Vocabulary Vocabulary related to Ancient ci vilizations Words in English -Explanation in Arabic Words in English - Explanation in Aral Achievement /Accomplishment jls¥)l Consist /Composed of po u Almohads Uss>gall Decline/ Decrease Aimoravids uslel,oll Dry /Waterless St Ancestors SLi Evolve /Develop jobs Beliefs laaiaall Fertile/ Productive ua Craftsman Army /Military Berber dynasty yal! A/\Lasll | Flood (v) Overfiow Caliphate a3\eJ1 | overcome /Defeat ose City-states c2all Jas | Prosperity /Wealth ,Las;1 Collapse lpi] _Vanish susSles Barter /Exchange als Customs and traditions slay olslall Cradle spo Decline yatess| Agriculture (Farming a3 Destiny Cave wigs Devote Ancestors /Ralatives wal Ancient /Antique 138 / 3 Emerge/rise £l6,1/ ¢ | evolve sels Bloom /Flourish a5, / Old Aged a.a8 | Fallto decay /to ruins yale sll dsl sil bs | collapsey Fall down sl Caliphs governor Aaed| | Conquest/ Invasion as8 / elas] Fatimid sablall | Contribute Donate / share aS,Live / én daoLusll Fertile aua-l Disappear/ Vanish say | Flourish /,a>3 _/Spread Dynasty/ Royal family aaSt> YL | Hostile environment ailac iy Emerge Appear Liss /olall »pby Lifestyle leu! bas Enhance /Increase / improve aad "{sill" a5 [ [nvade Establish/ Institute / progress Kingship a.Solall Expand/ Get bigger Knowledgeable ..3,aall Flourish Thrive >, Mature s/aoldl Nile river Lull ,53 Irrigation Give sw Myths blu Heritage /Inheritance 1 Greek rane! Invent /Create Settle agus Nomadic >I Scholars ugi>LWJI/elalsll Mature /Adult aol paced Vio / ab) Tigris als Euphrates olall Migrate Travel ->lys Mesopotamia gasilp gu lo 5;La> Egyptian civilisation 4 aall 5,LaJl Sumerians Up, .a5.ull ‘Take over /Take control aS-ul leis | Warlike Url glge Reign ape Phoenicians Ugatssall Successors elalsJl Refinement Jaall Cultivate /Plant e2ae 7 Verb Noun Adjective Advert Achieve Achievement Achievable TEE Arrive Arrival Arriving HM Believe Belief | Believable Believably bloom Bloom Bloomy LED Civilize Civilization Civilized LL Collapse Collapse Collapsible/ collapsed | ////////I1 Control | Control Controllable TMM Decline Decline Declining ELLE Devote Devotion Devoted Devotedly | Disappear Disappearance | Disappearing IMM Emerge Emergence | Emergent/emerging A Enrich Enrichment. Enriching AI Establish Establishment Established THMUELHL | Evolve Evolution Evolutionary AU Exchange exchange Exchangeable MMIII Forge Forgery Forged HUME Fall Fall | Fallen AU Flourish Flourish - ] Flourishing MU TA Hospitality Hospitable Hospitably Invent Invention Inventive Inventively Originate Origin/originalty Original Originally Practise Practice Practised/practical _| practically TL | Responsibility Responsible Responsibly TKINIMLLALE Science Scientific Scientifically | settle Settlement Settled | strengthen Strength ‘Strong | strongly Unify Unification Unified Preventively Vanish LL Vanished HALil- Grammar A- Asking questions: An easy way to form (almost) any question in English Here a simple formula that works for asking questions in almost ALL the verb tenses! This formula is called QUASM: QU estion word / A uxiliary verb / Subject / Main verb Look how QUASM works for forming questions in the following verb tenses: Simple Present Questions: [Question Word [Auxiliary Verb [Subject [Main Verb ] Where do you work? | What does Martha | think [about the project? How do you like your new apartment? How many kids| does Bob have? Simple Past Questions: [question word auxiliary verb Subject main verb How did they earn english so fast? —_| When did ou get home_| from work yesterday?) What did the manager| think about your idea? Where did you buy that t-shirt? J Present Continuous Questions: {question word [auxiliary verb [subject main verb What are ‘ou doing at the moment? Why is he ignoring __| me? What Time are we meeting up_| for dinner? Who is she datin; now? Past Continuous Questions: question word [auxiliary verb [subject __|main verb Who were ou talking _| to on the phone? What was Jim doin; when you called? Why were the children] eating __|candy before dinner? How was he feeling | after the surgery? Present Perfect Questions: juestion word auxiliary Subject Imain verb erb [How Much Money | have you Spent on clothes? How Long has ‘our teacher_|worked at this school? What have the lbeen doing [all day? How Long has the client __ [been waiting [for their order?Future Questions: (Question Word [Auxiliary Subject [Main Verb Verb Who will you invite 0 the party? What will your parents| think labout your plan? When are you oing clean your room? Why Lis she going (0 quit her job? Modal Questions: |question word auxiliary verb subject main verb What would you do if you had a million