A-GPS or both. A-GPS can be faster getting an initial fix if
you are within range of a cell phone tower, and may work better inside buildings. Traditional
GPS does not need cell phone towers and can often pull in weaker GPS signals outside of urban
areas. Traditional GPS tends to use more battery power. Almost any digital camera can be
coupled with a stand alone GPS and post processed with photo mapping software such as GPSPhoto Link, Alta4, or EveryTrail to write the location information to the image's exif header.
Geographic coordinates can also be added to a photograph after the photograph is taken by
attaching the photograph to a map using programs such as Flickr and Panoramio. These
programs can then write the latitude and longitude into the photos exif header after you have
selected the location on a map.
[edit] GPS formats

GPS coordinates may be represented in text in a number of ways, with more or fewer decimals:
Template

Description

Example

[-]d.d, [-]d.d

Decimal degrees with negative numbers for

South and West.

12.3456, -98.7654

d m.m {N|S}, d Degrees and decimal minutes with N, S, E or

W suffix for North, South, East, West
m.m {E|W}

12 20.736 N,
98 45.924 W

{N|S} d m.m {E| Degrees and decimal minutes with N, S, E or

W prefix for North, South, East, West
W} d m.m

N 12 20.736,
W 98 45.924

d m' s" {N|S}, d Degrees, minutes and seconds with N, S, E or 12 20' 44" N,
m' s" {E|W}
W suffix for North, South, East, West
98 45' 55" W
{N|S} d m' s",
{E|W} d m' s"

Degrees, minutes and seconds with N, S, E or N 12 20' 44",

W prefix for North, South, East, West
W 98 45' 55"

[edit] Geotagging standards in electronic file formats

[edit] JPEG photos

With photos stored in JPEG file format, the geotag information is typically embedded in the
metadata (stored in Exchangeable image file format (EXIF) or Extensible Metadata Platform
(XMP) format). These data are not visible in the picture itself but are read and written by special
programs and most digital cameras and modern scanners. Latitude and longitude are stored in
units of degrees with decimals[3]. This geotag information can be read by many programs, such as
the cross-platform open source ExifTool. An example readout for a photo might look like:
GPS Latitude
GPS Longitude
GPS Position

: 57 deg 38' 56.83" N

: 10 deg 24' 26.79" E
: 57 deg 38' 56.83" N, 10 deg 24' 26.79" E

or the same coordinates could also be presented as decimal degrees:

GPSLatitude
GPSLongitude
GPSPosition

: 57.64911
: 10.40744
: 57.64911 10.40744

When stored in EXIF, the coordinates are represented as a series of rational numbers in the GPS
sub-IFD. Here is a hexadecimal dump of the relevant section of the EXIF metadata (with bigendian byte order):
+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

[GPS directory with 5 entries]

0) GPSVersionID = 2 2 0 0
- Tag 0x0000 (4 bytes, int8u[4]):
dump: 02 02 00 00
1) GPSLatitudeRef = N
- Tag 0x0001 (2 bytes, string[2]):
dump: 4e 00 [ASCII "N\0"]
2) GPSLatitude = 57 38 56.83 (57/1 38/1 5683/100)
- Tag 0x0002 (24 bytes, rational64u[3]):
dump: 00 00 00 39 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 26 00 00 00 01
dump: 00 00 16 33 00 00 00 64

| 3)
|
|
| 4)
|
|
|

GPSLongitudeRef = W
- Tag 0x0003 (2 bytes, string[2]):
dump: 57 00 [ASCII "W\0"]
GPSLongitude = 10 24 26.79 (10/1 24/1 2679/100)
- Tag 0x0004 (24 bytes, rational64u[3]):
dump: 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 18 00 00 00 01
dump: 00 00 0a 77 00 00 00 64

[edit] SMS messages

The GeoSMS standard works by embedding one or more 'geo' URIs in the body of an SMS, for
example:
I'm at the pub geo:-37.801631,144.980294;u=16

[edit] HTML pages

[edit] ICBM method

The GeoURL[4] standard requires the ICBM tag[5] method which is used to geotag standard web
pages in HTML format:
<meta name="ICBM" content="50.167958, -97.133185">

The similar Geo Tag format allows the addition of placename and region tags:
<meta name="geo.position" content="50.167958;-97.133185">
<meta name="geo.placename" content="Rockwood Rural Municipality, Manitoba,
Canada">
<meta name="geo.region" content="ca-mb">

[edit] RDF feeds

The RDF method is defined by W3 Group and presents the information in RDF tags[6]:
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:geo="http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#"> <geo:Point>
<geo:lat>55.701</geo:lat> <geo:long>12.552</geo:long> </geo:Point> </rdf:RDF>

[edit] Microformat

The Geo microformat allows coordinates within HTML pages to be marked up in such a way
that they can be "discovered" by software tools. Example:

50.167958;
-97.133185

which might display as:

50.167958; -97.133185
(giving a live Geo microformat on this page).

A proposal has been developed[7] to extend Geo to cover other bodies, such as Mars and the
Moon.
An example is the Flickr photo-sharing Web site, which provides geographic data for any
geotagged photo in all of the above-mentioned formats.
[edit] Wikipedia

On Wikipedia it is possible to include geotagged information in articles (and thus also images),
using the template {{coord}}. On Wikimedia Commons it is more usual to tag camera locations
with template {{location}}. The inserted coordinates will be presented in the top right corner as a
link on the Wikimedia Toolserver[8], allowing the user to click further on to different geographic
content on the Internet. For the article Rbjerg Mile it looks like this:

[edit] Geotagging in tag-based systems

No industry standards exist, however there are a variety of techniques for adding geographical
identification metadata to an information resource. One convention, established by the website
Geobloggers and used by more and more sites, e.g. photo sharing sites Panoramio and Flickr,
and the social bookmarking site del.icio.us, enables content to be found via a location search. All
sites allow users to add metadata to an information resource via a set of so-called machine tags
(see folksonomy).
geotagged
geo:lat=57.64911
geo:lon=10.40744

This describes the geographic coordinates of a particular location in terms of latitude (geo:lat)
and longitude (geo:lon). These are expressed in decimal degrees in the WGS84 datum, which has
become something of a default geodetic datum with the advent of GPS.[citation needed]
Using three tags works within the constraint of having tags that can only be single 'words'.
Identifying geotagged information resources on sites like Flickr and del.icio.us is done by
searching for the 'geotagged' tag, since the tags beginning 'geo:lat=' and 'geo:lon=' are necessarily
very variable.

Another option is to tag with a Geohash:

geo:hash=u4pruydqqvj

A further convention proposed by FlickrFly adds tags to specify the suggested viewing angle and
range when the geotagged location is viewed in Google Earth:
ge:head=225.00
ge:tilt=45.00
ge:range=560.00

These three tags would indicate that the camera is pointed heading 225 (south west), has a 45
tilt and is 560 metres from the subject.
Where the above methods are in use, their coordinates may differ from those specified by the
photo's internal EXIF data, for example because of a correction or a difference between the
camera's location and the subject's.
[edit] Geoblogging

Geoblogging attaches specific geographic location information to blog entries via geotags.
Searching a list of blogs and pictures tagged using geotag technology allows users to select areas
of specific interest to them on interactive maps. [9]
The progression of GPS technology, along with the development of various online applications,
has fueled the popularity of such tagged blogging,[citation needed] and the combination of GPS Phones
and GSM localization, has led to the moblogging, where blog posts are tagged with exact
position of the user. Real-time geotagging relays automatically geotagged media such as photos
or video to be published and shared immediately.
[edit] Wikipedia article geosearching apps

The iPhone app Cyclopedia, showing locations of Wikipedia articles on a map[10]

One of the first attempts to initiate the geotagging aspect of searching and locating articles seems
to be the now-inoperative site Wikinear.com, launched in 2008, which showed the user
Wikipedia pages that are geographically closest to one's current location.[11]
The 2009 app Cyclopedia works relatively well showing geotagged Wikipedia articles located
within several miles of ones location, integrated with a street-view mode, and 360-degree mode.
The app Respotter Wiki, launched in 2009, claims to feature Wikipedia searching via a map, also
allowing users to interact with people around them, via messaging and reviews, etc. The app, in
its current function, however, seems to give only geotagged photo results.

[edit] Dangers of geotagging

Following a scientific study[12] and several demonstrative websites[13][14], a discussion on the

privacy implications of geotagging has raised public attention[15][16][17]. Especially the automatic
embedding of geotags in pictures taken with smartphones is often ignored by cell-phone users.
As a result, people are often not aware that the photos they publish in the Internet have been
geotagged. Many celebrities reportedly gave away their home location without knowing it.
According to the study, a significant number of for-sale advertisements on Craigslist, that were
otherwise anonymized, contained geotags, thereby revealing the location of high-valued goods -sometimes in the combination with clear hints to the absence of the offerer at certain times.
Publishing photos and other media tagged with exact geolocation on the Internet allows random
people to track an individual's location and correlate it with other information. Therefore,
criminals could find out when homes are empty because their inhabitants posted geotagged and
timestamped information both about their home address and their vacation residence. These
dangers can be avoided by removing geotags with a metadata removal tool for photos before
publishing them in the Internet.
[edit] See also

Geocaching

Geocoding

Geotagged photograph (Geotagging methods)

Geographic information system (GIS)

Geolocation

Georeference

GeoRSS

GeoSMS

Geo URI

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Moblog

Supranet

Tagging

[edit] References
1. ^ Anick Jesdanun, AP (2008-01-18). "GPS adds dimension to online photos".
http://www.mywire.com/pubs/AP/2008/01/18/5437214?extID=10051.
Retrieved 2008-01-19.
2. ^ "Wireless 911 Services".
http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/wireless911srvc.html. Retrieved 201007-15.
3. ^ In this format, a positively signed coordinate indicates Northern or Eastern
hemisphere, while negative sign indicates Southern or Western hemisphere.
4. ^ "Adding yourself to GeoURL". http://geourl.org/add.html. Retrieved 200807-30.
5. ^ The Internet Engineering Task Force. "Geographic registration of HTML
documents". http://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-daviel-html-geo-tag-08.txt. Retrieved
2008-07-30.
6. ^ W3C Semantic Web Interest Group. "Basic Geo (WGS84 lat/long)
Vocabulary". http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
7. ^ "Geo Extension Straw-Man Proposal". http://microformats.org/wiki/geoextension-strawman. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
8. ^ "Wikimedia Toolserver". http://tools.wikimedia.de/startsite/. Retrieved 200807-30.
9. ^ "Example of pictures with geotag, using mobile phone".
http://www.everytrail.com/view_trip.php?trip_id=294109.
10.^ Anon. (2009). Cyclopedia Augmented Reality iPhone App Drenches Your
World in Wikipedia, Gizmodo.com, Oct. 01.

11.^ Willison, Simon. (2008). Wininear.com, OAuth and Fire Eagle,

SimonWillison.net, Mar 22 2008
12.^ G. Friedland, R. Sommer: "Cybercasing the Joint: On the Privacy
Implications of Geo-Tagging", 5th Usenix Hot Topics in Security Workshop
(HotSec2010), Washington DC, August 2010.
13.^ http://www.pleaserobme.com pleaserobme.com
14.^ http://www.icanstalku.com icanstalku.com
15.^ http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/celebrity-stalking-online-photos-givelocation/story?id=11162352 Celebrities' Photos, Videos May Reveal Location
16.^ http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19160-geotags-reveals-celebsecrets.html Geo-tags reveal celeb secrets
17.^
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/12/technology/personaltech/12basics.html?
_r=2 Web Photos That Reveal Secrets, Like Where You Live
[edit] External links

Geonames (Wikipedia) GeoNames Blog.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotagging"

Categories: Geographic information systems | Geocodes | GPS
Hidden categories: Articles to be merged from May 2010 | All articles to be merged |
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Global Positioning System

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from GPS)
Jump to: navigation, search
"GPS" redirects here. For other uses, see GPS (disambiguation).
For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to the
Global Positioning System.

Artist's conception of GPS Block II-F satellite in orbit

Civilian GPS receiver ("GPS navigation device") in a marine application.

Automotive navigation system in a taxicab.

GPS receivers are now integrated in many mobile phones.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system that
provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on
or near the Earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS
satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone
with a GPS receiver. In addition to GPS other systems are in use or under development. The
Russian GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS) is for use by the Russian military.
There are also the planned Chinese Compass navigation system and Galileo positioning system
of the European Union (EU). GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense
(DOD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It was established in 1973 to overcome the
limitations of previous navigation systems.[1]

Contents
[hide]

1 History
o 1.1 Timeline and modernization

2 Structure

3 Applications
o 3.1 Civilian

3.1.1 Restrictions on civilian use

o 3.2 Military

o 3.3 Awards

4 Basic concept of GPS

o 4.1 Position calculation introduction
o 4.2 Correcting a GPS receiver's clock

5 System segmentation
o 5.1 Space segment
o 5.2 Control segment
o 5.3 User segment

6 Communication
o 6.1 Message format
o 6.2 Satellite frequencies

6.2.1 Demodulation and decoding

7 Navigation equations

8 Methods of solution of navigation equations

9 Error sources and analysis

10 Accuracy enhancement and surveying

o 10.1 Augmentation
o 10.2 Precise monitoring
o 10.3 Timekeeping
o 10.4 Carrier phase tracking (surveying)

11 Other systems

12 See also

13 Notes

14 References

15 Further reading

16 External links

[edit] History

The design of GPS is based partly on similar ground-based radio navigation systems, such as
LORAN and the Decca Navigator developed in the early 1940s, and used during World War II.
In 1956 Friedwardt Winterberg[2] proposed a test of general relativity using accurate atomic
clocks placed in orbit in artificial satellites. To achieve accuracy requirements, GPS uses
principles of general relativity to correct the satellites' atomic clocks. Additional inspiration for
GPS came when the Soviet Union launched the first man-made satellite, Sputnik in 1957. A team
of U.S. scientists led by Dr. Richard B. Kershner were monitoring Sputnik's radio transmissions.
They discovered that, because of the Doppler effect, the frequency of the signal being
transmitted by Sputnik was higher as the satellite approached, and lower as it continued away
from them. They realized that since they knew their exact location on the globe, they could
pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit by measuring the Doppler distortion (see Transit
(satellite)).
The first satellite navigation system, Transit, used by the United States Navy, was first
successfully tested in 1960. It used a constellation of five satellites and could provide a
navigational fix approximately once per hour. In 1967, the U.S. Navy developed the Timation
satellite that proved the ability to place accurate clocks in space, a technology that GPS relies
upon. In the 1970s, the ground-based Omega Navigation System, based on phase comparison of
signal transmission from pairs of stations,[3] became the first worldwide radio navigation system.
However, limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution
with greater accuracy.
While there were wide needs for accurate navigation in military and civilian sectors, almost none
of those were seen as justification for the billions of dollars it would cost in research,

development, deployment, and operation for a complex constellation of navigation satellites.

However during the Cold War arms race, the nuclear threat to the very existence of the United
States was the one need that did justify this cost in the view of the US Congress. This deterrent
effect is why GPS was funded. The nuclear triad consisted of the US Navy's submarine-launched
ballistic missiles (SLBMs) along with the US Air Force's strategic bombers and intercontinental
ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Considered vital to the nuclear deterrence posture, accurate
determination of the SLBM launch position was a force multiplier.
Precise navigation would enable US submarines to get an accurate fix of their positions prior to
launching their SLBMs.[4] The US Air Force with two-thirds of the nuclear triad also had
requirements for a more accurate and reliable navigation system. The Navy and Air Force were
developing their own technologies in parallel to solve what was essentially the same problem. To
increase the survivability of ICBMs, there was a proposal to use mobile launch platforms so the
need to fix the launch position had similarity to the SLBM situation.
In 1960, the Air Force proposed a radio-navigation system called MOSAIC (Mobile System for
Accurate ICBM Control) that was essentially a 3-D LORAN. A follow-on study called Project 57
was worked in 1963 and it was "in this study that the GPS concept was born." That same year the
concept was pursued as Project 621B, which had "many of the attributes that you now see in
GPS"[5] and promised increased accuracy for Air Force bombers as well as ICBMs. Updates from
the Navy Transit system were too slow for the high speeds that the Air Force operated at. The
Navy Research Laboratory continued advancements with their Timation (Time Navigation)
satellites, first launched in 1967, and with the third one in 1974 carrying the first atomic clock
put into orbit.[6]
With these parallel developments out of the 1960s, it was realized that a superior system could be
developed by synthesizing the best technologies from 621B, Transit, Timation, and SECOR in a
multi-service program.
Over the Labor Day weekend in 1973, a meeting of about 12 military officers at the Pentagon
discussed the creation of a Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS). It was at this meeting
that "the real synthesis that became GPS was created." Later that year, the DNSS program was
named Navstar. With the individual satellites being associated with the name Navstar (as with
the predecessors Transit and Timation), a more fully encompassing name was used to identify the
constellation of Navstar satellites, Navstar-GPS, which was later shortened simply to GPS.[7]
After Korean Air Lines Flight 007, carrying 269 people, was shot down in 1983 after straying
into the USSR's prohibited airspace,[8] in the vicinity of Sakhalin and Moneron Islands, President
Ronald Reagan issued a directive making GPS freely available for civilian use, once it was
sufficiently developed, as a common good.[9] The first satellite was launched in 1989, and the
24th satellite was launched in 1994.
Initially, the highest quality signal was reserved for military use, and the signal available for
civilian use was intentionally degraded ("Selective Availability", SA). This changed with U.S.
President Bill Clinton ordering Selective Availability turned off at midnight May 1, 2000,
improving the precision of civilian GPS from 300 meters (about 1000 feet) to 20 meters (about

65 feet). The U.S. military by then had the ability to deny GPS service to potential adversaries on
a regional basis.[10]
GPS is owned and operated by the U.S. Government as a national resource. Department of
Defense (DOD) is the steward of GPS. Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB) oversaw GPS
policy matters from 1996 to 2004. After that the National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation
and Timing Executive Committee was established by presidential directive in 2004 to advise and
coordinate federal departments and agencies on matters concerning the GPS and related systems.
The executive committee is chaired jointly by the deputy secretaries of defense and
transportation. Its membership includes equivalent-level officials from the departments of state,
commerce, and homeland security, the joint chiefs of staff, and NASA. Components of the
executive office of the president participate as observers to the executive committee, and the
FCC chairman participates as a liaison.
DOD is required by law to "maintain a Standard Positioning Service (as defined in the federal
radio navigation plan and the standard positioning service signal specification) that will be
available on a continuous, worldwide basis," and "develop measures to prevent hostile use of
GPS and its augmentations without unduly disrupting or degrading civilian uses."

[edit] Timeline and modernization

Summary of satellites[11]
Currently in orbit
and healthy

Satellite launches
Block

Launch
Period

Success

Failure

In preparation

Planned

19781985

19891990

IIA

19901997

10 of 19 launched

IIR

19972004

12 of 13 launched

7 of 8 launched

IIR-M 20052009
IIF

20102011

1 of 1 launched

IIIA

2014?

IIIB

IIIC

Total

(Last update: 24 May 2010)

PRN 01 from Block IIR-M is unhealthy
PRN 25 from Block IIA is unhealthy
PRN 32 from Block IIA is unhealthy
[12]
For a more complete list, see list of GPS satellite launches

In 1972, the U.S. Air Force Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility (Holloman AFB),
conducted developmental flight tests of two prototype GPS receivers over White Sands
Missile Range, using ground-based pseudo-satellites.

In 1978, the first experimental Block-I GPS satellite was launched.

In 1983, after Soviet interceptor aircraft shot down the civilian airliner KAL 007 that
strayed into prohibited airspace due to navigational errors, killing all 269 people on
board, U.S. President Ronald Reagan announced that GPS would be made available for
civilian uses once it was completed.[13][14]

By 1985, ten more experimental Block-I satellites had been launched to validate the
concept.

On February 14, 1989, the first modern Block-II satellite was launched.

The Gulf War from 1990 to 1992, was the first conflict where GPS was widely used.[15]

In 1992, the 2nd Space Wing, which originally managed the system, was de-activated and
replaced by the 50th Space Wing.

By December 1993, GPS achieved initial operational capability.[citation needed]

By January 17, 1994 a complete constellation of 24 satellites was in orbit.

Full Operational Capability was declared by NAVSTAR in April 1995.

In 1996, recognizing the importance of GPS to civilian users as well as military users,
U.S. President Bill Clinton issued a policy directive[16] declaring GPS to be a dual-use
system and establishing an Interagency GPS Executive Board to manage it as a national
asset.

In 1998, U.S. Vice President Al Gore announced plans to upgrade GPS with two new
civilian signals for enhanced user accuracy and reliability, particularly with respect to

aviation safety and in 2000 the U.S. Congress authorized the effort, referring to it as GPS
III.

In 1998, GPS technology was inducted into the Space Foundation Space Technology Hall
of Fame.

On May 2, 2000 "Selective Availability" was discontinued as a result of the 1996

executive order, allowing users to receive a non-degraded signal globally.

In 2004, the United States Government signed an agreement with the European
Community establishing cooperation related to GPS and Europe's planned Galileo
system.

In 2004, U.S. President George W. Bush updated the national policy and replaced the
executive board with the National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning,
Navigation, and Timing.[17]

November 2004, QUALCOMM announced successful tests of assisted GPS for mobile
phones.[18]

In 2005, the first modernized GPS satellite was launched and began transmitting a second
civilian signal (L2C) for enhanced user performance.

On September 14, 2007, the aging mainframe-based Ground Segment Control System
was transferred to the new Architecture Evolution Plan.[19]

The most recent launch was on May 28, 2010.[20] The oldest GPS satellite still in
operation was launched on November 26, 1990, and became operational on
December 10, 1990.[21]

On May 19, 2009, the U. S. Government Accountability Office issued a report warning
that some GPS satellites could fail as soon as 2010.[22]

On May 21, 2009, the Air Force Space Command allayed fears of GPS failure saying
"There's only a small risk we will not continue to exceed our performance standard."[23]

On January 11, 2010, an update of ground control systems caused a software

incompatibility with 8000 to 10000 military receivers manufactured by a division of
Trimble Navigation Limited of Sunnyvale, Calif.[24]

[edit] Structure

Ground monitor station used from 1984 to 2007, on display at the Air Force Space & Missile
Museum
GPS consists of three parts: the space segment, the control segment, and the user segment. The
U.S. Air Force develops, maintains, and operates the space and control segments. GPS satellites
broadcast signals from space, which each GPS receiver uses to calculate its three-dimensional
location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus the current time.[25]
The space segment is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit and also includes the
payload adapters to the boosters required to launch them into orbit. The control segment is
composed of a master control station, an alternate master control station, and a host of dedicated
and shared ground antennas and monitor stations. The user segment is composed of hundreds of
thousands of U.S. and allied military users of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and
tens of millions of civil, commercial, and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service (see
GPS navigation devices).

[edit] Applications
While originally a military project, GPS is considered a dual-use technology, meaning it has
significant military and civilian applications.
GPS has become a widely used and useful tool for commerce, scientific uses, tracking and
surveillance. GPS's accurate timing facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone
operations, and even the control of power grids. Farmers, surveyors, geologists and countless
others perform their work more efficiently, safely, economically, and accurately.[25]

[edit] Civilian
See also: GNSS applications and GPS navigation device

This antenna is mounted on the roof of a hut containing a scientific experiment needing precise
timing.
Many civilian applications use one or more of GPS's three basic components: absolute location,
relative movement, and time transfer.

Surveying: Surveyors use absolute locations to make maps and determine property
boundaries

Map-making: Both civilian and military cartographers use GPS extensively.

Navigation: Navigators value digitally precise velocity and orientation measurements.

Cellular telephony: Clock synchronization enables time transfer, which is critical for
synchronizing its spreading codes with other base stations to facilitate inter-cell handoff
and support hybrid GPS/cellular position detection for mobile emergency calls and other
applications. The first handsets with integrated GPS launched in the late 1990s. The U.S.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) mandated the feature in 2002 so emergency
services could locate 911 callers. Third-party software developers later gained access to
GPS APIs from Nextel upon launch, followed by Sprint in 2006, and Verizon soon
thereafter.

Tectonics: GPS enables direct fault motion measurement in earthquakes.

Disaster relief/emergency services: Depend upon GPS for location and timing capabilities

GPS tours: Location determines which content to display; for instance, information about
an approaching point of interest is displayed.

Geofencing: Vehicle tracking systems, person tracking systems, and pet tracking systems
use GPS to locate a vehicle, person, or pet. These devices attach to the vehicle, person, or
the pet collar. The application provides 24/7 tracking and mobile or Internet updates
should the trackee leave a designated area.[26]

Recreation: For example, geocaching, geodashing, GPS drawing and waymarking

GPS Aircraft Tracking

Geotagging: Applying location coordinates to digital objects such as photographs and

other documents for purposes such as creating map overlays.

Phasor measurement units: GPS enables highly accurate timestamping of power system
measurements, making it possible to compute phasors.

[edit] Restrictions on civilian use

The U.S. Government controls the export of some civilian receivers. All GPS receivers capable
of functioning above 18 kilometers (11 mi) altitude and 515 metres per second (1,001 kn)[27] are
classified as munitions (weapons) for which U.S. State Department export licenses are required.
These limits attempt to prevent use of a receiver in a ballistic missile. They would not prevent
use in a cruise missile since their altitudes and speeds are similar to those of ordinary aircraft.
This rule applies even to otherwise purely civilian units that only receive the L1 frequency and
the C/A (Clear/Acquisition) code and cannot correct for Selective Availability (SA), etc.
Disabling operation above these limits exempts the receiver from classification as a munition.
Vendor interpretations differ. The rule targets operation given the combination of altitude and
speed, while some receivers stop operating even when stationary. This has caused problems with
some amateur radio balloon launches, which regularly reach 30 kilometers (19 mi).

[edit] Military
As of 2009, military applications of GPS include:

Navigation: GPS allows soldiers to find objectives, even in the dark or in unfamiliar
territory, and to coordinate troop and supply movement. In the US armed forces,

commanders use the Commanders Digital Assistant and lower ranks use the Soldier
Digital Assistant.[28][29][30][31]

Target tracking: Various military weapons systems use GPS to track potential ground and
air targets before flagging them as hostile.[citation needed] These weapon systems pass target
coordinates to precision-guided munitions to allow them to engage targets accurately.
Military aircraft, particularly in air-to-ground roles, use GPS to find targets (for example,
gun camera video from AH-1 Cobras in Iraq show GPS co-ordinates that can be viewed
with special software.

Missile and projectile guidance: GPS allows accurate targeting of various military
weapons including ICBMs, cruise missiles and precision-guided munitions. Artillery
projectiles. Embedded GPS receivers able to withstand accelerations of 12,000 g or about
118 km/s2 have been developed for use in 155 millimeters (6.1 in) howitzers.[32]

Search and Rescue: Downed pilots can be located faster if their position is known.

Reconnaissance: Patrol movement can be managed more closely.

GPS satellites carry a set of nuclear detonation detectors consisting of an optical sensor
(Y-sensor), an X-ray sensor, a dosimeter, and an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) sensor (Wsensor), which form a major portion of the United States Nuclear Detonation Detection
System.[33][34]

[edit] Awards
Two GPS developers received the National Academy of Engineering Charles Stark Draper Prize
for 2003:

Ivan Getting, emeritus president of The Aerospace Corporation and engineer at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, established the basis for GPS, improving on the
World War II land-based radio system called LORAN (Long-range Radio Aid to
Navigation).

Bradford Parkinson, professor of aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford University,

conceived the present satellite-based system in the early 1960s and developed it in
conjunction with the U.S. Air Force. Parkinson served twenty-one years in the Air Force,
from 1957 to 1978, and retired with the rank of colonel.

GPS developer Roger L. Easton received the National Medal of Technology on February 13,
2006.[35]
On February 10, 1993, the National Aeronautic Association selected the GPS Team as winners of
the 1992 Robert J. Collier Trophy, the nation's most prestigious aviation award. This team
combines researchers from the Naval Research Laboratory, the U.S. Air Force, the Aerospace

Corporation, Rockwell International Corporation, and IBM Federal Systems Company. The
citation honors them "for the most significant development for safe and efficient navigation and
surveillance of air and spacecraft since the introduction of radio navigation 50 years ago."

[edit] Basic concept of GPS

A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high
above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages that include

the time the message was transmitted

precise orbital information (the ephemeris)

the general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the almanac).

The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and
computes the distance to each satellite. These distances along with the satellites' locations are
used with the possible aid of trilateration, depending on which algorithm is used, to compute the
position of the receiver. This position is then displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or
latitude and longitude; elevation information may be included. Many GPS units show derived
information such as direction and speed, calculated from position changes.
Three satellites might seem enough to solve for position, since space has three dimensions and a
position near the Earth's surface can be assumed. However, even a very small clock error
multiplied by the very large speed of light[36] the speed at which satellite signals propagate
results in a large positional error. Therefore receivers use four or more satellites to solve for the
receiver's location and time. The very accurately computed time is effectively hidden by most
GPS applications, which use only the location. A few specialized GPS applications do however
use the time; these include time transfer, traffic signal timing, and synchronization of cell phone
base stations.
Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one
variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For
example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some GPS receivers may use additional
clues or assumptions (such as reusing the last known altitude, dead reckoning, inertial
navigation, or including information from the vehicle computer) to give a less accurate
(degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible.[37][38][39]

[edit] Position calculation introduction

To provide an introductory description of how a GPS receiver works, error effects are deferred to
a later section. Using messages received from a minimum of four visible satellites, a GPS
receiver is able to determine the times sent and then the satellite positions corresponding to these
times sent. The x, y, and z components of position, and the time sent, are designated as
where the subscript i is the satellite number and has the value 1, 2, 3, or 4. Knowing

the indicated time the message was received , the GPS receiver can compute the transit time of
the message as
. Assuming the message traveled at the speed of light, c, the distance
traveled or pseudorange, can be computed as
.
A satellite's position and pseudorange define a sphere, centered on the satellite with radius equal
to the pseudorange. The position of the receiver is somewhere on the surface of this sphere. Thus
with four satellites, the indicated position of the GPS receiver is at or near the intersection of the
surfaces of four spheres. In the ideal case of no errors, the GPS receiver would be at a precise
intersection of the four surfaces.
If the surfaces of two spheres intersect at more than one point, they intersect in a circle. The
article trilateration shows this mathematically. A figure, Two Sphere Surfaces Intersecting in a
Circle, is shown below.

Two sphere surfaces intersecting in a circle

The intersection of a third spherical surface with the first two will be its intersection with that
circle; in most cases of practical interest, this means they intersect at two points.[40] Another
figure, Surface of Sphere Intersecting a Circle (not a solid disk) at Two Points, illustrates the
intersection. The two intersections are marked with dots. Again the article trilateration clearly
shows this mathematically.

Surface of sphere Intersecting a circle (not a solid disk) at two points

For automobiles and other near-earth vehicles, the correct position of the GPS receiver is the
intersection closest to the Earth's surface.[41] For space vehicles, the intersection farthest from
Earth may be the correct one.
The correct position for the GPS receiver is also the intersection closest to the surface of the
sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite.

[edit] Correcting a GPS receiver's clock

One of the most significant error sources is the GPS receiver's clock. Because of the very large
value of the speed of light, c, the estimated distances from the GPS receiver to the satellites, the
pseudoranges, are very sensitive to errors in the GPS receiver clock; for example an error of one
microsecond (0.000 001 second) corresponds to an error of 300 metres (980 ft). This suggests
that an extremely accurate and expensive clock is required for the GPS receiver to work. Since
manufacturers prefer to build inexpensive GPS receivers for mass markets, the solution for this
dilemma is based on the way sphere surfaces intersect in the GPS problem.

Diagram depicting satellite 4, sphere, p4, r4, and da

It is likely that the surfaces of the three spheres intersect, since the circle of intersection of the
first two spheres is normally quite large, and thus the third sphere surface is likely to intersect
this large circle. It is very unlikely that the surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth
satellite will intersect either of the two points of intersection of the first three, since any clock
error could cause it to miss intersecting a point. However, the distance from the valid estimate of
GPS receiver position to the surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite can be
used to compute a clock correction. Let denote the distance from the valid estimate of GPS
receiver position to the fourth satellite and let denote the pseudorange of the fourth satellite.
Let
. is the distance from the computed GPS receiver position to the surface of the
sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite. Thus the quotient,
, provides an estimate of
(correct time) (time indicated by the receiver's on-board clock),
and the GPS receiver clock can be advanced if is positive or delayed if is negative. However, it
should be kept in mind that a less simple function of may be needed to estimate the time error
in an iterative algorithm as discussed in the Navigation section.

[edit] System segmentation

Unlaunched GPS satellite on display at the San Diego Air & Space Museum
The current GPS consists of three major segments. These are the space segment (SS), a control
segment (CS), and a user segment (US).[42]
[edit] Space segment
See also: GPS satellite and List of GPS satellite launches

A visual example of the GPS constellation in motion with the Earth rotating. Notice how the
number of satellites in view from a given point on the Earth's surface, in this example at 45N,
changes with time.
The space segment (SS) is composed of the orbiting GPS satellites, or Space Vehicles (SV) in
GPS parlance. The GPS design originally called for 24 SVs, eight each in three circular orbital
planes,[43] but this was modified to six planes with four satellites each.[44] The orbital planes are
centered on the Earth, not rotating with respect to the distant stars.[45] The six planes have
approximately 55 inclination (tilt relative to Earth's equator) and are separated by 60 right
ascension of the ascending node (angle along the equator from a reference point to the orbit's
intersection).[46] The orbits are arranged so that at least six satellites are always within line of
sight from almost everywhere on Earth's surface.[47]
Orbiting at an altitude of approximately 20,200 kilometers (about 12,550 miles or 10,900
nautical miles; orbital radius of approximately 26,600 km (about 16,500 mi or 14,400 NM)),
each SV makes two complete orbits each sidereal day, repeating the same ground track each day.
[48]
This was very helpful during development, since even with just four satellites, correct

alignment means all four are visible from one spot for a few hours each day. For military
operations, the ground track repeat can be used to ensure good coverage in combat zones.
As of March 2008,[49] there are 31 actively broadcasting satellites in the GPS constellation, and
two older, retired from active service satellites kept in the constellation as orbital spares. The
additional satellites improve the precision of GPS receiver calculations by providing redundant
measurements. With the increased number of satellites, the constellation was changed to a
nonuniform arrangement. Such an arrangement was shown to improve reliability and availability
of the system, relative to a uniform system, when multiple satellites fail.[50] About eight satellites
are visible from any point on the ground at any one time (see animation at right).
[edit] Control segment
The control segment is composed of
1. a master control station (MCS),
2. an alternate master control station,
3. four dedicated ground antennas and
4. six dedicated monitor stations.
The MCS can also access U.S. Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN) ground antennas
(for additional command and control capability) and NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence
Agency) monitor stations. The flight paths of the satellites are tracked by dedicated U.S. Air
Force monitoring stations in Hawaii, Kwajalein, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, Colorado
Springs, Colorado and Cape Canaveral, along with shared NGA monitor stations operated in
England, Argentina, Ecuador, Bahrain, Australia and Washington DC.[51] The tracking
information is sent to the Air Force Space Command's MCS at Schriever Air Force Base 25 km
(16 miles) ESE of Colorado Springs, which is operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron
(2 SOPS) of the United States Air Force (USAF). Then 2 SOPS contacts each GPS satellite
regularly with a navigational update using dedicated or shared (AFSCN) ground antennas (GPS
dedicated ground antennas are located at Kwajalein, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, and Cape
Canaveral). These updates synchronize the atomic clocks on board the satellites to within a few
nanoseconds of each other, and adjust the ephemeris of each satellite's internal orbital model. The
updates are created by a Kalman filter, which uses inputs from the ground monitoring stations,
space weather information, and various other inputs.[52]
Satellite maneuvers are not precise by GPS standards. So to change the orbit of a satellite, the
satellite must be marked unhealthy, so receivers will not use it in their calculation. Then the
maneuver can be carried out, and the resulting orbit tracked from the ground. Then the new
ephemeris is uploaded and the satellite marked healthy again.
[edit] User segment

GPS receivers come in a variety of formats, from devices integrated into cars, phones, and
watches, to dedicated devices such as those shown here from manufacturers Trimble, Garmin
and Leica (left to right).
The user segment is composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied military users of the
secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of civil, commercial and scientific
users of the Standard Positioning Service. In general, GPS receivers are composed of an antenna,
tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites, receiver-processors, and a highly stable
clock (often a crystal oscillator). They may also include a display for providing location and
speed information to the user. A receiver is often described by its number of channels: this
signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously. Originally limited to four or five,
this has progressively increased over the years so that, as of 2007, receivers typically have
between 12 and 20 channels.[53]

A typical OEM GPS receiver module measuring 1517 mm.

GPS receivers may include an input for differential corrections, using the RTCM SC-104 format.
This is typically in the form of an RS-232 port at 4,800 bit/s speed. Data is actually sent at a
much lower rate, which limits the accuracy of the signal sent using RTCM. Receivers with
internal DGPS receivers can outperform those using external RTCM data. As of 2006, even lowcost units commonly include Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) receivers.

A typical GPS receiver with integrated antenna.

Many GPS receivers can relay position data to a PC or other device using the NMEA 0183
protocol. Although this protocol is officially defined by the National Marine Electronics
Association (NMEA),[54] references to this protocol have been compiled from public records,
allowing open source tools like gpsd to read the protocol without violating intellectual property
laws. Other proprietary protocols exist as well, such as the SiRF and MTK protocols. Receivers
can interface with other devices using methods including a serial connection, USB, or Bluetooth.
Further information: GPS navigation device

[edit] Communication
Main article: GPS signals
The navigational signals transmitted by GPS satellites encode a variety of information including
satellite positions, the state of the internal clocks, and the health of the network. These signals are
transmitted on two separate carrier frequencies that are common to all satellites in the network.
Two different encodings are used, a public encoding that enables lower resolution navigation,
and an encrypted encoding used by the U.S. military.

[edit] Message format

GPS message format
Subframes

Description

Satellite clock,
GPS time relationship

Ephemeris
(precise satellite orbit)

Almanac component
(satellite network synopsys,
error correction)

Each GPS satellite continuously broadcasts a navigation message at a rate of 50 bits per second
(see bitrate). Each complete message is composed of 30-second frames, distinct groupings of
1,500 bits of information. Each frame is further subdivided into 5 subframes of length 6 seconds
and with 300 bits each. Each subframe contains 10 words of 30 bits with length 0.6 seconds
each. Each 30 second frame begins precisely on the minute or half minute as indicated by the
atomic clock on each satellite.[55]
The first part of the message encodes the week number and the time within the week,[56] as well
as the data about the health of the satellite. The second part of the message, the ephemeris,
provides the precise orbit for the satellite. The last part of the message, the almanac, contains

coarse orbit and status information for all satellites in the network as well as data related to error
correction.[57]
All satellites broadcast at the same frequencies. Signals are encoded using code division multiple
access (CDMA) allowing messages from individual satellites to be distinguished from each other
based on unique encodings for each satellite (which the receiver must be aware of). Two distinct
types of CDMA encodings are used: the coarse/acquisition (C/A) code, which is accessible by
the general public, and the precise (P) code, that is encrypted so that only the U.S. military can
access it.
The ephemeris is updated every 2 hours and is generally valid for 4 hours, with provisions for
updates every 6 hours or longer in non-nominal conditions. The almanac is updated typically
every 24 hours. Additionally data for a few weeks following is uploaded in case of transmission
updates that delay data upload.

[edit] Satellite frequencies

All satellites broadcast at the same two frequencies, 1.57542 GHz (L1 signal) and 1.2276 GHz
(L2 signal). The satellite network uses a CDMA spread-spectrum technique where the low-bitrate
message data is encoded with a high-rate pseudo-random (PRN) sequence that is different for
each satellite. The receiver must be aware of the PRN codes for each satellite to reconstruct the
actual message data. The C/A code, for civilian use, transmits data at 1.023 million chips per
second, whereas the P code, for U.S. military use, transmits at 10.23 million chips per second.
The L1 carrier is modulated by both the C/A and P codes, while the L2 carrier is only modulated
by the P code.[58] The P code can be encrypted as a so-called P(Y) code which is only available to
military equipment with a proper decryption key. Both the C/A and P(Y) codes impart the precise
time-of-day to the user. GPS Modernization added a third frequency, 1.17645 GHZ (L5 signal).
The L5 consists of two carrier components that are in phase quadrature with each other. Each
carrier component is bi-phase shift key (BPSK) modulated by a separate bit train.
[edit] Demodulation and decoding

Demodulating and Decoding GPS Satellite Signals using the Coarse/Acquisition Gold code.
Since all of the satellite signals are modulated onto the same L1 carrier frequency, there is a need
to separate the signals after demodulation. This is done by assigning each satellite a unique

binary sequence known as a Gold code. The signals are decoded, after demodulation, using
addition of the Gold codes corresponding to the satellites monitored by the receiver.[59][60]
If the almanac information has previously been acquired, the receiver picks which satellites to
listen for by their PRNs, unique numbers in the range 1 through 32. If the almanac information is
not in memory, the receiver enters a search mode until a lock is obtained on one of the satellites.
To obtain a lock, it is necessary that there be an unobstructed line of sight from the receiver to
the satellite. The receiver can then acquire the almanac and determine the satellites it should
listen for. As it detects each satellite's signal, it identifies it by its distinct C/A code pattern. There
can be a delay of up to 30 seconds before the first estimate of position because of the need to
read the ephemeris data.
Processing of the navigation message enables the determination of the time of transmission and
the satellite position at this time. For more information see Demodulation and Decoding,
Advanced.

[edit] Navigation equations

The receiver uses messages received from four satellites to determine the satellite positions and
time sent. The x, y, and z components of position and the time sent are designated as
where the subscript i denotes the satellite and has the value 1, 2, 3, or 4. Knowing
when the message was received
, the receiver computes the message's transit time as
. Assuming the message traveled at the speed of light (c) the distance traveled,

. Knowing the distance from receiver to satellite and the satellite's position implies
that the receiver is on the surface of a sphere centered at the satellite's position. Thus the receiver
is at or near the intersection of the surfaces of four spheres. In the ideal case of no errors, the
receiver is at the intersection of the surfaces of four spheres. Excluding the unrealistic case (for
GPS purposes) of two coincident spheres, the surfaces of two intersecting spheres is either a
point (if they merely touch) or a circle as depicted in the illustration below. Two of the points at
which the surfaces of the spheres intersect are clearly marked on the figure. The distance
between these two points is the diameter of the circle of intersection.

Two sphere surfaces intersecting in a circle

This can be seen more clearly by considering a side view of the intersecting spheres. This view
would match the figure because of the symmetry of the spheres. A view from any horizontal
direction would look exactly the same. Therefore the diameter as seen from all directions is the
same and thus the surfaces actually do intersect in a circle. The article trilateration algebraically
confirms this geometric argument that the two sphere surfaces intersect in a circle.
Having found that two sphere surfaces intersect in a circle, we now consider how the intersection
of the first two sphere surfaces, the circle, intersect with the third sphere. A circle and sphere
surface intersect at zero, one or two points. For the GPS problem we are concerned with the case
of two points of intersection. Another figure, Surface of Sphere Intersecting a Circle (not a solid
disk) at Two Points, is shown below to aid in visualizing this intersection. Trilateration
algebraically confirms this geometric observation. The ambiguity of two points of intersection of
three sphere surfaces can be resolved by noting which point is closest to the fourth sphere
surface.

Surface of a sphere intersecting a circle (i.e., the edge of a disk) at two points

Having provided a discussion of how sphere surfaces intersect, we now formulate the equations
for the case when errors are present.
Let denote the clock error or bias, the amount by which the receiver's clock is off. The receiver
has four unknowns, the three components of GPS receiver position and the clock bias
. The equation of the sphere surfaces are given by:

Another useful form of these equations is in terms of pseudoranges, which are the approximate
ranges based on the receiver clock's uncorrected time so that
equations becomes:

. Then the

[edit] Methods of solution of navigation equations

Bancroft's method is perhaps the most important method of solving the navigation
equations since it involves an algebraic as opposed to numerical method.[61] The method
requires at least four satellites but more can be used.

Two numerical methods of computing GPS receiver position and clock bias are (1) by using
trilateration and one dimensional numerical root finding and (2) multidimensional NewtonRaphson calculations.

The receiver can solve by trilateration[62][63] and one dimensional numerical root finding.
[64]
Trilateration determines the intersection of the surfaces of three spheres. In the usual
case of two intersections, the point nearest the surface of the sphere corresponding to the
fourth satellite is chosen. The Earth's surface can also sometimes be used instead,
especially by civilian GPS receivers, since it is illegal in the United States to track
vehicles more than 60,000 feet (18,000 m) in altitude. Let da denote the signed
magnitude of the vector from the receiver position to the fourth satellite (i.e. da = r4 - p4)
as defined in the section "Clock correction". da is a function of the correction since the
correction changes the satellite transmission times and thus the pseudoranges. The
notation, da(correction) denotes this function. The problem is to determine the correction
such that
.

This is the familiar problem of finding the zeroes of a one dimensional non-linear function of a
scalar variable. Iterative numerical methods, such as those found in the chapter on root finding in

Numerical Recipes can solve this type of problem.[64] One advantage of this method is that it
involves one dimensional as opposed to multidimensional numerical root finding.

Alternatively, multidimensional root finding method such as Newton-Raphson method

can be used.[64] The approach is to linearize around an approximate solution, say
from iteration k, then solve four linear equations derived from the
quadratic equations above to obtain
. The NewtonRaphson method is more rapidly convergent than other methods of numerical root
finding.[64] A disadvantage of this multidimensional root finding method as compared to
single dimensional root findiing is that, "There are no good general methods for solving
systems of more than one nonlinear equations."[64]

When more than four satellites are available, the calculation can use the four best or more
than four, considering number of channels, processing capability, and geometric dilution
of precision (GDOP). Using more than four is an over-determined system of equations
with no unique solution, which must be solved by least-squares or a similar technique.[61]
If all visible satellites are used, the results are as good as or better than using the four
best. Errors can be estimated through the residuals. With each combination of four or
more satellites, a GDOP factor can be calculated, based on the relative sky directions of
the satellites used.[65] As more satellites are picked up, pseudoranges from various 4-way
combinations can be processed to add more estimates to the location and clock offset.
The receiver then takes the weighted average of these positions and clock offsets. After
the final location and time are calculated, the location is expressed in a specific
coordinate system such as latitude and longitude, using the WGS 84 geodetic datum or a
country-specific system.[66]

Finally, results from other positioning systems such as GLONASS or the upcoming
Galileo can be incorporated or used to check the result. (By design, these systems use the
same frequency bands, so much of the receiver circuitry can be shared, though the
decoding is different.)

[edit] Error sources and analysis

Main article: Error analysis for the Global Positioning System
The positioning data provided directly by the satellites is extremely precise but there are many
factors that can create make the errors in the data non-trivial. In situations where high accuracy is
necessary, understanding and compensating for these sources of error is important. Sources of
error include atmospheric distortion (predominantly in the ionosphere), satellite clock
inaccuracies, and the travel delays of the satellite signals.
The analysis of errors in the information reported by the Global Positioning System, a spacebased satellite system for navigation, is important to estimating the accuracy of position
estimates and correcting for the errors. The Global Positioning System (GPS) was created by the

United States Department of Defense (DOD) in the 1970s. It has come to be widely used for
navigation both by the U.S. military and the general public.

[edit] Accuracy enhancement and surveying

Main article: GPS augmentation

[edit] Augmentation
Main article: GNSS Augmentation
Integrating external information into the calculation process can materially improve accuracy.
Such augmentation systems are generally named or described based on how the information
arrives. Some systems transmit additional error information (such as clock drift, ephemera, or
ionospheric delay), others characterize prior errors, while a third group provides additional
navigational or vehicle information.
Examples of augmentation systems include the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS),
European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) , Differential GPS, Inertial
Navigation Systems (INS) and Assisted GPS.

[edit] Precise monitoring

Accuracy can be improved through precise monitoring and measurement of existing GPS signals
in additional or alternate ways.
The largest remaining error is usually the unpredictable delay through the ionosphere. The
spacecraft broadcast ionospheric model parameters, but errors remain. This is one reason GPS
spacecraft transmit on at least two frequencies, L1 and L2. Ionospheric delay is a well-defined
function of frequency and the total electron content (TEC) along the path, so measuring the
arrival time difference between the frequencies determines TEC and thus the precise ionospheric
delay at each frequency.
Military receivers can decode the P(Y)-code transmitted on both L1 and L2. Without decryption
keys, it is still possible to use a codeless technique to compare the P(Y) codes on L1 and L2 to
gain much of the same error information. However, this technique is slow, so it is currently
available only on specialized surveying equipment. In the future, additional civilian codes are
expected to be transmitted on the L2 and L5 frequencies (see GPS modernization). Then all users
will be able to perform dual-frequency measurements and directly compute ionospheric delay
errors.
A second form of precise monitoring is called Carrier-Phase Enhancement (CPGPS). This
corrects the error that arises because the pulse transition of the PRN is not instantaneous, and
thus the correlation (satellite-receiver sequence matching) operation is imperfect. CPGPS uses
the L1 carrier wave, which has a period of

which is about onethousandth of the C/A Gold code bit period of

, to act as an additional
clock signal and resolve the uncertainty. The phase difference error in the normal GPS amounts
to 23 metres (6.69.8 ft) of ambiguity. CPGPS working to within 1% of perfect transition
reduces this error to 3 centimeters (1.2 in) of ambiguity. By eliminating this error source, CPGPS
coupled with DGPS normally realizes between 2030 centimetres (7.912 in) of absolute
accuracy.
Relative Kinematic Positioning (RKP) is a third alternative for a precise GPS-based positioning
system. In this approach, determination of range signal can be resolved to a precision of less than
10 centimeters (3.9 in). This is done by resolving the number of cycles in which the signal is
transmitted and received by the receiver. This can be accomplished by using a combination of
differential GPS (DGPS) correction data, transmitting GPS signal phase information and
ambiguity resolution techniques via statistical testspossibly with processing in real-time (realtime kinematic positioning, RTK).

[edit] Timekeeping
While most clocks are synchronized to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the atomic clocks on
the satellites are set to GPS time. The difference is that GPS time is not corrected to match the
rotation of the Earth, so it does not contain leap seconds or other corrections that are periodically
added to UTC. GPS time was set to match Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) in 1980, but has
since diverged. The lack of corrections means that GPS time remains at a constant offset with
International Atomic Time (TAI) (TAI - GPS = 19 seconds). Periodic corrections are performed
on the on-board clocks to correct relativistic effects and keep them synchronized with ground
clocks.
The GPS navigation message includes the difference between GPS time and UTC, which as of
2009 is 15 seconds due to the leap second added to UTC December 31, 2008. Receivers subtract
this offset from GPS time to calculate UTC and specific timezone values. New GPS units may
not show the correct UTC time until after receiving the UTC offset message. The GPS-UTC
offset field can accommodate 255 leap seconds (eight bits) which, given the current rate of
change of the Earth's rotation (with one leap second introduced approximately every 18 months),
should be sufficient to last until approximately the year 2300.
As opposed to the year, month, and day format of the Gregorian calendar, the GPS date is
expressed as a week number and a seconds-into-week number. The week number is transmitted
as a ten-bit field in the C/A and P(Y) navigation messages, and so it becomes zero again every
1,024 weeks (19.6 years). GPS week zero started at 00:00:00 UTC (00:00:19 TAI) on January 6,
1980, and the week number became zero again for the first time at 23:59:47 UTC on August 21,
1999 (00:00:19 TAI on August 22, 1999). To determine the current Gregorian date, a GPS
receiver must be provided with the approximate date (to within 3,584 days) to correctly translate

the GPS date signal. To address this concern the modernized GPS navigation message uses a 13bit field, which only repeats every 8,192 weeks (157 years), thus lasting until the year 2137
(157 years after GPS week zero).

[edit] Carrier phase tracking (surveying)

Another method that is used in surveying applications is carrier phase tracking. The period of the
carrier frequency times the speed of light gives the wavelength, which is about 0.19 meters for
the L1 carrier. Accuracy within 1% of wavelength in detecting the leading edge, reduces this
component of pseudorange error to as little as 2 millimeters. This compares to 3 meters for the
C/A code and 0.3 meters for the P code.
However, 2 millimeter accuracy requires measuring the total phasethe number of waves times
the wavelength plus the fractional wavelength, which requires specially equipped receivers. This
method has many surveying applications.
Triple differencing followed by numerical root finding, and a mathematical technique called least
squares can estimate the position of one receiver given the position of another. First, compute the
difference between satellites, then between receivers, and finally between epochs. Other orders
of taking differences are equally valid. Detailed discussion of the errors is omitted.
The satellite carrier total phase can be measured with ambiguity as to the number of cycles. Let
denote the phase of the carrier of satellite j measured by receiver i at time . This
notation shows the meaning of the subscripts i, j, and k. The receiver (r), satellite (s), and time (t)
come in alphabetical order as arguments of and to balance readability and conciseness, let
be a concise abbreviation. Also we define three functions, :
,
which return differences between receivers, satellites, and time points, respectively. Each
function has variables with three subscripts as its arguments. These three functions are defined
below. If
is a function of the three integer arguments, i, j, and k then it is a valid argument
for the functions, :

, with the values defined as

,
, and
.

Also if
then

are valid arguments for the three functions and a and b are constants
is a valid argument with values defined as
,
, and
.

Receiver clock errors can be approximately eliminated by differencing the phases measured from
satellite 1 with that from satellite 2 at the same epoch.[67] This difference is designated as

Double differencing[68] computes the difference of receiver 1's satellite difference from that of
receiver 2. This approximately eliminates satellite clock errors. This double difference is:

Triple differencing[69] subtracts the receiver difference from time 1 from that of time 2. This
eliminates the ambiguity associated with the integral number of wave lengths in carrier phase
provided this ambiguity does not change with time. Thus the triple difference result eliminates
practically all clock bias errors and the integer ambiguity. Atmospheric delay and satellite
ephemeris errors have been significantly reduced. This triple difference is:

Triple difference results can be used to estimate unknown variables. For example if the position
of receiver 1 is known but the position of receiver 2 unknown, it may be possible to estimate the
position of receiver 2 using numerical root finding and least squares. Triple difference results for
three independent time pairs quite possibly will be sufficient to solve for receiver 2's three
position components. This may require the use of a numerical procedure.[70][71] An approximation
of receiver 2's position is required to use such a numerical method. This initial value can
probably be provided from the navigation message and the intersection of sphere surfaces. Such
a reasonable estimate can be key to successful multidimensional root finding. Iterating from
three time pairs and a fairly good initial value produces one observed triple difference result for
receiver 2's position. Processing additional time pairs can improve accuracy, overdetermining the
answer with multiple solutions. Least squares can estimate an overdetermined system. Least
squares determines the position of receiver 2 which best fits the observed triple difference results
for receiver 2 positions under the criterion of minimizing the sum of the squares.

[edit] Other systems

Main article: Global Navigation Satellite System
Other satellite navigation systems in use or various states of development include:

Galileo a global system being developed by the European Union and other partner
countries, planned to be operational by 2014

Beidou People's Republic of China's regional system, covering Asia and the West
Pacific[72]

COMPASS People's Republic of China's global system, planned to be operational

by 2020[73][74]

GLONASS Russia's global navigation system

IRNSS India's regional navigation system, planned to be operational by 2012,
covering India and Northern Indian Ocean[75]
QZSS Japanese regional system covering Asia and Oceania

[edit] See also

Nautical portal

The American Practical Navigator - Chapter 11 Satellite Navigation

GPS/INS

GSM localization

GPS signals

GPS tracking

GPS navigation software

High Sensitivity GPS

List of inventions by the military that are now in mass use

Navigation paradox

S-GPS

SIGI

Differential GPS

[edit] Notes
1. ^ National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Future of the Global Positioning
System; National Academy of Public Administration (1995). The global positioning
system: a shared national asset : recommendations for technical improvements and
enhancements. National Academies Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-309-05283-1.
http://books.google.com/books?id=FAHk65slfY4C., Chapter 1, p. 16

2. ^ Astronautica Acta II, 25 (1956)

3. ^ Jerry Proc. "Omega". Jproc.ca. http://www.jproc.ca/hyperbolic/omega.html. Retrieved
2009-12-08.
4. ^ "Why Did the Department of Defense Develop GPS?". Trimble Navigation Ltd.
http://www.trimble.com/gps/whygps.shtml#0. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
5. ^ "Charting a Course Toward Global Navigation". The Aerospace Corporation.
http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/summer2002/01.html. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
6. ^ "A Guide To The Global Positioning System (GPS) - GPS Timeline". Radio Shack.
http://support.radioshack.com/support_tutorials/gps/gps_tmline.htm. Retrieved 2010-0114.
7. ^ Michael Russell Rip, James M. Hasik (2002). The Precision Revolution: GPS and the
Future of Aerial Warfare. Naval Institute Press. p. 65. ISBN 1557509735.
http://books.google.com/?id=mB9W3H90KDUC. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
8. ^ "ICAO Completes Fact-Finding Investigation". International Civil Aviation
Organization. http://www.icao.int/cgi/goto_m.pl?icao/en/trivia/kal_flight_007.htm.
Retrieved 2008-09-15.
9. ^ "United States Updates Global Positioning System Technology". America.gov.
February 3, 2006. http://www.america.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfileenglish&y=2006&m=February&x=20060203125928lcnirellep0.5061609.
10. ^ "GPS & Selective Availability Q&A". [1].
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/FGCS/info/sans_SA/docs/GPS_SA_Event_QAs.pdf. Retrieved
2010-05-28.
11. ^ GPS Wing Reaches GPS III IBR Milestone in InsideGNSS November 10, 2008
12. ^ "GPS almanacs". Navcen.uscg.gov. http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?
pageName=gpsAlmanacs. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
13. ^ Dietrich Schroeer, Mirco Elena (2000). Technology Transfer. Ashgate. p. 80.
ISBN 075462045X. http://books.google.com/?id=I7JRAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2008-0525.
14. ^ Michael Russell Rip, James M. Hasik (2002). The Precision Revolution: GPS and the
Future of Aerial Warfare. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557509735.
http://books.google.com/?id=_wpUAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
15. ^ The Global Positioning System: Assessing National Policies, p.245. RAND corporation

16. ^ National Archives and Records Administration. U.S. Global Positioning System Policy.
March 29, 1996.
17. ^ "National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing".
Pnt.gov. http://pnt.gov/. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
18. ^ "3g.co.uk". 3g.co.uk. 2004-11-10. http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/November2004/8641.htm.
Retrieved 2009-10-13.
19. ^ This story was written by 010907 (2007-09-17). "losangeles.af.mil". losangeles.af.mil.
http://www.losangeles.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123068412. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
20. ^ "United States Naval Observatory (USNO) GPS Constellation Status".
ftp://tycho.usno.navy.mil/pub/gps/gpstd.txt. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
21. ^ United States Naval Observatory. GPS Constellation Status. Retrieved December 20,
2008.
22. ^ Johnson, Bobbie (May 19, 2009). "GPS system 'close to breakdown'". The Guardian.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/may/19/gps-close-to-breakdown. Retrieved
2009-12-08.
23. ^ Coursey, David (May 21, 2009). "Air Force Responds to GPS Outage Concerns". ABC
News. http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/story?id=7647002&page=1.
Retrieved 2009-05-22.
24. ^ "Air Force GPS Problem: Glitch Shows How Much U.S. Military Relies On GPS".
Huffingtonpost.comm. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/01/air-force-gpsproblem-gli_n_595727.html. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
25. ^ a b "Global Positioning System". Gps.gov. http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/index.html.
Retrieved 2010-06-26.
26. ^ "Spotlight GPS pet locator". Spotlightgps.com. http://www.spotlightgps.com/.
Retrieved 2010-10-15.
27. ^ Arms Control Association.Missile Technology Control Regime. Retrieved May 17,
2006.
28. ^ Commanders Digital Assistant explanation and photo[dead link]
29. ^ "Latest version Commanders Digital Assistant" (PDF).
http://peosoldier.army.mil/factsheets/SWAR_LW_CDA.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
30. ^ Soldier Digital Assistant explanation and photo[dead link]

31. ^ Sinha, Vandana (2003-07-24). "Commanders and Soldiers' GPS-receivers". Gcn.com.

http://www.gcn.com/print/22_20/22893-1.html. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
32. ^ "XM982 Excalibur Precision Guided Extended Range Artillery Projectile".
GlobalSecurity.org. 2007-05-29.
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/m982-155.htm. Retrieved
2007-09-26.
33. ^ Sandia National Laboratory's Nonproliferation programs and arms control technology.
34. ^ Dr. Dennis D. McCrady. "The GPS Burst Detector W-Sensor". Sandia National
Laboratories. http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/10176800S2tU7w/native/10176800.pdf.
35. ^ United States Naval Research Laboratory. National Medal of Technology for GPS.
November 21, 2005
36. ^ GPS signals travel at the speed of light, so computing the distance for a given elapsed
time is almost a straightforward calculation. However, the speed of light varies slightly
between the partial vacuum of space and the atmosphere. A receiver can approximate
these effects and produce a reasonable estimate. Once a rough position is determined,
some receivers carefully compute the amount of atmosphere the signal traveled through
and adjust the distance accordingly.
37. ^ Georg zur Bonsen, Daniel Ammann, Michael Ammann, Etienne Favey, Pascal
Flammant (2005-04-01). "Continuous Navigation Combining GPS with Sensor-Based
Dead Reckoning". GPS World.
http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=154870&pageID=6.
38. ^ "NAVSTAR GPS User Equipment Introduction" (PDF). US Government.
http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pubs/gps/gpsuser/gpsuser.pdf. Chapter 7
39. ^ "GPS Support Notes" (PDF). January 19, 2007.
http://www.navmanwireless.com/uploads/EK/C8/EKC8zb1ITsNwDqWcqLQxiQ/Support
_Notes_GPS_OperatingParameters.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-10.[dead link]
40. ^ It is also possible for a circle and a spherical surface to intersect at zero points, one
point, or in the very special case in which the centers of the three spheres are co-linear
(i.e., all three on the same straight line) the sphere surface could intersect the entire
circumference of the circle.
41. ^ The two intersections are symmetrical about the plane containing the three satellites.
Excluding the exceptional case in which the three satellites are all in a plane containing
the center of the earth, one intersection will be nearer the earth than the other.

42. ^ John Pike. "GPS III Operational Control Segment (OCX)". Globalsecurity.org.
http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/gps_3-ocx.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-08.
43. ^ Daly, P.. "Navstar GPS and GLONASS: global satellite navigation systems". IEEE.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel1/2219/7072/00285510.pdf?arnumber=285510.
44. ^ Dana, Peter H. (1996-08-08). "GPS Orbital Planes" (GIF).
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gif/oplanes.gif.
45. ^ What the Global Positioning System Tells Us about Relativity. Retrieved January 2,
2007.
46. ^ GPS Overview from the NAVSTAR Joint Program Office. Retrieved December 15,
2006.
47. ^ "USCG Navcen: GPS Frequently Asked Questions". http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?
pageName=gpsFaq. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
48. ^ Agnew, D.C. and Larson, K.M. (2007). "Finding the repeat times of the GPS
constellation". GPS Solutions (Springer) 11 (1): 7176. doi:10.1007/s10291-006-0038-4.
This article from author's web site, with minor correction.
49. ^ Tis-pf-nisws. "Nanu 2008030". http://cgls.uscg.mil/pipermail/gps/2008March/001625.html.
50. ^ Massatt, Paul; Wayne Brady (Summer 2002). "Optimizing performance through
constellation management". Crosslink: 1721.
http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/summer2002/index.html.
51. ^ US Coast Guard General GPS News 9-9-05
52. ^ USNO NAVSTAR Global Positioning System. Retrieved May 14, 2006.
53. ^ Though there are many receiver manufacturers, they almost all use one of the chipsets
produced for this purpose. An example: "GPS Receiver Chip Performance Survey". GPS
Technology Reviews. http://gpstekreviews.com/2007/04/14/gps-receiver-chipperformance-survey/.
54. ^ "Publications and Standards from the National Marine Electronics Association
(NMEA)". National Marine Electronics Association.
http://www.nmea.org/pub/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
55. ^ "Satellite message format". Gpsinformation.net.
http://gpsinformation.net/gpssignal.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-15.

56. ^ Michael Woessner, Anja Koehne. "time-of-week". Kowoma.de.

http://www.kowoma.de/en/gps/data_composition.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
57. ^ "Interface Specification IS-GPS-200, Revision D: Navstar GPS Space
Segment/Navigation User Interfaces" (PDF). Navstar GPS Joint Program Office.
http://www.losangeles.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070803-059.pdf. Page 103.
58. ^ How GPS works. Konowa.de (2005).
59. ^ "GPS Almanacs, NANUS, and Ops Advisories (including archives)". GPS Almanac
Information. US Coast Guard. http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=gpsAlmanacs.
Retrieved 2009-09-09.
60. ^ "George, M., Hamid, M., and Miller A. Gold Code Generators in Virtex
DevicesPDF (126 KB)
61. ^ a b "Global Positioning Systems" (PDF).
http://www.macalester.edu/~halverson/math36/GPS.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
62. ^ Position Determination with GPS. Konowa.de (2005).
63. ^ How GPS Receivers Work at How Stuff Works
64. ^ a b c d e Press, Flannery, Tekolsky, and Vetterling 1986, Numerical Recipes, The Art of
Scientific Computing (Cambridge University Press).
65. ^ Dana, Peter H.. "Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) and Visibility". University of
Colorado at Boulder.
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps.html#Gdop. Retrieved 2008-0707.
66. ^ Peter H. Dana. "Receiver Position, Velocity, and Time". University of Colorado at
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Retrieved 2008-07-07.
67. ^ "Between-Satellite Differencing". Gmat.unsw.edu.au.
http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/snap/gps/gps_survey/chap6/633.htm. Retrieved 2010-1015.
68. ^ "Double differencing". Gmat.unsw.edu.au.
http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/snap/gps/gps_survey/chap6/635.htm. Retrieved 2010-1015.
69. ^ "Triple differencing". Gmat.unsw.edu.au.
http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/snap/gps/gps_survey/chap6/636.htm. Retrieved 2010-1015.

70. ^ chapter on root finding and nonlinear sets of equations

71. ^ "Preview of Root Finding". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?
id=UQW_VL2H56IC&pg=PA959&lpg=PA959&dq=%22Numerical+Analysis
%22+multidimension++root+finding&source=web&ots=PLUUjn33v&sig=P7btHJELgxmVpNI6_SnYjVZvUJc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=
1&ct=result#PPA442,M1. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
72. ^ Beidou coverage
73. ^ "Beidou satellite navigation system to cover whole world in 2020".
Eng.chinamil.com.cn. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-militarynews/2010-05/20/content_4222569.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
74. ^ New York Times
75. ^ "ASM, News on GIS, GNSS, spatial information, remote sensing, mapping and
surveying technologies for Asia". Asmmag.com. http://www.asmmag.com/news/india-tolaunch-1st-irnss-satellite-by-december. Retrieved 2009-10-13.

[edit] References

"NAVSTAR GPS User Equipment Introduction" (PDF). US Coast Guard. September

1996. http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pubs/gps/gpsuser/gpsuser.pdf.

[edit] Further reading

Parkinson; Spilker (1996). The global positioning system. American Institute of

Aeronautics and Astronautics. ISBN 9781563471063. http://books.google.com/?
id=lvI1a5J_4ewC.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Global Positioning System

Global Positioning System at the Open Directory Project

GPS.govGeneral public education website created by the U.S. Government

National Space-Based PNT Executive CommitteeEstablished in 2004 to oversee

management of GPS and GPS augmentations at a national level.

USCG Navigation CenterStatus of the GPS constellation, government policy, and links
to other references. Also includes satellite almanac data.

Air Force Space Command GPS Operations Center homepage

The GPS Program Office (GPS Wing)Responsible for designing and acquiring the
system on behalf of the US Government.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manual: NAVSTAR HTML and PDF (22.6 MB, 328
pages)

FAA GPS FAQ

National Geodetic Survey Orbits for the Global Positioning System satellites in the
Global Navigation Satellite System

GPS SPS Performance StandardThe official Standard Positioning Service specification

(2008 version).

GPS SPS Performance StandardThe official Standard Positioning Service specification

(2001 version).

GPS PPS Performance StandardThe official Precise Positioning Service specification.

Satellite Navigation: GPS & Galileo (PDF)16-page paper about the history and
working of GPS, touching on the upcoming Galileo

Average Latitude & Longitude of Countries

"Sources of Errors in GPS"

GPS and GLONASS Simulation(Java applet) Simulation and graphical depiction of space
vehicle motion including computation of dilution of precision (DOP)

University of New South Wales: Carrier Phase Measurement

University of New South Wales: Carrier Beat Phase

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Multi-band
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Quad-band)
Jump to: navigation, search

Motorola Timeport, the first tri-band mobile phone (1999)

In telecommunications, the terms multi-band, dual-band, tri-band, quad-band and pentaband refer to a device (especially a mobile phone) supporting multiple frequencies used for
communication. In the mobile case, the purpose of doing so is to support roaming between
different countries/regions whose infrastructure cannot support mobile services in the same
frequency range.
For further information or other meanings see the links below.

[edit] Telecommunications

List of HSPA mobile phones, including information on the frequencies and data rates they
support

List of UMTS networks around the world, and the frequencies and data rates they support

GSM frequency bands, as defined by the standards bodies

UMTS frequency bands, as defined by the standards bodies

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from UMTS)
Jump to: navigation, search
"3GSM" redirects here. For the mobile exhibition, see Mobile World Congress.

UMTS Network Architecture

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation (3G)

mobile telecommunications technologies, which is also being developed into a 4G technology.
The first deployment of the UMTS is the release99 (R99) architecture. It is specified by 3GPP
and is part of the global ITU IMT-2000 standard. The most common form of UMTS uses WCDMA (IMT Direct Spread) as the underlying air interface but the system also covers TDCDMA and TD-SCDMA (both IMT CDMA TDD). Being a complete network system, UMTS
also covers the radio access network (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, or UTRAN) and

the core network (Mobile Application Part, or MAP), as well as authentication of users via USIM
cards (Subscriber Identity Module).
Unlike EDGE (IMT Single-Carrier, based on GSM) and CDMA2000 (IMT Multi-Carrier),
UMTS requires new base stations and new frequency allocations. However, it is closely related
to GSM/EDGE as it borrows and builds upon concepts from GSM. Further, most UMTS
handsets also support GSM, allowing seamless dual-mode operation. Therefore, UMTS is
sometimes marketed as 3GSM, emphasizing the close relationship with GSM and differentiating
it from competing technologies.
The name UMTS, introduced by ETSI, is usually used in Europe. Outside of Europe, the system
is also known by other names such as FOMA[1] or W-CDMA.[nb 1][1] In marketing, it is often
referred to as 3G or 3G+.
Contents
[hide]

1 Features

2 Technology
o

2.1 Air interfaces

2.1.1 W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD)

2.1.2 UTRA-TDD HCR

2.1.3 TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate)

2.2 Radio access network

2.3 Core network

3 Spectrum allocation

4 Interoperability and global roaming

4.1 Handsets and modems

5 Other competing standards

6 Migrating from GPRS to UMTS

7 Problems and issues

8 Releases
o

8.1 Release '99

8.2 Release 4

8.3 Release 5

8.4 Release 6

8.5 Release 7

8.6 Release 8

9 See also

10 Literature

11 Notes

12 References

13 External links

[edit] Features

UMTS, using 3GPP, supports maximum theoretical data transfer rates of 42 Mbit/s (with
HSPA+),[3] although at the moment users in deployed networks can expect a transfer rate of up to
384 kbit/s for R99 handsets, and 7.2 Mbit/s for HSDPA handsets in the downlink connection.
This is still much greater than the 9.6 kbit/s of a single GSM error-corrected circuit switched data
channel or multiple 9.6 kbit/s channels in HSCSD (14.4 kbit/s for CDMAOne), andin
competition to other network technologies such as CDMA2000, PHS or WLANoffers access
to the World Wide Web and other data services on mobile devices.
Precursors to 3G are 2G mobile telephony systems, such as GSM, IS-95, PDC, CDMA PHS and
other 2G technologies deployed in different countries. In the case of GSM, there is an evolution
path from 2G, to GPRS, also known as 2.5G. GPRS supports a much better data rate (up to a
theoretical maximum of 140.8 kbit/s, though typical rates are closer to 56 kbit/s) and is packet
switched rather than connection oriented (circuit switched). It is deployed in many places where
GSM is used. E-GPRS, or EDGE, is a further evolution of GPRS and is based on more modern
coding schemes. With EDGE the actual packet data rates can reach around 180 kbit/s (effective).
EDGE systems are often referred as "2.75G Systems".