Mdollars? How could we improve _| our english? Where should I 0 on my next vacation? There are eight wh-questions - what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose and why and to this list we usually add how as they are all used to elicit particular kinds of information. Who ~ asking for a person and animal: subject: no do, does, did Who - asking for a person and animal: object: do, does, did What - asking for a thing: subject: no do, does, did What - asking for a thing: object: do, does, did Whose - asking for the 2" case When - asking for the time Where - asking for the place Why - asking for a reason How - asking for the manner * How long - asking for a period of time + How many - asking for an exact amount + How much - asking for not exact amount How often - asking for frequency SRA Re PP Practice:Ask questions on the underlined words. 4- The headmaster is determined to ban cigarettes smoking in his school. 2- Some teachers throw cigarette ends on the class floor.B- Articles Specific Uses of English Grammar Articles In this case Example Sentence ‘You mention something for the first time. Thave a problem. ‘You want to say that something belongs to a certain group. This is a table. Use "a" / [You want to say that someone belongs to a a aan : She is a designer. jan" | certain group. | You want to say that . . | Ron . Th strong ship. something is that kind of thing, ee a re ae | ‘You want to say that eon someone is that kind of person. Ce : The feeling I got You talk about a specific thing. @ Feeling © Bot was | very strange. | Use "the' it is clear which thing passed the test! you are talking about. | There is only one such thing. | Look at the sun. You talk about | Pigs can't fly. No article something in general. Diving can be difficult. o You talk about cities, countries, streets, etc. We visited Italy.Exercises A/Put the suitable article where necessary . One of .. climber. He went to ... .Himalayas where he met his friend persons I admired a lot was.... my uncle, He was........famous mountain ..James, then he went to.....Rocky mountains . He enjoyed going to .... sea and sailing along....... rivers . He died in.. ..village near .....Amazon. By/Supply articles where necessary. 1-" What did Jane buy? ... dress or ... jumper ? 2- "Who took 3- "Is... book that was on my desk? Chad underdeveloped country ? 4-"... Nile is ... longest river in .... African continent, C/Put "a", "an", or "the" where necessary. After reading ........article entitled " .... Cigarette Smoking and Your Health" I nerves. I smoked it with .... concentration and ... whole week, I did lit......cigarette to calm my. pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette. For. not smoke at all and during this time my wife suffered terribly. I had all usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking : ... bad temper and ... enormous appetite. My friends kept on offering me ... .cigarettes and ... cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced ... packet of sweets from my pocket. After seven cigarette. days of this,I went to .....party, and there I smokedC- The past perfect tense When we talk about something that happened in the past we sometimes want to refer back to something that happened before that time. We can use the past perfect tense (had + past participle) to do this. Look at these two sentences © Tariq Ibn Zyad crossed the Straits of Gibraltar. © Tariq Ibn Zyad delivered his famous speech. Both actions happened in the past so we use the past simple tense. But look at how we can combine the sentences. > After Tariq Ibn Zyad had crossed the Straits of Gibraltar, he delivered his famous speech. Note: We use the past perfect (had crossed) because the action happened before another action in the past (he delivered) (Rule: Subject + had + past pari ple of the verb] ‘ime markers: > Use after, as soon as, until before using the past perfect simple. Ex: - After she had moved out, I found her notes. - I didn’t say anything until she had finished talking. > Use before, when before the past simple: Ex. - Before I knew it, she had run out the door. When he phoned her, she had found someone new. Exercise: Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. . They (study) English before they (move) to Canada. They (drink) tea after they (finish) dinner. Afier he (work) at the hospital for two years he (decide) to give up the job. . When I (arrive) at the party John already (go) home. . We (wait) until the match (finish). wpeneD. Expressing Concession 1) Although, even though: Study these examples: “He had enough money." " He refused to buy a new car." The above two statements can be combined