Since 2006, UMTS networks in many countries have been or are in the process of being
upgraded with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), sometimes known as 3.5G.
Currently, HSDPA enables downlink transfer speeds of up to 21 Mbit/s. Work is also progressing
on improving the uplink transfer speed with the High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).
Longer term, the 3GPP Long Term Evolution project plans to move UMTS to 4G speeds of 100
Mbit/s down and 50 Mbit/s up, using a next generation air interface technology based upon
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing.
The first national consumer UMTS networks launched in 2002 with a heavy emphasis on telcoprovided mobile applications such as mobile TV and video calling. The high data speeds of
UMTS are now most often utilised for Internet access: experience in Japan and elsewhere has
shown that user demand for video calls is not high, and telco-provided audio/video content has
declined in popularity in favour of high-speed access to the World Wide Web - either directly on
a handset or connected to a computer via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Infrared or USB.
[edit] Technology

UMTS combines three different air interfaces, GSM's Mobile Application Part (MAP) core, and
the GSM family of speech codecs.
[edit] Air interfaces

UMTS provides several different terrestrial air interfaces, called UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access (UTRA).[4] All air interface options are part of ITU's IMT-2000. In the currently most
popular variant for cellular mobile telephones, W-CDMA (IMT Direct Spread) is used.
Please note that the terms W-CDMA, TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA are misleading. While they
suggest covering just a channel access method (namely a variant of CDMA), they are actually
the common names for the whole air interface standards.[5]
Non-terrestrial radio access networks are currently under research.
[edit] W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD)
Main article: W-CDMA (UMTS)

UMTS transmitter on the roof of a building

W-CDMA uses the DS-CDMA channel access method with a pair of 5 MHz channels. In
contrast, the competing CDMA2000 system uses one or more arbitrary 1.25 MHz channels for
each direction of communication. W-CDMA systems are widely criticized for their large
spectrum usage, which has delayed deployment in countries that acted relatively slowly in
allocating new frequencies specifically for 3G services (such as the United States).
The specific frequency bands originally defined by the UMTS standard are 18852025 MHz for
the mobile-to-base (uplink) and 21102200 MHz for the base-to-mobile (downlink). In the US,
17101755 MHz and 21102155 MHz will be used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already
used.[6] While UMTS2100 is the most widely-deployed UMTS band, some countries' UMTS
operators use the 850 MHz and/or 1900 MHz bands (independently, meaning uplink and
downlink are within the same band), notably in the US by AT&T Mobility, New Zealand by
Telecom New Zealand on the XT Mobile Network and in Australia by Telstra on the Next G
network.
W-CDMA is a part of IMT-2000 as IMT Direct Spread.
[edit] UTRA-TDD HCR
Main article: UTRA-TDD HCR

UMTS-TDD's air interfaces that use the TD-CDMA channel access technique are standardized
as UTRA-TDD HCR, which uses increments of 5 MHz of spectrum, each slice divided into
10ms frames containing fifteen time slots (1500 per second)[7]. The time slots (TS) are allocated
in fixed percentage for downlink and uplink. TD-CDMA is used to multiplex streams from or to

multiple transceivers. Unlike W-CDMA, it does not need separate frequency bands for up- and
downstream, allowing deployment in tight frequency bands.
TD-CDMA is a part of IMT-2000 as IMT CDMA TDD.
[edit] TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate)
Main article: TD-SCDMA

TD-SCDMA uses the TDMA channel access method combined with an adaptive synchronous
CDMA component [8] on 1.6 MHz slices of spectrum, allowing deployment in even tighter
frequency bands than TD-CDMA. However, the main incentive for development of this Chinesedeveloped standard was avoiding or reducing the license fees that have to be paid to non-Chinese
patent owners. Unlike the other air interfaces, TD-SCDMA was not part of UMTS from the
beginning but has been added in Release 4 of the specification.
Like TD-CDMA, it is known as IMT CDMA TDD within IMT-2000.
[edit] Radio access network
Main article: UTRAN

UMTS also specifies the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), which is
composed of multiple base stations, possibly using different terrestrial air interface standards and
frequency bands.
UMTS and GSM/EDGE can share a Core Network (CN), making UTRAN an alternative radio
access network to GERAN (GSM/EDGE RAN), and allowing (mostly) transparent switching
between the RANs according to available coverage and service needs. Because of that, UMTS'
and GSM/EDGE's radio access networks are sometimes collectively referred to as
UTRAN/GERAN.
UMTS networks are often combined with GSM/EDGE, the later of which is also a part of IMT2000.
The UE (User Equipment) interface of the RAN (Radio Access Network) primarily consists of
RRC (Radio Resource Control), RLC (Radio Link Control) and MAC (Media Access Control)
protocols. RRC protocol handles connection establishment, measurements, radio bearer services,
security and handover decisions. RLC protocol primarily divides into three Modes - Transparent
Mode (TM), Unacknowledge Mode (UM), Acknowledge Mode (AM). The functionality of AM
entity resembles TCP operation where as UM operation resembles UDP operation. In TM mode,
data will be sent to lower layers without adding any header to SDU of higher layers. MAC
handles the scheduling of data on air interface depending on higher layer (RRC) configured
parameters.

Set of properties related to data transmission is called Radio Bearer (RB). This set of properties
will decide the maximum allowed data in a TTI (Transmission Time Interval). RB includes RLC
information and RB mapping. RB mapping decides the mapping between RB<->logical
channel<->transport channel. Signaling message will be send on Signaling Radio Bearers
(SRBs) and data packets (either CS or PS) will be sent on data RBs. RRC and NAS messages
will go on SRBs.
Security includes two procedures: integrity and ciphering. Integrity validates the resource of
message and also make sure that no one (third/unknown party) on radio interface has not
modified message. Ciphering make sure that no one listens your data on air interface. Both
integrity and ciphering will be applied for SRBs where as only ciphering will be applied for data
RBs.
[edit] Core network
Main article: Mobile Application Part

With Mobile Application Part, UMTS uses the same core network standard as GSM/EDGE.
This allows a simple migration for existing GSM operators. However, the migration path to
UMTS is still costly: while much of the core infrastructure is shared with GSM, the cost of
obtaining new spectrum licenses and overlaying UMTS at existing towers is high.
The CN can be connected to various backbone networks like the Internet, ISDN. UMTS (and
GERAN) include the three lowest layers of OSI model. The network layer (OSI 3) includes the
Radio Resource Management protocol (RRM) that manages the bearer channels between the
mobile terminals and the fixed network, including the handovers. abc
[edit] Spectrum allocation
Main article: UMTS frequency bands

Over 130 licenses have already been awarded to operators worldwide (as of December 2004),
specifying W-CDMA radio access technology that builds on GSM. In Europe, the license
process occurred at the tail end of the technology bubble, and the auction mechanisms for
allocation set up in some countries resulted in some extremely high prices being paid for the
original 2100 MHz licenses, notably in the UK and Germany. In Germany, bidders paid a total
50.8 billion for six licenses, two of which were subsequently abandoned and written off by their
purchasers (Mobilcom and the Sonera/Telefonica consortium). It has been suggested that these
huge license fees have the character of a very large tax paid on future income expected many
years down the road. In any event, the high prices paid put some European telecom operators
close to bankruptcy (most notably KPN). Over the last few years some operators have written off
some or all of the license costs. Between 2007..2009 all three Finnish carriers begun to use

900 MHz UMTS in a shared arrangement with its surrounding 2G GSM base stations for rural
area coverage, a trend that is expected to expand over Europe in the next 13 years.
The 2100 MHz UMTS spectrum allocated in Europe is already used in North America. The
1900 MHz range is used for 2G (PCS) services, and 2100 MHz range is used for satellite
communications. Regulators have, however, freed up some of the 2100 MHz range for 3G
services, together with the 1700 MHz for the uplink. UMTS operators in North America who
want to implement a European style 2100/1900 MHz system will have to share spectrum with
existing 2G services in the 1900 MHz band.
AT&T Wireless launched UMTS services in the United States by the end of 2004 strictly using
the existing 1900 MHz spectrum allocated for 2G PCS services. Cingular acquired AT&T
Wireless in 2004 and has since then launched UMTS in select US cities. Cingular renamed itself
AT&T and is rolling out some cities with a UMTS network at 850 MHz to enhance its existing
UMTS network at 1900 MHz and now offers subscribers a number of UMTS 850/1900 phones.
T-Mobile's rollout of UMTS in the US will focus on the 2100/1700 MHz bands.
In Canada, UMTS coverage is being provided on the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz band on the
Rogers, Bell, and Telus networks. Recently, new providers Wind Mobile and Mobilicity, have
begun operations in the 2100/1700 MHz bands and Quebecor and Shaw Communications are
planning their own launches in coming years.
In 2008, Australian telco Telstra replaced its existing CDMA network with a national 3G
network, branded as NextG, operating in the 850 MHz band. Telstra currently provides UMTS
service on this network, and also on the 2100 MHz UMTS network, through a co-ownership of
the owning and administrating company 3GIS. This company is also co-owned by Hutchison 3G
Australia, and this is the primary network used by their customers. Optus is currently rolling out
a 3G network operating on the 2100 MHz band in cities and most large towns, and the 900 MHz
band in regional areas. Vodafone is also building a 3G network using the 900 MHz band.
In India BSNL has started its 3G services since October 2009 beginning with the larger cities and
then expanding over to smaller cities. The 850 MHz and 900 MHz bands provide greater
coverage compared to equivalent 1700/1900/2100 MHz networks, and are best suited to regional
areas where greater distances separate subscriber and base station.
Carriers in South America are now also rolling out 850 MHz networks.
[edit] Interoperability and global roaming

UMTS phones (and data cards) are highly portablethey have been designed to roam easily
onto other UMTS networks (if the providers have roaming agreements in place). In addition,

almost all UMTS phones are UMTS/GSM dual-mode devices, so if a UMTS phone travels
outside of UMTS coverage during a call the call may be transparently handed off to available
GSM coverage. Roaming charges are usually significantly higher than regular usage charges.
Most UMTS licensees consider ubiquitous, transparent global roaming an important issue. To
enable a high degree of interoperability, UMTS phones usually support several different
frequencies in addition to their GSM fallback. Different countries support different UMTS
frequency bands Europe initially used 2100 MHz while the most carriers in the USA use
850Mhz and 1900Mhz. T-mobile has launched a network in the US operating at 1700 MHz
(uplink) /2100 MHz (downlink), and these bands are also being adopted elsewhere in the
Americas. A UMTS phone and network must support a common frequency to work together.
Because of the frequencies used, early models of UMTS phones designated for the United States
will likely not be operable elsewhere and vice versa. There are now 11 different frequency
combinations used around the worldincluding frequencies formerly used solely for 2G
services.
UMTS phones can use a Universal Subscriber Identity Module, USIM (based on GSM's SIM)
and also work (including UMTS services) with GSM SIM cards. This is a global standard of
identification, and enables a network to identify and authenticate the (U)SIM in the phone.
Roaming agreements between networks allow for calls to a customer to be redirected to them
while roaming and determine the services (and prices) available to the user. In addition to user
subscriber information and authentication information, the (U)SIM provides storage space for
phone book contact. Handsets can store their data on their own memory or on the (U)SIM card
(which is usually more limited in its phone book contact information). A (U)SIM can be moved
to another UMTS or GSM phone, and the phone will take on the user details of the (U)SIM,
meaning it is the (U)SIM (not the phone) which determines the phone number of the phone and
the billing for calls made from the phone.
Japan was the first country to adopt 3G technologies, and since they had not used GSM
previously they had no need to build GSM compatibility into their handsets and their 3G
handsets were smaller than those available elsewhere. In 2002, NTT DoCoMo's FOMA 3G
network was the first commercial UMTS networkusing a pre-release specification[9], it was
initially incompatible with the UMTS standard at the radio level but used standard USIM cards,
meaning USIM card based roaming was possible (transferring the USIM card into a UMTS or
GSM phone when travelling). Both NTT DoCoMo and SoftBank Mobile (which launched 3G in
December 2002) now use standard UMTS.
[edit] Handsets and modems

T-Mobile UMTS PC Card modem

The Nokia 6650, an early UMTS handset

All of the major 2G phone manufacturers (that are still in business) are now manufacturers of 3G
phones. The early 3G handsets and modems were specific to the frequencies required in their
country, which meant they could only roam to other countries on the same 3G frequency (though
they can fall back to the older GSM standard). Canada and USA have a common share of
frequencies, as do most European countries. The article UMTS frequency bands is an overview
of UMTS network frequencies around the world.
Using a cellular router, PCMCIA or USB card, customers are able to access 3G broadband
services, regardless of their choice of computer (such as a tablet PC or a PDA). Some software
installs itself from the modem, so that in some cases absolutely no knowledge of technology is
required to get online in moments. Using a phone that supports 3G and Bluetooth 2.0, multiple
Bluetooth-capable laptops can be connected to the Internet. Some smartphones can also act as a
mobile WLAN access point.
There are almost no 3G phones or modems available supporting all 3G frequencies
(UMTS850/900/1700/1900/2100 MHz). However, many phones are offering more than one band
which still enables extensive roaming. For example, a tri-band chipset operating on

850/1900/2100 MHz, such as that found in Apple's iPhone, allows usage in the majority of
countries where UMTS-FDD is deployed.
[edit] Other competing standards

The main competitor to UMTS is CDMA2000 (IMT-MC), which is developed by the 3GPP2.
Unlike UMTS, CDMA2000 is an evolutionary upgrade to an existing 2G standard, cdmaOne,
and is able to operate within the same frequency allocations. This and CDMA2000's narrower
bandwidth requirements make it easier to deploy in existing spectra. In some, but not all, cases,
existing GSM operators only have enough spectrum to implement either UMTS or GSM, not
both. For example, in the US D, E, and F PCS spectrum blocks, the amount of spectrum
available is 5 MHz in each direction. A standard UMTS system would saturate that spectrum.
Where CDMA2000 is deployed, it usually co-exists with UMTS. In many markets however, the
co-existence issue is of little relevance, as legislative hurdles exist to co-deploying two standards
in the same licensed slice of spectrum.
Another competitor to UMTS is EDGE (IMT-SC), which is an evolutionary upgrade to the 2G
GSM system, leveraging existing GSM spectrums. It is also much easier, quicker, and
considerably cheaper for wireless carriers to "bolt-on" EDGE functionality by upgrading their
existing GSM transmission hardware to support EDGE than having to install almost all brandnew equipment to deliver UMTS. However, being developed by 3GPP just as UMTS, EDGE is
not a true competitor. Instead, it is used as a temporary solution preceding UMTS roll-out or as a
complement for rural areas. This is facilitated by the fact that GSM/EDGE and UMTS
specification are jointly developed and rely on the same core network, allowing dual-mode
operation including vertical handovers.
China's TD-SCDMA standard is often seen as a competitor, too. TD-SCDMA has been added to
UMTS' Release 4 as UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate (UTRA-TDD LCR). Unlike TDCDMA (UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps High Chip Rate, UTRA-TDD HCR) which complements WCDMA (UTRA-FDD), it is suitable for both micro and macro cells. However, the lack of
vendors' support is preventing it from being a real competitor.
While DECT is technically capable of competing with UMTS and other cellular networks in
densely-populated, urban areas, it has only been deployed for domestic cordless phones and
private in-house networks.
All of these competitors have been accepted by ITU as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G
standards, along with UMTS-FDD.
On the Internet access side, competing systems include WiMAX and Flash-OFDM.
[edit] Migrating from GPRS to UMTS

From GPRS network, the following network elements can be reused:

Home Location Register (HLR)

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC) (vendor dependent)

Authentication Center (AUC)

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) (vendor dependent)

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

From Global Service for Mobile (GSM) communication radio network, the following elements
cannot be reused

Base station controller (BSC)

Base transceiver station (BTS)

They can remain in the network and be used in dual network operation where 2G and 3G
networks co-exist while network migration and new 3G terminals become available for use in the
network.
The UMTS network introduces new network elements that function as specified by 3GPP:

Node B (base transceiver station)

Radio Network Controller (RNC)

Media Gateway (MGW)

The functionality of MSC and SGSN changes when going to UMTS. In a GSM system the MSC
handles all the circuit switched operations like connecting A- and B-subscriber through the
network. SGSN handles all the packet switched operations and transfers all the data in the
network. In UMTS the Media gateway (MGW) take care of all data transfer in both circuit and
packet switched networks. MSC and SGSN control MGW operations. The nodes are renamed to
MSC-server and GSN-server.
[edit] Problems and issues

Some countries, including the United States and Japan, have allocated spectrum differently from
the ITU recommendations, so that the standard bands most commonly used for UMTS (UMTS2100) have not been available. In those countries, alternative bands are used, preventing the
interoperability of existing UMTS-2100 equipment, and requiring the design and manufacture of
different equipment for the use in these markets. As is the case with GSM900 today, standard
UMTS 2100 MHz equipment will not work in those markets. However, it appears as though
UMTS is not suffering as much from handset band compatibility issues as GSM did, as many
UMTS handsets are multi-band in both UMTS and GSM modes. Quad-band GSM (850, 900,
1800, and 1900 MHz bands) and tri-band UMTS (850, 1900, and 2100 MHz bands) handsets are
becoming more commonplace.
The early days of UMTS saw rollout hitches in many countries. Overweight handsets with poor
battery life were first to arrive on a market highly sensitive to weight and form factor. The
Motorola A830, a debut handset on Hutchison's 3 network, weighed more than 200 grams and
even featured a detachable camera to reduce handset weight. Another significant issue involved
call reliability, related to problems with handover from UMTS to GSM. Customers found their
connections being dropped as handovers were possible only in one direction (UMTS GSM),
with the handset only changing back to UMTS after hanging up. In most networks around the
world this is no longer an issue.
Compared to GSM, UMTS networks initially required a higher base station density. For fullyfledged UMTS incorporating video on demand features, one base station needed to be set up
every 11.5 km (0.620.93 mi). This was the case when only the 2100 MHz band was being
used, however with the growing use of lower-frequency bands (such as 850 and 900 MHz) this is
no longer so. This has led to increasing rollout of the lower-band networks by operators since
2006.
Even with current technologies and low-band UMTS, telephony and data over UMTS is still
more power intensive than on comparable GSM networks. Apple, Inc. cited[10] UMTS power
consumption as the reason that the first generation iPhone only supported EDGE. Their release
of the iPhone 3G quotes talk time on UMTS as half that available when the handset is set to use
GSM. Other manufacturers indicate different battery life time for UMTS mode compared to
GSM mode as well. As battery and network technology improves, this issue is diminishing.
[edit] Releases

The evolution of UMTS progresses according to planned releases. Each release is designed to
introduce new features and improve upon existing ones.
[edit] Release '99

Bearer services

64 kbit/s circuit switch

384 kbit/s packet switched

Location services

Call services: compatible with Global System for Mobile Communications

(GSM), based on Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)

[edit] Release 4

Edge radio

Multimedia messaging

MExE (Mobile Execution Environment)

Improved location services

IP Multimedia Services (IMS)

[edit] Release 5

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

IPv6, IP transport in UTRAN

Improvements in GERAN, MExE, etc

HSDPA

[edit] Release 6

WLAN integration

Multimedia broadcast and multicast

Improvements in IMS

HSUPA

Fractional DPCH

[edit] Release 7

Enhanced L2

64 QAM , MIMO

VoIP over HSPA

CPC - continuous packet connectivity

FRLC - Flexible RLC

[edit] Release 8

DC-HSPA

HSUPA 16QAM

[edit] See also

List of Deployed UMTS networks

3GPP: the body that manages the UMTS standard.

3GPP Long Term Evolution, the 3GPP project to evolve UMTS towards 4G
capabilities.

GAN/UMA: A standard for running GSM and UMTS over wireless LANs.

Opportunity Driven Multiple Access, ODMA: a UMTS TDD mode

communications relaying protocol

HSDPA, HSUPA: updates to the W-CDMA air interface.

PDCP

Subscriber Identity Module

UMTS-TDD: a variant of UMTS largely used to provide wireless Internet

service.

UMTS frequency bands

W-CDMA: the primary air interface standard used by UMTS.

W-CDMA 2100

Other, non-UMTS, 3G and 4G standards:

CDMA2000: evolved from the cmdaOne (also known as IS-95, or "CDMA")

standard, managed by the 3GPP2

FOMA

TD-SCDMA

WiMAX: a newly emerging wide area wireless technology.

UMTS is an evolution of the GSM mobile phone standard.

GSM

GPRS

EDGE

ETSI

Other useful information

Mobile modem

Spectral efficiency comparison table

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Common pilot channel or CPICH, a simple synchronisation channel in WCDMA.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is the major issue of multiple antenna

research.

Wi-Fi: a local area wireless technology that is complementary to UMTS.

List of device bandwidths

Operations and Maintenance Centre

Radio Network Controller

UMTS security

[edit] Literature

Martin Sauter: Communication Systems for the Mobile Information Society,

John Wiley, September 2006, ISBN 0-470-02676-6

Ahonen and Barrett (editors), Services for UMTS (Wiley, 2002) first book on
the services for 3G, ISBN 978-0-471-48550-6

Holma and Toskala (editors), WCDMA for UMTS, (Wiley, 2000) first book
dedicated to 3G technology, ISBN 978-0-471-72051-5

Kreher and Ruedebusch, UMTS Signaling: UMTS Interfaces, Protocols,

Message Flows and Procedures Analyzed and Explained (Wiley 2007), ISBN
978-0-470-06533-4

Laiho, Wacker and Novosad, Radio Network Planning and Optimization for
UMTS (Wiley, 2002) first book on radio network planning for 3G, ISBN 978-0470-01575-9

[edit] Notes
1. ^ The term W-CDMA usually refers to UMTS' main air interface, UTRA-FDD, or
networks which only operate on UTRA-FDD. However, there are rare instances
where it is used in a broader sense, as a synonym for UMTS or any UMTS air
interface. For example, 3GPP refers to [b]oth Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) variants of W-CDMA, [2] i.e. UTRA-FDD
and UTRA-TDD.
[edit] References
1. ^ a b 3GPP notes that there currently existed many different names for the
same system (eg FOMA, W-CDMA, UMTS, etc); 3GPP. "Draft summary
minutes, decisions and actions from 3GPP Organizational Partners Meeting#6,
Tokyo, 9 October 2001" (PDF). pp. 7.
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/op/OP_07/DOCS/pdf/OP6_13r1.pdf.
2. ^ 3GPP. "Keywords (WCDMA, HSPA, LTE, etc): W-CDMA".
http://www.3gpp.org/article/w-cdma. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
3. ^ Tindal, Suzanne (8 December 2008). "Telstra boosts Next G to 21Mbps".
ZDNet Australia. http://www.zdnet.com.au/news/communications/soa/Telstraboosts-Next-G-to-21Mbps/0,130061791,339293706,00.htm. Retrieved 200903-16.
4. ^ 3GNewsroom.com (2003-11-29). "3G Glossary - UTRA".
http://www.3gnewsroom.com/html/glossary/u.shtml. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
5. ^ ITU-D Study Group 2. "Guidelines on the smooth transition of existing
mobile networks to IMT-2000 for developing countries (GST); Report on
Question 18/2". pp. 4, 2528. http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/stg/D-STGSG02.18-1-2006-PDF-E.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
6. ^ The FCC's Advanced Wireless Services bandplan

7. ^ Forkel et al. (2002). "Performance Comparison Between UTRA-TDD High

Chip Rate And Low Chip Rate Operation".
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.11.3672. Retrieved
2009-02-16.
8. ^ Siemens (2004-06-10). "TD-SCDMA Whitepaper: the Solution for TDD
bands" (pdf). TD Forum. pp. 69. http://www.tdscdmaforum.org/en/pdfword/200511817463050335.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
9. ^ Hsiao-Hwa Chen (2007), John Wiley and Sons, pp. 105106, ISBN 978047002294-8
10.^ iPhone 'Surfing' On AT&T Network Isn't Fast, Jobs Concedes
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: UMTS

3GPP Specifications Numbering Schemes

Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications, up to Release 8

UMTS FAQ on UMTS World

Worldwide W-CDMA frequency allocations on UMTS World

UMTS TDD Alliance The Global UMTS TDD Alliance

3GSM World Congress

UMTS Provider Chart

[hide]

Mobile telephony standards

0G (radio
telephon MTS MTA MTB MTC IMTS MTD AMTS OLT Autoradiopuhelin
es)

AMP AMPS TACS ETACS

S
fami
ly

Othe
NMT Hicap Mobitex DataTAC
r

GSM/3G
PP
GSM CSD
family

3GPP2
family

CdmaOne (IS-95)

AMPS
family

D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)

Other

CDPD iDEN PDC PHS

GSM/3G
PP
HSCSD GPRS EDGE/EGPRS
family

2G
transition
al
3GPP2
(2.5G,
family
2.75G)
Other

CDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000)

WiDEN

3GPP
3G (IMTUMTS (UTRAN) WCDMA-FDD WCDMA-TDD UTRA-TDD LCR (TDfamil
2000)
SCDMA)
y

3GPP
2
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856)
famil
y

3GPP
famil HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+ LTE (E-UTRA)
y
3G
transition
3GPP
al
2
(3.5G,
EV-DO Rev. A EV-DO Rev. B
famil
3.75G,
y
3.9G)
Othe
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) Flash-OFDM IEEE 802.20
r

3GPP
famil LTE Advanced
y
4G (IMTAdvance
d)
WiMA
X
IEEE 802.16m
famil
y

unconfir
unconfirmed
med

History Cellular network theory List of standards Comparison of

standards Channel access methods Spectral efficiency comparison
table Cellular frequencies GSM frequency bands UMTS frequency

bands Mobile broadband

Retrieved from
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System"
Categories: 3rd Generation Partnership Project standards | Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System | 2002 introductions | Videotelephony
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GSM frequency bands

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

GSM frequency bands or frequency ranges are the cellular frequencies designated by the ITU
for the operation of GSM mobile phones.
Contents
[hide]

1 GSM frequency bands

1.1 GSM-900, GSM-1800 and EGSM/EGSM-900

1.1.1 GSM-1800

1.2 GSM-850 and GSM-1900

1.3 GSM-450

2 GSM frequency usage across the world

2.1 The Americas

2.2 Europe, Middle East and Asia

3 Multi-band and multi-mode phones

4 See also

5 References

6 External links

[edit] GSM frequency bands

There are fourteen bands defined in 3GPP TS 45.005, which succeeded 3GPP TS 05.05:
System

Band

Uplink (MHz)

Downlink (MHz)

Channel number

T-GSM-380

380

380.2389.8

390.2399.8

dynamic

T-GSM-410

410

410.2419.8

420.2429.8

dynamic

GSM-450

450

450.4457.6

460.4467.6

259293

GSM-480

480

478.8486.0

488.8496.0

306340

GSM-710

710

698.0716.0

728.0746.0

dynamic

GSM-750

750

747.0762.0

777.0792.0

438511

T-GSM-810

810

806.0821.0

851.0866.0

dynamic

GSM-850

850

824.0849.0

869.0894.0

128251

P-GSM-900

900

890.2914.8

935.2959.8

1124

E-GSM-900

900

880.0914.8

925.0959.8

9751023, 0-124

R-GSM-900

900

876.0914.8

921.0959.8

9551023, 0-124

T-GSM-900

900

870.4876.0

915.4921.0

dynamic

DCS-1800

1800

1710.21784.8

1805.21879.8

512885

PCS-1900

1900

1850.01910.0

1930.01990.0

512810

P-GSM, Standard or Primary GSM-900 Band

E-GSM, Extended GSM-900 Band (includes Standard GSM-900 band)

R-GSM, Railways GSM-900 Band (includes Standard and Extended GSM-900

band)

T-GSM, TETRA-GSM

[edit] GSM-900, GSM-1800 and EGSM/EGSM-900

GSM-900 and GSM-1800 are used in most parts of the world: Europe, Middle East, Africa,
Australia, Oceania (and most of Asia. In South and Central America the following countries use
the following:

Costa Rica - GSM-1800

Brazil - GSM-850, 900, 1800 and 1900

Guatemala - GSM-850, GSM-900 and 1900

El Salvador - GSM-850, GSM-900 and 1900

GSM-900 uses 890915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base station
(uplink) and 935960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124 RF channels
(channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used. Guard bands
100 kHz wide are placed at either end of the range of frequencies[1]. A7A
[edit] GSM-1800

GSM-1800 uses 17101785 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base
tranceiver station (uplink) and 18051880 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 374
channels (channel numbers 512 to 885). Duplex spacing is 95 MHz.

GSM-1800 is also called DCS (Digital Cellular Service) in the United Kingdom, while being
called PCS in Hong Kong[2] (not to mix up with GSM-1900 which is commonly called PCS in
the rest of the world.)
Mobile Communication Services on Aircraft (MCA) uses GSM1800.[3]
[edit] GSM-850 and GSM-1900

GSM-850 and GSM-1900 are used in Canada, the United States and many other countries in the
Americas.

GSM-850 uses 824849 MHz to send information from the mobile station to
the base station (uplink) and 869894 MHz for the other direction (downlink).
Channel numbers are 128 to 251.
GSM-850 is also sometimes called GSM-800 because this frequency range
was known as the "800 MHz band" (for simplification) when it was first
allocated for AMPS in the United States in 1983.
The term Cellular is sometimes used to describe the 850 MHz band, because
the original analog cellular mobile communication system was allocated in
this spectrum.

GSM-1900 uses 18501910 MHz to send information from the mobile station
to the base station (uplink) and 19301990 MHz for the other direction
(downlink). Channel numbers are 512 to 810.
PCS is the original name in North America for the 1900 MHz band. It is an
initialism for Personal Communications Service.

Note: Telstra in Australia uses the 850Mhz for its Next_G network (3G)

[edit] GSM-450

Another less common GSM version is GSM-450[4]. It uses the same band as, and can co-exist
with, old analog NMT systems. NMT is a first generation (1G) mobile phone system which was
primarily used in Nordic countries, Benelux, Alpine Countries, Eastern Europe and Russia prior
to the introduction of GSM. It operates in either 450.4457.6 MHz paired with 460.4
467.6 MHz (channel numbers 259 to 293), or 478.8486 MHz paired with 488.8496 MHz
(channel numbers 306 to 340). The GSM Association claims one of its around 680 operatormembers has a license to operate a GSM 450 network in Tanzania. However, currently all active
public operators in Tanzania use GSM 900/1800 MHz. Overall, where the 450 MHz NMT band
exists, it either still runs NMT, or its been replaced by CDMA. GSM-450 is a provision, it has
not seen commercial deployment.

[edit] GSM frequency usage across the world

[edit] The Americas

In North America, GSM operates on the primary mobile communication bands 850 MHz and
1900 MHz. In Canada, GSM-1900 is the primary band used in urban areas with 850 as a backup,
and GSM-850 being the primary rural band. In the United States, regulatory requirements
determine which area can use which band.
GSM-1900 and GSM-850 are also used in most of South and Central America, and both Ecuador
and Panama use GSM-850 exclusively (Note: Since November 2008, a Panamanian operator has
begun to offer GSM-1900 service). Venezuela and Brazil use GSM-850 and GSM-900/1800
mixing the European and American bands. Some countries in the Americas use GSM-900 or
GSM-1800, some others use 3, GSM-850/900/1900, GSM-850/1800/1900, GSM-900/1800/1900
or GSM-850/900/1800. Soon some countries will use GSM-850/900/1800/1900 MHZ like the
Dominican Republic, Trinidad & Tobago and Venezuela.
In Brazil, the 1900 MHz band is paired with 2100 MHz to form the IMT-compliant 2100 MHz
band for 3G services.
The result is a mixture of usage in the Americas that requires travelers to confirm that the phones
they have are compatible with the band of the networks at their destinations. Frequency
compatibility problems can be avoided through the use of multi-band (tri-band or, especially,
quad-band), phones.
[edit] Europe, Middle East and Asia

In Europe, Middle East and Asia most of the providers use 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands.
GSM-900 is most widely used. Fewer operators use DCS-1800 and GSM-1800. A dual-band
900/1800 phone is required to be compatible with almost all operators. At least GSM-900 band
must be supported to be compatible with many operators.
[edit] Multi-band and multi-mode phones

Today, most telephones support multiple bands as used in different countries to facilitate
roaming. These are typically referred to as multi-band phones. Dual-band phones can cover GSM
networks in pairs such as 900 and 1800 MHz frequencies (Europe, Asia, Australia and Brazil) or
850 and 1900 (North America and Brazil). European tri-band phones typically cover the 900,
1800 and 1900 bands giving good coverage in Europe and allowing limited use in North
America, while North American tri-band phones utilize 850, 1800 and 1900 for widespread
North American service but limited worldwide use. A new addition has been the quad-band
phone, also known as a world phone, supporting all four major GSM bands, allowing for global
use (excluding non-GSM countries such as Japan).

There are also multi-mode phones which can operate on GSM as well as on other mobile phone
systems using other technical standards or proprietary technologies. Often these phones use
multiple frequency bands as well. For example, one version of the Nokia 6340i GAIT phone sold
in North America can operate on GSM-1900, GSM-850 and legacy TDMA-1900, TDMA-800,
and AMPS-800, making it both multi-mode and multi-band.
Note that while the Nexus One, like many other devices on the market, may also become
available in a UMTS I/II/IV or 2100/1900/850MHz combo[5], it would still be considered triband UMTS, not quint-band, as the hardware is limited to supporting any 3 bands at one time.
Further, as HSPA runs atop UMTS, it would not be considered a "mode" by strict definition.
[edit] See also

3GPP

Cellular frequencies

OD-GPS

Roaming

UMTS frequency bands

United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction

[edit] References
1. ^ Rappaport, Theodore S., Wireless Communications: Principles and
Practices, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002. p. 554.
2. ^ OFTA of HK, Office of the Telecommunications Authority
3. ^ http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?
reference=MEMO/08/220&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLangua
ge=en
4. ^ Ericsson, Nokia Eye 450 MHz GSM technology
5. ^ "Nexus One for AT&T's 3G bands likely in the works". Engadget. 2010.
http://www.engadget.com/2010/01/29/nexus-one-for-atandts-3g-bands-likelyin-the-works/.
[edit] External links

GSM Coverage Maps and Roaming Information GSM World's listing of

countries, frequencies, and roaming agreements.

coveragemaps.com - Publications - Current Coverage Maps Charts of

GSM/3GSM coverage and frequency usage for the world, Europe, Asia and the
Americas

LDpost.com - History of GSM and More GSM history, technology, bands, multiband phones

3GPP Specification detail TS 05.05 Specification 3GPP TS 05.05 Radio

Transmission and Reception

3GPP Specification detail TS 45.005 Specification 3GPP TS 45.005 Radio

Transmission and Reception

3GPP Specifications for group: R4 - Frequencies info for UMTS (TS

25.101/102/104/105)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_bands"

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non-profit organization.

UMTS frequency bands

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In telecommunications, UMTS frequency bands are the radio spectrum frequencies designated
for the operation of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) / High-Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) / High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) / HSPA+ /
system for mobile phones.

Contents
[hide]

1 UMTS-FDD

2 UMTS-TDD

3 Frequency bands deployment

4 Multi-band

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

[edit] UMTS-FDD
UMTS-FDD is designed to operate in the following paired bands:
UL
DL
Channel Channel
Frequencies
Operating Frequency Common
Frequencies Number
Number
UE
Region
Band
Band
Name
UE receive (UARFCN) (UARFCN)
transmit
(MHz)
UL
DL
(MHz)
Europe,
Asia,
Africa,
Oceania
(Telstra,
10562 I
2100
IMT 1920 - 1980 2110 - 2170 9612 - 9888
Optus,
10838
Vodafone
AU, Three
Mobile
AU),
Brazil
9262 - 9538 9662 - 9938
Americas
additional additional
(AT&T,
12, 37, 62, 412, 437,
Bell
87, 112,
462, 487,
II
1900
PCS 1850 - 1910 1930 - 1990
Mobility,
137, 162, 512, 537,
Telcel,
187, 212, 562, 587,
Telus,
237, 262, 612, 637,
Rogers)
287
662, 687
Europe,
III
1800
DCS 1710 - 1785 1805 - 1880 937 - 1288 1162 - 1513 Asia,
Oceania
IV
1700
AWS 1710 - 1755 2110 - 2155 1312 - 1513 1537 - 1738 USA (Tadditional additional Mobile,
1662, 1687, 1887, 1912, Cincinnati
1712, 1737, 1937, 1962,
Bell

850

CLR

824 - 849

869 - 894

800

830 - 840

875 - 885

VII

2600

IMT-E 2500 - 2570 2620 - 2690

VIII

900

GSM

1700

880 - 915

925 - 960

1749.9 1784.9

1844.9 1879.9

Wireless),
Canada
1762, 1787, 1987, 2012,
(WIND
1812, 1837, 2037, 2062,
Mobile,
1862
2087
Mobilicity,
Videotron)
Americas
(AT&T,
Bell
4132 - 4233 4357 - 4458 Mobility,
additional additional
Telcel,
782, 787, 1007, 1012, Telus,
807, 812, 1032, 1037, Rogers),
837, 862 1062, 1087 Oceania
(Telstra,
Telecom
NZ)
4162 - 4188 4387 - 4413 Japan
additional additional
(NTT
812, 837 1037, 1062 DoCoMo)
2012 - 2338 2237 - 2563
additional additional
2362, 2387, 2587, 2612,
2412, 2437, 2637, 2662,
Europe
2462, 2487, 2687, 2712,
(future)
2512, 2537, 2737, 2762,
2562, 2587, 2787, 2812,
2612, 2637, 2837, 2862,
2662, 2687 2887, 2912
Europe[1],
Asia,
Oceania
(Optus,
Vodafone
AU,
Vodafone
2712 - 2863 2937 - 3088
NZ),
Dominican
Republic
(Orange),
Venezuela
(Digitel
GSM)
8762 - 8912 9237 - 9387 Japan (E
Mobile,
NTT

1700

1500

XII

700

SMH

XIII

700

SMH

XIV

700

SMH

DoCoMo)
2887 - 3163 3112 - 3388
additional additional
3187, 3212, 3412, 3437,
3237, 3262, 3462, 3487,
1710 - 1770 2110 - 2170
3287, 3312, 3512, 3537,
3337, 3362, 3562, 3587,
3387, 3412, 3612, 3637,
3437, 3462 3662, 3687
1427.9 1475.9 Japan
3487 - 3562 3712 - 3787
1447.9
1495.9
(Softbank)
USA
36123678 38373903
(future)
additional additional
(lower
698 - 716
728 - 746 3702, 3707, 3927, 3932,
SMH
3732, 3737, 3957, 3962,
blocks
3762, 3767 3987, 3992
A/B/C)
USA
37923818 40174043 (future)
777 - 787
746 - 756 additional additional
(upper
3842, 3867 4067, 4092
SMH
block C)
USA
38923918 41174143 (future)
788 - 798
758 - 768 additional additional
(upper
3942, 3967 4167, 4192
SMH
block D)

TS 25.101 DL
TS 25.101
to UL
Center
Band
Frequency
Frequency
Separation
Range (MHz)
(MHz)
2112.4 2167.6,
I (IMT-2000)
190
increment =
0.2
1932.4 1987.6,
II(U.S. PCS)
80
increment =
0.2
1932.5 1987.5,

TS 25.101
TS 25.101
Test Set "DL
UARFCN
UARFCN Range Channel" Range
Equation
5 * (center
10562 - 10838
freq in MHz)
5 * (center
freq in MHz)

9662 - 9938

5 * ((center 412, 437, 462,

freq in MHz) 487, 512, 537,

10562 - 10838

9662 - 9938
412, 437, 462,
487, 512, 537,

increment = 5
III(DCS/PCS)

400

V(US
Cellular)

VI(Japan 800)

VII

120

VIII

400

1807.4 1877.6,
increment =
0.2
2112.4 2152.6,
increment =
0.2

- 1850.1
MHz)

562, 587, 612,

637, 662, 687

562, 587, 612,

637, 662, 687

5 * ((center
freq in MHz)
- 1575 MHz)

1162 - 1513

5 * ((center
freq in MHz)
- 1805 MHz)

1537 - 1738

1537 - 1738 *

5 * ((center
1887, 1912, 1937,
2112.5 1887, 1912, 1937,
freq in MHz)
1962, 1987, 2012,
2152.5,
1962, 1987, 2012,
- 1735.1
2037, 2062, 2087
increment = 5
2037, 2062, 2087
MHz)
*
871.4 - 891.6,
5 * (center
increment =
4357 - 4458
4357 - 4458 #
freq in MHz)
0.2
871.5, 872.5, 5* ((center
1007, 1012, 1032,
1007, 1012, 1032,
876.5, 877.5, freq in MHz)
1037, 1062, 1087
1037, 1062, 1087
882.5, 887.5 - 670.1 MHz)
#
877.4 - 882.6,
5 * (center
increment =
4387 - 4413
4387 - 4413 +
freq in MHz)
0.2
5 * ((center
877.5, 882.5 freq in MHz)
1037, 1062
1037, 1062 +
- 670.1 MHz)
2622.4 5 * ((center
2687.6,
freq in MHz) 2237 - 2563
2237 - 2563
increment =
- 2175 MHz)
0.2
2587, 2612, 2637, 2587, 2612, 2637,
5 * ((center
2622.5 2662, 2687, 2712, 2662, 2687, 2712,
freq in MHz)
2687.5,
2737, 2762, 2787, 2737, 2762, 2787,
- 2105.1
increment = 5
2812, 2837, 2862, 2812, 2837, 2862,
MHz)
2887, 2912
2887, 2912
927.4 - 957.6, 5 * ((center
increment = freq in MHz) 2937 - 3088
2937 - 3088
0.2
- 340 MHz)
1847.4 1877.4,
5 * (center
9237 - 9387
9237 - 9387 *
increment = freq in MHz)
0.2
2112.4 5 * ((center
3112 - 3388
3112 - 3388 *
2167.6,
freq in MHz)
increment = - 1490 MHz)

0.2
3412, 3437, 3462,
5 * ((center 3412, 3437, 3462,
2112.5 3487, 3512, 3537,
freq in MHz) 3487, 3512, 3537,
2167.5,
3562, 3587, 3612,
- 1430.1 3562, 3587, 3612,
increment = 5
3637, 3662, 3687
MHz)
3637, 3662, 3687
*
Deployment in other frequency bands is not precluded.

[edit] UMTS-TDD
UMTS-TDD is designed to operate in the following bands:
Frequencies (MHz)
1900 - 1920
2010 - 2025
1850 - 1910
1930 - 1990
1910 - 1930
2570 - 2620

Channel Number (UARFCN)

9512 - 9588
10062 - 10113
9262 - 9538
9662 - 9938
9562 - 9638
12862 - 13088

[edit] Frequency bands deployment

Further information: List of UMTS networks
In general, the various UMTS bands are deployed as follows:

Band I (W-CDMA 2100) in Europe, India, Africa, Asia, Australia (all carriers'
metropolitan networks), New Zealand (ITU Region 1) and Brazil (part of ITU Region 2)

Band II (W-CDMA 1900) in North America and South America (ITU Region 2).

Band IV (W-CDMA 1700 or Advanced Wireless Services) in the United States (T-Mobile
USA) and Canada (WIND Mobile, Mobilicity and Vidotron)

Band V (W-CDMA 850) in Australia (Telstra NextG Network), Thailand (True move and
DTAC), New Zealand (XT Mobile Network), Brazil, Canada, the USA, Guatemala, Costa
Rica, Venezuela, other parts of South America, Israel[2], parts of Asia (ITU Region 2 and
ITU Region 3), Poland (Sferia/Aero2 - hspa+ internet only)

Band VIII (W-CDMA 900) in Europe, Asia, Australia (Optus and Vodafone
regional/country 3G networks), New Zealand (ITU Region 1 and ITU Region 3),
Thailand (Advanced Info Service) and Venezuela (Digitel GSM)

[edit] Multi-band
Further information: List of HSPA mobile phones, List of UMTS networks
Today, most mobiles support multiple bands as used in different countries to facilitate roaming.
These are typically referred to as multi-band phones. Dual-band phones can cover networks in
pairs such as 2100/900 (bands I/VIII) in Europe, Middle East, Asia, Oceania or 1900/850MHz
(bands II/V) in North and South America. With the recent release of AWS spectrum (band IV) in
North America, the dual-band combo of 1700/2100 is also becoming popular there.
European/Asian tri-band phones typically cover the 900, 1900 and 2100MHz bands giving good
coverage in Europe and allowing very limited use in North America, while North American triband phones utilize 850, 1900 and 2100MHz for widespread North & South American service
and good coverage for worldwide use thanks to the popularity of the 2100MHz spectrum. AWS
versions of phones support normally 900/1700/2100 allowing for North American coverage on
AWS enabled networks and roaming coverage on 2100MHz and on forthcoming 900MHz
overlays in Europe and Asia.
Most UMTS phones also operate on GSM as well, supporting EDGE to ensure data coverage
where HSPA still lacks coverage. Note however, that while a phone may have overlapping GSM
& UMTS frequency support, being tri-band/quad-band in GSM/GPRS/EDGE does not imply the
same support for UMTS, as was the case with many early 2100MHz-only UMTS devices.

[edit] See also

3GPP

Cellular frequencies

GSM frequency bands

List of UMTS networks

Mobile network code

Roaming

United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction

White spaces (radio)

[edit] References
1. ^ [1]

2. ^ http://www.pocket.co.il/community/showthread.php?t=230182

[edit] External links

3GPP Specifications for group: R4 - Frequencies info for UMTS (TS

25.101/102/104/105)

UARFCN to Frequency Calculator - Converts DL UARFCN to frequency band and other

information (scroll to bottom of page)
This article about wireless technology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands"

Categories: Bandplans | Wireless stubs
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Hutchison 3G
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material
may be challenged and removed. (September 2010)

3 (telecommunications) redirects here. For other uses, see 3

(disambiguation).

Hutchison 3G

Type

A brand of Hutchison Whampoa

Industry

Mobile telecommunications

Founded

2002

Headquart

Hong Kong

Other locations: Australia, Austria,

ers

Denmark, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy,

Sweden, Macau, United Kingdom
Key
people

Parent

Canning Fok

Hutchison Whampoa Limited

Hutchison
Telecommunications
International Limited

Website

http://three.com, http://www.tre.se,
http://www.3.dk

3 is a brand name under which several UMTS based mobile phone networks are operated in
Australia, Austria, Denmark, Hong Kong, Macau, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, and the
United Kingdom. The company was founded in 2002.
Hutchison Whampoa owns direct majority interests in the companies that operate the networks
that are branded 3, except 3 Hong Kong and 3 Indonesia. These networks are majority-owned by
the publicly listed Hutchison Telecommunications International Limited (HTIL), in which
Hutchison Whampoa has a 50.003 percent majority interest.
All 3-branded networks provide 3G technology (WCDMA, some also run 2G networks).
Hutchison Whampoa no longer holds a 3G-license in Israel which was operated under the brand
Orange, and in Norway which is not operational yet.[1] As of 4 August 2010, registered 3
customers worldwide numbered over 27.8 million.
Contents
[hide]

1 Internet access

2 3 Skypephones

3 3 Like Home (No Charge Roaming)

4 3 worldwide
o

4.1 Australia

4.1.1 Three Australia

4.1.2 Vodafone Australia

4.1.3 VHA Ownership

4.2 Austria

4.3 Denmark and Sweden

4.4.1 Hong Kong and Macau Ownership

4.5 Indonesia

4.5.1 3 HCPT Indonesia

4.5.2 Ownership

4.6 Ireland

4.3.1 Ownership

4.4 Hong Kong

4.2.1 Austrian Ownership

4.6.1 Irish ownership

4.7 Italy

4.7.1 Italian Ownership

4.7.2 3 Power

4.7.3 Possible sale of 3 Italia

4.8 United Kingdom

4.8.1 Ownership

4.8.2 Former Internet access restrictions in the UK

5 Related companies and brands

6 References

7 External links

[edit] Internet access

Australian Planet 3 webpage

Like other mobile-provider Internet homepages, 3's portal is 'free to browse' for some content in
most 3 countries including Ireland, UK and Australia in most price plans; the user pays a fixed
price for each video, text or application downloaded.
Besides that, 3 UK and also 3 Ireland initially made the decision to block direct Internet access
from handsets, while 3 Austria allowed access to the internet since the beginning.
In 2004, 3 released a PC card 3G Data Card ("NetConnect Card") for Windows-based laptops
which allows Internet access through 3's network directly from the computer, accompanied by a

range of data and business tariffs. Later, more cards and USB modems for HSDPA were
introduced.
[edit] 3 Skypephones
Main article: 3 Skypephone Series

In November 2007, 3 started to sell the Skypephone, which was developed in conjunction with
the Chinese phone manufacturer Amoi () and Skype, combining the functionality of a
UMTS handset with free voice calls and instant messages from Skype. The phones were sold
exclusively by 3 on contract and on a prepaid basis.
[edit] 3 Like Home (No Charge Roaming)

In February 2007 3 introduced '3 Like Home': a service that in theory allows subscribers to use
any 3-branded network with the exception of 3 Indonesia without having to pay additional
roaming charges, instead paying the same amount for voice, data, and messaging services as they
would do on their home network. This also allows users to use their free or inclusive bundles and
allowances while abroad. However, pre-pay customers do not benefit fully, as they can not yet
use each 3 branded network for '3 Like Home'.
3 Australia confirm that calls made using '3 Like Home' are not included in any "cap" plan or
inclusive bundles.
This arrangement is possible because of the roaming agreements between the networks. Each of
the networks provides service to other partners networks free of internal roaming charges. This
means that the marginal cost of a roaming call is much the same as a call on the home network.
At the end of April 2009 3UK announced that '3 Like Home' would no longer be available to
customers of the 3UK network from the 30 June 2009. No such announcement has yet been
made for customers of other 3 networks.
[edit] 3 worldwide
[edit] Australia

Hutchison introduced the "Three" network in Australia in 2003, through its majority ownership
of Hutchison Telecom Australia Ltd (HTAL). As of June 2009, HTAL now owns 50% of the
merged Vodafone Hutchison Australia Pty Ltd, containing both the "Three" and "Vodafone"
networks.[2] The 3 and Vodafone networks remained separate as of August 2009.
On 9 February 2009 HTAL and Vodafone announced that they would be merging their Australian
operations into a 50-50 joint venture called VHA Pty Ltd. All products and services offered by
VHA would be marketed under the Vodafone brand,[citation needed] and VHA would hold exclusive

rights to use the 3 brand. This merger was expected to be completed by mid-2009, subject to
shareholder and regulatory approval,[3] As of 29 May 9, shareholder and regulatory approval is
granted.[4] and was completed in June 2009.
[edit] Three Australia

Three operates a 2100 MHz 3G network in a 50/50 partnership with Telstra[2] (the radio
networks are shared, the core networks are separate), covering approximately 56% of Australia's
population. The 3G network covers Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, the Gold
Coast, Canberra, Geelong, Frankston and Wollongong.

15 April 2003 - Three launched its services in Sydney and Melbourne

June, 2003 - coverage extended to Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, and the Gold
Coast.

2005 - Telstra 50/50 partnership commenced. 3 Australia spun off its 3G radio
network into a 50/50 partnership with Telstra. Hutchison continued to own its
separate core network, application and service platforms, and their retail 3G
business independently and in competition with Telstra. [3]

2005 - Coverage in Canberra added

2006 - Geelong, Frankston, Wollongong coverage added.

March 2007 - HSDPA was activated on the entire 3G footprint bringing peak
speeds of up to 3.6 Mbit/s.

Mid 2007 - 3 launched a series of Service Centres,[5] which service customers'

handsets dispatched from retailers, or those of walk-in customers (with 90%
of the latter being available for collection within an hour of drop-off).

June 2009 - Merges with Vodafone Australia to form new joint venture
operation named Vodafone Hutchison Australia. 3 Mobile remains a separate
network to Vodafone at the commencement.

In areas not covered by 3's 3G network, customers roam on Telstra's GSM/GPRS/EDGE or

UMTS networks. This agreement allows 3 to offer coverage to up to 96% of the population. In
certain areas, customers may roam on Vodafone Australia's GSM/GPRS/EDGE network. Unlike
roaming on Telstra's network however, data charges are inclusive to one's data plan, and is not
charged separately. When roaming on Vodafone's network, '3 2G' will appear on a customer's
handset. 3's total number of Australian subscribers reached 2,000,000 as of April 2009[6]
Hutchison formerly operated an Australian CDMA network under the Orange brand name. On 1
February 2006, it was re-branded as 3 CDMA, and this network was closed as of 9 August 2006.

3 CDMA customers were offered special tariffs and incentives to continue as customers on the
3G network, all customers either moved over to 3's 3G network or to other network providers.
3 has sponsored Big Brother Australia from 2005 to 2008 (when it was canceled), The Australian
Cricket Team and Essendon Football Club.
[edit] Vodafone Australia

The Vodafone Australia's GSM mobile service on 900 MHz and 1800 MHz covers 94.52% of
Australia's population. The 3G 2100 MHz UMTS network is available in metro areas of major
cities and some larger regional centres covering 80% of the population. Expansion of the 3G
UMTS network using 900 MHz to equal or surpass the GSM coverage is due to be completed by
31 August 2009 [4] [5].
In a media release issued on the 27 May 2008, Vodafone claimed 4.031 million mobile telephone
customers connected across Australia (including 0.341 million connected to MVNOs).[7]
[edit] VHA Ownership

Vodafone Hutchison Australia is owned by:

Vodafone: 50% - as of July 2009

Hutchison Telecoms Australia Ltd (HTAL) - 50%

Note: HTAL is owned by:

[8]

Hutchison Whampoa: 52.03% - as of 16th 9 Mar

Public shareholders: 26.84%

Telecom NZ: 10% (with an option for a further 9.94%)

Leanrose Pty Limited: 11.13%

[edit] Austria

3 Austria started operations in May 2003. The company promised to have 95% population
coverage with HSDPA end of 2007. Currently, 3's 3G coverage appears to be limited to 94% of
the population.[9]
It lost a lawsuit in 2007 against Mobilkom Austria when it claimed to have the largest 3G
network in Austria, as Mobilkom Austria had a coverage of 80% while 3 had 83% and the
difference between the two was too small to advertise on it.[10]

Outside the coverage of its own 3G-network (UMTS/HSDPA) it relies on national roaming on
the network of 2G-market leader Mobilkom Austria.
3 Austria is the first in Austria to offer its customers so called "HD Mobile TV" based on the
H.264 encoding standard, and won IIR telcon awards for their eBay (2006)[11] and X-Series Gold
(2007)[12] offerings.
3 Austria won a DVB-H license and launched the service in June 2008, with three devices and
free usage of Mobile TV.[13][14]
[edit] Austrian Ownership

Hutchison Whampoa: 100%

[edit] Denmark and Sweden

3 Danmark and 3 Sverige have a common network covering most of the two countries.
Customers are "at home" on both networks, i.e. Danish customer receive calls from Denmark
without paying roaming when they are on 3 Sverige's network and it does not cost extra to call
Danish telephone numbers. 3 Scandinavia also has a license to build a network in Norway, but
currently 3 Danmark and 3 Sverige have to have positive financials. In 2008 both operations
showed a positive EBITDA. In Sweden the mobile network is shared with Telenor, but this
practise is not allowed in Denmark.
[edit] Ownership

Hutchison Whampoa: 60%

Investor AB: 40%

[edit] Hong Kong

An advertisement for 3 in which Leon Lai, a Hong Kong-based Cantopop singer, is

the pinup.

In May 2004, its affiliated 2G operator Orange re-branded its services and changed its name to
"3 Dualband", referring to the GSM product, and "3 CDMA", referring to the CDMA product.
On 29 May 2008, Hutchison Telecommunications (Hong Kong) Limited announced that it has
signed an agreement with Apple Inc. to bring the iPhone to Hong Kong and Macau later that year
under 3.[15]
[edit] Hong Kong and Macau Ownership

HTIL: 70.9%

NTT DoCoMo: 24.1%

NEC: 5%

Note: Hutchison Whampoa owns 50.003% of HTIL (Hutchison Telecommunications

International Limited)
[edit] Indonesia
[edit] 3 HCPT Indonesia

The 3 service was launched commercially in Indonesia on 30 March 2007 with the company
name is Hutchison Charoen Pokphand Telecommunications (HCPT). Only after 9 months of
operations, 3 acquired about 2.2 million GSM customers. 3 achieved high customer mindshare
maintaining at about 90% of awareness level as of April 2009.[16]

3 Store, Plaza Semanggi, Jakarta, Indonesia

As of April 2009, 3 Indonesia had about 4.5 million customers on its GSM network. 3 offers both
pre-paid and post-paid (contract) services. Currently, the post-paid service is available in Jakarta,
Bandung, and Surabaya area.

3 Indonesia slogan is "Jaringan GSM-mu (Your GSM Network)", formerly "Jaringan Selularmu
(Your Cellular Network)". Sometimes, 3 use "Mau? (Want it?)" and "Hanya di 3 (Only on 3)"
slogan in their ads.
3 currently has full GSM coverage in Java, Sumatera, Bali, Lombok, and Riau Islands. And as of
April 2009, Kalimantan is covered in South Kalimantan and Sulawesi is covered in South
Sulawesi. The 3 UMTS/HSDPA service is currently available in Jakarta and Puncak area, and in
some parts of Java only [17].
3 Indonesia just launched new unlimited text and MMS service at a certain fee with Facebook on
8 April 2009, so registered 3 customers can update status, write on wall, or upload new pictures
freely without any more charges. Beside with Facebook, 3 also cooperate with Yahoo to give
unlimited chat at a certain fee by SMS and downloadable mobile program using Yahoo
Messenger service. Both of this is the first of its kind in Indonesia.
[edit] Ownership

HTIL: 60%

Charoen Pokphand: 40%

Note: Hutchison Whampoa owns 50.003% of HTIL

3 Store, Grafton Street, Dublin, Ireland.

[edit] Ireland

3 has a license for operation in the Republic of Ireland using the access code 083 (although
numbers can be ported over from other networks.) The service was launched on 26 July 2005 as
Ireland's fourth mobile network operator behind Vodafone, O2 and Meteor. 3's coverage is made
up of a single 2100 MHz band UMTS network, with claims of 94% population coverage[citation

needed]

and 500,000 subscribers[18]. A roaming agreement with Vodafone Ireland provides GSM
coverage where no UMTS signal is available.
Service was initially offered as post-paid only, but on 16 May 2006 the introduction of a pre-paid
service, known as 3Pay, was announced. A pre-paid mobile broadband service was launched on
29 February 2008 under the name 3Pay Broadband, with vouchers available for durations of one
day, one week, or one month. On 13 May 2010, 3 Ireland announced the launch of the world's
first commercial voice and data I-HSPA network. The company operates 28 "3Stores" throughout
the Republic, with plans to have 50 by the end of 2010[18].
On 5 August 2010, 3 Ireland announced a four year, 7 500 000 deal with the Football
Association of Ireland to become the primary sponsor of all Irish international football teams[19].
In August 2010, 3 Ireland admitted it has been overstating its subscriber numbers since 2006. As
per its latest released mid year statements about 56 per cent of 3s 554,000 registered subscribers
are considered active . This is about 244,000 short of the figure supplied to ComReg.
[edit] Irish ownership

Hutchison Whampoa: 100%

[edit] Italy

In Italy, 3 was formerly known as Andala 3G SpA[20], a company founded in November 1999 and
controlled by Sardinian internet company Tiscali. It was the first mobile operator to offer 3G
services (UMTS), launched in March 2003. As of December 2007, 3 Italia had 8 million
registered customers, thus being the local leader in the 3G telecommunications market. 3 Italy is
the largest company in the 3-group measured in number of subscribers. It has a roaming
agreement with TIM which allows its customers to get a 2G service when they move out of 3G
coverage. On 22 February 2006, 3 announced the first launch of (HSDPA) technology in Italy,
with initial coverage of Rome. The HSDPA service, which provides wireless broadband access
with speed up to 14.4 Megabit/s, has been initially launched offering connection speeds up to 3.6
Megabit/s. The service has been called ADSM (as a contraction for ADSL Mobile). On 14 May
2006 3 was the 1st in Italy to launch the Digital Mobile TV with the DVB-H technology (70% of
population); this service is currently available with three mobile models LG U900, LG U960 &
Samsung SGH-P910.
3 Italy's slogan is: Meglio cambiare, no? (It's better to change, isn't it?). The company's success
is also due to its commercial policies (it was the 1st mobile operator which introduced mobile
phone with SIM lock in Italy, which has prevented customers from successfully moving to a
different network) and its advertising campaigns. From November 2006 to March 2007, 3 Italy's
testimonial has been Paris Hilton, followed by Luciana Littizzetto.

From 6 June 2008 3 Italy offers free of charge the vision of Rai Uno, Rai Due, Canale 5, Italia 1,
Rete 4, SKY Meteo24, Current TV and La7 television channels with DVB-H technology.
Since late November 2010, 3 Italy offers one of the most convenient data plans available in Italy
under the name of SuperInternet, offering 3 gigabytes of Internet navigation at the price of 5
per month.[21]
[edit] Italian Ownership

Hutchison Whampoa: 95.4%

NHS Investments (Sanpaolo IMI): 3,9%

RCS MediaGroup: 0.5%

Gemina: 0.2%

3G Mobile Investments (Franco Bernab): 0.0002%

[edit] 3 Power

3 Power is an international business unit of 3 Italia. As the first DVB-H operator worldwide, 3
Italia is clearly established as a strategic leader in the convergence of communication,
information and entertainment. It has now more than 720,000 DVB-H clients. 3 Power provides
DVB-H and UMTS services to operators and broadcasters worldwide based on the knowledge
and expertise acquired by 3 Italia throughout the past years.
[edit] Possible sale of 3 Italia

Speculation from the UK newspaper The Times in 2007 claimed that 3 Italia had sent out an
information memorandum in the hope of attracting potential bidders. Hutchison tried to sell up
to 25% of 3 Italia in an initial public offering (IPO) in 2005 that it hoped would value the
operator at around EUR10bn. However, the planned listing was cancelled in early 2006 after
valuations failed to live up to Hutchison's expectations.[22] It was also speculated that this sale, if
it went ahead, could lead to the further sale of 3 Group assets, including 3(UK) and 3 Ireland.
[edit] United Kingdom

A 3 store in Banbury.

The 3 service was launched in the UK on 3 March '03 (3/3/3). After 33 months of operations, 3
had more than 3 million 3G customers, more than the other UK mobile operators' 3G
subscribers combined. In '03, 3 launched the UKs first video mobile network to bring new
services to the mobile media market. Given 3G was a new technology, 3 undertook one of the
fastest 3G network rollouts in UK history and met their license regulatory requirements 3 years
ahead of schedule. 3 has a roaming agreement with Orange which allows its customers to use
their handsets on the GSM network when they move out of 3G coverage. Before January 2007,
their partner network was O2.[23]
At the end of 2005, 3 UK had nearly 4 million customers on its network and was the largest 3G
network in the UK with more 3G subscribers than all the other networks together. The UK offers
both pre- and post-pay (contract) services.
3 has used a number of different TV, print and radio advertising campaigns since their launch.
Their pre-September 2007 slogan is "Welcome to our Network". Its next slogan is "Fresh on 3",
promoting the new "Mix and Match" price plans. 3 has launched a major marketing campaign in
May 2009, with the slogan "Changing Mobile Forever", as 3 is offering free unlimited Skype-toSkype calls to all customers.
3's first retail stores (3Store) opened at the same time as the network launched, on Oxford Street
and High Street Kensington, both in London, and at the Birmingham Mailbox. 3 has an
agreement with Superdrug, which stocks exclusively 3's mobile phones. Many Superdrug stores
also host a ThreePoint, a separately-staffed, glass-walled kiosk. This agreement came about
after Superdrug was purchased by Watson's, a large Asian retailer also owned by Hutchison
Whampoa. 3's handsets and contracts are also sold by mobile telephony chains and
independents throughout the UK, as well as online retailers. In October 2005, the second wave
of 3Stores opened in larger malls throughout the UK, such as the Harlequin Shopping Centre in
Watford, the Bluewater Shopping Centre, and The Mall in Bristol Cribbs Causeway. These stores
are now 3's flagship high street shops. On 24 October 2006, 3 announced that it had purchased

95 high street shops from O2, 274 The Link outlets, and 22 shops branded under the O2 banner.
3 announced that these would be rebranded as 3Stores "within weeks", in time for the important
Christmas season.
On Friday 11 January 2007, 3 announced it will be closing 107 of its concession stores, leaving
only 20.
3 launched SeeMeTV at the end of 2005, allowing its customers to submit their own video
content that other subscribers could watch. Users pay a small micropayment (the price decided
by the video's creator) to watch these videos. The user who created the videos will get paid 10%
of the amount of money that is paid by other users to watch the video. This service does allow
some adult content, but this is protected by a PIN to prevent minors accessing it. Users are paid
once they have made 10 using PayPal. It is the most popular user-generated mobile service
created - since launch there have been over four million downloads of videoclips and it is set to
be launched through MSN Spaces.
3 currently has the highest level of 3G coverage in the UK and went live with HSDPA in
September 2007. 3 currently has with full HSDPA coverage in place in north of Manchester and
in London. Other UK locations will gradually be HSDPA enabled, with completion in July 2008.
Until 30 June 2009, 3UK subscribers could use their service on 3 networks around the world for
no extra charge (Ireland, Austria, Italy, Denmark, Sweden, Hong Kong and Australia) with '3
Like Home.'

3 UK and T-Mobile (UK) have signed an agreement to combin

broadband services and deliver substantial cost savings as w

By combining their 3G access networks (the mobile masts and infrast

Although masts and the 3G access networks are being combined, eac

High-speed mobile broadband and data services are set for rapid grow
the more sparsely populated areas of the country.
Press release by Hutchison Whampoa Limited[24]

In June 2010 3 UK became the 4th network to launch the iPhone after O2, Orange and Vodafone.
T-Mobile became the fifth network in the UK. In September 2010, 3 UK won the Broadband
Expert Mobile Broadband Award Winners 2010 - Best Overall Provider.(ref: 25)

[edit] Ownership

Hutchison Whampoa: 100%

(20% and 15% equity interests were re-purchased from NTT DoCoMo and KPN Mobile
respectively in 2005 when both decided to exit the UK venture shouldering heavy investment
losses).
[edit] Former Internet access restrictions in the UK

The result of the decision in the UK to block direct Internet access from the handsets was that,
unlike the UK's other leading networks, arbitrary web and email servers could not be accessed
from a handset on their network. Only outgoing access to TCP port 80 (and DNS) were allowed.
Since 2006 however, full internet access became possible with an internet add-on.
[edit] Related companies and brands

3 Skypephone Series - a joint venture between 3 and Skype to manufacture a

range of phones.The phones use the smartphone operating system BREW,
and are made by Amoi.

INQ - a related company, through 3's parent company, Hutchinson Whampoa.

[edit] References
1. ^ Hutchison Whampoa Limited: Telecommunications
2. ^ "About 3". http://www.three.com.au/cs/ContentServer?
pagename=Three/Page/ServiceTemplate&cid=1154931042504&c=Page.
Retrieved 2009-06-20.
3. ^ "Hutchison and Vodafone agree to merge Australian Telecom operations"
(PDF).
http://www.vodafone.com.au/stelprd/groups/webcontent/documents/webcont
ent/merger.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-09.[dead link]
4. ^ Staff. "ACCC not to oppose proposed merger of Vodafone and Hutchison".
Australian Competition and Consumers Commission.
http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/874495. Retrieved 200908-21.
5. ^ 3 Australia Website
6. ^ Staff (2009). "Three - About 3 - Who we Are". Vodafone Hutchison Australia
Pty Ltd (Three). http://www.three.com.au/cs/ContentServer?
pagename=Three/Page/ServiceTemplate&cid=1154931042504&c=Page.
Retrieved 2009-08-21.

7. ^ Vodafone Australia exceeds 4 million customers and counting

8. ^ Annual Report 2008
http://hutchar08.designate.com.au/shareholder_information.php
9. ^ DerStandard: 3-Chef Thoma: Mobiles Breitband lst ADSL und Co. ab, 2
May 2008 (German)
10.^ DerStandard.at: Streit um greres UMTS-Netz: Mobilkom Austria gewinnt
Verfahren gegen "3", 14 November 2007 (german)
11.^ Computerwelt: Telekombranche guten Mutes, 4 October 2006 (german)
12.^ IIR: Award fr 10. Jahreskongress fr die Telekom Branche - TEL.CON
2007 (german)
13.^ Telecom Paper: 3 Austria to offer 3 DVB-H devices, free mobile TV use until
year-end, 30 May 2008
14.^ Heise: DVB-H startet in sterreich, 1 June 2008 (German)
15.^ 3 to bring iPhone to Hong Kong and Macau
16.^ [1]
17.^ 3 Indonesia coverage map
18.^

a b

3 Ireland reaches 500,000 customers

19.^ "3 becomes FAI primary sponsor". 5 August 2010. http://fai.ie/index.php?

option=com_content&view=article&id=101133:3-becomes-fai-primarysponsor&catid=1:senior-men&Itemid=8.
20.^ http://cpedia.com/wiki?
q=Andala&guess_ambig=Tiscali+SpA+Hong+Hutchison Andala 3G SpA
21.^ "3". http://www.tre.it/public/scheda_opzioni.php?
id=22&idOF=184&ref=22_1. Retrieved 02/05/2010.
22.^ The UK Times - "Italian mobile sale may signal Hutchison Whampoas exit
from UK"
23.^ "3 selects Orange as new national roaming partner". 2006-05-10.
http://www.threemediacentre.co.uk/Press-Releases/3-selects-Orange-as-newnational-roaming-partner-7a.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
24.^ HWL: T-Mobile and 3 create Britain's largest 3G network, 18 December
2007

25. http://www.broadband-expert.co.uk/mobile-broadband/awards-2010/
[edit] External links
3's International home page

[show]
v

UK mobile network operators

[show]
v

Italian mobile phone companies

[show]
v

Australian mobile phone companies

[show]
v

Irish mobile phone operators

[show]
v

Indonesia mobile phone companies

[show]
v

Cheung Kong Holdings

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchison_3G"

Categories: Hutchison Whampoa | Mobile phone companies of Hong Kong |
Multinational companies headquartered in Hong Kong | Companies established in
2002 | Mobile phone companies of Italy | Mobile phone companies of Sweden |
Mobile phone companies of Austria
Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external
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Mobile World Congress

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed. (August 2009)

GSM Association Mobile. WorldCongress

Status

Active

Genre

Mobile communications

Venue

Fira de Barcelona

Location

Barcelona

Country

Spain

First held

1987

Organizer

GSM Association

Attendance

47,000 (2009)

Official Website

http://www.mobileworldcongress.com/

The GSMA GSM Association Mobile. WorldCongress is the combination of the world's largest
exhibition for the mobile industry and a congress featuring prominent Chief Executives
representing mobile operators, vendors and content owners from across the world. The event,
initially named as GSM World Congress and later renamed as the 3GSM World Congress, is still
often referred to as the GSM World Congress or simply the 3GSM.

[edit] Further info

In 2007, approximately 55,000 people attended.
The GSM Associations - Mobile World Congress takes place at the Fira de Barcelona, Catalonia,
Spain, in February. Up until 2006, it took place in Cannes.

GSMA Mobile. WorldCongress

The 2009 GSM Association Mobile World Congress took place from Monday, February 16, to
Thursday, February 19. The first day was dominated by Microsoft-related announcements, such
as their increased partnership with LG and demonstrations of their new Windows Mobile 6.5
Operating System.
Mobile World Congress 2010 was held on February 15, 2010. One of the biggest news stories
that came out of the event was the announcement of Microsoft's new revamped mobile operating
system, Windows Phone 7.

[edit] References
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 3GSM World Congress

Official site

Mobile Asia Congress

Global Mobile Awards

Asia Mobile Awards

GSM World

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_World_Congress"

Categories: Wireless | Business organizations | Trade shows

Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from August 2009 | All articles lacking sources
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Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Mini

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Sony Ericsson XPERIA X10 Mini

Manufacturer

Sony Ericsson

Available

Q2 2010[1]

Screen

240 x 320 pixels (QVGA) 16M color TFT

Camera

Operating

5 MP with Auto focus, Geo tagging,and

Touch focus
Android 2.1

system
Android 1.6 (Shipped)[2]
Input

Touchscreen

CPU

600 MHz Qualcomm MSM7227

Networks
2G
Quad-band GSM/GPRS Class 10 (4+1/3+2
slots), 32 - 48 kbit/s/EDGE:
850/900/1800/1900 MHz
3G

Tri-band UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA:
850/1900/2100/900 MHz
Bluetooth 2.0 with A2DP
microUSB 2.0
Connectivity

3.5mm audio jack

aGPS
Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g
no IR
Standard battery: Li-Po 1500 mAh (BST-

Battery

41). Extended batteries available [3]

Physical size

83.0 x 50.0 x 16.0 mm

Weight

88 g with battery

Series

Sony Ericsson Xperia series

The Sony Ericsson XPERIA X10 Mini is a smartphone by Sony Ericsson in the Xperia series.
It is the second Sony Ericsson smartphone to run the Android operating system[2] and also the
smallest Android handset to date.
The X10 Mini was first revealed on 14 February 2010.[1] Apart from the physical dimensions, the
phone also differs feature-wise as compared to the X10. Text input is done via a virtual keypad
and not a Qwerty keyboard like on the Xperia X10. It also comes with a T9 dictionary which
makes it easy to use the keypad. Also, there are tabs for easily accessing symbols and numbers.[4]

Contents
[hide]

1 Awards

2 See also

3 References

4 External links

[edit] Awards
"2010 red dot product design award" [5]

"European Mobile Phone 2010-2011" [6]

[edit] See also

Sony Ericsson XPERIA X10 Mini Pro

List of Android devices

[edit] References
1. ^ a b "Get Compact and Clever with Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 mini and Xperia
X10mini pro". Sony Ericsson. 14 February 2010.
http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/corporate/press/pressreleases/pressreleasedetails/sonye
ricssonx10miniandminifinal-20100214.
2. ^ a b "Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Mini / Mini Pro review". Engadget. 8 July 2010.
http://www.engadget.com/2010/07/08/sony-ericsson-xperia-x10-mini-mini-pro-review/.
Retrieved November 20, 2009.
3. ^ "Mugen Power Batteries Releases 3600mAh Extended Battery for Sony-Ericsson
Xperia X10". PRWeb.com. 12 May 2010.
http://www.prweb.com/releases/2010/05/prweb3982044.htm.
4. ^ Xperia X10 mini: Reviewed
5. ^ ""Compact and clever"". Sony Ericsson.
http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/companyandpress/aboutus/awards/award/x10miniawar
d?cc=gb&lc=en.
6. ^ ""Xperia X10 mini - European Mobile Phone 2010-2011"". Sony Ericsson.
http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/companyandpress/aboutus/awards/award/x10minieisaa
ward?cc=gb&lc=en.

[edit] External links

Xperia X10 Mini website

[show]

vde

Principal Sony Ericsson/Ericsson mobile phone models by series

[show]
vde

Android (Google Inc., Open Handset Alliance)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_Xperia_X10_Mini"

Categories: Android devices | Sony Ericsson mobile phones | GPS navigation devices |
Touchscreen mobile phones
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Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Mini Pro

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Mini Pro is a mobile telephone released by Sony Ericsson on
the 24 May 2010.
The device is an upgrade of the similar X10 Mini with many of the internal specifications being
identical. The major differences between the X10 Mini and X10 Mini Pro are a slide-out full
QWERTY Keyboard, and the Pro having slightly larger dimensions (3.5 2.0 0.7 inches
opposed to 3.3 2.0 0.6 inches).
The X10 Mini and X10 Mini Pro are designed to look similar and share functionality with the
larger Xperia X10, but are internally very different devices. The X10 Mini and X10 Mini Pro
lack Sony Ericsson's "Mediascape" media-management software, but include "Timescape" as
well as the proprietary "Rachael" UI.

The X10 Mini Pro (as well as the X10 and X10 Mini) runs on Android 1.6, with an update to 2.1
being rolled out from Sunday 31st October 2010, to Tuesday 30th November 2010.