as follows : Although he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car. (Even though) Or He refused to buy a new car although he had enough money. (even though) Structure: "Although", and "even though" introduce concessive clauses. Although /even though subject + verb Examples: ‘Although it was raining, he walked to the station. Even though she is very old, she runs fast. 2) Despite / in spite of: Despite and in spite of do not introduce a concessive clause. They are rather followed by a noun or a verb + ing form. Study this example: "He had enough money.""He refused to buy a new car." Despite all his money ,he refused to buy a new car. In spite of having enough money, he refused to buy a new car. Or He refused to buy a new car despite all his money. in spite of having enough money. Structure: [Despite+ a noun/ In spite of+ verb + ins Examples: Despite /in spite of the rain, he walked to the station. Despite /in spite of being tired, he walked to the station. Exercise: Join the pairs of sentences using the right connector. 1. She bought a car She was still too young to drive (although) 2. The night air was hot. They slept soundly (though) 3. T enjoyed the holiday. I was glad to be home (but) 4, Tom doesn’t speak Spanish. I think he should still visit Madrid (Even though) 5. The children seemed happy. They were poor (In spite of) 6. She is an accountant. She never seems to have any money(although) FrUNIT jotten Gains Never Prosper (Ethics In Business| 4. Useful vocabulary: > Ethics involves learning what is wrong and right then doing what is right. Ethics (n) 3989! -, ethical (adj) 44! eunethical {Oui - Legality (n)& +4 ,legal(adj), morality(n) S53! moralfadl) 422!, honesty(n) da,honest(ad)) dal, probity 4a), fairness ila! /fair ~ corruption(n) su ->t0 corrupt (v),, corrupt (adj) st) H includes: bribery(n) +++, to bribe(v) , embezzlement(n) Ls3%I, to embezzle(v) , to smuggle(v) ssmugglingin) <8, to steal(v) theft(n) 4% to counterfeit(v), (a counterfeit ial scounterfeiting)(n) 35i,to imitate, imitation, copy, copying forge, forgery 23.3 /Forgery=counterfeit=copy=imitationzoriginal, genuine Sis (brand= la marque 4 loi! 4.4!) tax evasion (n) Sl wal eds Gx il! to evade taxes, tax evaders ~ money laundering JisJ Lt , false invoices, piracy #2, fraud , Jui! child labour Jub! de sMepotism 45041), plagiarism! Jas ther vocabulary items related to the topic: social auditing yeLse¥! Si, social audits, accountant, auditing S41, tax inspectors, bank account yi ma< as, cash deposit sill Ela! Prefixes indicating opposition: in, un, dis, il, ir, mis, im Eg: fair # unfair - legal illegal B. Grammar points: 1. Expressing wish: a- present wish: wish+ past simple eg: wish I were more patient. (regret about a present situation.)- It means that | am not patient. b- past wish: wish +past perfect eg: | wish | had not trusted him. (regret about a past situation.)- It means that I trusted him, c-future wish: wish +could (I,we)/would +stem (To complain about a behavior that you disapprove. /Expressing impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action.) eg: | wish I could speak many languages. (1 want to speak many languages) Eg:| wish my pupils would succeed in the Bac exam. (| want my pupils to succed) 2. Expressing condition: Provided that/providing that/as long as/so long as_+present simple-> will/can/may+ stem 3. It’shigh time/it’s about time + past simple-> to say that there's a delay in doing something( a complaint about a delay) eg: It’s high time we stopped corruption. 4 advice: should/ ought to/ had better +stem 5. Passive voice in the present simple and in the present continuous a Subject +is/are/am + past participle of the verb + by+ agent (passive in the present simple) b- Subject + is/are/am+ being + p.p of verb ( passive in the present continuous) C. Word Building : Formation of nouns with the suffix “ty” eg: honest+ty->honesty D. Pronunciation: Pronunciation of words ending in “les” 21. Vocabulary Vocabulary related to Ethics ‘Words in English /Explanation in Arabic Words in English / Explanation in Arabic Ethies G0 ae ‘Account /Report “= Moral values S591 ‘Abuse /Exlpoit / bad treat 4 / et Violate Ss ‘Anti Against = Breach 35 ‘Advice /Recommendation t= Debar = ‘Approve /Support 3! Disqualified Ja = ‘Company /Corporation Association 44> / Exclude G51 ‘Audit Check =H 5255 Bill /Invoice #1544 Tegal 558 = Brand (Mark G34 Unlawful = 32 Bribery / bribe Buying -off #32) Murder Jt Business (Commerce $54 Assassination J! Citizen/ People Se! xl Tndulgent US Charter/ Agreement 3#2/ i= Sanctions Penalties / 4 sl Code [Set of laws os! Fines Sal) | Confidence? Assurance Sentences jie; "Aes" pla) Consumer