[edit] References

Sony Ericsson X10 Mini Official Page

Sony Ericsson X10 Mini Pro Official Page

[show]

vde

Principal Sony Ericsson/Ericsson mobile phone models by series

[show]
vde

Android (Google Inc., Open Handset Alliance)

This mobile phone-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_Xperia_X10_Mini_Pro"
Categories: Sony Ericsson mobile phones | Wireless stubs
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About Wikipedia

Disclaimers

Windows Mobile
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Windows Phone 7.

Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile 6.5.3 Today Screen

Company / developer

Microsoft

Programmed in

C++[1]

OS family

Windows CE

Working state

Current

Initial release

19 April 2000; 10 years ago

Latest stable release

6.5.3 / 2 February 2010; 9 months

ago

Latest unstable release 6.5.5

Marketing target

Mobile devices

Kernel type

Windows CE 5.2 (released in 2004)

Default user interface

Graphical

License

Proprietary (Microsoft EULA)

Official website

Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft that was for use in
smartphones and mobile devices, but is being phased out to specialized markets.[2]
The current version is called "Windows Mobile 6.5". It is based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel,
and features a suite of basic applications developed using the Microsoft Windows API. It is
designed to be somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows, feature-wise and aesthetically.
Additionally, third-party software development is available for Windows Mobile, and software
applications can be purchased via the Windows Marketplace for Mobile.
Originally appearing as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system, most Windows Mobile devices
come with a stylus pen, which is used to enter commands by tapping it on the screen.[3] Microsoft
announced a completely new phone platform, Windows Phone 7, at the Mobile World Congress
in Barcelona on February 15, 2010. Phones running Windows Mobile 6.x will not be
upgradeable to version 7.[4]
Windows Mobile's share of the Smartphone market has fallen year-on-year,[5] decreasing 20% in
Q3 2009.[6] It is the 5th most popular smartphone operating system, with a 5% share of the
worldwide smartphone market (after Symbian, BlackBerry OS, Android and iPhone).[7] In the
United States, it is the 3rd most popular smartphone operating system for business use (after
BlackBerry OS and iPhone), with a 24% share among enterprise users.[8] Microsoft is phasing out
Windows Mobile to specialized markets, such as rugged devices, and focusing on its new mobile
platform, Windows Phone 7.[2]

Contents
[hide]

1 Common features

2 Hardware

o 2.1 Windows Mobile Classic devices (Pocket PC)

o 2.2 Windows Mobile Smartphones

3 Version history
o 3.1 Pocket PC 2000
o 3.2 Pocket PC 2002
o 3.3 Windows Mobile 2003
o 3.4 Windows Mobile 2003 SE
o 3.5 Windows Mobile 5
o 3.6 Windows Mobile 6
o 3.7 Windows Mobile 6.1
o 3.8 Windows Mobile 6.5
o 3.9 Windows Mobile 6.5.1
o 3.10 Windows Mobile 6.5.3
o 3.11 Windows Mobile 6.5.5

4 Successor
o 4.1 Windows Phone 7

5 Microsoft Kin

6 Naming conventions

7 Market share
o 7.1 History
o 7.2 Possible trends

8 Software development

9 Criticism

10 See also

11 References

12 External links

[edit] Common features

Windows Mobile for Pocket PC carries these standard features in most of its versions:

Today Screen shows the current date, owner information, upcoming appointments, e-mail
messages, and tasks. (Is now Home screen in later WM6.5 builds)

The taskbar shows the current time and the volume.

Office Mobile a suite of Mobile versions of Microsoft Office applications

Outlook Mobile comes with Windows Mobile.

Internet Explorer Mobile is an Internet browser developed by Microsoft for Pocket PC

and Handheld PC that comes loaded by default with Windows Mobile and Windows CE
for Handheld PC.

Windows Media Player for Windows Mobile.

Client for PPTP VPNs.

Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) which in mobile phones allows attached computers to
share internet connections via USB and Bluetooth.

Coherent file system similar to that of Windows 9x/Windows NT and support for many of
the same file types.

Ability to multitask.

[edit] Hardware

Windows Mobile Professional runs on (smartphones) with touchscreens

Windows Mobile Standard runs on phones with regular screens

Windows Mobile Classic which runs on 'Windows Mobile Classic devices' (Pocket
PCs).

An O2 Pocket PC phone

A Smartphone (T-Mobile Dash)

[edit] Windows Mobile Classic devices (Pocket PC)

Main article: Pocket PC
A 'Windows Mobile Classic device' is a Windows Mobile personal digital assistant (PDA) that
does not have telephone functionality. It was formerly known as the Pocket PC. It was the
original intended platform for the Windows Mobile operating system. These devices consisted of
both standalone Pocket PC devices without mobile phone capabilities, and those that included
mobile phone capabilities. The most current name of Windows Mobile intended for use on

Pocket PCs is officially "Windows Mobile 6 Professional" for devices with mobile phone
capabilities and "Windows Mobile 6 Classic" for devices without mobile phone capabilities.

[edit] Windows Mobile Smartphones

Main article: Smartphone
The 'Windows Mobile' (Microsoft's term for its range of smartphones) became the next hardware
platform after the Pocket PC to run Windows Mobile, and debuted with the release of Pocket PC
2002. Although in the broad sense of the term "Smartphone", both Pocket PC phones and
Microsoft branded Smartphones each fit into this category, it should be noted that Microsoft's use
of the term "Smartphone" includes only more specific hardware devices that differ from Pocket
PC phones. Such Smartphones were originally designed without touchscreens, intended to be
operated more efficiently with only one hand, and typically had lower display resolution than
Pocket PCs. Microsoft's focus for the Smartphone platform was to create a device that functioned
well as a phone and data device in a more integrated manner.[10]

[edit] Version history

[edit] Pocket PC 2000

Typical Pocket PC 2000 Today Screen.

standardized with a specific CPU architecture. As a result, Pocket PC 2000 was released on
multiple CPU architectures; SH-3, MIPS, and ARM.
Aesthetically, the original Pocket PC operating system was similar to Windows 98, Windows
Me, and Windows 2000 operating systems.
Features/built-in applications for Pocket PC 2000 included the following:[12]

Pocket Office
o Pocket Word
o Pocket Excel
o Pocket Outlook

Pocket Internet Explorer

Windows Media Player

Microsoft Reader

Microsoft Money

Notes, a note taking application

Character recognition support

Infrared (IR) File beaming capability

[edit] Pocket PC 2002

Typical Pocket PC 2002 Today Screen.

Pocket PC 2002, originally codenamed "Merlin",[11] was released in October 2001. Like Pocket
PC 2000, it was powered by Windows CE 3.0. Although targeted mainly for 240 320 (QVGA)
Pocket PC devices, Pocket PC 2002 was also used for Pocket PC phones, and for the first time,
Smartphones.[13] These Pocket PC 2002 Smartphones were mainly GSM devices. With future
releases, the Pocket PC and Smartphone lines would increasingly collide as the licensing terms
were relaxed allowing OEMs to take advantage of more innovative, individual design ideas.
Aesthetically, Pocket PC 2002 was meant to be similar in design to the then newly released
Windows XP.
New features/built-in applications included the following:[14][15][16][17]

Enhanced UI with theme support

Spell checker and Word count tool in Pocket Word

Savable downloads and WAP in Pocket Internet Explorer

Virtual Private Networking support

Synchronization of folders

MSN Messenger

Terminal Services

Windows Media Player 8 with streaming capability

Microsoft Reader 2

Palm OS support for file beaming

Improved Pocket Outlook

Digital rights management (DRM) support in Microsoft Reader

[edit] Windows Mobile 2003

Typical Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Today Screen

Windows Mobile 2003 (aka wm2003 and WM2003), originally codenamed "Ozone",[11] was
released on June 23, 2003, and was the first release under the Windows Mobile banner. It came
in four editions: "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Premium Edition", "Windows Mobile
2003 for Pocket PC Professional Edition", "Windows Mobile 2003 for Smartphone" and
"Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Phone Edition". The last was designed especially for
Pocket PCs which include phone functionalities. The Professional Edition was used in Pocket PC
budget models. It lacked a number of features that were in the Premium Edition, such as a client
for L2TP/IPsec VPNs. Windows Mobile 2003 was powered by Windows CE 4.20.
New features/built-in applications included the following:[18]

Support for add-on keyboards

Enhanced communications interface with Bluetooth device management

Bluetooth file beaming support

Bluetooth headset support

Pictures application with viewing, cropping, e-mail, and beaming support

Jawbreaker game

Enhanced Pocket Outlook with vCard and vCal support

Improved Pocket Internet Explorer

Windows Media Player 9.0 with streaming optimization

SMS reply options for Phone Edition

MIDI file support as ringtones in Phone Edition

[edit] Windows Mobile 2003 SE

Windows Mobile 2003 Second Edition, also known as "Windows Mobile 2003 SE", was released
on March 24, 2004 and first offered on the Dell Axim x30. This was the last version which
allowed users to backup and restore an entire device through ActiveSync.
New features/built-in applications included the following:

Portrait and Landscape switching for Pocket PCs

Single-Column layout in Pocket Internet Explorer

VGA (640480), 176220, 240x240, 480x480 Screen resolution

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) support

[edit] Windows Mobile 5

Typical Windows Mobile 5.0 for Pocket PC Today Screen

Windows Mobile 5.0, originally codenamed "Magneto",[11] was released at Microsoft's Mobile
and Embedded Developers Conference 2005 in Las Vegas, May 9May 12, 2005. Microsoft
plans to offer mainstream support for Windows Mobile 5 through October 12, 2010, and
extended support through October 13, 2015.[19] It was first offered on the Dell Axim x51. It used
the .NET Compact Framework 1.0 SP3 an environment for programs based on .NET.

Windows Mobile 5.0 included Microsoft Exchange Server "push" functionality

improvements that worked with Exchange 2003 SP2.[20] The "push" functionality also
required vendor/device support[21] With AKU2 software upgrades all WM 5.0 devices
supported DirectPush.

WM 5.0 featured increased battery life due to Persistent storage capability. Previously up
to 50% (enough for 72 hours of storage) of battery power was reserved just to maintain
data in volatile RAM. This continued the trend of Windows-based devices moving from
using RAM as their primary storage medium to the use of a combination of RAM and
flash memory (in use, there's no distinction between the two apparent to the user).
Programs and frequently accessed data run in RAM, while most storage is in the flash
memory. The OS seamlessly moves data between the two as needed. Everything is
backed up in the flash memory, so unlike previous devices, WM5 devices do not lose any
data if power is lost.

With Windows Mobile 5.0, OS updates were released as Adaptation kit upgrades. AKU
3.5 is the most recent release for WM 5.0.

Further new features and built-in applications included:

New version of Office called "Office Mobile"

o PowerPoint Mobile
o Graphing capability in Excel Mobile
o Tables and graphics insertion in Word Mobile

Windows Media Player 10 Mobile

Photo Caller ID

DirectShow support

Picture and Video package, which converged the management of videos and pictures

Enhanced Bluetooth support

Global Positioning System (GPS) management interface

Default QWERTY keyboard-support

Error reporting facility similar to that present in desktop and server Windows systems

ActiveSync 4.2 with 15% increased synchronization speed

[edit] Windows Mobile 6

Windows Mobile 6.1 Standard Today Screen

Windows Mobile 6, formerly codenamed "Crossbow",[11] was released on February 12, 2007[22] at
the 3GSM World Congress 2007. It comes in three different versions: "Windows Mobile 6
Standard" for Smartphones (phones without touchscreens), "Windows Mobile 6 Professional" for
Pocket PCs with phone functionality, and "Windows Mobile 6 Classic" for Pocket PCs without
cellular radios.[23]
Windows Mobile 6 is powered by Windows CE 5.0 (version 5.2) and is strongly linked to
Windows Live and Exchange 2007 products. Windows Mobile 6 Standard was first offered on
the Orange's SPV E650,[24] while Windows Mobile 6 Professional was first offered on the O2's
Xda Terra.[25] Aesthetically, Windows Mobile 6 was meant to be similar in design to the then
newly released Windows Vista. Functionally, it works much like Windows Mobile 5, but with
much better stability.
New features/built-in applications include the following:[26]

320x320 and 800x480 (WVGA) screen resolution support (The S01SH or "Em One" by
Sharp was the first and only device to have a 800x480 screen on WM5)[27]

Office Mobile support for Smartphones

Operating System Live Update[28]

Improved Remote Desktop access[29] (Available for only certain Pocket PCs)[30]

VoIP (Internet calling) support with AEC (Acoustic Echo Cancelling) and MSRT Audio
Codec

Windows Live for Windows Mobile[31]

Customer Feedback option[32]

Enhanced Microsoft Bluetooth Stack

Storage Card Encryption (encryption keys are lost if device is cold-booted).

Smartfilter for searching within programs

Improved Internet Sharing

HTML email support in Outlook Mobile

Search ability for contacts in an Exchange Server Address Book

AJAX, JavaScript, and XMLDOM support on Internet Explorer Mobile

Out of Office Replies with Microsoft Exchange 2007

Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) support for select operators

Server Search on Microsoft Exchange 2007

.NET Compact Framework v2 SP2 Preinstalled in ROM

Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Compact Edition Preinstalled in ROM

OneNote Mobile as a companion to Microsoft Office OneNote

Office Mobile 6.1 announced[33] with support for Office 2007 document formats (pptx,
docx, xlsx).

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.1

Windows Mobile 6.1 Professional Today Screen

Windows Mobile 6.1 was announced April 1, 2008. It is a minor upgrade to the existing
Windows Mobile 6 platform which brings with it various performance enhancements, a
redesigned Home screen featuring horizontal tiles that expand on clicking to display more
information, although this new home screen is featured only on Windows Mobile Standard
edition. This feature was inexplicably left out of the Professional edition.[34] Several other
changes such as threaded SMS, full page zooming in Internet Explorer and 'Domain Enroll' have
also been added, along with a "mobile" version of the Microsoft OneNote program and an
interactive "Getting Started" wizard. Domain Enroll is functionality to connect the device to
System Center Mobile Device Manager 2008, a product to manage mobile devices.[35] There are
other differences as well. The most prominent difference for the user is that the Standard version
(like earlier versions) still creates automatic links for telephone numbers in Tasks and
Appointments, which allows for the easier click and dial of stored telephone numbers within
these Outlook items. For some reason, the Professional version has eliminated this important
feature. Windows Mobile 6.1 also featured improved bandwidth efficiency in its push-email
protocol "Activesync" of "up to 40%",[36] this reduced data usage was the cause of considerably
improved battery life in many devices.
Aside from the visual and feature distinctions, the underlying CE versions can be used to
differentiate WM6.0 from WM 6.1. The version of Windows CE in WM 6.0 is 5.2.*, with the
final number being a 4 digit build ID (e.g. 5.2.1622 on HTC Wing). In WM 6.1, the CE version
is 5.2.* with a 5 digit build number (e.g. 5.2.19216 on Palm Treo 800w).

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.5

A screenshot of the Windows Mobile 6.5 Today Screen, 'Titanium'

a minor upgrade.[39] It also includes the new Internet Explorer Mobile 6 browser, which has an
improved interface over previous versions.[40]
Microsoft unveiled this version at the 2009 Mobile World Congress in February,[41] and several
devices now run this Windows Mobile version,[42] those devices running Windows Mobile 6.5
onwards are marketed as "Windows phones". Along with Windows Mobile 6.5, Microsoft
announced several Cloud computing services codenamed "SkyBox","SkyLine","SkyMarket".[43]
"SkyBox" has been confirmed as My Phone,[44] while "SkyMarket" has been confirmed as
Windows Marketplace for Mobile.[45] Some aspects of the user interface have been redesigned
with the home screen resembling that of Microsoft's Zune player and the sliding panel interface
of Windows Mobile 6.1 Standard. This version was designed mainly for easier finger usage.[46][47]
Whilst this version of Windows Mobile does not natively support capacitive screens, mobile
manufacturers have been able to successfully implement it on their devices [48]
Several phones currently running Windows Mobile 6.1 are updatable to Windows Mobile 6.5.[49]

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.5.1

Builds of Windows Mobile 6.5.1 have been unofficially ported to several Windows Mobile
phones.[50] Windows Mobile 6.5.1 brings a more finger-friendly user interface,[51] including icon
based soft buttons (rather than text based),[52] an updated contacts app,[53] Microsoft (rather than
the mobile carrier) support for A-GPS,[51] improved threaded text messaging,[54] and performance
improvements.[55]

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.5.3

Windows Mobile 6.5.3 brings a more finger-friendly user interface with several new ease of use
features such as support for multitouch, complete touch control i.e. no need for a stylus, and drag
and drop start menu icons. Touchable tiles now replace soft keys."[57] Internet Explorer Mobile 6
has also received some major updates including decreased page load time, improved memory
management and gesture smoothing.[58]
Additional features of newer Windows Mobile 6.5.3 builds include threaded email and Office
Mobile 2010.[58]

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.5.5

Several builds of Windows Mobile 6.5.x have leaked since January 2010 and have been
unofficially ported to some Windows Mobile phones.[59] The name Windows Mobile 6.5.5 has
been applied to these newer builds. However, this naming scheme remains unconfirmed by
Microsoft.

[edit] Successor
[edit] Windows Phone 7
Main article: Windows Phone 7

The Start screen of Windows Phone 7

Windows Phone 7 was initially intended to be released during 2009, but several delays, likely
due to the move away from Photon and to building an entirely different and new platform,
prompted Microsoft to develop Windows Mobile 6.5 as an interim release. During the Mobile
World Congress 2010 in Barcelona, Microsoft revealed details of Windows Phone 7, which
features a new operating system and integration with Xbox Live and Zune services.[62]
Phones currently running Windows Mobile 6.x will not be upgradeable to Windows Phone 7.[63]

[edit] Microsoft Kin

Main article: Microsoft Kin
Microsoft Kin evolved from Microsoft's purchase of Danger Hiptop in 2008.[64] Details are
scarce, but a ZDNet source said that Microsoft Kin brings an entirely new software stack and
services.[65] Some reports say that the new mobile phone platform is based around the Zune
media device.[66]
Microsoft Kin was developed inside Microsoft's Premium Mobile Experiences (PMX) division.
[67]
Microsoft brought in employees from Danger Inc., with the intention of infusing industry
talent and mobile experience into the project. The goal was said to be to create a mobile platform
far superior to that of the Danger Sidekick. Reports say that Microsoft Kin was originally going
to be based on Windows Phone 7. However, due to delays with the latter, it was built directly
upon Windows CE. It will feature the Zune marketplace, and uses XNA as a game platform.[67]
The platform was aimed at producing phones designed for users who are heavily into social
networking and instant messaging.[68] The technology acquired from Danger Hiptop has been
described as a family of mobile devices running a bespoke operating system as part of a client
server system that is then licenced to mobile carriers.[69]
Microsoft debuted two new handsets based on Microsoft Kin, codenamed Turtle and Pure,
possibly to debut at the Consumer Electronics Show.[70] The Microsoft designed phones were
manufactured by Sharp and co-branded.[71] According to the MobileTechWorld website, Microsoft
Kin is a software service running on top of Windows Phone 7 devices.[72] Microsoft announced
the discontinuation of the KIN line on June 30, 2010, only six weeks after it was launched.[73]

[edit] Naming conventions

Windows Windows
Mobile
Mobile
6.1
6.5
Windows
Mobile 6.1 N/A
Classic
Windows Windows

(With
Mobile
Phone)

t PC
2000 2002
Phone Phone
Editio Edition
n

Smartpho
ne
(Without N/A
Touch
Screen)

Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
2003 for 2003 SE 5.0 for
Mobile 6
Pocket PC for Pocket Pocket PC Profession
Phone
PC Phone Phone
al
Edition Edition Edition
Windows
Windows
Windows
Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Windows
Smartpho
2003 SE
2003 for
5.0 for
Mobile 6
ne 2002
for
Smartpho
Smartpho Standard
Smartpho
ne
ne
ne

Mobile 6.1 Mobile 6.5

Profession Profession
al
al

Windows Windows
Mobile 6.1 Mobile 6.5
Standard Standard

Other: Windows Mobile for Automotive 1.0, Windows Mobile software for Portable Media
Centers

[edit] Market share

[edit] History

Windows Mobile used to be the most popular handset for business use, but 2009 saw this
position depreciate. An InformationWeek survey found that 24% of planned business
deployments of mobile application were for Windows Mobile, putting it in 3rd place, behind
Blackberry (61%) and iPhone (27%).[8]
In October, 2009, Gartner predicted that by 2012, Windows Mobile will remain the 4th most
popular smartphone platform during the rise of Android only due to BlackBerry falling from 2nd
to 5th.[82] The New York Times said that cellular telephone manufacturers are moving away from
Windows Mobile, and instead shifting towards Android and Microsoft's new mobile platform,
Windows Phone 7.[83] Taiwan's Intelligence & Consulting Institute (MIC) predicted that
Android's popularity may force Microsoft to reduce the Windows Mobile licensing fees it
charges handset makers, in order to reduce further market share losses.[84]
Windows Mobile's loss of market share became more rapid in Q3 2009. It suffered a 20% drop in
Q3 compared to the previous quarter, at a time when total smartphone sales with all operating
systems rose 13%. Gartner estimated that in Q3, 2009, Windows Mobile share of worldwide
smartphone sales was 7.9%.[6]
Samsung announced in November 2009 that it will phase out the Windows Mobile platform,[85] to
concentrate on its own Bada operating system, as well as Google's Android and Microsoft's new
mobile platform, Windows Phone 7.[86]

[edit] Possible trends

The New York Times reported that Windows Mobile "is foundering", as cellphone makers desert
it in favor of Google's Android phone platform.[83] It cited the difficulties in Microsoft's business
model, which involves charging handset manufacturers up to $25 for each copy of Windows
Mobile, while rival Google gives away Android for free.[92]
The Washington Post said Windows Mobile is "bleeding market share in the space, and the future
looks grim." It said that Google is using Android to "kill" Windows Mobile.[93]
In February 2010 Microsoft announced a new mobile operating system platform: Windows
Phone 7. It has been built from scratch and bears no resemblance to its predecessors. It was
released on October 21, 2010 in Europe and is scheduled for a November 8 release in the United
States.

[edit] Software development

See also: Windows Marketplace for Mobile
Third-party software development is available for the Windows Mobile operating system. There
are several options for developers to use when deploying a mobile application. This includes
writing native code with Visual C++, writing Managed code that works with the .NET Compact
Framework, or Server-side code that can be deployed using Internet Explorer Mobile or a mobile
client on the user's device. The .NET Compact Framework is actually a subset of the .NET
Framework and hence shares many components with software development on desktop clients,
application servers, and web servers which have the .NET Framework installed, thus integrating
networked computing space (a.k.a. "The Cloud").[94]
Microsoft typically releases Windows Phone Software Development Kits (SDKs) that work in
conjunction with their Visual Studio development environment. These SDKs include emulator
images for developers to test and debug their applications while writing them. Microsoft also
distributes Visual Studio 2008 / 2005 Professional Editions, and server / database counterparts to
students as downloads free of charge via its DreamSpark program.[95]
Developer communities have used the SDK to port later versions of Windows Mobile OS to
older devices and making the OS images available for free, thus providing the devices with the
current feature set. Microsoft has tolerated this procedure for some time but decided in February
2007 to ask developers to take their OS images off the net, which in turn raised discussions.[96] At
the same time Microsoft offered upgrades to Windows Mobile 6 versions to manufacturers for
free.[97]
Lazarus, Lexico, NS Basic and Basic4ppc provide an alternative development environment; they
allow for development on the desktop, which is then downloaded to the device. NS Basic and
Basic4ppc[98] allow for development on the actual device itself.
Some 3rd party development tools such as Basic4ppc use the .NET Compact Framework. This
has been possible only for the last couple years. Prior to the release of Windows Mobile 2003,
third-party software was developed using Microsoft's eMbedded Visual Tools, eMbedded Visual

Basic (eVB) and eMbedded Visual C (eVC).[99] eVB programs can usually be converted fairly
easily to NS Basic/CE.[100] or to Basic4ppc.
There is also a GCC port called CeGCC. For scripting language, there is a Python port named
PythonCE and a Tcl-Tk port called eTcl. It can be used to develop applications on Windows
Mobile phone itself.
Satellite Forms is a RAD tool that can produce Windows Phone compatible applications that use
an RDK runtime engine. Extension libraries extend the functionality for various hardware.
On 5 July 2009, Microsoft opened a third-party application distribution service called Windows
Marketplace for Mobile.[101]

[edit] Criticism
This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (July 2010)

Versions of Windows Mobile prior to 6.5.3 did not recognize multi-touch screens. Device
maker HTC Corporation created some work-arounds to allow multi-touch to work on
some applications it installed on its HD2 handset. However, Microsoft applications on
this handset, such as the Internet Explorer web browser, do not support multi-touch.[102]

Windows Mobile does not allow users to view file properties from File Explorer and so it
is impossible to remove the "read-only" or "Hidden File" attributes applied to files,
although third-party software is available to do this. Hidden files can be viewed.

Windows Mobile does not allow users to view file extensions of unknown file types,
although third-party software is available to do this.

Windows Mobile devices can easily be used and reset by unauthorised users, such as
thieves, as the "Clear Storage" command can be invoked without the need for a password
so long as the keypad is not locked and the phone is not turned off, because the CLEAR
STORAGE is applied by using embedded, unmodifiable key sequence of "1234" which is
also visibly shown in the phone.

The interface of Windows Mobile 6.5 shows jarring inconsistencies, with some
applications requiring the user to hold a Stylus to make them operate.[103]

Many Windows Mobile business applications were designed for a stylus-pen input, and
are difficult or impossible to use on a capacitative multi-touch screen.[104]

Unlike Windows for desktop computers, the Windows Mobile operating system cannot be
upgraded by the user. Upgrades can only be supplied by telephone service providers or

hardware providers. As this requires considerable resource to produce a custom upgrade

for each device, generates no income (upgrades have not been chargeable), and extends
the life of older equipment instead of encouraging purchase of new, Windows Mobile
upgrades are rarely released.[105] However, expert users have developed unofficial,
sometimes modified, firmware; this unofficial firmware, or newer Windows Mobile or
Phone firmware intended for other devices with the risk of possible incompatibility, can
be installed if available with flashing software.

Several analysts from both Gartner and J.Gold Associates have expressed concern about
the long-term future of Windows Mobile.[106] Motorola and Fedex said that Microsoft had
given a commitment to continue supporting Windows Mobile, at least for use in rugged
industrial devices.[107]

On 25 September 2009, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer indicated that the company
"screwed up with Windows Mobile". He lamented that Windows Mobile version 7 was
not yet available. He said he had recently changed the Windows Mobile team to try to
recoup losses.[108]

The kernel of Windows Mobile has not been updated for over 6 years. As of January
2010 Windows Mobile 6.5.x was based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel, the same kernel
that was running in Windows Mobile 5.0 in 2004. The Windows Mobile OS has not been
optimized for more modern processors, such as the Snapdragon processors.[104]

A 2009 survey by CFI Group showed that Windows Mobile users had a low level of
customer satisfaction when compared to users of other smartphones. Out of a possible
100 points, Windows Mobile rated only 66, compared with BlackBerry (73), Palm Pre
(77), Google Android (77), and iPhone (83).[109]

[edit] See also

ActiveSync

Adaptation kit upgrade

Handheld PC

List of Windows Mobile devices

Windows Phone 7

Microsoft data loss 2009

Microsoft Office Mobile

Windows Mobile Device Center

Radio Interface Layer

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41. ^ "Windows Mobile 6.5 walkthrough with Engadget (now with video!)".
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55. ^ WMPoweruser.com. "Windows Phone 6.5.1 just become smoother".

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56. ^ "the::unwired - RELEASE: Microsoft introduces Windows Mobile 6.5.3 Professional
for Windows Phones". unwired. http://www.theunwired.net/?item=release-microsoftintroduces-windows-mobile-6-5-3-professional-for-windows-phones. Retrieved 2010-0427.
57. ^ "Developing Widgets for Windows Phone 6.5". Msdn.microsoft.com.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd721906.aspx#CreatingWidgetMenus.
Retrieved 2010-04-27.
58. ^ a b "What's new in Windows Phone 6.5.3". http://blogs.zdnet.com/microsoft/?p=5111.
59. ^ "WM6.5.5|101m|6.5 kernel|Full Roms By jjblaster3|upd 23529|translatable|
16/Feb/2010". http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=567850. Retrieved
2010-06-20.
60. ^ "PocketNow.com: Thoughts on Windows Phone 7 Series (BTW: Photon is Dead)".
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61. ^ "Neowin.net: Microsoft renames 'Windows Phone 7 Series', drops the 'Series'".
http://www.neowin.net/news/microsoft-renames-039windows-phone-7-series039-dropsthe-039series039.
62. ^ "What is new in Windows mobile 7". http://techviewz.org/2010/03/what-is-new-inwindows-mobile-7.html.
63. ^ "Windows Phone 7 will not run Windows Mobile apps".
http://www.v3.co.uk/v3/news/2259001/windows-phone-run-windows. Retrieved 201003-20.
64. ^ Channel Insider. 2 October 2009. http://www.channelinsider.com/c/a/Microsoft/DoesWindows-Mobile-7-Delay-Portend-Zune-Phone-281499/.
65. ^ "Microsoft Pink: 'Just a Sidekick' or more?". ZDNet. 24 September 2009.
http://blogs.zdnet.com/microsoft/?p=4068.
66. ^ "Microsoft's Sidekick/Pink problems blamed on dogfooding and sabotage".
AppleInsider. 12 October 2009.
http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/09/10/12/microsofts_sidekick_pink_problems_blam
ed_on_dogfooding_and_sabotage.html.
67. ^ a b "Microsoft's Pink Struggles Spill Over To Sidekick". ChannelWeb (UMB). 12
October 209.

http://www.crn.com/software/220600334;jsessionid=KCFRRMAUPYH2NQE1GHOSK
H4ATMY32JVN?pgno=1.
68. ^ Ina Fried (23 September 2009). "Microsoft's 'Pink' emerges from Danger's shadow".
CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10360516-56.html.
69. ^ "Microsoft buys maker of Sidekick and Hiptop smartphones". APC Magazine. 12
February 2008.
http://apcmag.com/microsoft_buys_maker_of_sidekick_and_hiptop_smartphones.htm.
70. ^ "Pink Haze Surrounds Microsoft Smartphone Rumors". TechNewsWorld. 21 September
2009. http://www.technewsworld.com/story/68171.html.
71. ^ "Spy shots reveal Microsofts Microsoft Kin smartphones". APC Magazine. 24
September 2009. http://apcmag.com/spy-shots-reveal-microsofts-project-pinksmartphones.htm.
72. ^ "More Porject Pink and Windows Mobile 7 info - MobileTechWorld".
http://www.mobiletechworld.com/2009/10/13/more-porject-pink-and-windows-mobile-7info/.
73. ^ "Microsoft Kills Kin". Gizmodo. 30 June 2010.
http://gizmodo.com/5576764/microsoft-kills-kin. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
74. ^ "Windows Mobile market share changes"
75. ^ Smartphones strong, despite recession Feb. 06, 2009 - LinuxDevices.com
76. ^ "Sony Ericsson makes major move"
77. ^ "We Learned Just How Great Of A Partner HTC Is To Microsoft". mocoNews. 17
February 2009. http://moconews.net/article/419-mwc-we-learned-just-how-great-of-apartner-htc-is-to-microsoft/.
78. ^ "Microsoft: HTC has made 80% of all Windows Mobile phones"
79. ^ O'Brien, Kevin J. (17 February 2009). "More LG Phones to Use Microsoft System".
The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/17/technology/17soft.html?hp.
Retrieved 9 April 2010.
80. ^ "Palm dumps Windows Mobile". The Inquirer. 18 September 2009.
http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1534016/palm-dumps-windows-mobile.
Retrieved 18 September 2009.
81. ^ "Acer to shift focus to Android smartphones". DigiTimes. 2 October 2009.
http://www.digitimes.com/news/a20091002PD211.html.

82. ^ "Android to grab No. 2 spot by 2012, says Gartner". ComputerWorld. 6 October 2009.
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9139026/Android_to_grab_No._2_spot_by_201
2_says_Gartner.
83. ^ a b Saul Hansell (25 October 2009). "Big Cellphone Makers Shifting to Android
System". The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/technology/26android.html.
84. ^ "Android Shippments to Top 32 Million Units in 2013". Softpedia. 23 October 2009.
http://news.softpedia.com/news/Android-Shippments-to-Top-32-Million-Units-in-2013125136.shtml.
85. ^ "Samsung to Discard Windows Phone". Telecoms Korea. 9 November 2009.
http://www.telecomskorea.com/market-8281.html.
86. ^ "Samsung mobile platform to challenge Google's Android". The Korea Herald. 10
November 2009.
http://www.koreaherald.co.kr/NEWKHSITE/data/html_dir/2009/11/11/200911110032.as
p.
87. ^ Jason Perlow (8 November 2009). "In Smartphone Wars, Darwinism Triumphs Over
Intelligent Design". ZDNet. http://blogs.zdnet.com/perlow/?p=11516.
88. ^ Brooke Crothers (8 November 2009). "First iPhone, now Droid. Who needs
Windows?". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10392926-92.html?
tag=col1;post-11516.
89. ^ a b Matt Hamblen (26 October 2009). "Windows Mobile worries mount as competition
heats up". ComputerWorld.
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9139841/Windows_Mobile_worries_mount_as_
competition_heats_up?taxonomyId=75&pageNumber=1.
90. ^ "Microsoft, Nokia team up to put Office on smartphones". Computer Business Review.
9 August 2009.
http://www.cbronline.com/news/microsoft_nokia_team_up_to_put_office_on_smartphon
es_090812.
91. ^ Jack Gold (9 August 2009). "Microsoft's Windows Mobile: Time to Hang Up?".
BusinessWeek.
http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2009/tc2009087_110164.htm.
92. ^ Saul Hansell (26 October 2009). "Microsoft, Google and the Bear". The New York
Times. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/microsoft-google-and-the-bear/.

93. ^ Siegler, MG (26 October 2009). "The Problem With iPhone Killers?". The Washington
Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2009/10/26/AR2009102600648.html. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
94. ^ Differences Between the .NET Compact Framework and the .NET Framework
95. ^ Microsoft Gives Students Access to Technical Software at No Charge to Inspire
Success and Make a Difference
96. ^ xda-developers: ROM image archive will be taken down
97. ^ downloadsquad: Windows Mobile 6 free to PDA manufacturers
98. ^ Anywhere Software, Basic4ppc
99. ^ Learn Windows Mobile: Overview. Microsoft. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
100.
^ "Tech Note 25: eVB2NSB". Nsbasic.com. 2009-09-21.
http://www.nsbasic.com/ce/info/technotes/TN25.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
101.
^ "Windows Mobile app store starts with just 34 apps". Electronista. 5 October
2009.
http://www.electronista.com/articles/09/10/05/windows.marketplace.for.mobile.launches/
.
102.
^ "HTC HD2 Leo lacks universal multi-touch". KnowYourMobile. 25 September
2009.
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html.
103.
^ "Windows Mobile 6.5 UI a big improvement; more work needed". Ars
Technica. 16 February 2009. http://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2009/02/ballmerwindows-mobile-65-phones-are-just-windows-phones.ars. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
104.
^ a b "HTC HD2 Review: The best smartphone ever?". MobileTechWorld. 18
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105.
^ "Windows Mobile Update Story Gets Better". InformationWeek. 25 September
2009.
http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2009/09/windows_mobile_14.html
;jsessionid=F2NGQEOLSIUPLQE1GHRSKHWATMY32JVN. Retrieved 26 September
2009.
106.
^ "Nokia alliance may spell doom for Windows Mobile". Computerworld. 12
August 2009.

http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9136601/Nokia_alliance_may_spell_doom_for_
Windows_Mobile?taxonomyId=15&pageNumber=1.
107.
^ "Motorola exec says Microsoft won't end Windows Mobile support". InfoWorld.
16 September 2009. http://www.infoworld.com/d/mobilize/motorola-exec-saysmicrosoft-wont-end-windows-mobile-support-904?source=rss_infoworld_news.
108.
^ "Ballmer: We 'screwed up with Windows Mobile'". Computerworld. 25
September 2009. http://news.idg.no/cw/art.cfm?id=F2F7C35E-1A64-67EAE4BC04F120F0B898.
109.
^ "Survey: Windows Mobile users 'have no idea' they use it". Seattle PostIntelligencer. 30 September 2009.
http://blog.seattlepi.com/microsoft/archives/180639.asp.