Buyer Sd Verdicts S25! Corruption Fraud 3 ‘Counterfeit Imitate / forge/fake 952 Fairness =! False accounting $35 Subs Deposit box Payment hmm i 55 Bribes) [Deception /Trick £5 Corruption Lil Eradicate Remove Hots Tax evasion Spal ls os etl Honesty Gl! Sincerity ue™5! Ethies Morals GG 5 Trade § 65 Business C= Counterfeit 25) Fake/ Counterfeit iz ‘Accountant is« copyiphony/imitation/ Counterfeit Loyalty Faithfulness / 422! Fight ‘Struggle 235 ‘Genuine /original/Real =! Capital fight O60) 939 238 THlegal /Against the law is! 2 Tniringe/ Break 3 SS: Probity “91 Fee! Bill 58 ‘Nepotism tps) Jail/ Prison > money laundering Dizi a8 [De Lend! Credit U8 Manufacture Product = Favouritism = J8v) us custom Soe Medicines ‘Treatment +135 Smuggle 43# Persuade [Convince Piracy Sot Prosper [Flourish A232 Transparency Provided that/ As long as 4% ‘Embezzlement SY) Rehabilitate Recuperate ei /*= BVerb Noun Adjective Adverb Agree ‘Agreement [Agreeable Agreeably Appear ‘Appearance | Apparent Apparently Approve Approval ‘Approving Approvingly Benefit Benefit Beneficial Beneficially Bribe [bribery bribed TTT Consume [consumer consuming TTT comupt [commuption corruptible comupily counterfeit counterfeiting counterfeit | aT TTA crime criminal criminally | endanger danger dangerous Dangerously economise economy, economic economically | ethies ethical ethically TAIT | evade evasion evasive evasively Taimess fair fairy TART falsify falsification false falsely forge [ forgery /forger forged TTT goodness [good well TATU honesty honest [honestly TECTIA imitate imitation [imitative i integrate integration integrated TET interest interest interesting Interestingly invest investment invested TERETE Tia Toyalty loyal Toyally manage management manageable manageably moralise morality moral [ morally pirate piracy/pirate piratical [arminaa prevent prevention preventive | preventively | produce product productive | productively | profit profitability profitable [ profitably | prohibit prohi profitable | profitably HATTA responsibility responsible responsibly succeed success successful successfully ‘ransparency ‘transparent ‘ransparently THETA trust trust trustful ‘rustfully fake fake/ faker fake THMTATATNT TTT genuineness genuine genuinely copy copy/ copier copied alsify falsification false falsely 14B- As Long As And Provided/Providing(That) It_s High/About Time- _Unless a-_As long as / provided or providing (that): As long as / provided or providing (that):These expressions mean but only if (in case): > Examples: 1. You can use my car as long as you drive carefully.(= In that case, if you drive carefully) 2. Travelling by car is convenient provided (that) you have somewhere to park. 3. Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the examination. © When talking about the future, do not use will with unless, as long as, provided, or providing phrases. Use the form below: Examples: Providing she studies hard, she won’t succeed. (Instead of ‘providing she will study ') b. Unless : Unless often used in warnings: > Examples: 1, We'll be late unless we hurry. (= Unless you hurry) 2. Unless you work harder, you're not going to pass the examination. 3. The man said he would hit me unless I told him where the money was. (= If only I did not tell him) c- It's High/About Time It's (High/ About) Time + Past Simple expresses that something should be done and that it is already a bit late: > Examples: 1. It's time you went to bed. You'll have to get up early tomorrow. 2.It's high time I bought a new pair of jeans. 3.It's about time this road was completed. They've been working on it for months.Practice Exercise 1: Change each sentence using unless make sure it makes sense. Example: You must study hard or you won't pass the exam. ‘Answer: You won't pass the exam unless you study. 1. You must listen carefully or you won't know what to do. > You won't know what to do 2. We must hurry or we'll miss the bus. > We'll 3. You must speak very slowly or she won't be able to understand you. >» She : 4, My salary must be increased or I'l look for another job. > Tl Exercise 2: Choose the correct word for each sentence. 1. I'mplaying basketball tomorrow unless / providing it's raining. 2. We're going to start painting the wall tomorrow unless / provided it's not raining. 3. You can smoke in here unless / as long as you leave a window open to let the smoke out. 4, The children can stay here unless / providing they don’t make too much noise, 5, 1am going now unless / provided you want me to stay. 6. Mary doesn't trust anyone. She won't lend you any money unless / as long as you promise to pay her back. Exercise 3 Complete the exercise below by placing one of the verbs provided in the sentences that follow. You will have to change the tense of the verbs in order to arrive at the correct answers. finish / start / eat / pay / speak / stop / realise / be / get / go 1. It's about time you less. You are getting fat! 2. It's high time you more respectful to your parents. 3, It's high time we back to our house. 4, It’s about time you to exercise. 5. It's time you to your mother about your boyfriend. 6. It's high time you more exercise. 7. It's time you a visit to the dentist. 8. It's about time we that we won't be able to finish the job by the deadline. 9. It's about time you getting so angry about small things. 10.1t's time you writing your thesis.C- How to Give Advice Examples: > If my friend were to tell me, for example, that she thinks she is getting fat, I might say: - "You should go on a diet." - "You shouldn’t eat so much chocolate." - "You ought to drink less beer." -"Why don’t you come running with me?" - "How about going for a run?" - "If I were you, I’d do some exercise." - "You'd better stop eating so much!" Forms: "You should/ shouldn't + Stem (infinitive without "to") "You ought to + Stem "Why don't you +Stem "How aboutt (verb + ing) "If [were you, I'd + Stem "You'd better + Stem (this is much stronger than the others) Exercise 1: Match the statements to the advice. statements advice 1. T've got a headache a. You should put on a jumper 2. I'm cold ._ You shouldn't sit so close to the TV. 3. The game starts at three o'clock. . He shouldn't stay up so late. 4. He's always tired in the morning d. You ought to do some exercise. 5. I don't feel well e. We should leave at two-thirty. 6. I want to lose weight f. You’ d better stay in bed. Exercise 2. Spot the mistake then rewrite the sentence correctly. 1, You will better not be late. 2. Anna shouldn't wears shorts into the restaurant. 3. I should to go to the post office today. 4, I ought paying my bills today. 5. You don't should stay up too late tonight. 6. You'd to better not leaving your key in the door. 18D- Passive Voice For All Tenses Rules Passive Voice For All lenses Kules The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive voice. 3rd form of verb (past participle) will be used only (as main verb) in passive voice. ‘Auxiliary verbs for each tense are given below in the table Present Simple Tense : am/is/are+ p .p 0 f verb Active voice: Passive voice: John sings a song. A song is sung by John. John does not sing songs. Songs are not sung by John. Does John sing a song? Is a song sung by John? Present Continuous Tense : am being/is being/are being+ p .p 0 f verb Passive voice: Tam writing a letter A letter is being written. Susan is not writing a letter. AA letter is not being written by Susan. Is Susan writing a letter? Isa letter being written by Susan? Present Perfect Tense : has been /has been + p .p 0 f verb Active voice: Passive voice: She has finished his work Her work has been finished by her. She has not finished her work. Her work has not been finished by her. Has she finished her work? Has her work been finished by her? Past Simple Tense :was /were + p .p of verb Active voice: Passive voice: Harry killed a snake A snake was killed by Harry. I did not kill a snake. A snake was not killed by Harry . Did I kill a snake? Was a snake killed by Harry? Past Continuous Tense: was being/were being+p .p 0 f verb Active voice: Passive voice: The man was driving a car. ‘A car was being driven by the man. The man was not driving a car. A car was not being driven. the man. Was the man driving a car? Was a car being driven by the man ? Past Perfect Tense thad been+ p .p 0 f verb Active voice: Passive voice:John had completed the assignment. John had not completed the assignment. Had John completed the assignment? The assignment had been completed byJohn. The assignment had not been complete by John . Had the assignment been completed by John? Future Simple Tense: will be + p.p of verb Active voice: John will buy a car. John will not buy a car. Will John buy a car? Passive voice: A car will be bought by John. A car will not be bought by John. Will a car be bought by John? Future Perfect Tense: will have been+ p .p 0 f verb Active voice: John will have started the job. John will have not started the job. Will John have started the job? Passive voice: The job will have been started by John . The job will not have been started by John Will the job have been started by John? Passive voice for Present/Future Modals “CAN, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST, OUGHT TO”+ be +p .pofverb Active voice: CAN John can play a violin. Mary cannot play a violin. Can Mary