[edit] External links

Official UK site of Windows Phone

MSDN UK Windows Phone developer resource

Official site of Windows Phone

Windows Mobile Team Blog

Windows Mobile Developer portal

List of Windows Mobile Communities

xda-developers Forum

.Net CF Controls for Windows Mobile at http://beemobile4.net/

[show]

vde

Windows Mobile / Windows Phone (Microsoft Corporation)

Windows810-F A3100 Ace Athena BlackJack BlackJack II Dash DX900 eXpo

HD2 i600 i780 Incite Jack KS20 MAX 4G nvifone M10 nvifone M20
Omnia Omnia II Omnia Lite Omnia Pro B7330 Omnia Pro B7610 Propel Pro
Mobile
Saga Shadow Smartflip TG01 Touch Touch2 Touch 3G Touch Cruise Touch
OS
Based Diamond Touch Diamond2 Touch Dual Touch HD Touch Pro Touch Pro2
Touch Viva Treo Pro TyTN TyTN II Vox Wing Wings Xda Xperia X1
Xperia X2
WindowsDell Venue Pro HTC 7 Mozart HTC 7 Pro HTC 7 Surround HTC 7 Trophy HTC
Phone
HD7 LG Optimus 7 LG Quantum / Optimus 7Q Samsung Focus Samsung Omnia
OS
Based 7
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Mobile operating systems

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Websites
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&
ninemsn) TechNet Windows Live (Groups Hotmail ID Messenger Spaces)
services
Microsoft Popfly
Live

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Surface Zune (4 / 8 / 16 30 80 / 120 HD) Kin MSN TV Natural Keyboard

Jazz Keyboard Mouse LifeCam LifeChat SideWinder Ultra-Mobile PC
Released
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Point
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s

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Windows Mobile
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Windows Phone 7.

Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile 6.5.3 Today Screen

Company / developer

Microsoft

Programmed in

C++[1]

OS family

Windows CE

Working state

Current

Initial release

19 April 2000; 10 years ago

Latest stable release

6.5.3 / 2 February 2010; 9 months

ago

Latest unstable release 6.5.5

Marketing target

Mobile devices

Kernel type

Windows CE 5.2 (released in 2004)

Default user interface

Graphical

License

Proprietary (Microsoft EULA)

Official website

Windows Mobile

Originally appearing as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system, most Windows Mobile devices
come with a stylus pen, which is used to enter commands by tapping it on the screen.[3] Microsoft
announced a completely new phone platform, Windows Phone 7, at the Mobile World Congress
in Barcelona on February 15, 2010. Phones running Windows Mobile 6.x will not be
upgradeable to version 7.[4]
Windows Mobile's share of the Smartphone market has fallen year-on-year,[5] decreasing 20% in
Q3 2009.[6] It is the 5th most popular smartphone operating system, with a 5% share of the
worldwide smartphone market (after Symbian, BlackBerry OS, Android and iPhone).[7] In the
United States, it is the 3rd most popular smartphone operating system for business use (after
BlackBerry OS and iPhone), with a 24% share among enterprise users.[8] Microsoft is phasing out
Windows Mobile to specialized markets, such as rugged devices, and focusing on its new mobile
platform, Windows Phone 7.[2]

Contents
[hide]

1 Common features

2 Hardware
o 2.1 Windows Mobile Classic devices (Pocket PC)
o 2.2 Windows Mobile Smartphones

3 Version history
o 3.1 Pocket PC 2000
o 3.2 Pocket PC 2002
o 3.3 Windows Mobile 2003
o 3.4 Windows Mobile 2003 SE
o 3.5 Windows Mobile 5
o 3.6 Windows Mobile 6
o 3.7 Windows Mobile 6.1

o 3.8 Windows Mobile 6.5

o 3.9 Windows Mobile 6.5.1
o 3.10 Windows Mobile 6.5.3
o 3.11 Windows Mobile 6.5.5

4 Successor
o 4.1 Windows Phone 7

5 Microsoft Kin

6 Naming conventions

7 Market share
o 7.1 History
o 7.2 Possible trends

8 Software development

9 Criticism

10 See also

11 References

12 External links

[edit] Common features

Windows Mobile for Pocket PC carries these standard features in most of its versions:

Today Screen shows the current date, owner information, upcoming appointments, e-mail
messages, and tasks. (Is now Home screen in later WM6.5 builds)

The taskbar shows the current time and the volume.

Office Mobile a suite of Mobile versions of Microsoft Office applications

Outlook Mobile comes with Windows Mobile.

Internet Explorer Mobile is an Internet browser developed by Microsoft for Pocket PC

and Handheld PC that comes loaded by default with Windows Mobile and Windows CE
for Handheld PC.

Windows Media Player for Windows Mobile.

Client for PPTP VPNs.

Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) which in mobile phones allows attached computers to
share internet connections via USB and Bluetooth.

Coherent file system similar to that of Windows 9x/Windows NT and support for many of
the same file types.

Ability to multitask.

[edit] Hardware
See also: List of Windows Mobile devices
There are three versions of Windows Mobile for various hardware devices:[9]

Windows Mobile Professional runs on (smartphones) with touchscreens

Windows Mobile Standard runs on phones with regular screens

Windows Mobile Classic which runs on 'Windows Mobile Classic devices' (Pocket
PCs).

An O2 Pocket PC phone

A Smartphone (T-Mobile Dash)

[edit] Windows Mobile Classic devices (Pocket PC)

[edit] Windows Mobile Smartphones

[edit] Version history

[edit] Pocket PC 2000

Typical Pocket PC 2000 Today Screen.

Pocket PC 2000, originally codenamed "Rapier",[11] was released on April 19, 2000, and was
based on Windows CE 3.0. It was the debut of what was later dubbed the Windows Mobile
operating system, and meant to be a successor to the operating system aboard Palm-Size PCs.
Backwards compatibility was retained with such Palm-Size PC applications. Pocket PC 2000
was intended mainly for Pocket PC devices, however several Palm-Size PC devices had the
ability to be updated as well. In addition, several Pocket PC 2000 phones were released, however
Microsoft's "Smartphone" hardware platform was not yet created. The only resolution supported
by this release was 240 x 320 (QVGA). Removable storage card formats that were supported
were CompactFlash and MultiMediaCard. At this time Pocket PC devices had not been
standardized with a specific CPU architecture. As a result, Pocket PC 2000 was released on
multiple CPU architectures; SH-3, MIPS, and ARM.
Aesthetically, the original Pocket PC operating system was similar to Windows 98, Windows
Me, and Windows 2000 operating systems.
Features/built-in applications for Pocket PC 2000 included the following:[12]

Pocket Office
o Pocket Word
o Pocket Excel
o Pocket Outlook

Pocket Internet Explorer

Windows Media Player

Microsoft Reader

Microsoft Money

Notes, a note taking application

Character recognition support

Infrared (IR) File beaming capability

[edit] Pocket PC 2002

Typical Pocket PC 2002 Today Screen.

Enhanced UI with theme support

Spell checker and Word count tool in Pocket Word

Savable downloads and WAP in Pocket Internet Explorer

Virtual Private Networking support

Synchronization of folders

MSN Messenger

Terminal Services

Windows Media Player 8 with streaming capability

Microsoft Reader 2

Palm OS support for file beaming

Improved Pocket Outlook

Digital rights management (DRM) support in Microsoft Reader

[edit] Windows Mobile 2003

Typical Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Today Screen

Support for add-on keyboards

Enhanced communications interface with Bluetooth device management

Bluetooth file beaming support

Bluetooth headset support

Pictures application with viewing, cropping, e-mail, and beaming support

Jawbreaker game

Enhanced Pocket Outlook with vCard and vCal support

Improved Pocket Internet Explorer

Windows Media Player 9.0 with streaming optimization

SMS reply options for Phone Edition

MIDI file support as ringtones in Phone Edition

[edit] Windows Mobile 2003 SE

Portrait and Landscape switching for Pocket PCs

Single-Column layout in Pocket Internet Explorer

VGA (640480), 176220, 240x240, 480x480 Screen resolution

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) support

[edit] Windows Mobile 5

Typical Windows Mobile 5.0 for Pocket PC Today Screen

Windows Mobile 5.0 included Microsoft Exchange Server "push" functionality

improvements that worked with Exchange 2003 SP2.[20] The "push" functionality also
required vendor/device support[21] With AKU2 software upgrades all WM 5.0 devices
supported DirectPush.

With Windows Mobile 5.0, OS updates were released as Adaptation kit upgrades. AKU
3.5 is the most recent release for WM 5.0.

Further new features and built-in applications included:

New version of Office called "Office Mobile"

o PowerPoint Mobile
o Graphing capability in Excel Mobile

o Tables and graphics insertion in Word Mobile

Windows Media Player 10 Mobile

Photo Caller ID

DirectShow support

Picture and Video package, which converged the management of videos and pictures

Enhanced Bluetooth support

Global Positioning System (GPS) management interface

Default QWERTY keyboard-support

Error reporting facility similar to that present in desktop and server Windows systems

ActiveSync 4.2 with 15% increased synchronization speed

[edit] Windows Mobile 6

Windows Mobile 6.1 Standard Today Screen

the Orange's SPV E650,[24] while Windows Mobile 6 Professional was first offered on the O2's
Xda Terra.[25] Aesthetically, Windows Mobile 6 was meant to be similar in design to the then
newly released Windows Vista. Functionally, it works much like Windows Mobile 5, but with
much better stability.
New features/built-in applications include the following:[26]

320x320 and 800x480 (WVGA) screen resolution support (The S01SH or "Em One" by
Sharp was the first and only device to have a 800x480 screen on WM5)[27]

Office Mobile support for Smartphones

Operating System Live Update[28]

Improved Remote Desktop access[29] (Available for only certain Pocket PCs)[30]

VoIP (Internet calling) support with AEC (Acoustic Echo Cancelling) and MSRT Audio
Codec

Windows Live for Windows Mobile[31]

Customer Feedback option[32]

Enhanced Microsoft Bluetooth Stack

Storage Card Encryption (encryption keys are lost if device is cold-booted).

Smartfilter for searching within programs

Improved Internet Sharing

HTML email support in Outlook Mobile

Search ability for contacts in an Exchange Server Address Book

AJAX, JavaScript, and XMLDOM support on Internet Explorer Mobile

Out of Office Replies with Microsoft Exchange 2007

Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) support for select operators

Server Search on Microsoft Exchange 2007

.NET Compact Framework v2 SP2 Preinstalled in ROM

Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Compact Edition Preinstalled in ROM

OneNote Mobile as a companion to Microsoft Office OneNote

Office Mobile 6.1 announced[33] with support for Office 2007 document formats (pptx,
docx, xlsx).

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.1

Windows Mobile 6.1 Professional Today Screen

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.5

A screenshot of the Windows Mobile 6.5 Today Screen, 'Titanium'

Windows Mobile 6.5 was never part of Microsoft's mobile phone roadmap, and has been
described by its chief executive, Steve Ballmer, as "not the full release [Microsoft] wanted" until
the multi-touch enabled Windows Mobile 7 (now replaced by Windows Phone 7) arrives in 2010.
[37]
Version 6.5 is an upgrade to Windows Mobile 6.1 that was released to manufacturers on May
11, 2009, and the first devices running the operating system debuted in late October '09.[38] This
incremental update includes some significant new added features, such as a revamped GUI, new
today screen with vertically scrollable labels (called 'Titanium'); though is generally regarded as
a minor upgrade.[39] It also includes the new Internet Explorer Mobile 6 browser, which has an
improved interface over previous versions.[40]
Microsoft unveiled this version at the 2009 Mobile World Congress in February,[41] and several
devices now run this Windows Mobile version,[42] those devices running Windows Mobile 6.5
onwards are marketed as "Windows phones". Along with Windows Mobile 6.5, Microsoft
announced several Cloud computing services codenamed "SkyBox","SkyLine","SkyMarket".[43]
"SkyBox" has been confirmed as My Phone,[44] while "SkyMarket" has been confirmed as
Windows Marketplace for Mobile.[45] Some aspects of the user interface have been redesigned
with the home screen resembling that of Microsoft's Zune player and the sliding panel interface
of Windows Mobile 6.1 Standard. This version was designed mainly for easier finger usage.[46][47]
Whilst this version of Windows Mobile does not natively support capacitive screens, mobile
manufacturers have been able to successfully implement it on their devices [48]
Several phones currently running Windows Mobile 6.1 are updatable to Windows Mobile 6.5.[49]

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.5.1

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.5.3

A Screenshot of the Windows Phone 6.5.3 Today Screen 'Titanium' (notice the new location of
the start button)
On February 2, 2010, the Sony Ericsson Aspen with Windows Mobile 6.5.3 was officially
announced, making it the first Windows Phone 6.5.3 smartphone.[56] Since November 2009,
several 6.5.3 builds had leaked (28nnn) and had been unofficially ported to some Windows
Phones.
Windows Mobile 6.5.3 brings a more finger-friendly user interface with several new ease of use
features such as support for multitouch, complete touch control i.e. no need for a stylus, and drag
and drop start menu icons. Touchable tiles now replace soft keys."[57] Internet Explorer Mobile 6
has also received some major updates including decreased page load time, improved memory
management and gesture smoothing.[58]
Additional features of newer Windows Mobile 6.5.3 builds include threaded email and Office
Mobile 2010.[58]

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.5.5

[edit] Successor
[edit] Windows Phone 7
Main article: Windows Phone 7

The Start screen of Windows Phone 7

Microsoft had originally planned to continue the Windows Mobile line to Windows Mobile 7,
based on an upgrade to the Windows Mobile platform, codenamed Photon. The original Photon
and Windows Mobile 7 have since been scrapped, however, Microsoft decided to create a new
mobile OS platform and officially announced Windows Phone 7 Series in its place.[60] Microsoft
has since renamed the operating system from Windows Phone 7 Series to Windows Phone 7.[61]
Windows Phone 7 was initially intended to be released during 2009, but several delays, likely
due to the move away from Photon and to building an entirely different and new platform,
prompted Microsoft to develop Windows Mobile 6.5 as an interim release. During the Mobile
World Congress 2010 in Barcelona, Microsoft revealed details of Windows Phone 7, which
features a new operating system and integration with Xbox Live and Zune services.[62]
Phones currently running Windows Mobile 6.x will not be upgradeable to Windows Phone 7.[63]

[edit] Microsoft Kin

to be based on Windows Phone 7. However, due to delays with the latter, it was built directly
upon Windows CE. It will feature the Zune marketplace, and uses XNA as a game platform.[67]
The platform was aimed at producing phones designed for users who are heavily into social
networking and instant messaging.[68] The technology acquired from Danger Hiptop has been
described as a family of mobile devices running a bespoke operating system as part of a client
server system that is then licenced to mobile carriers.[69]
Microsoft debuted two new handsets based on Microsoft Kin, codenamed Turtle and Pure,
possibly to debut at the Consumer Electronics Show.[70] The Microsoft designed phones were
manufactured by Sharp and co-branded.[71] According to the MobileTechWorld website, Microsoft
Kin is a software service running on top of Windows Phone 7 devices.[72] Microsoft announced
the discontinuation of the KIN line on June 30, 2010, only six weeks after it was launched.[73]

[edit] Naming conventions

Pocke
Windows Windows Windows
Pocket
Windows
t PC
Mobile Mobile Mobile
PC 2002
Mobile 6
2000
2003
2003 SE
5.0
Pocket PC
Windows
Windows
Pocke
Windows
(Without
Pocket PC Mobile
Mobile
t PC
N/A
Mobile 6
Mobile
2002
2003 for
5.0 for
2000
Classic
Phone)
Pocket PC
Pocket PC
Pocke
Windows Windows Windows
Pocket PC t PC Pocket PC Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Windows
(With 2000 2002
2003 for 2003 SE 5.0 for
Mobile 6
Mobile Phone Phone
Pocket PC for Pocket Pocket PC Profession
Phone) Editio Edition Phone
PC Phone Phone
al
n
Edition Edition Edition
Windows
Smartpho
Windows
Windows
Mobile
ne
Mobile
Mobile
Windows
Smartpho
2003 SE
(Without N/A
2003 for
5.0 for
Mobile 6
ne 2002
for
Touch
Smartpho
Smartpho Standard
Smartpho
Screen)
ne
ne
ne

Windows Windows
Mobile
Mobile
6.1
6.5
Windows
Mobile 6.1 N/A
Classic
Windows Windows
Mobile 6.1 Mobile 6.5
Profession Profession
al
al

Windows Windows
Mobile 6.1 Mobile 6.5
Standard Standard

Other: Windows Mobile for Automotive 1.0, Windows Mobile software for Portable Media
Centers

[edit] Market share

[edit] History

A Ford Territory with Windows Mobile advertising seen in Auckland, New Zealand in 2008.
Windows Mobile's share of the smartphone market has been in decline year-on-year. Gartner
research data showed that while the total smartphone industry grew 27% between 2008 and
2009, Windows Mobile's share of the smartphone market fell 2.7% in that same period.[5]
In 2004, Windows Mobile accounted for 23% of worldwide smartphone sales.[74] By 2008, its
share had dropped to 14%.[75] Microsoft licensed Windows Mobile to four out of the world's five
largest mobile phone manufacturers, with Nokia being the exception.[76]
Although Microsoft apparently has 50 handset partners,[77] 80% of the 50 million Windows
Mobile devices made have been built by one contract manufacturing group, HTC, which makes
handsets for several major companies under their brands, as well as under its own brand.[78]
In February 2009 Microsoft signed a deal with the third largest mobile phone maker, LG
Electronics, to license Windows Mobile OS on 50 upcoming LG smartphone models.[79] But in
September, 2009, Palm, Inc. announced it would drop Windows Mobile from its smartphone
line-up.[80] An October 2009 report in DigiTimes said that Acer will shift its focus from Windows
Mobile to Google Android.[81]
Windows Mobile used to be the most popular handset for business use, but 2009 saw this
position depreciate. An InformationWeek survey found that 24% of planned business
deployments of mobile application were for Windows Mobile, putting it in 3rd place, behind
Blackberry (61%) and iPhone (27%).[8]
In October, 2009, Gartner predicted that by 2012, Windows Mobile will remain the 4th most
popular smartphone platform during the rise of Android only due to BlackBerry falling from 2nd
to 5th.[82] The New York Times said that cellular telephone manufacturers are moving away from
Windows Mobile, and instead shifting towards Android and Microsoft's new mobile platform,
Windows Phone 7.[83] Taiwan's Intelligence & Consulting Institute (MIC) predicted that
Android's popularity may force Microsoft to reduce the Windows Mobile licensing fees it
charges handset makers, in order to reduce further market share losses.[84]
Windows Mobile's loss of market share became more rapid in Q3 2009. It suffered a 20% drop in
Q3 compared to the previous quarter, at a time when total smartphone sales with all operating
systems rose 13%. Gartner estimated that in Q3, 2009, Windows Mobile share of worldwide
smartphone sales was 7.9%.[6]

Samsung announced in November 2009 that it will phase out the Windows Mobile platform,[85] to
concentrate on its own Bada operating system, as well as Google's Android and Microsoft's new
mobile platform, Windows Phone 7.[86]

[edit] Possible trends

In late 2009, many industry analysts and media reports began to express concerns about the
future viability of the Windows Mobile platform, and whether Microsoft will keep supporting it
into the future.
ZDnet said that "for all practical purposes, Windows Mobile is a dead platform",[87] while CNET
said "Windows Mobile has now been relegated resolutely to has-been status."[88]
ABI Research said: "Heading into 2010, the momentum (for Windows Mobile) has
dissipated."[89]
Gartner analysts questioned whether Windows Mobile had a future beyond version 7, due to its
poor performance and falling market share. However, Gartner said that while Windows Mobile
may be discontinued for consumer-focused smartphones, it still had a future in specialized
industrial applications, such as for ruggedized devices used in warehousing and delivery trucks.
[89]
Gartner said that Windows Mobile 7 could be "the last throw of the dice."[90]
Analysts J.Gold Associates said in BusinessWeek that Microsoft will likely exit the mobile
operating system market sometime between 2010 and 2011, saying "There are better ways for
Microsoft to make money from smartphones than to keep investing in a mobile operating system
that's losing share and relevance."[91]
The New York Times reported that Windows Mobile "is foundering", as cellphone makers desert
it in favor of Google's Android phone platform.[83] It cited the difficulties in Microsoft's business
model, which involves charging handset manufacturers up to $25 for each copy of Windows
Mobile, while rival Google gives away Android for free.[92]
The Washington Post said Windows Mobile is "bleeding market share in the space, and the future
looks grim." It said that Google is using Android to "kill" Windows Mobile.[93]
In February 2010 Microsoft announced a new mobile operating system platform: Windows
Phone 7. It has been built from scratch and bears no resemblance to its predecessors. It was
released on October 21, 2010 in Europe and is scheduled for a November 8 release in the United
States.

[edit] Software development

writing native code with Visual C++, writing Managed code that works with the .NET Compact
Framework, or Server-side code that can be deployed using Internet Explorer Mobile or a mobile
client on the user's device. The .NET Compact Framework is actually a subset of the .NET
Framework and hence shares many components with software development on desktop clients,
application servers, and web servers which have the .NET Framework installed, thus integrating
networked computing space (a.k.a. "The Cloud").[94]
Microsoft typically releases Windows Phone Software Development Kits (SDKs) that work in
conjunction with their Visual Studio development environment. These SDKs include emulator
images for developers to test and debug their applications while writing them. Microsoft also
distributes Visual Studio 2008 / 2005 Professional Editions, and server / database counterparts to
students as downloads free of charge via its DreamSpark program.[95]
Developer communities have used the SDK to port later versions of Windows Mobile OS to
older devices and making the OS images available for free, thus providing the devices with the
current feature set. Microsoft has tolerated this procedure for some time but decided in February
2007 to ask developers to take their OS images off the net, which in turn raised discussions.[96] At
the same time Microsoft offered upgrades to Windows Mobile 6 versions to manufacturers for
free.[97]
Lazarus, Lexico, NS Basic and Basic4ppc provide an alternative development environment; they
allow for development on the desktop, which is then downloaded to the device. NS Basic and
Basic4ppc[98] allow for development on the actual device itself.
Some 3rd party development tools such as Basic4ppc use the .NET Compact Framework. This
has been possible only for the last couple years. Prior to the release of Windows Mobile 2003,
third-party software was developed using Microsoft's eMbedded Visual Tools, eMbedded Visual
Basic (eVB) and eMbedded Visual C (eVC).[99] eVB programs can usually be converted fairly
easily to NS Basic/CE.[100] or to Basic4ppc.
There is also a GCC port called CeGCC. For scripting language, there is a Python port named
PythonCE and a Tcl-Tk port called eTcl. It can be used to develop applications on Windows
Mobile phone itself.
Satellite Forms is a RAD tool that can produce Windows Phone compatible applications that use
an RDK runtime engine. Extension libraries extend the functionality for various hardware.
On 5 July 2009, Microsoft opened a third-party application distribution service called Windows
Marketplace for Mobile.[101]

Windows Mobile does not allow users to view file extensions of unknown file types,
although third-party software is available to do this.

The interface of Windows Mobile 6.5 shows jarring inconsistencies, with some
applications requiring the user to hold a Stylus to make them operate.[103]

Many Windows Mobile business applications were designed for a stylus-pen input, and
are difficult or impossible to use on a capacitative multi-touch screen.[104]

Unlike Windows for desktop computers, the Windows Mobile operating system cannot be
upgraded by the user. Upgrades can only be supplied by telephone service providers or
hardware providers. As this requires considerable resource to produce a custom upgrade
for each device, generates no income (upgrades have not been chargeable), and extends
the life of older equipment instead of encouraging purchase of new, Windows Mobile
upgrades are rarely released.[105] However, expert users have developed unofficial,
sometimes modified, firmware; this unofficial firmware, or newer Windows Mobile or
Phone firmware intended for other devices with the risk of possible incompatibility, can
be installed if available with flashing software.

[edit] See also

ActiveSync

Adaptation kit upgrade

Handheld PC

List of Windows Mobile devices

Windows Phone 7

Microsoft data loss 2009

Microsoft Office Mobile

Windows Mobile Device Center

Radio Interface Layer

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80. ^ "Palm dumps Windows Mobile". The Inquirer. 18 September 2009.
http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1534016/palm-dumps-windows-mobile.
Retrieved 18 September 2009.
81. ^ "Acer to shift focus to Android smartphones". DigiTimes. 2 October 2009.
http://www.digitimes.com/news/a20091002PD211.html.
82. ^ "Android to grab No. 2 spot by 2012, says Gartner". ComputerWorld. 6 October 2009.
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9139026/Android_to_grab_No._2_spot_by_201
2_says_Gartner.
83. ^ a b Saul Hansell (25 October 2009). "Big Cellphone Makers Shifting to Android
System". The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/technology/26android.html.
84. ^ "Android Shippments to Top 32 Million Units in 2013". Softpedia. 23 October 2009.
http://news.softpedia.com/news/Android-Shippments-to-Top-32-Million-Units-in-2013125136.shtml.
85. ^ "Samsung to Discard Windows Phone". Telecoms Korea. 9 November 2009.
http://www.telecomskorea.com/market-8281.html.

86. ^ "Samsung mobile platform to challenge Google's Android". The Korea Herald. 10
November 2009.
http://www.koreaherald.co.kr/NEWKHSITE/data/html_dir/2009/11/11/200911110032.as
p.
87. ^ Jason Perlow (8 November 2009). "In Smartphone Wars, Darwinism Triumphs Over
Intelligent Design". ZDNet. http://blogs.zdnet.com/perlow/?p=11516.
88. ^ Brooke Crothers (8 November 2009). "First iPhone, now Droid. Who needs
Windows?". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10392926-92.html?
tag=col1;post-11516.
89. ^ a b Matt Hamblen (26 October 2009). "Windows Mobile worries mount as competition
heats up". ComputerWorld.
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9139841/Windows_Mobile_worries_mount_as_
competition_heats_up?taxonomyId=75&pageNumber=1.
90. ^ "Microsoft, Nokia team up to put Office on smartphones". Computer Business Review.
9 August 2009.
http://www.cbronline.com/news/microsoft_nokia_team_up_to_put_office_on_smartphon
es_090812.
91. ^ Jack Gold (9 August 2009). "Microsoft's Windows Mobile: Time to Hang Up?".
BusinessWeek.
http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2009/tc2009087_110164.htm.
92. ^ Saul Hansell (26 October 2009). "Microsoft, Google and the Bear". The New York
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93. ^ Siegler, MG (26 October 2009). "The Problem With iPhone Killers?". The Washington
Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2009/10/26/AR2009102600648.html. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
94. ^ Differences Between the .NET Compact Framework and the .NET Framework
95. ^ Microsoft Gives Students Access to Technical Software at No Charge to Inspire
Success and Make a Difference
96. ^ xda-developers: ROM image archive will be taken down
97. ^ downloadsquad: Windows Mobile 6 free to PDA manufacturers
98. ^ Anywhere Software, Basic4ppc
99. ^ Learn Windows Mobile: Overview. Microsoft. Retrieved 5 October 2007.

100.
^ "Tech Note 25: eVB2NSB". Nsbasic.com. 2009-09-21.
http://www.nsbasic.com/ce/info/technotes/TN25.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
101.
^ "Windows Mobile app store starts with just 34 apps". Electronista. 5 October
2009.
http://www.electronista.com/articles/09/10/05/windows.marketplace.for.mobile.launches/
.
102.
^ "HTC HD2 Leo lacks universal multi-touch". KnowYourMobile. 25 September
2009.
http://www.knowyourmobile.com/blog/326530/htc_hd2_leo_lacks_universal_multitouch.
html.
103.
^ "Windows Mobile 6.5 UI a big improvement; more work needed". Ars
Technica. 16 February 2009. http://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2009/02/ballmerwindows-mobile-65-phones-are-just-windows-phones.ars. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
104.
^ a b "HTC HD2 Review: The best smartphone ever?". MobileTechWorld. 18
December 2009. http://www.mobiletechworld.com/2009/12/18/htc-hd2-review-the-bestsmartphone-ever/comment-page-1/. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
105.
^ "Windows Mobile Update Story Gets Better". InformationWeek. 25 September
2009.
http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2009/09/windows_mobile_14.html
;jsessionid=F2NGQEOLSIUPLQE1GHRSKHWATMY32JVN. Retrieved 26 September
2009.
106.
^ "Nokia alliance may spell doom for Windows Mobile". Computerworld. 12
August 2009.
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9136601/Nokia_alliance_may_spell_doom_for_
Windows_Mobile?taxonomyId=15&pageNumber=1.
107.
^ "Motorola exec says Microsoft won't end Windows Mobile support". InfoWorld.
16 September 2009. http://www.infoworld.com/d/mobilize/motorola-exec-saysmicrosoft-wont-end-windows-mobile-support-904?source=rss_infoworld_news.
108.
^ "Ballmer: We 'screwed up with Windows Mobile'". Computerworld. 25
September 2009. http://news.idg.no/cw/art.cfm?id=F2F7C35E-1A64-67EAE4BC04F120F0B898.
109.
^ "Survey: Windows Mobile users 'have no idea' they use it". Seattle PostIntelligencer. 30 September 2009.
http://blog.seattlepi.com/microsoft/archives/180639.asp.

[edit] External links

Official UK site of Windows Phone

MSDN UK Windows Phone developer resource

Official site of Windows Phone

Windows Mobile Team Blog

Windows Mobile Developer portal

List of Windows Mobile Communities

xda-developers Forum

.Net CF Controls for Windows Mobile at http://beemobile4.net/

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Comparison of Android devices

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from List of Android devices)
Jump to: navigation, search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the
talk page.

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since June 2010.

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This page seeks to list and compare hardware devices that are shipped with either Google's
Android operating system or its OPhone derivative from China Mobile.

Contents
[hide]

1 Officially Released
o 1.1 Smartphones
o 1.2 Tablet computers
o 1.3 E-reader devices

o 1.4 Other devices

2 Future
o 2.1 Upcoming Android smartphones
o 2.2 Future tablet computers
o 2.3 Future e-reader devices
o 2.4 Other future devices

3 Unofficial and community ports

4 See also

5 References

[edit] Officially Released

The following are lists of devices that have been released with Google's Android operating
system installed. Multiple names for the same device would be entered in the same row where
applicable.

[edit] Smartphones
Relea
android.os.
Manufac Name
se Versi
Build.MOD
turer
Date on
EL
Acer Inc beTouc
h E110

1.5
Febru
ary
15,
2010

Display
2.8",
240x320
(QVGA,
portrait
mode)

Carrier

Notes

Connectivity
GSM850,
GSM900,
GSM1800,
GSM1900,
UMTS850,
UMTS1900,
CSD, GPRS,
EDGE, UMTS,
HSDPA,
HSUPA,
Bluetooth 2.0 +
EDR, GPS with

Liquid
Acer Inc A1
Liquid
(S100)

A-GPS
GSM850,
GSM900,
GSM1800,
GSM1900,
UMTS850,
UMTS1900,
CSD, GPRS,
EDGE, UMTS,
HSDPA,
HSUPA,
Bluetooth 2.0 +
EDR, Wi-Fi
802.11g, GPS
with A-GPS

Nove
mber
28,
1.6
2009
(UK)
[1]

Liquid
E

June
2.1
2010

Liquid
Acer Inc E
Ferrari

June
2.1
2010

Acer Inc

Acer Inc Liquid

Stream
S110

2.1 3.7 inch

Augus with AMOLED
t 2010 updat WVGA
e to

Smartphon
e with
Rogers underclock
Wireless ed
(Canada) 768 MHz
[2]
Snapdrago
n
processor[3]
A
customized
version of
Liquid E
with
Ferrari
visual
styling [4]
768 MHz
SnapDrago
n CPU,
3.5 inch
TFT
WVGA
capacitive
touch
screen,
5MP
camera.
1 GHz
SnapDrago
n CPU,
capacitive

2.2

Bluelans
Scipho
Commun
ne N19
ication

Nove
1.5
mber
2009

2.8",
240x320
(QVGA,
portrait
mode)

touch
screen,
5MP
camera
with 720p
video
recording,
HDMI
output
128 MB
ROM,
128 MB
RAM,
2 MP
camera[5][6]
[7][8][9][10]

Bluelans
SciPho
Commun
ne N21
ication

Nove
1.6
mber
2009

3", 240x400
(WQVGA,
portrait
mode)

Marvell
PXA 310
624 MHz
processor,
256 MB
ROM,
128 MB
RAM,
5 MP
camera.
Like the
DSTL1, it
is a
rebranded
Yuhua Tel
X2 [7][11][12]
[13]

Cherry
Mobile

Magnu A400
m HD

2.2
Octob
er 11,
2010

4.1"
(WVGA,
480x800)

1 GHz
GSM
Qualcomm 850/900/1800/1
Snapdrago 900 MHz,
n
HSDPA,
processor, EDGE, GPRS;
multiWi-Fi
touch,
(802.11b/g);
5MP
Bluetooth 2.1
camera+fro with A2DP
nt cam.
Stereo and
This is one EDR; A-GPS;
of the first FM Tuner,
Android 3.5 mm stereo

Cherry
Mobile

Nova A100

2.1
Octob
er 11,
2010

3.2"

phones of
Cherry
Mobile and
one of the
first
Philippine
Android
phone.
512 MB
audio jack
RAM.
2 GB
internal
memory
HDMI-D
type
Proximity
sensor/GSensor.
Qualcomm GSM
MSM 7227 850/900/1800/1
600 MHz 900 MHz,
processor. HSDPA,
MultiEDGE, GPRS;
touch,
Wi-Fi
5 MP
(802.11b/g);
camera+fro Bluetooth 2.1
nt cam.
with A2DP
This is one Stereo and
of the first EDR; A-GPS;
Android FM Tuner,
phones of 3.5 mm stereo
Cherry
audio jack,
Mobile and
of the first
Philippine
Android
phone. GSensor.
256 MB
RAM.
2 GB
internal
memory
and
expandable
to 32 GB.