play a violin? Active voice: MAY Peter may buy the computer. Peter may not buy the computer. May Peter buy the computer? Active voice: MIGHT Guests might play chess. Guests might not play chess. Active voice: SHOULD Students should study all lessons. Students should not study all lessons. Passive voice: CAN BE A violin can be played by John. A violin cannot be played by Mary. Can a violin be played by Mary? Active voice: MAY BE The computer may be bought by Peter. The computer may not be bought by Peter. May the computer be bought by Peter? Active voice: MIGHT BE Chess might be played by guests. Chess might not be played guests. Active voice: SHOULD BE All lessons should be studied by students. All lessons should not be studied by students. Should students study all lessons? Should all lessons be studied by students? 20Active voice: MUST Active voice: MUST BE Learners must learn the test- Test-taking strategies must be learnt by taking strategies. Learners. Learners must not learn the test- Test-taking strategies must not be learned taking strategies. by Learners. Active voice: OUGHT TO Tom ought to take the examination. Note: p.p of v = past participle of the verb Active voice: OUGHT TO BE The examination ought to be taken by Tom. Exercise: Rewrite the following sentences either to the passive or to the active form. a. The gardener has planted some trees. b. Some advice will be given by the doctor. c. A famous designer will redecorate the hotel. d. “E.T.” was directed by Steven Spielberg e. Someone has broken the crystal vase. £. He has been brought up polite by his parents. g. Someone is remaking that film. h. You should water this plant daily. i. The garage ought to be painted by our neighbour. 11. ] have to return these books to the library. 12. Someone will pay you in ten days. 13. Your health can be improved with more exercise. 14, The cleaner is going to mop the kitchen floor. 15. The traffic warden had already given him a ticket for illegal parking. aUNIT 3:Schools: Different and Alike- Education in the World A. Useful Vocabulary Nouns: education ast! — failuredill - success cls — assessment auti- time table- training 5) ,- teachers ~ schools — trainee 1 — graduate 295 — skills “I_1e!- school mate ~ boarding school eels co-educational school Ualis« i. p2«— comprehensive school 4 si) 44 jaa! - grammar school 4 sitll 4. js3!— compulsory edlucation! el 319! aba - Verbs: fail, succeed, assess, teach, learn, take an exam, pass, evaluate, graduate, go to university, hold a degree, to get a course /to take a course Adjectives: successful, graduate, hard working, qualifiedJa& , well-equipped 4s § jes B, Grammar points 1. Expressing wish: - Inthe present: wish+past simple (regret about a present situation.) eg: | wish our school were more equipped. It means our school is not well-equipped - Inthe past: wish + past perfect (regret about a past situation.) eg: | wish | had made more efforts. It means | didn’t make a lot of efforts. - Inthe future: wish+ (I/we )could/ would+ stem (To complain about a behavior that you disapprove. /Expressing impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action.) eg; | wish | could succeed. It means I'm afraid to fail 2. Expressing. -obligation: must +stem -necessity: have to +stem -prohibition: mustn’t + stem - lack of obligation: don’t have to/ don’t need to + stem 3. Giving advice: should/ ought to/ had better + stem 4. Conditional: Typel: If + present simple >will/can/must+ stem ( possible condition) Unless =if not/ but only if ( unless+ positive verb =if + negative verb) Eg: unless you work hard , you won't succeed = if you don’t work hard, you won't succeed Type 2: If + past simple -> would/could + stem (unreal situation) Eg: If | were younger, | would choose another job. Type 3 : If + past perfect ->would + have + past participle ( regret) Eg: If| had known, | would have told you. 2I- Vocabulary related to Education Vocabulary ‘Words in English -Explanation in Arabic ‘Words in English -Explanation in Arabic Abilities Olja)! ‘Admision Entrance Ug. / Ug>ail a> Adequate SS ‘Adolescence Teenage years @aaljall ow ‘Aspect cited! Affiliation Attachment qo. ‘Assessment wad | Aggressiveness Violence .svJlgac ‘Assist baclue Aaprove Support g-asia ‘Attend j2> ‘Assessment Evaluation psa ‘Awareness .scsll ‘Behaviour Performance Jglw Brainstormed 5-10 Jac Beliefs values ules! Caning Leal Gall Brainstorming Come up with aixlie ae,L 6,58 Comprehensive school 65.00 lela auto Aessl Compulsory] obligatory els / s2l¥I Charge Cost asad aw. Community The public yspasJI Comprehensive Inclusive Jala / aI,s¥l ewly Competitive Ready for actions .ausls Core subject @ LAUT