CSL

CSL
Spice[14
]

Dell

Garmin

Augus 1.6
t 2010

3.2",
240x640
(HVGA,
portrait
mode),
capacitive

Dell
Nove
Mini 3, Dell Mini 3
1.5
mber
Mini 3i
2009

3.5",
360x640
(nHD,
portrait
mode)

June
9,
1.6
2010

3.5",
320x480
(HVGA,
portrait
mode)

Garmi
nfone

Geeks
Febru
GeeksPh
Geeksphone
Phone
ary
1.6
one
ONE
[1
One
2010
5]

3.2",
320240
(WQVGA)

Proximity
sensor/GSensor.
First
Malaysian
mobile
phone to
run
Android
OS
China
Mobile
China
using the
Mobile,
OPhone
AT&T
OS, and
(USA),
AT&T is
Claro
using
(Brazil)
Android
OS
Qualcomm
MSM7227,
4 GB
Flash,
256 MB
SDRAM,
T-Mobile 256 MB
USA
ROM,
microSD,
3 MP
Camera,
Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth,
GPS
528 MHz
ARM11
processor,
GPS, and
3.1 MP
camera.[16]
[17][18][19]

General Genera
Mobile l
Mobile
DSTL1
Imagin
ary

1.6
Augus
t 2009

First
mobile
phone on
the market
that
supports

both dual
SIM
technology
and
Android
platform.
Rebranded
Yuhua Tel
X2
Highscre PP542
en
0

July
11,
2009
(Russi
a)

HKC

HKC
Pearl

2009

HKC

HKC
Imobil
e v413

2009

HTC
HTC
Corporati Aria
on

HTC Liberty June 2.1

20,
with
2010 HTC
Sense
UI

Formerly
Windows
Mobile
phone[20]

3.2",
320x480
(HVGA,
portrait
mode)

AT&T

Claims to
dual-boot
Windows
Mobile 6.1
and
Android. It
is an HTC
clone
device.[21]
An
Android
phone
which is a
clone of
the HTC
Touch.[22]
A midGSM
range
850/900/1800/1
AT&T
900 MHz,
exclusive, HSDPA,
running on EDGE, GPRS;
Android Wi-Fi
2.1 with (802.11b/g);
HTC
Bluetooth 2.1
Sense; uses with A2DP
600 MHz Stereo and
MSM 7227 EDR; A-GPS;
processor, FM Tuner,
5 MP
3.5 mm stereo
Camera; audio jack,
Similar to micro-USB
HTC

HTC
HTC
Corporati
Desire
on

2.1/2. 3.7",
2 with 480x800
March
HTC (WGA,
26,
Sense portrait
2010
UI
mode)

HTC
HTC HTC+Dream
1.0 3.2",
Corporati Dream, TOctob throu 320x480
on
TMobile+G1 er 22, gh 2.1 (HVGA,
Mobile Era+G1
2008
portrait
G1,
mode)
Era G1

Legend
U.S.
Cellular,
Vodafone
,
T-Mobile
UK,
Virgin,
Telus
Europe/Asia
Mobility Similar to
Pacific:
(Canada), Nexus One
HSPA/WCDM
O2,
but adds
A:
Orange, HTC's
900/2100 MHz
Three,
Sense UI,
or
Telstra Optical
850/2100 MHz
(Australia trackpad
(Telstra
),
and Hard
Australia);
Mobitel buttons but
GSM:
(Slovenia does not
850/900/1800/1
),
have dual
900 MHz; WiPlay
microphon
Fi (802.11b/g);
Mobile, es as the
Bluetooth 2.1
Softbank Nexus
with EDR;
(Japan), One.
Micro USB
Meteor
(Ireland),
SK
Telecom
(S.Korea)
,
SFR
(France)
T-Mobile The first Wi-Fi
USA,
phone on (802.11b/g),
T-Mobile the market Bluetooth
UK,
to use the 2.0+EDR,
Telefnic Android ExtUSB, Aa,
platform. GPS Quad
T-Mobile [23][24] The band GSM 850
(German phone is 900 1800 850
y),
part of an 900 1800 850
Singtel open
900 1800 850
Singapor standards 900 1800
e,
effort of 1900 MHz
Rogers the Open GPRS/EDGE
Wireless Handset Dual band

HTC
HTC HTC+Hero July
Corporati Hero, HERO200 2009
on
HTC T(Euro
Droid Mobile+G2+ pe,
Eris, Touch
Asia,
TERA+G2+T Canad
Mobile ouch
a)
G2
Touch
Octob
er
2009
(US)

1.5,
2.1
with
HTC
Sense
UI

3.2",
320x480
(HVGA,
portrait
mode)

(Canada),
MTN
Group
UMTS 1700
(South
2100 MHz
Alliance.[25]
Africa), [26]
HSDPA/HSUP
Era
A (US/Europe)
(Poland),
(7.2/2 Mbit/s)
SFR
(France)
Meteor The Hero Wi-Fi
(Ireland), has two
(802.11b/g),
Optimus design
Bluetooth
(Portugal versions.T 2.0+EDR,
),
he original ExtUSB, ASprint
design is GPS GSM
Nextel similar
version: Quad
(USA), form factor band GSM
T-Mobile to the
850; 900;
UK,
Magic, the 1,800; and
T-Mobile U.S.
1,900 MHz
(German release
GPRS/EDGE,
y),
design is and Dual band
Orange more
UMTS 900;
Mobile, curved at and 2,100 MHz
Telecom the edges HSPA
Italia
and has the (Europe), or
Mobile controversi Dual band
(Brazil), al "chin" UMTS 850;
Telus
removed. and 1,900 MHz
Mobility Both use HSPA (North
(Canada), HTC's
America)
Singtel customized CDMA
Singapor UI called version: Dual
e,
HTC Sense band
Swissco which
CDMA2000/E
m
looks
V-DO Rev. A
(Switzerl considerabl 800; and
and),
y different 1,900 MHz
Starhub compared
Singapor to HTC
e,
Dream and
Mobitel Magic
(Slovenia phones.[27]
[28]
),
Play
Mobile,

Orange
(France),
MTS,
Verizon
Wireless
(USA),
Orange
(Spain)

HTC
Droid
Corporati Incredi ADR6300
on
ble

2.12.2
April
with
29,
HTC
2010
Sense
UI

HTC
HTC
Corporati
Legend
on

2.1
with
March
HTC
16,
Sense
2010
UI

HTC
HTC HTC+Magic April 1.5Corporati Magic, HTC+Sapph 27,
1.6
on
HTC ire
2009- 2.2.1

Successor
to the HTC
Droid Eris;
CDMA2000/E
sports an
V-DO Rev. A;
8.0 MP
Wi-Fi
camera
(802.11b/g)
with dual
(802.11n is also
flash LED,
supported with
3.7",
FM radio
2.2 update);
480x800
tuner, and
Bluetooth 2.1
(WGA,
Verizon 8 GB
with A2DP
portrait
Wireless onboard
Stereo and
mode),
(USA)[29] flash
EDR; A-GPS;
AMOLED or
memory.
FM Tuner,
SLCD
3.7"
3.5 mm stereo
AMOLED
audio jack,
or SLCD
micro-USB,
screen,
Mobile Wi-Fi
native
(with 2.2
resolution
update)
of
480x800px
.
Wi-Fi (802.11
Vodafone
b/g), Bluetooth
exclusive
v2.1 + EDR
,
Announced
3.2",
with Enhanced
SFR,
at Mobile
320x480
Data Rate,
Bell
World
(HVGA,
GSM 850 900
(Canada), Congress
portrait
1800
Mobitel 2010 in
mode),
1900 MHz
(Slovenia Barcelona.
AMOLED
HSPA/WCDM
[30]
),
A 900
Meteor
2100 MHz,
(Ireland)
GPS
3.2",
NTT
Similar to
320x480
Docomo, the Dream
(HVGA,
T-Mobile but without

Sapphi
July
re,
28,
TT2009
Mobile Mobile+my
(depen
myTou Touch+3G
ding
ch 3G, Docomo+HT
on
docom -03A
countr
o HTy)
03A

HTC
HTC HTC+Tattoo
1.6[33]
Corporati Tattoo
Octob
on
er 19,
2009

portrait
mode)

2.8",
240x320
(QVGA,
portrait
mode)

USA,
Vodafone
Germany,
Vodafone
(Australia
),
Vodafone
(New
Zealand),
Vodafone
Portugal,
the slideVodafone
out
UK,
keyboard,
Vodafone
instead
Spain,
using an
Vodafone
on-screen
Italy,
keyboard.
Singtel
HTC
Singapor
branded
e,
Magic
Rogers
(32A
Wireless
version)
(Canada),
can
SFR,
officially
TMN
get the
(Portugal
HTC Sense
),
user
Orange
interface.
Polska, [31][32]
Telecom
Italia
Mobile,
Vodafone
Egypt,
Vodacom
(South
Africa),
Saudi
Telecom
Company
unlocked, A lower[34]
end
Vodafone Android
Portugal phone,
includes
the HTC

HTC
HTC
Corporati Evo
on
4G

PC36100

June 2.2
4,
with
2010 HTC
Sense
UI

4.3",
480x800
(WGA,
portrait
mode),
217ppi

Sprint
Nextel

Sense UI,
similar
form factor
to the
Magic. A
3.2MP
camera.[35]
A high-end
Android
phone,
includes
the HTC
Sense UI,
similar
form factor
to the
Droid
Incredible
and HTC
HD2.
Contains
many
advanced
phone
features,
including
an 8 MP
rear facing
camera
along with
a 1.3 MP
front
facing
camera.[36]
The Evo
4G is
currently
(as of
5/22/10)
the only
phone to
offer 4G
internet
access
(Currently
using

Clearwire
WiMAX).

3.7",
480x800
HTC
Google
Januar
(WGA,
Corporati Nexus Nexus+One
2.2.1
y 5,
portrait
on
One
2010
mode),
252ppi

Desire
HD,
HTC
TCorporati
HTC Ace
Mobile
on
myTou
ch 4G

2.2
Septe
with
mber
Sense
15,
2
2010

4.3",
480x800
(WVGA,
portrait
mode),
252ppi

Desire
HTC
Z,
Corporati Ton
Mobile
G2

Q4
2.2
2010

3.7"
SuperLCD
800x480
WVGA

HTC

June 2.1

3.4",

myTou

T-Mobile
USA,
The first
Wind
phone to
Mobile(C be sold
anada), directly by
AT&T, Google,
Rogers the Nexus
(Canada), One was
Bell
initially
(Canada), available
Telus
exclusively
(Canada), online,
Videotron unlocked.
(Canada), It can now
Vodafone be bought
(coming on
Q2 2010) subsidized
Orange contract
France, with
KTF
various
(July 10, networks.
2010)
8 Mp
camera
Unlocked with HD
,
video
T-Mobile (720p),
USA
Wi-Fi
802.11 n
support
800 MHz
Qualcomm
Snapdrago
n
MSM7230, 900/2100MHz
Unlocked
5 MP
HSPA/WCDM
,
camera
A,
T-Mobile
with HD 850/900/1800/1
USA
video
900MHz GSM
(720p),
with the
New HTC
Sense
T-Mobile 5 MP

Corporati ch 3G
on
Slide

with
HTC
2,
Espre
2010 sso
Sense
UI

320x480
(HVGA,
portrait
mode)

USA

camera,
QWERTY
four row
keyboard,
and a
Swype onscreen
keyboard.
[37]

HTC
HTC
Corporati Wildfir
on
e

2.1
June with
14,
HTC
2010 Sense
UI

3.2",
240x320
(QVGA,
portrait
mode)

5 MP
autofocus
camera
with LED
T-Mobile
flash,
UK,
802.11b/g
3 UK,
Wi-Fi,
Vodafone
GPS/AGP
U.K.,
S,
Virgin
Blueooth
Mobile
2.1+EDR,
UK,
512 MB
O2
Flash and
Mobile
384 MB of
UK
RAM,
microSD
expansion[3
8]

TMobile
Pulse, Pulse
Huawei
U8220 U8220
CHT80
00
Huawei U8230 U8230

1.5
Octob (2.1
er
beta)
2009 [39]

Octob
1.5
er
2009

i-Mobile 6010
Kogan Agora
Technolo standar
gies
d/Pro

1.0
Octob
er 15,

T-Mobile
UK

[40][41][42]

Bouygues
Telecom,
TMN
(Portugal
)
3.0",
240x400
(WQVGA,
portrait
mode), TFT
2.5",
model
Pro
240x320
name is version: 2
(QVGA,
now used Megapixel

portrait
mode),
160ppi

2008

Lenovo

OPhon
e

Android, 3.7 Septe

LePho
Lenovo
custom
mber 2.1
ne
ophone
29,
2010

LG
Group
LG
Group

GW62
0 Eve,
Nove
GW62
LG-GW620 mber
0
5,
Linkm
2009
e
GT540 LG-GT540 May
Optim
31,
us,
2010
GT540
Swift

1.5

for
camera,
notebook Wi-Fi and
s
GPS
First
handset to
use the
OPhone
OS
platform
developed
China
by China
Mobile Mobile on
Android. It
supports
the local
TDSCDMA
3G
standard.[43]

AMOLED
Touchscreen
3.7 inches
(94 mm)
WVGA
(800x480)To
uchscreen
Type:
Capacitive

WCDMA/HSP
A:
850/1900/2100
MHz GSM:
850/900/1800/1
900 MHz
Rogers
Wireless
First LG
(Canada),
Android
T-Mobile,
phone.
Vodafone
[citation needed]

1.6,
upgad
eble
to 2.1

Orange
UK,
O2
(Ireland)

Smartphon
e with
3 MP
camera,
320 x 480
pixel
touchscree
n display,
3G
HSDPA,
Wi-Fi,
GPS,

Bluetooth,
a 3.5mm
headphone
s jack, and
MicroSD
card
support,[44]
LG
Group

KH520
0
March
LG-KH5200
1.6
Andro1,
1
2010

LG
Group

LU230
June
0
LG-LU2300 5,
1.6
Optim
2010
us Q

LG
Group

VS740
May
Ally, LG-VS740 20,
2.1
Aloha
2010

LG
Group

KU950
0
Q3
LG-SU950
2.1
Optim
2010
us Z

Motorola Charm

2.1

3.0",
320x480
Slide,
KTF
(HVGA,
QWERTY
(S.Korea)
portrait
Keypad
mode), LCD
Slide,
QWERTY
keuboard,
WVGA
AMOLED
touchscree
3.5",
n, 1 GHz
480x800
LG
CortexA8
(WVGA,
Telecom
CPU, 5MP
portrait
(S.Korea)
camera
mode), LCD
capable of
recording
720p
videos, and
Mobile TV
Tuner.[45]
3.2",
480x800
Verizon Slide,
(WVGA,
Wireless QWERTY
portrait
(USA) Keypad
mode), LCD
1 GHz
Qualcomm
Snapdrago
3.5",
n CPU,
480x800
5MP
(WVGA,
camera
portrait
capable of
mode),
recording
AMOLED,
720p
touchscreen
videos, and
Mobile TV
Tuner.
2.8",
T-Mobile, It is the

240x320
(QVGA,
portrait
mode)

Quenc
h,
CLIQ
XT,
Motorola
MB501
Motoro
la
MB50
1

Motorola

Milest Droid
one
(Verizon)

Motorola Droid DROIDX

Spinoff of
T-Mobile, Motorola
Rogers CLIQ,
Wireless without a
(Canada), physical
Optus
keyboard[47

1.5
(2.1
March
Not
17,
Yet
2010[4
Relea
6]
sed)

Nove
mber 2.06,
2.2[49]
[4
2009

July 2.2
15,
2010

first
Motorola
Android
phone to
feature the
updated
Telus
Motoblur
(Canada)
UI.
Processor:
Qualcomm
MSM7201
A
528 MHz.

3.7",
480x854
(FWVGA,
portrait
mode),
265ppi

4.3",
480x854
(FWVGA,
portrait
mode),
240ppi

Verizon
Wireless,
Arm
Telus
Cortex A8
Mobility
processor
(Canada),
underclock
SK
ed to save
Telecom
battery
(S.Korea)
(Clocked
,
@550Mhz
Cellcom
can reach
(Israel),
speeds of
O2
over 1Ghz
Germany,
with
True
appropriate
Move
kernel)
(Thailand
)
Verizon
CDMA
Wireless
800/1900 MHz
EVDO Rev. A,
802.11b/g/n,
Stereo
Bluetooth v2.1
+ EDR with
A2DP and

Droid
2,
Motorola Milest
one
2[50]

Augus
2.2
t 12,
2010

Motoro
Motorola
la i1

2010 1.5

Motorola Backfli MB300

p,
Motoro
la
MB30
0

1.5
March (2.1
7,
Not
2010[5 Relea
1][52]
sed
Yet)

3.7",
480x854
(FWVGA,
portrait
mode)

Verizon
Wireless

3.1",
240x320
(QVGA,
portrait
mode)

Boost
Mobile,
SprintNextel
AT&T
AT&T's
(USA), first
Telus
smartphon
(Canada), e running
Optus
Android.[53]
[54]
The
phone has
had
Google
search
replaced
by Yahoo!
search;
AT&T has
also preloaded its
own apps
that are
currently
not
removable,
and has
had the
capability
to install
apps via

AVRCP,
3.5mm TRRS
audio jack,
USB 2.0 HS,
OTA, HDMI,
Over the Air
Sync, PC Sync,
DLNA
3,7", 1 GHz
CPU, 512 MB
RAM, 8 GB
ROM, 8 GB
flash, microSD,
5 MP primary
camera

the web
browser
removed.
[55]
(Optus
versions
use
standard
google
search and
apps can
be
downloade
d by
through the
web
Browser).

Backfli
p,
Motorola Motoro ME600
la
ME600

Motorola Devour

Milest
Motorola one
XT701
XT701
Motorola

MOTO
MT710

Motorola XT720
,
Motoro
i

March
2010
(China 1.5
),
with
June Moto
22,
blur
2010
(Taiw
an)
1.6
March with
25,
Moto
2010 blur
May
11,
2010 2.1
(Taiw
an)
OPho
ne OS
1.5
2.1
Febru
ary
2010,
July
2010

Taiwan
version has
Chinese
physical
keyboard.

Verizon Formerly
Wireless the
(USA) Calgary.

China
Mobile

[56]

SK
8 MP
Telecom Camera(Fl
(S.Korea) ash),
,
HDMI, FM
T-Mobile Radio, TUSA,
DMB,
Wind
available
Mobile only in

Motorola XT800

(Canada),
Vidotron Korea
(Canada)
China
Telecom[5 [58]

2.0

Octob
er 7,
2009
(UK),
Motorola

CLIQ,
MB200
DEXT

[59]

T-Mobile
USA,
Orange
UK,
Orange
(France),
Bell
(Canada)

1.5

Octob
er 2,
2009
(US)

[61][62]

[60]

Motorola

Motoro
la Defy

Motoro
Motorola la
Flipout

Nexian

A980,
Journe
y

Pantech Sirius IM-A600S

Sky

Septe
2.1
mber
2010

3.7" 480 x
854

Septe
2.1
mber
2010

2.8" 320 x
240

July
2010
May 2.1
1,
2010

3.2",
320x480
(HVGA,
portrait
mode)
3.7",
480x800
(WVGA,
portrait
mode)

Telkomse
l
Released
Hutchiso
in
n 3G
Indonesia
(Indonesi
a)
SK
1 GHz
Telecom Snapdrago
(S.Korea) n
processor,
3.7"(WVG
A
480*800,
AMOLED)
, 5 MP
camera,
Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth,
GPS, and
microSD

expansion.
[63]

Pantech

Sirius
July
IM-A630K
2.1
Izar
2010

3.7",
480x800
(WVGA,
portrait
mode)

Qualcomm
MSM7227
(600 MHz)
,
3.2"(WVG
A
480*800,
LCD),
KTF
5 MP
(S.Korea)
camera(AF
), Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth
T-DMB
and
microSD
expansion.
[64]

Sirius
Pantech
IM-A650S
Vega

Qigi

July
2.1
2010

3.7",
480x800
(WVGA,
portrait
mode)

Minor
SK
upgrade of
Telecom
Sirius
(S.Korea)
Sky[65]
(formerly
Windows
Mobile)
device
running
Android in
December
2008.[66]
The device
is
manufactur
ed by
Chinese
ODM
TechFaith.

2009

[67]

Samsung Behold
Behold+II
Group II

3.2",
1.6 320x480
Nove
with (HVGA,
mber
Touch portrait
18,
wiz mode),
2009
AMOLED

T-Mobile
USA

[68][69]

Samsung i7500
Galaxy
Group Galaxy

June
1.6
2009

3.2",
320x480
(HVGA,
portrait
mode),
AMOLED

Bouygues
Telecom,
O2 (UK),
Telecom
Italia
Mobile i7500L is
(Brazil), released in
SmarTon Canada as
ea slight
Vodafone difference
,
from i7500
O2
from
(German Europe and
y),
is in
Cellcom Android
(Israel), 1.5. First
Orange Samsung
(Israel), Android
Turkcell device.
(Turkey),
Bell
Mobility
(Canada)
[70]

M900
Nove
Samsung
1.5,
Mome SPH-M900 mber
Group
2.1
nt
1,
2009

Samsung i5700 GT-I5700

Group Spica[72
]

1.6, 3.2",
Octob 2.1[73] 320x480
er
(HVGA,

Sprint
Nextel
(USA),[71]
Bouygues
Telecom,
O2 (UK),
Telecom
Italia
Mobile
(Brazil),
SmarTon
eVodafone
,
O2
(German
y),
Cellcom
(Israel)
Mobitel
(Slovenia
),

2009

Samsung i5800
GT-I5800
Group Teos

portrait
mode),
180ppi

Si.mobil,
O2
Ireland,
Rogers
Wireless
(Canada)

July
2.1
2010

5 MP
camera, TDMB,
GPS,
Bluetooth,
3.2",
802.11n
April
320x480
SK
Samsung Galaxy SHWWi-Fi, and
29,
2.1 (HVGA,
Telecom
Group A
M100S
video
2010
portrait
(S.Korea)
calling.
mode)
Will only
be
available
in South
Korea.[74]
Samsung i9000 GT-I9000
June 2.1 4.0",
Vodafone 1 GHz
Dual band
Group Galaxy SHW15,
with 480x800
UK,[75] processor[77 CDMA2000/E
][78]
S,
M110S(S.Ko 2010, Touch (WVGA,
SK
V-DO Rev. A
AT&T rea)
June wiz portrait
Telecom Exclusive 800/1900 MHz
Captiv
24,
3.0, mode), Super (S.Korea) USA
CDMA
ate,
2010 2.2 AMOLED ,
versions 800/1900 MHz
T(S.Kor with
Movistar vary (such EVDO Rev. A,
Mobile
ea), updat
(Spain), as camera, WiMAX 2.5 to
Vibrant
July e.
Optus,[76] flash,
2.7 GHz;
,
1,
AT&T
internal
802.16e
Verizo
2010
(USA), memory) 2.5G(GSM/GP
n
(Austr
T-Mobile depending RS/EDGE):
Fascin
alia),
(USA), on the
850/ 900/ 1800/
ate,
July
Bell
carrier.[79] 1900 MHz; 3G
Sprint
18,
(Canada).
(HSDPA
Epic
2010
Verizon
7.2 Mbit/s,
4G
(USA)
Wireless
HSUPA
(USA),
5.76 Mbps):
Sprint
900/ 1900/
Nextel
2100 MHz; Wi(USA)
Fi
(802.11b/g/n);
Bluetooth 3.0;
USB 2.0,

DLNA, Radio
FM
Samsu
Samsung ng
SCH-r880
Group Acclai
m

July
9,
2.1
2010
(USA)

M910
Interce
pt,
Samsung
Samsu M910
Group
ng
Mome
nt II

July
11,
2.1
2010
(USA)

Xperia
Sony
X10 mini
X10
Ericsson
E10i (UK)
Mini

1.6
with
Febru
Times
ary
cape
2010
UI

1.6
(to be
Xperia
X10 Mini
May updat
Sony
X10
Pro
24,
ed to
Ericsson Mini
U20i (India) 2010 2.1 in
Pro
Q4
2010)

Sony
Xperia X10i
Ericsson X10

1.6
March with

3.2", HVGA U.S.

320x480
Cellular

3.0" TFT,
240x400
(WQVGA,
portrait
mode)

Sprint
Nextel
(USA)

Small
modificatio
ns to stock
Android
UI +
landscape
QWERTY
slider + 3.2
megapixel
cam

Rogers
Wireless
(Canada)
Timescape
with
Rachael
UI,
Qualcomm
MSM 7227
600 MHz
processor,
256 MB
2.55"
RAM,
Capacitive
256 MB
Touchscreen,
ROM,
240X320
Slide out
(QVGA),
QWERTY
TFT
keypad, 5
MegaPixel
Auto focus
Camera,
proximity
and
ambient
lighting
sensors.
4.0",
NTT
Smartphon
480x854
DoCoMo e with

Times
cape
UI (to
22,
be
(FWVGA,
2010
updat portrait
(UK)
ed to mode), TFT
[80]
2.1 in
Q4
2010)
Sony
Xperia
X8
Ericsson X8

Vibo

A688

Septe
mber 1.6
1,
2010
Januar
y 18, 1.6
2010[8
4]

3.0"
Touchscreen,
320X480
3.2",
320x480
Vibo
(HVGA,
(Taiwan)
portrait
mode), TFT

8cms (3.2")
Multi-touch
Capacitive
TFT screen
Videocon V7500

Vodafone 845

2.1

April 2.1
2010

(Japan),
Rogers
Wireless Rachael UI
(Canada), [81][82][83]
AT&T
(USA)

480x320
pixel screen
with 262K
Colour

71mm (2.8")
resistive
touchscreen,
240x320
resolution,
24 bit/pixel,
optical touch
pad

GSM850,
GSM900,
GSM1800,
GSM1900,
UMTS850,
UMTS1900,
UMTS2100
3.5G (HSDPA
7.2 Mbit/s
/HSUPA 2
Mbit/s),
Quadband 2G:
850/900/1800/1
900 with
UMTS 2100,
WCDMA,
Multiple
Bluetooth
profiles: A2DP,
GAP, HFP,
HSP; GPS and
Geo-Tagging,
Wi-Fi, USB 2.0
3.2 MP
3.5G HSDPA
auto-focus 7.2 Mbit/s,
camera
WCDMA
with 4x
900/2100 MHz,
digital
Quadband
zoom,
GSM 2G:
QVGA
850/900/1800/1
320x240 900 MHz, Wicamcorder, Fi 802.11b/g

FM radio
with RDS,
16bit
stereo
sound,
3.5mm
plug,
528MHz
Qualcomm (54Mbit/s),
CPU, 512 Bluetooth 2.0,
MB RAM, GPS, USB 2.0
256 MB (480Mbit/s).
ROM,
microSD
(Max up to
16GB),
1200 mAh
removable
Lithiumion battery.
ZTE

Q2
1.6
2010

Link

2.8",
240x320
(QVGA,
portrait
mode)

Released
Bouygues
in China
Telecom
with v2.1
(France)
OS

[edit] Tablet computers

This category includes tablet (mainly ARM powered tablets) or slate computers as well as PMPs
and MIDs.
Manufact
Name
urer

android.os
Touch Scree
.
Release Version Screen n Size Resolut
Build.MO Date
Technol (Inch ion
DEL
ogy
es)

Advent

Vega

Archos

Archos 5 Archos5

Novemb
2.2
er 1,
2010[85]

Septemb
1.6
er 15,
2009[87]

Notes

Andro
id
Mark
et

1 GHz
Dual-core
Capaciti
1024x6 ARM
10.1
ve
00
Cortex-A9
MPCore
processor.[86]
800 MHz
ARM
Resistiv
800x48
4.8
Cortex A8 No
e
0
processor.[88]
[89]

Archos

Archos 7

June
1.5
2010[90]

Archos

Archos 8

June
2010

Archos

Archos
28

Archos

Archos
32

Archos

Archos
43

October
2.2
2010

Archos

Archos
70

2.2

Archos

Archos
101

1.5

Septemb 2.2
er 2010
Septemb 2.2
er 2010

Novemb
2.2
er
2010[93]

AUGEN Gentouch
Electronics 78

July
2.1
2010[94]

Camangi

2010

WebStati
on

1.5

600 MHz
800x48 ARM 9
No
0
processor.[91]
tech specs
800 MHz
Resistiv
800x48
8
ARM 9
No
e
0
[91]
processor.
320 x 800 MHz
240
ARM
2.8
No
screen Cortex A8
tablet processor [92]
800 MHz
ARM
3.2
No
Cortex A8
processor [92]
1 GHz
480x85 ARM
4.3
No
4
Cortex A8
processor [92]
1 GHz
Capaciti
800x48 ARM
7
No
ve
0
Cortex A8
CPU
1 GHz
Capaciti
1024x6 ARM
10.1
No
ve
00
Cortex A8
CPU
800 MHz
CPU,
256 MB
RAM, WiResistiv
800x48
7
Fi, 2 GB
e
0
storage +
SD slot;
sold at
KMart
7
Marvell
624 MHz
PXA303
processor,
with
onboard WiFi b/g,
Bluetooth
2.0 and
Resistiv
7
e

CSL

Spice
Mi700
DroidPad

October
2.2
2010

Capaciti
7
ve

[95]

GPS.
The first
nonWindows
tablet
computer to
be sold in
Malaysia
before
arrival of
Apple iPad
and
Samsung
Galaxy Tab
to Malaysia

Cherry
Mobile

Superion A700

idoPAD
Maverick
Corporatio
M7
7
n

October
2.2
10, 2010

Capaciti
7
ve

October
2.2
10, 2010

Capaciti
7
ve

Dell

Dell
Streak/Mi
ni5

August
1.6
13, 2010

Eken

M001

March 1.5/1.6

3G/Wi-Fi, 3
megapixel
cam+front
cam,
GPS/BT.
16 GB
internal
memory.
The first
Philippine
Android
tablet.
800x600,
HiFi stereo
loudspeaker
s and mic,
4000 mAh
Li-poly
battery.
1 GHz
Snapdragon
processor.
Front facing
camera.
5MP camera
w/ dual
flash.[96][97]
tech specs
800x48 VIA

(TP701)

24, 2010

WM8505
600 MHz
processor,
2 GB of
storage, and
Wi-Fi b/g.[98]
[99][100]

Flat
FlatPad
Computing A10

July
2010

2.1

Hardkernel ODROID
-T

2010

2.1

ARM v6
CPU (Rev
5) ZT-180
1 GHz+(not
the same
processor as
Apple's
iPad), 2 GB
flash
memory,
microSD
memory
card slot up
to 32 GB,
Resistiv
1024x6
10.2
USB port 1e
00
USB 2.0
Host port
and 1-USB
2.0 OTG
port, Wi-Fi,
Accelerome
ter, Battery
2400 HAh,
Work time
Max 5 hours
Wi-Fi on, 7
hours Wi-Fi
off Tech
Specs
Capaciti 10.1 13667 1 GHz
ve
68
Cortex A8
processor,
512 MB
moblie
DDR
memory,
1080p Full
HD video,
with

onboard WiFi b/g,

Bluetooth
2.0,
Accelerome
ter,
Compass
sensor and
external
USB GPS.
hardware
and
software
open
project.
Supports
Android 2.1.
tech specs
[101]

Eken

M003

May
2010

1.6

VIA
WM8505
533 MHz
800x60 processor,
0
2 GB of
storage, and
Wi-Fi b/g/n.
[102]

Enso

zenPad

Lenovo

LePad

Mastone

Mastone
Lifepad
3G I850

667 MHz
Samsung
6410
processor,
800x48 8 GB of
0
microSD
storage, WiFi, optional
GPS, and
3G.[104][105]

March
1.5[103]
20, 2010

Resistiv
5
e

Summer
3.0
2011[106]
2010 2.1

Capaciti
10.1
Multi-touch
ve
Resistiv 7
800x60 1 GHz
e
0
ARM
Cortex A8
Freescale
i.MX515

processor,
512 MB
DDR 2
memory,
front
camera,
with
onboard WiFi b/g,
onboard 3G
(CDMA200
0 module),
onboard
Bluetooth
2.1, onboard
GPS.
[107]

MoonSE

E7001

Nationite MIDnite
(Wits
A81E)

May
2010

1.5

Resistiv
7
e

August 2.2
2010

Resistiv 7
e

Rockchip
RK2808
600 MHz
processor,
500-600 M
Hz DSP
processor
800x48 capable of
0
720P video
playback,
2 GB to
32 GB of
storage, WiFi b/g,
1.3 MP
camera[108]
800x48 800 MHz
9
Texas
Instruments
OMAP3
3530
processor,
256 MB
RAM, 2 GB
Flash built
in and up to
16 GB

microSD
expansion.
[109]

Smart
Devices

SmartQV5

2009

2.0
Resistiv
4.3
upgrade e

Smart
Devices

SmartQV7

2009

2.0
Resistiv
upgrade[
7
e
111]

JoinTech

JAND70
0

2010

1.5

Resistiv
7
e

600 MHz
ARM11
processor.
Supports
Ubuntu
800x48
Linux and
0
Windows
CE 6.0 in
addition to
Android.[110]
tech specs
600 MHz
ARM11
processor.
Supports
Ubuntu
800x48
Linux and
0
Windows
CE 6.0 in
addition to
Android.[112]
tech specs
Based on
Arm11
Processor.
[113]

1&1

1&1
SmartPad

2010

1.6

Resistiv
7
e

LED back
800x48 light,
0
500 MHz
[114]

Generic
design
Utopia
rebranded
Technolog [115] as
y Co., Ltd. aPad/iPed
Shenzhen , Moonse
aka Utopia E7001,
Tech
Encipher
Shenzhen One,
Sanxi
Fujian
Orphan
Orphan 1.5[117]
Electronics iRobot

2010

1.5

600 MHz
ARM
Rockchip
2808A
800x48
processor,
0
Wi-Fi, 2 GB
flash, up to
32 GB SDCard.[116]
800x48 600 MHz
0
ARM

M003
aPad/iPed

Orphan
M16
2.1[118]
Electronics aPad/iPed

Orphan
M800
1.7.2
Electronics aPad/iPed

Velocity
Micro

Cruz

2010

2010[119]
[120]

2010

Dawa

2010

ViewSonic

ViewPad
7

2010

Samsung

Galaxy
Tab

Novemb
er 10,
2010

2.1

1.7.2

2.1

Rockchip
2808A
processor,
Wi-Fi, 2 GB
flash, up to
32 GB SDCard.
1 GHz
ARM
Cortex A8
processor,
10.2
Wi-Fi, 2 GB
flash, SDCard up to
32 GB. tech
specs
800 MHz
ARM
800x48 Cortex A8
7
0
processor,
Wi-Fi, 1 GB
flash.[121][122]
Capaciti
ve
7
multitou
ch

Resistiv
7
e

7
7

800 MHz
processor.
[123][124]

600 MHz
Processor,
Wi-Fi
802.11b/g,
800x48 720P HDMI
0
video
output, 3G
external
module tech
specs
800x48
0
1024x6
00

[edit] E-reader devices

These devices are designed for reading e-books and feature E Ink or similar technology.

Manufactur
er

Name

Barnes &
Noble

nook

Barnes &
Noble

Barnes_&_Noble_Nook_C
olor

enTourage

eDGe

Spring
Design

Alex

android.os.
Release Versio Carrier
Build.MODE
Date
n
L

Novemb
1.5
er 30,
2009

Novemb
er 19,
2010

February
2010[127]

April 14,
2010

Notes

An e-Ink ebook
reading
device.
Uses AT&T
3G or WiAT&T[125
Fi for the
]
purpose of
downloadin
g content,
with no
charge to
use either.
A
vividview
lcd reading
device.
Uses Wi-Fi
NONE for the
[126]
purpose of
downloadin
g content,
with no
charge to
use either.
A Dualscreen ereader with
a 9.7-inch
(250 mm)
e-ink
display and
10.1-inch
(260 mm)
LCD.[128][129]
a Dualscreen
ereader
with a 6inch (150
mm) e-ink
display and
a 3.5-inch

(89 mm)
LCD.[130][131]

[edit] Other devices

These devices include netbooks.
Manufacturer

Acer Inc
HardKernel
Philips
Augen

Name

android.os.
Release Version Carrier
Build.MODEL
Date

Aspire One
D250

Q1 2010 2.1

Netbook with dualboot Windows XP

and Android[132]
Handheld console

Q3 2010 2.1

MP4 player

Q3 2009

Odroid-S
GoGear
Connect[133]
GenBook
108[134][135]

Notes

2.1

netbook

[edit] Future
[edit] Upcoming Android smartphones
Manufacturer

Acer Inc
Acer Inc
Acer Inc

Dell

Name

Release
Date

Version

Carrier

Notes

SIM-free smartphone with a

600 MHz CPU, 3.2 inch
beTouch E400
2.1
resistive touch screen, and a
3.1 MP camera.[136]
SIM-free smartphone with
beTouch E110
1.5
2.8 MP camera.[136]
800 MHz SnapDragon CPU,
August
3.6 inch WVGA capacitive
Liquid Metal
2.2
2010
touch screen, 5 MP camera,
Bluetooth 3.0.
3.5-inch multitouch screen with
1.5 (expected
nHD resolution, a 5 MP
to change to
Aero
Q2 2010
AT&T camera, Wi-Fi, GPS, and a
2.1 shortly
624 MHz Marvell processor.[137]
after launch)
[138][139]

Dell

Thunder

Q4 2010 2.1

Dell

Flash

Q1 2011 2.2 (Froyo)

4.1-inch WVGA OLED screen,

and an 8MP camera.[140]
AT&T 3.5-inch WVGA LCD screen,
5 MP autofocus cam, 512 MB
AT&T

Lumigon

October
2.2 (Froyo)
2010

of RAM and ROM with

microSD expansion up to
64 GB, Wi-Fi, TV-out, a
800 MHz Qualcomm
MSM7230 processor.[141]
3.5-inch TFT capacitive
touchscreen, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
A-GPS, 720P HDMI out,
accelerometer, 5 MP autofocus
cam with flash, Freescale
1 GHz i.MX51 3D processor
and 3.5 mm jack for audio, FM
receiver and FM transmitter.[142]
[143]

Dell

Smoke

HTC
Corporation

Merge/Lexicon Q4 2010 2.2

HTC
Corporation

Scorpion

INQ

Kyocera

LG
LG
Motorola

Q2 2011 2.2 (Froyo)

2.8-inch QVGA touchscreen,

5 MP autofocus cam, microSD
expansion to 32 GB, Wi-Fi,
AT&T
Bluetooth, and a 800 MHz
Qualcomm MSM7230
processor.[144]
Verizon 3.8" SuperLCD, keyboard

4.3" SuperLCD, 1.5 GHz

Qualcomm Snapdragon, 8 MP
camera
INQ announced it is developing
Q4
phones on the Android platform
2010[145]
with a release date in 2010.[146]
Low-priced smartphone with
3.5" 800x480 capacitive
1.6 (usertouchscreen, 600 MHz
Zio M6000
Q2 2010 upgradeable
Qualcomm MSM7227
to 2.1 *)
processor, 3.2 MP camera,
stereo Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and
512 MB RAM.[147][148]
3.2" HVGA, 3 MP Camera,
Optimus One Oct 2010 2.2
600 MHz CPU, micro SD
3,2" HVGA, 5 MP Camera,
Optimus Chic Oct 2010 2.2
600 MHz CPU, micro SD
Droid Pro
2010
2.2
Verizon 5 megapixel auto-focus camera,
3.1-inch display, 1 GHz
processor -- and a dual-mode
CDMA/GSM chip for
worldwide roaming. It'll be
available in the first week of
Q4 2010 2.3

Motorola

Olympus

Orange

San Francisco 2010

Samsung
Group

i8520 Beam

2.1

Q3 2010 2.1

Samsung
Group
Samsung
Group
Samsung
Group
Sony Ericsson

i9100 Galaxy S
Q3 2010
Pro
Google Nexus Nov 8
Two
2010
i9200 Galaxy
Q4 2010
S2
XPERIA X8 Q3 2010
XPERIA X12
Sony Ericsson
Q4 2010
ANZU

T-Mobile

November.
4"
3,5", 3 MP Camera, micro
SDO[149]
3.7" AMOLED, 8 MP Camera,
800 MHz Snapdragon,
Touchwiz 3, projector wvga

Q1 2011 2.3

Pulse Mini

2.1

4.0" SuperAMOLED, keyboard

2.3

4.0" SuperAMOLED [150]

2.3

4.3" SuperAMOLED

1.6
4.3" [151][152]

2.3

Smartphone with 2.8-inch (71

mm) QVGA resistive touch
screen, 3.2 MP camera, GPS,
Wi-Fi, stereo Bluetooth, FM
radio, 3.5 mm headphone jack,
THSDPA and MicroSD card
Mobile
(2 GB included). Sub 100
price point is arguably a
feature. Announced by TMobile on 16 February 2010.

Released
2.1
in UK.

[153]

ZTE

Smooth

Low-end smartphone with 2.8inch 240320 QVGA display,

Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, and
support for UMTS and GMS
radios. Retail price expected to
be under 1000 Yuan.[154]

Q3 2010 1.6

[edit] Future tablet computers

Manufacture
Name
r
Acer

Liquid 5

Acer

Liquid 7

android.os.
Release Version Carrier
Build.MODE
Date
L
March
2011

Notes

3.0

5" screen tablet[155]

Decembe 2.2
r 2010

7" screen tablet[156]

Androi
d
Market

Acer

Liquid 10

Decembe 2.2
r 2010

Aigo

E500

May
2010

1.6

Aigo

E700

May
2010

1.6

Archos

Archos 28

Septembe 2.2
r 2010

Archos

Archos 32

Septembe 2.2
r 2010

Archos

Archos 43

October
2.2
2010

Archos

Archos 70

October
2.2
2010

Archos

Archos
101

October
2.2
2010

Asus

Eee Pad
EP101TC

March
2011

Cisco
Cius

January 2.2
2011

Cisco

3.0

10.1" screen
tablet[156]
MID with a 5-inch
(130 mm)
multitouch
capacitive
touchscreen with a
Rockchip 2808
processor.[157]
MID with a 7-inch
(180 mm)
multitouch
capacitive
touchscreen with a
Rockchip 2808
processor.[157]
2.8" 320 x 240
screen tablet with
800 MHz ARM No
Cortex A8
processor [92]
3.2" screen tablet
with 800 MHz
No
ARM Cortex A8
processor [92]
4.3" screen tablet
with 1 GHz ARM
No
Cortex A8
processor [92]
7" screen tablet
with 1 GHz ARM
No
Cortex A8
processor [92]
10.1" screen tablet
1 GHz ARM
No
Cortex A8
processor [92]
10.1" screen tablet
with Nvidia
Tegra[158][159]
Focused on
business
requirements
including HD

Dell

Looking
Glass

EAFT

MagicTile

GiiNii

GiiNii
Movit
Mini

HardKernel

ODROID

video
conferencing.[160]
Has a 7-inch
800x480
touchscreen, 4 GB
of RAM, 4 GB of
flash memory, a
Novembe 2.1
AT&T SDHC slot for up
r 2010
to 32 GB of
expansion, a
1.3 MP camera,
and a Tegra 2
processor.[161]
Tablet with 7-inch
(180 mm)
touchscreen
(1,024 x 600
resolution), a
front-mounted
1.3 MP webcam,
Q3 2010
1080p video
encoding/decodin
g abilities,
optional 3G,
accelerometer,
Bluetooth, HDMI
output and a USB
socket.[162][163]
An Internet device
based on Google's
Android operating
system with a 4.31.6
inch (480x272)
October
(rumored
LCD screen,
1, 2010
)
256 MB of
storage, MicroSD
slot, Micro USB
slot and
Bluetooth.[164][165]
June
2.1
Gaming device
2010
with 3.5-inch (89
mm) touch screen,
Samsung CortexA8 833 Mhz
ARM V7 CPU,
512 MB memory,

Hivision

SpeedPad

Hott

MD500

Huawei

SmaKit
S7

2010

1.6

1.5 [167]

2010

2.1

720p HD video,
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
Accelerometer.
Tablet with 7-inch
(180 mm) screen,
Samsung ARM11
800 MHz CPU,
256 MB RAM,
2 GB internal
storage, Wi-Fi,
support for
external
Bluetooth, 3G,
GPS modules and
6 hours battery
life. Expected to
retail for about
$100.[166]
Tablet with
4.8 inch 800 x 480
screen.[168]
Tablet with 7 inch
800 x 480 screen,
1 GHz MSM8250
Snapdragon
processor, 720p
playback, and 3G
connectivity.[169]
[170]

ICD

Gemini

2010

ICD

Vega

2010

2.0

11.2"
resistive/capacitiv
e 1366 x 768
touchscreen,
1 GHz Tegra 2
SOC processor,
SD card reader,
FM radio, GPS,
802.11n Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth,
MicroUSB, dual
webcams (2 and
5 MP).[171]
First Internet
tablet to run
Android with
15.6" screen,

Inbrics

Q4 2010 2.1

Optimus
Pad

Q1 20110 3.0

Marvell

Moby

NEC

LifeTouc
h

accelerometer,
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi,
1366x768.[172][173]
MID that was
announced at CES
2010 and has a
3.7-inch (94 mm)
WVGA
AMOLED
display, 3 MP
camera, frontfacing VGA
camera, 16 GB of
built-in storage,
microSD slot,
1 GHz Samsung
processor.[174][175]
8.9" tablet with
NVidia Tegra 2
[176]

October
2.1
2010

10-inch tablet
with Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, FM
radio, GPS and
both Android and
Windows Mobile
platforms.[177][178]
Has a 7in TFT
LCD touchscreen
(800480), ARM
Cortex A8
processor,
256 MB of RAM,
GPS,
accelerometer,
Bluetooth, SDHC
card slot, and a
3 MP camera.
Japanese-language
Android is used.
[179][180]

Neofonie

WeTab
(former
WePad)

August
2010[181]

Tablet with 11.6inch (1366 x 768)

display, a
1.66 GHz Intel
Atom N450

processor, GMA
3150 graphics,
webcam, two
USB ports, flash
card reader, and
UMTS modem[182]
[183]

Notion Ink

Adam

Pasen

MID5

2010

10" screen tablet

with dual core
Nvidia Tegra 2
processor.[184]
MID with 5-inch
(800 x 480) LTPS
LCD touchscreen,
Wi-Fi, HDMI out.
[185][186]

Philips

GoGear
Connect

RAmos

RAmos
W7

Samsung
Electronics

Galaxy
Tab

Sharp

LYNX
SH-10B

PMP with 3.2inch (81 mm)

July
HVGA
2010
touchscreen, GPS,
Bluetooth, and
Wi-Fi.[187]
MID with
600 MHz
1.6
Rockchip CPU
and 4.8-inch (120
mm) screen[188][189]
Mobile tablet with
1024x600 7-inch
2.2 (3.0 SK
(180 mm) TFT2010
version Teleco LCD screen,
later)
m
camera and
Samsung's Touch
Wiz UI.
July 23, 1.6
NTT
MID with 5" 960
2010
Docom x 480
o
touchscreen,
(Japan) QSD8250 1 GHz
Snapdragon
processor, 5.3 MP
and 4.3 MP
cameras, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth 2.1 +
EDR, microSD
slot, and 3.4 GB
of internal

Sharp

IS01

October
1.6
2010

Sharp

Galapago
s5

July 23,
2.2
2010

Sharp

Galapago
s 10

October
2.2
2010

Sungworld

Sungworl
d MID

Toshiba

Folio 100

2.2
Decembe
r 2010

storage.[190][191]
MID with 5" 960
x 480 capacitive
touchscreen,
Snapdragon
processor, 5.27
and 0.43 MP
cameras, Wi-Fi,
au
Bluetooth 2.1 +
(Japan)
EDR, microSD
slot, 1Seg mobile
TV tuner, IrDA,
4 GB of internal
storage, and
Qualcomm 3G
CDMA data.[192]
NTT
Docom MID with 5.5"
o
touchscreen
(Japan)
MID with 10.8"
(Japan)
touchscreen
MID with 7-inch
(180 mm)
touchscreen,
ARM926 CPU,
128 MB of
memory, 2 GB of
storage, and two
USB ports[193]
10.1-inch 1024 x
600 screen,
NVidia Tegra 2,
16 GB internal
memory,
802.11b/g/n,
Bluetooth, 3G, SD
and MMC card
readers, HDMI
and USB 2.0
ports, a 1.3
megapixel
webcam, and a
1020 mAh battery
with a battery life
of up to 7 hours

with mixed use

(browsing and
video playback).
[194]

ZiiLABS

Creative
Zii

Ministry of
Human
Resource
Sakshat
Development
(India)
Viliv
X10

1.6

The consumer
version of the Zii
EGG.

2.1

10"

2011

[edit] Future e-reader devices

Manufacturer

Name

LiSeng

VBook
Astri
MyID

1Cross Tech

MIDhybrid

Barnes &
Noble

Nook
Color

android.os.
Build.MODEL

Release
Date

Version Carrier

2010
(production 1.6
started Q2)

1.6

2010,
November
19

2.3

Notes
Dual-screen 5 E-Ink
screen and 4.8
(800x600) LCD
touchscreen with a
624 MHz Marvell
PXA310 processor,
128 MB of RAM,
2 GB of Flash
storage, and built-in
Wi-Fi.[195][196]
E-reader with an EInk screen on the left
and a LCD plus
keypad on the right,
with 3G, Bluetooth,
and a front-facing
webcam.[197]
E-reader with 7"
color screen

[edit] Other future devices

Form
factor
Netbook

Manufacturer
Skytone

Name
Alpha-680

Release
Date

Notes
Netbook with 533 MHz ARM-11

Netbook

Hivision

Smartbook Mobinnova
TV

NCPG

Netbook

Toshiba

Sony

processor, 128 MB RAM, and 7-inch

800x480 LCDTV display.[198][199]
Netbook with 7 inch 800480 screen,
No
Rockchip RK2808 600 MHz ARM926
PWS700CA distributor
processor, 128SDRAM, Wi-Fi, Ethernet,
as yet
and audio input/output.[200]
Smartbook with 8.9-inch (230 mm)
Beam
Q2 2010
screen with Tegra 2.[201]
55 inch HD television with Android 1.5.
Late 2010 Powered by an 833 MHz Cortex A8
processor.[202]
Android version 2.1, 512 MB of DDR2
RAM, 8 GB of flash NAND memory with
AC100
Aug 2010
more optional space coming from the
SD/MMC card reader, 1.3 MP webcam[203]
Sony
Q4 2010
No details available yet.[204]
Internet TV

[edit] Unofficial and community ports

Android has appeared on a number of third party devices ported by the members of that device's
community rather than being an "official" OS delivered by the manufacturer of the device.
Project
NITdroid
Openmoko
ZaurusAndroid

Supported Devices
Nokia Tablets
GTA02 FreeRunner[205]
Sharp Zaurus
HTC Kaiser, Rhodium, Titan,
Android on HTC
Vogue
Wing Linux

T-Mobile Wing

Android-x86
project

most ASUS Eee PC models and

similar x86-32 netbooks

iDroid Project

Apple iPhone

[edit] See also

Comparison of ARM tablets

[edit] References

Notes

Supports other OMAP 850 devices such as

the HTC Herald and the HTC Startrek
Have released Android 1.6, 2.1 & 2.2
builds
Based on Android 2.2. Currently works for
iPhone 2G & 3G.

1. ^ Fullerton, Ryan (2009-11-20). "Acer A1 Priced, Dated And Liquified". phandroid.

http://phandroid.com/2009/11/20/acer-a1-priced-dated-and-liquified/. Retrieved 2009-1120.
2. ^ Acer Liquid E comes to Canada
3. ^ "Acer Liquid e rolls with Android 2.1, underclocked 768MHz Snapdragon". Engadget.
2010-02-15. http://www.engadget.com/2010/02/15/acer-liquid-e-rolls-with-with-android2-1-underclocked-768mhz-s/. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
4. ^ http://www.phonesreview.co.uk/2010/02/15/mwc-2010-acer-to-launch-ferrarismartphone/
5. ^ http://www.engadget.com/2009/10/05/sciphone-smells-success-with-android-poweredclones-orders-up-a/
6. ^ http://gadgetzonia.com/cellphone/sciphone-n19-running-android-os/
7. ^ a b http://www.itechnews.net/2009/10/05/sciphone-n16-n17-n19-n21-android-phones/
8. ^ http://www.frandroid.com/7252/test-du-sciphone-n19-android/
9. ^ http://www.ecranmobile.fr/SciPhone-le-mobile-Android-le-moins-cher_a12046.html
SciPhone : le mobile Android le moins cher
10. ^ http://www.mysciphone.com/pro10-1.asp
11. ^ http://www.engadget.com/2009/11/25/sciphones-android-loving-n21-gets-some-timeon-video/
12. ^ http://www.frandroid.com/7306/test-du-sciphone-n21/
13. ^ http://www.mysciphone.com/pro11-1.asp
14. ^ CSL launches 3G and Android phones (Retrieved on 4 July 2010)
15. ^ "GeeksPhone One lands in France for a hands-on". engadget.
http://www.engadget.com/2010/02/09/geeksphone-one-lands-in-france-for-a-hands-on/.
16. ^ "GeeksPhone One: 'made in Spain', opensource y con Android". Xataka. 9 November
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You're browsing: Gadgets | Technology Simplified
Android,Eclair,Firmware,
Rumors,Sony Ericsson,Xperia X10 Finally Eclair,Android 2.1 firmware update rolls
out for Xperia X10-Flash Files Soon
Best Free Android Apps for Xperia X10-Top 20
Posted in
Android, Apps, Free, Must Have,
Reviews, Xperia X10 on May 12 by
Manish Kumar | Print
1

downloads
androids
data backup solution
pictures
must haves

This is in continuation to my Last Post, Top 10 Free Android Apps for Your Xperia X10, a must
have list. I thought, with the huge amount of Free apps on the Android Market, its just unfair to
Scale it down to just Top 10 best, it should be something like Top 100.
Well the list will continue, as i keep finding the most spectacular Free Android Apps for the
Xperia X10.
For now the list will continue from no. 11 and to have a look at the 1 to 10 list of Must Have
Best Android Apps for Xperia X10, head here.

11. MyBackUp

As i mentioned in my post here, that it is very Essential to BackUp your Data Frequently and
there are a few android apps that help you do this job pretty eaisly. MyBackUp by Rerware does
the job pretty quickly for you and would backup almost anything for you on your Xperia X10.
It backups your Applications with not only the Ones you installed on your Xperia X10, it also
give the choice to backup pre-installed apps on your Xperia X10.
It also Backs up your data which includes a lot of things,
- Contacts
- Call Log
- BookMarks
- SMS
- MMS
- System Settings
- Android Home

- Calender
- Music Playlist
- Notes
So, it does seem to be most complete BackUp solution on Your Xperia X10 or any other Android
Device for that purpose.
Latest Version : MyBackUp v2.3.4
Authors Website : MyBackUp v2.3.4 by RerWare
Advertisement

12. ThaiDail Pad

The most complete Smart Dialing Solution on your Xperia X10 is perhaps the ThaiDail Pad. It
would eaisly take over the Default Dialer on your Xperia X10, unless you are in love with its
look and feel.
ThaiDial Pad searches for your contact as you start tapping the Numbers on the Number Dial of
the ThaiDial Pad. It not only searches for the T9 keyboard key combination of letters for the First
and Last name of your Contacts, but it also tries to match the number irrespective of where it
appears ( which part ) on the Contact Number.
Like it would also search for the contact if the ending digits of his mobile number are 99. To read

more about it or find more detailed solution for Smart Dialing on Xperia X10, head over to this
post.
Latest Version : ThaiDial Pad v1.1.4
Authors Website : ThaiDial Pad v1.1.4
13. Sim Checker

In the last post i mentioned about Wheres My Droid?, but it doesnt that well when your phone
is actually stolen. So, you might want to get a Total Anti-Theft Solution For your Xperia X10.
Sim checker almost does that completely! I said almost as if the thief is smart enough, no App
can stop him from Flashing the Phone to some another Firmware or even factory resetting it. So,
dont get me wrong and think that this is not a good app. It does its job quite perfectly.
Incase your Xperia X10 is stolen, youll receive a message from the sim that the Thief tries to
use it on the Xperia X10, and as soon as he connects to the internet, you would get an email with

the Geographical co-ordinates based on GPS as well as Mobile networks cell co-ordinates PLUS
the call log of your Xperia X10.
So, that would be more than enough for you to identify and track your Lost Xperia X10.
Although, there are a few limitations on the Trail Version of the app and you wouldnt get the
call log either, if its not the PRO version.
So, give it a try and if you like it do, buy it to ensure the Security of your Xperia X10.
Latest Version : Sim Checker v1.5.2
Authors Website : Sim Checker v1.5.2 by TackDroid
14. Color Dict

Color Dict is a Universal Dictionary for your Android Phones, so you dont have to look for
Different Apps for Translation from one language to another or even thesaurus. Like if you want
to have a German to English Dictionary for your Xperia X10, just install a German to English

Dictionary File which is saved on your SD card and then you can search the word in English or
German without going through multiple menus and you have the dictionary at the same place as
well.
The Best part of this app is that it supports Quick Search Boxes, so you need not Open up the
App every time you want to look for a word, just start searching from the Google search widget
on your Homepage and you would get your word from the dictionary as well.
Latest Version : Color Dict Universal Dictionary v2.3.6
Authors Website : Color Dict Universal Dictionary by Social&Mobile
15. handyCalc

The most complete Calculator Solution for your Xperia X10. I was a bit disappointed by the PreInstalled Calculator of the Xperia X10. Sony Ericsson tried to modify the look of it as well to not
match the original stock Android Version, but why did they leave it so ugly. And no Functions

added either. So, i looked for few apps in the market which does the same job but in a better way.
I found quite a few of them, but HandyCalc does it like a scientific calculator, and not only that,
it has a lot of other features like Currency conversion and others.
Its a must have app on your Xperia X10, even if you use Calculator once a week.
Latest Version : handyCalc v0.41
Authors Website : handyCalc v0.41 by mmin
16. Zedge Ringtones & Wallpapers

How many times do you find yourself looking for good Wallpapers for your Xperia X10 or even
better how many times do you ask your friends to transfer the latest Sms tone or the Ringtone
that he is Flauting off. Well, that happens and we do search a lot for those ringtones and
wallpapers in lots of websites full of ads and other stuff. How bout a pp that gives you the best
wallpapers and Ringtone that shared by around a million people worldwide.

And who else can do that, its the Zedge Community. They came up with Fantastic app to put
your search to wallpapers and Rngtones to an end. Try it, youll be amazed by the shares people
do around the world. This one too goes as a must have app for your Xperia X10.
Latest Version : Zedge Ringtones & Wallpapers v1.12.1
Authors Website : Zedge Ringtones & Wallpapers v1.12.1 by Zedge Community
17. ColorNote Notepad Notes

The most beautiful Notepad application on the Android Market. It does the its job pretty neatly
and cleanly but it makes to this list out of several other Notepad Applications with much more
features than this because, it give you the option to have colorful sticky notes on your
HomeScreen of your Xperia X10. And that is what is most important to me from functionality
and usability point of view. ( There are several other Notepad apps in the market, which offers

much more specific options for notepad application, and ill try to cover all of them for you in
another post. )
Latest Version : ColorNote Notepad Notes v1.6.6
Authors Website : ColorNote Notepad Notes by Social&Mobile
18. Google Goggles

In last post i mentioned that Googles Gesture Search makes it to the Top 10 List, so Google
goggles is not Far Behind either. With the Update that Googles Goggle got a few days ago, this
one certainly makes to the Top 20 apps for Xperia X10.
Now with the Update, you can actually translate from one language to another. And thats a really
cool feature to have in a phone as many a times you get a picture of something described in
another language and you simply cant use any Translation tools to translate that, but with
Google Goggles you can do that.
Latest Version : Goggle Goggles v1.1
Authors Website : Goggle Goggles v1.1 by Goggle

19. Voice Recorder

There is no Voice Recording App pre-installed on the Xperia X10. So, it becomes more of a
necessity to find one good voice Recorder for the Xperia X10. There are a two Apps which does
the job equally well, but Voice Recorder wins just because of the Interface. Voice Recorder for
android is pretty simple in basic and you can send the recoded voice directly to Gmail.
Well, you can still try Virtual Recorder by androiX, and you would be pleased with its
performance.
Latest Version : Voice Recorder v2.0.4
Authors Website : Voice Recorder v2.0.4 by Mamoru Tokasiki

20. Fring for Android

The most comprehensive Instant Messaging solution for the Xperia X10. And it does the Viop
Calls too.
Making free Skype calls from a Wi-Fi connection on your handset is a pretty neat feature in
itself, but Fring aims to be a universal call and chat coordinator. It pulls in your phones contacts
and matches up names with the add-on services you plug in, making it easy to call someone on
Skype, and then chat them over AIM if they dont pick up. If you give up on free services and
just want to call that person, you can do that too.
Latest Version : Fring for Android v2.0.0.13
Authors Website : Fring for Android v2.0.0.13 by Fring
So, do you like it! Do you also think that these apps makes the Top 20 List on your Xperia X10?
Mind you, i tried strictly to keep the List to only the Free Android Apps.

The list will continue and will also post some Cool Games for your Xperia X10. Stay Tuned and
for the time being share your thoughts about the list and you can ofcourse add your own!
Find the Tips and Tricks For Xperia X10 and Discover how to Unlock the Secret Menu
inside the Xperia X10.
1

You Came Here Searching for :

music playlists
keyboard keys
service
downloads
androids

'Probably Nothing!!'
Find Exactly what you are looking for using this customized Search :
01391537226332

UTF-8

gadgets.apnafun

Related posts:
1.
2. Top 10 Free Android Apps for Xperia X10-Download Now
3.
4. BackUp Apps and SMS on Xperia X10 before Upgrading
5.
6. Welcome to Android Market Apps-Detailed Walkthrough, Reviews, Tips and
Tricks!
7.
8. Handcent SMS-Complete Messaging Solution on Android Xperia X10
9.

10.Complete Smart Dialing Solution for Android Xperia X10

M an engineering student in India. I have a passion bout Softwares and Technology. Am a

Facebook Application Developer. Recently started developing for Android as well. Follow me
@Manishalexin.
Entry Details: This entry was posted on Wednesday, May 12th, 2010 at Wed, 12:51 am, by
Manish Kumar, and is filed under
Android, Apps, Free, Must Have,
Reviews, Xperia X10. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. Print This!

David says:

Tue, September 28th 2010

Why not include app Called Note Everything? I think is the best!!
It makes notes typed or voice OR BOTH!!! You can also make Paint Notes, and in pro
version even photo notes and others
This is the best note app so for to me! try it!
Reply

Manish Kumar says:

Tue, September 28th 2010

I guess i need to make another Top 10, there are a whole lot of apps coming that is
a must now and you simply cant miss it! Will try to compile this weekend!
Thanks for the tip, anyways!
Reply

J says:

Tue, October 12th 2010

Hi,
Ive been looking at all the different apps in market, but was wondering about why
certain apps need access to my coarse location, if i dont check anything for my location
settings on my x10, will that prevent them from getting access?
Thanks!
Reply

mahsa says:

Sun, October 31st 2010

hi how can i read farsi language on facebook with my x10 mini pro?all persian language
on net is coming with square shap.
Reply

Manish Kumar says:

Sun, October 31st 2010

If you want to just view it in Facebook, then search Android Market for some farsi
web browser. An if you want to change the whole system on your Xperia X10
with farsi language, Search the blog from Top right corner for How to change
fonts on Xperia X10 and follow the tutorial to put farsi language font on your
Xperia X10.
Reply
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Android,Eclair,Firmware,
Rumors,Sony Ericsson,Xperia X10 Finally Eclair,Android 2.1 firmware update rolls
out for Xperia X10-Flash Files Soon
BackUp Apps and SMS on Xperia X10 before Upgrading
Posted in
Android, Apps, Free, Must Have,
Tutorial, Xperia X10 on May 11 by
Manish Kumar | Print
1

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It is very important to backup your critical data before you update your Xperia X10 to the latest
firmware R1FB001 as the update process requires flashing your device and if something goes
wrong, you might loose all your critical and important data on your Xperia X10. Although the
update from Firmware version R1FA016 to R1FB001 is smart enough to ask you if want to keep
your data such as Apps and SMSes or you want to do a Factory Reset before you upgrade to the
latest firmware, still you should be take your preventive measures. And you guessed it right,
unfortunately this wasnt the case when you first upgraded your Xperia X10 from Firmware
R1FA014 to R1FA016, and it simply clean wiped your data off your Xperia X10.
Yet, it is recommened to backup your data and do a Factory Reset Before you Upgrade your
Xperia X10 to the Latest Firmware R1FB001.
Here are the Few options that i list to you for the Backup of your apps and data on your Xperia
X10, choose the one you like as all of them are free apps on the Android Market.

- Astro File Manager

If you followed my Top 10 list of Must Have Free Android Apps for Xperia X10, you might be
knowing that Astro File Manager is a Must Have app and its not only a File Manager with
superb Features, it can also install and uninstall apps for you which are not from the Android
Market and it can also BackUp Your Important Data and Apps and restore them for you when
you need it.
Steps to backup on Xperia X10 :
- Open Astro File Manager
- Press Menu key or the left most button on your Xperia X10 button.

- Out of the options presented press the Tools Icon.

- Now you would be presented with 3 Different Options
Application Manager and Backup
SD Card Usage and
Process Manager.
- Select Application Manager and Backup to Backup almost all your applications including the
apps you installed on your Xperia X10 and also the ones that came pre-installed.
The only Drawback is that it cant make a Backup of SMS, Contacts and Calender entries on
your Xperia X10.
Advertisement

- MyBackUp v2.3.4

RerWares MyBackUp comes a with a 30 day trail of the Free version. And thats enough for you

when you are planing to use it for just when you are upgrading your Xperia X10 and not on
regular basis. There is also one Paid version of the Application MyBackUp PRO v2.3.4 which
costs 4.99USD can even if you cant access the Full Market on your Xperia X10, you can but it
from the Google Checkout from their website.
Steps to backup on Xperia X10 :
- Run MyBackup application and select Backup.
- Choose to backup to SD Card, or Online.
- Select all the information you would like to backup.
- It gives a PIN at the backup so that your backup cant be used by anyone.
- To restore your backup just follow the same steps and select the Restore option and remember
to provide the PIN.
It works perfect for me and it can backup almost anything on your Xperia X10. In my Case it
offered me
- Data
- Applications
In data
- Contacts
- Call Log
- BookMarks
- SMS
- MMS
- System Settings
- Android Home
- Calender
- Music Playlist
- Notes
Ah, do i have anything left to backup? I dont think so!
So, this is one of the most complete solutions to Backup on your Xperia X10.

- Sprite BackUP v2.0.6.125

You might be thinking that why m I looking for other alternatives when i got the complete
solution for Backing up my data on Xperia X10?
Well, you need to try this app to get to know that why is this app so special! It takes backing up
almost anything on your Phone to another level by integrating it with your DropBox Account.
The paid version of this app is only for 4.95USD.
Give it a try if you need to back up your data on your Xperia X10 frequently and on a regular
interval.
Let me know in the comments section if youve any other better solutions for Backing up data on
your Xperia X10 or something you might want to backup and these apps dont do that.
And if youre done with choosing the app which best suits you, then take a backup of all your
personal data and head to the section where ive explained in detailed the steps to Upgrade your
Xperia X10 to the Latest Firmware, which is Currently R1FB001.

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Entry Details: This entry was posted on Tuesday, May 11th, 2010 at Tue, 8:33 pm, by
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Kaushal Mehta says:

Mon, June 28th 2010

I install My backup from their site, the 30 days trial period. and one 1st day itself it says,
your trial period is over:(((
what to do?
Reply

Manish Kumar says:

Mon, June 28th 2010

I dont exactly know why Backup app from the Site expired in one day. But I
would recommend you to use SpriteBackUP! It would backup almost all the
things you need. And it uses Dropbox as well.
http://gadgets.apnafundaz.com/2010/05/dropbox-for-android-xperia-x10-solutionto-online-storage-backup/
Reply

jihong says:
Fri, July 2nd 2010

does spiritebackup backs up apps settings?

and when i restore apps, how would i get updates for them

Manish Kumar says:

Sat, July 3rd 2010

Yes, it backs up the App Settings as well. And you are not supposed to
back up your apps that you downloaded from the market or bought from
the market. As, in that case, you wont get updates from the market.

jihong says:

Sat, July 3rd 2010

then do i have to redownload all the apps? and how do i redownload paid
apps

Stephen Reilly says:

Thu, July 1st 2010

Please help.
I have installed MyBackup & saved all my data, apps etc as advised. I have saved them to
my SD card. I tried to upgrade firmware but it didnt work & now phone has been reset!!!
All apps etc are found on SD card when phone is plugged into PC but no apps can be
found when trying to restore them on my phone.
What can I do to recover all my apps, contacts etc?
Reply

Manish Kumar says:

Thu, July 1st 2010

You need to install MyBackUP app again and then you can restore all your
settings and apps from there.
Reply

jihong says:
Fri, July 2nd 2010

hi, is there any backup app that will back up my app settings? also after wiping out my
phone, how would i redownload my paid apps and how to upgrade them after?

jihong says:

Fri, July 2nd 2010

does spiritebackup backs up apps settings? and when i restore apps, how would i get
updates for them
Reply

jihong says:

Sat, July 3rd 2010

then do i have to redownload all the apps? and how do i redownload paid apps
Reply

Manish Kumar says:

Sat, July 3rd 2010

I guess paid apps are associated with your Google checkout account. So, once you
re-download them, it wont charge you again. I dont have access to paid apps in
the Android Market here in India so, i might not be the best person to tell you
about it.
Reply

Karan Patel says:

Mon, July 5th 2010

Hi Manish.
if i follow your steps to upgrade the firmware will the warranty be VOID ?

Manish Kumar says:

Mon, July 5th 2010

No, it doesnt! You can always Downgrade to the original Firmware! ( remember
to take the backup of original Firmware Files! )
http://gadgets.apnafundaz.com/2010/06/sorting-problems-with-xperia-x10s-latestfirmware-r2ba020-and-downgrading-tutorial/
Reply

e11world says:

Sat, August 28th 2010

SpriteBackup is not free.

MyBackup sucks because after installing, it just says it expired and wont do anything..
useless.
ASTRO is great and backup worked perfect and I guess I would go into the Backed Up
Apps to re install all.. I use SMS Backup+ to backup all my sms to gmail (really nice
feature) and my calendar and contacts are synced with google so its already backed up.
Reply
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Xperia X10 with Custom Froyo,Android 2.2.1 Rom Video-Bootloader Cracked

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How to Get Indian Generic Android 2.1,Eclair Firmware for Xperia X10 from
any Region 11 November 2010

Xperia X10,Mini & Pro Android 2.1, Eclair update is rolling out for India-Update
Now 11 November 2010

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Problems 01 November 2010

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X10 from any Region
Manish Bhai, Have you ch...

vishal chhabhaiya on Guide to Flash Android 2.1 on Samsung Galaxy GTI7500-GAOSP Beta 2
hi manish pls help me out.... my phone is not boot...

chinna on Root Xperia X10,Mini & Pro with Android 2.1 using z4root Single
Click Method-Download
It did not work for me. It say rooting and reboote...

Sid on Root Xperia X10,Mini & Pro with Android 2.1 using z4root Single Click
Method-Download
It is working perfectly for me....:) My phone h...

avinash on Root Xperia X10,Mini & Pro with Android 2.1 using z4root Single
Click Method-Download
Didnt work for me. My x10 was already rooted, so t...

Db Ben on Root Xperia X10,Mini & Pro with Android 2.1 using z4root Single
Click Method-Download
I think it hasn`t work on my xPeria X10i... the ap...

zvirus on How to Root Xperia X10 with Android 2.1,Eclair using

SuperOneClick Method-Tutorial
I tried this method for x10 mini but not works, ...

EzDaddy on Xperia X10 with Custom Froyo,Android 2.2.1 Rom VideoBootloader Cracked or just fake?
I don't get rid of the impression that the Xperia ...

About

I am Manish Kumar. A Tech enthusiast and a

blogger. An android developer with basic knowledge about android platform!
Social Networks

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3.
Support Us
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XRCXT2CUVGAJ

Appreciate Our Work

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Xperia X10,Mini & Pro Android 2.1, Eclair update is rolling out for India-Update
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(113 comments)

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You're browsing: Gadgets | Technology Simplified
Android,Eclair,Firmware,
Rumors,Sony Ericsson,Xperia X10 Finally Eclair,Android 2.1 firmware update rolls
out for Xperia X10-Flash Files Soon
Xperia X10 Updated to Firmware R1FB001 from R1FA016
Posted in
Android, Firmware, Xperia X10 on May 11 by
Manish Kumar | Print
1

backups
developers
managers
companions
sharing
tutorials
software

Looks like the minor firmware update to Xperia X10 has been finally rolled out. Its Firmware
version R1FB001 But only to few markets again.
India is NOT in that list as of now. Will let you know as soon as i can upgrade my Xperia X10.
For those who want to upgrade can follow this step by step tutorial to Upgrade their Xperia X10
and please backup you apps and other data before you proceed. ( Will Post a Tutorial to Backup
Apps and Data on Xperia X10, stay tuned. )

Guess we might have to wait another few weeks before we get the R2FB013 firmware which
might not be as minor as this one is.
As, People at Sweden and some parts of UK are already having this new firmware on their
Xperia X10, they are claiming that theres nothing noticeable in this Firmware update too, as was
the case with Update from R1FA014 to R1FA016. But few people are saying that theres a tiny
bit of sharpness added in the Newer firmware and Colors looks more natural. Timescape also
seemed a bit snappier to them.
But no Creattouch app still, wonder if that would be available in the R2FB013 firmware or not.
I wish i got the firmware now and investigated every part to squeeze out the differences.
In the mean time Sony Ericsson also updated their PC Companion to a newer version 2.00.134.
Its newer than what it was when Sony Ericsson Got Firmware update of R1Fa016 from
firmware R1FA014. This new PC Companion has a new tab in it which says File Manager. So, i
was delighted that i finally got a File Manager in the PC Companion to better manage the Files
on my Xperia X10. But to utter disappointment, its just a link to the Memory Card Drive.

If you are looking for Smart Dialing Solution on Xperia X10, please head over here to choose the
one you like from a list of Best Free Android Smart Dialing Apps for your Xperia X10.
Or you can head over here to find the Top 10 Free and must have Android apps for your Xperia
X10.
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Entry Details: This entry was posted on Tuesday, May 11th, 2010 at Tue, 1:05 am, by
Manish Kumar, and is filed under
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2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. Print This!

Related posts:
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8. Complete Smart Dialing Solution for Android Xperia X10
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10.Xperia X10 is Upgradeable to Android 2.1-Does it really Need to?
25 Commentsleave a comment

Ramesh says:

Thu, November 4th 2010

After using the xperiax10mini in india suddenly network disconnected, im using

vodafone. Let me know how to use uninterrupted network?
Reply

Manish Kumar says:

Fri, November 5th 2010

Try contacting Vodafone Care and ask them to raise your network timeout limit.
Reply
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10 Tips For Tricking Out and Optimizing Your Android Smartphone

Uploaded by

10 Tips For Tricking Out and Optimizing Your Android Smartphone

Uploaded by

10 Tips for Tricking Out and Optimizing

your Android Smartphone

October 25, 2010

1. Stock up on portable power

2. Get some extra Micro USB cables

3. If you have a Nexus One, use it as a hotspot

4. Consider ditching your standalone GPS and getting a car dock

5. Turn off the radios you don't need

7. Make sure to use screen protectors

Is Linux-Based Android 2.2. Ready for the Enterprise?

Top 10 Features of Froyo, Android 2.2

Droid 2 Running Android 2.2 On Tap

Critics' Choice: Smartphone Review Roundup of Droid 2

Mobile Linux Alert: Motorola Debuts Video-Centric Droid X

Comparison Smartphone Review: BlackBerry Torch or Nexus One? Which is Better?

Kenny Schiff is a contributor to Internet.com's EnterpriseMobileToday.com. He is also the

RhoGallery Aims To Ease Mobile App Provisioning, No

A couple of months ago mobile device

Mobile Security Tutorial: Enterprise Wi-Fi

August 26, 2010

Quickly connecting to an 802.1X network

Busting (or Trusting) Wi-Fi Security Myths

May 26, 2010

Myth: WEP encryption can be cracked in minutes.

Comment on this article

Myth: WPA/WPA2-PSK encryption is also crackable.

Google Apologizes for Snaring Wi-Fi Data

'Strong' Passwords May Not Be All They're Cracked Up to Be

Top Ten Free Wi-Fi Security Test Tools

Being Secure on Public Wi-Fi: VPN, Firewalls, File Sharing

Understanding the Wi-Fi Security Guidelines of PCI DSS

Improve Your Wireless Security With the Right Routers

Myth: Personal mode of WPA/WPA2 is okay for small businesses or

Personal or Pre-Shared Key (PSK) mode

Enterprise or 802.1X/RADIUS mode

Myth: Enterprise mode of WPA/WPA2 is vulnerable to attacks

Fast, Free Smartphone Phone Internet Access

, March 17, 2008

Demystifying a Wireless Network for Small Business Owners

Book Review: Wireless Networking Visual Quick Tips

Wireless Network Configuration Tips for Windows XP

The Smartphone Web: Welcome to Internet

Laptop + smartphone = internet anywhere.

Clicking this gives the option to configure or connect:

Back at the configure or connect screen, click

Youll soon be back online!

Make sure you keep an eye on your data usage.

2 The name Wi-Fi

3.1 Internet access

3.1.1 City-wide Wi-Fi

3.1.2 Campus-wide Wi-Fi

3.2 Direct computer-to-computer communications

3.3 Future directions

4 Advantages and challenges

4.1 Operational advantages

4.5 Data security risks

4.7 Channel pollution

5.1 Standard devices

5.2 Distance records

5.3 Embedded systems

6.1 Securing methods

[edit] Wi-Fi certification

A roof-mounted Wi-Fi antenna

An outdoor Wi-Fi access point in Minneapolis

An outdoor Wi-Fi access point in Toronto

college campuses provide at least partial wireless Wi-Fi internet coverage.

A keychain-size Wi-Fi detector

Speed vs. Mobility of wireless systems: Wi-Fi, HSPA, UMTS, GSM

[edit] Data security risks

USB wireless adapter

Embedded serial-to-Wi-Fi module

Sony Ericsson Xperia X10

Sony Ericsson Xperia X10

22 March 2010 (U.K.)

1 April 2010 (Japan & Mexico)

2 April 2010 (European Union &