gxclgall Compulsory Obligatory s,L>! Crowded p>>j0 Composition Exam/ work oUsSall / Curriculum galall Contribution Involvement lp 1 Drop out of Gas Discipline Regulation wigs Foundation subjects e-algall pul! Grammar school 4s; aua0 Disturbance Annoyance el31 Draft Outline Supa blake literacy eV Education Instructing 455 Tnstruction / teaching / education als Emotional Sensitive sable Performance «ls Establish Found yaw, Private school 22l> yw,la0 Fees Cost / charge oles Public school ale u,lae Formative instructive esi ‘Scholarship Aas;sall Gall Free Without charge wiles / axpall ys vase Requirement ball Full time Whole time cLull eae! JolS School fees @wjsall pss] Maintain Uphold .sle bale State school aas> Aau,s0 Private Personal eso Responsive &laaul | Maturity Adulthood 225 Selection ,ws¥l Standards yulaoll Funding Support le slesel Trai er Old fashioned Traditional p38 / Sac Public Community nosae Property Possession &.Sle Treachery/cheating ual ‘Share Contribute JL Teaching awe Tolerance Acceptance gala 23Verb Noun | Adjective | Adver Assess ‘Assessment | Assessable (ZZ | ‘Academy ‘Academic ‘Academically [asset Assistance T assisted [ain | | Culture Cultural Culturally | [Gonatrct Construction Constructive Constructvely | Develop Development Developed THT | Doubt’ Doubt Doubtful Doubtfully Educate Education Educational/educative | Educationally educated Evaluate Evaluation Evaluative THAT Tail Teilure Tailed TUTTI succeed | success successful successfully Tiuminate Tilumination Tluminating TTT Improve Improvement Improved THT Tafiuence [Influence Tnfiuenced THT. Inform I Information Informative Informatively Innovate [ Innovation Innovative Tnnovatively Mean | Meaning ‘Meaningful Meaningfully Obiige Obligation obliged/obliging obligingly Qualify Qualification Qualified MUL Reform Reformation Reformed 0 | Require Requirement Required | THT | Select ‘Selection | Selective Selectively | Think Thought ‘Thoughtful Thoughtfully | Socialise Society Social Socially Tradition Traditional ‘Traditionally know knowledge knowing knowingly Transmit Transmission Transmittable TATU Train Training Trained TATU Widen Width Wide Widely Teach Teaching Taught TTT 24il-Grammar: A- Expressing a- obligation > “Must” is used to express a personal obligation, to say that in our opinion something is essential or necessary. Example: I must wake up early if I don't want to be late for work (I believe it is necessary to wake up early, but there is no rule) > “Have to” is used to express an impersonal obligation. The subject is obliged to do something by an external power (the law, school rules...) Examples: a-_ In that school children have to wear a uniform (It's one of the rules of that school) b- In the UK you have to drive on the left (It's not your decision, it's the law) b-prohibition > “Mustn't” is used to express that something is prohibited or forbidden Example: You mustn't use your mobile phone in the school (it's a rule) c- lack of obligation > “Don't/Doesn't have to” to express that something is not necessary or obligatory. Example: Tomorrow is Sunday, so I don't have to wake up early (I can wake up early if] want, but it's not necessary) B- Giving Advice > “Should/Shouldn't” are used to suggest something, to express our opinion, our point of view. When we use should or shouldn't, we are saying that we think something is a good or a bad idea. Examples: a- I think you should go to the doctor (I think it is a good idea, that's my opinion) b- You shouldn't drink so much (I think it is not a good idea, that's my opinion) Exercise: Put in must/ mustn't’ , should/shouldn’t ‘don't / doesn't have to 1) We have a lot of work tomorrow. You ......be late. 2) You....... tell anyone what I just told you. It’s a secret 3) The museum is free. You pay to get in.. 4) Children......... tell lies. It's very naughty. 5) L....do my washing because my mother didn’t do it for me. 6) We.......... rush. We've got plenty of time. 7) You..........smoke inside the school. 8) She.........do this work today, because she can’t do it tomorrow. 25C. Expressing wishes > Expressing a present wish: Form: I wish + past simple Example: I wish I spoke German. (reality: I don’t speak German and I would like to learn it) Use: + The simple past here is an unreal past. + When you use the verb “to be” the form is “were”. Example: I wish I were a poet! > Expressing a past wish (regret): Form: I wish + past perfect Example: | wish Thad done my homework . (reality :I didn't do my homework.) Use: To express a regret. The action is past. > Expressing a future wish (Complaining): Form: I wish + would / could+ verb Example: I wish you wouldn't arrive so late all the time. (reality: I'm annoyed because you always come late and I want you to arrive on time) Use: To complain about a behavior that you disapprove. Expressing impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action. Exercise : Write what these people wish they had or hadn’t done as in the example: 1. John drove his car so fast that he had an accident. He wishes.. 2. Julie was late and she missed the beginning of the film. She wishes 3. Jack ate too much and he was sick. He wishes.. 4, Lwas very nervous during her driving test and I didn’ i pass. I wish... 6. My husband and I didn’t save money so we didn’t go on holiday last summer. We wish.D. Use of Comparative Adjectives ‘We use comparative adjectives when talking about 2 things . If we talk about primary schools and middle schools, we can compare them as shown in the table below: Points of primary secondary comparison schools schools Examples classrooms small large Primary schools “classrooms are smaller than secondary schools ones. subjects easy difficult Subjects in secondary schools are more difficult than in primary schools. teachers lenient —_Ienient Teachers in primary schools are as lenient as in secondary schools cost of school cheap expensive School furniture in primary schools are less furniture expensive than in secondary schools. Rule: ‘Comparatives of Forms superiority short adjective + er+ than more + long adjective +than equality as tadjective +as not as + adjective +as inferior! short adjective + er + than less + long adjective + than The table below shows the rules for forming comparatives and superlatives from adjectives: _ ‘Type of Adjective Example of Type | How to Form the How to Form the | of Adjective Comparative Superlative [One syllable iter the +adj+ est | strong stronger than The strongest [One syllable ending | double consonant | double consonant and | vowel consonant jbie and+ er + est | bigger than The biggest More than one syllable + more Mess The* most or least famous | more famous the least famous ‘More than one syllable | [remove y add ier remove y add iest lending y |silly sillier than | the silliest | | | less silly the least silly | {Irregular |bad | worse than |The worst good ‘better than The best far |farther/further than _|the farthest/furthest many |more than |The most little }less than The least 7Practice Exercise 1: Fill in the gaps with the comparative form of the adjectives given. 1. Arock is wv than a leaf, (heavy) 2. The princess is . . than the witch. (beautiful) 3. Tomisa.. student than Mary. (good) 4. than January. (hot) 5 ...than telephones. (expensive) 6. ... than football. (boring) Exercise2:Fill in the gaps with the superlative form of the adjectives given. 1. Monday is the .... .... day of the week. (bad) 2. Ben was the . . person in his family. (noisy) 3. Which is the . subject at school? (difficult) 4, Jim is the . . player in the football team. (good) 5. Elephants are the . 6. Let's pick the ... animals. (heavy) apple of the tree. (big) Exercise3: Fill in the gaps with the comparative or the superlative form of the adjectives. 1. This armchair is 2. Trains are . ++. than the old one. (comfortable) . than aeroplanes. (slow) 3. I bought the . souvenir I could afford. (expensive) 4. In this classroom there are vase girls than boys. (many) 5. Ann is the . child in the family. (young) 6. That TV set is the ofall. (cheap) 7. You are . here than there. (safe) 8 Kate is . than her sister. (pretty) 9. This is the . ... film I have ever seen. (exciting) 10. Tim is .. . than Peter. (talented) 28Expressing similarities and differences Examples: 1- Middle school students start switching classes throughout the day. High students start switching classes throughout the day (similarity) 2-Elementary schoo! students are typically in the same classroom all day Middle school students start switching classes throughout the day (difference) Similarity Difference ~ Both middle school students and high school ° * y scl different students start switching classes throughout Ee aero cre from middle schools the day ® Middle school students start switching classes | _ Unlike in elementary schools, middle throughout the day the same thing as in high school students start switching classes school throughout the day | Elementary school students are typically in 4 Like in middle school ,high school students the same classroom all day whereas/ but, start switching classes throughout the day. middle school students start switching classes throughout the day * Contrary to middle school students, Middle schools are similar to high schools Middle school students start switching classes throughout the day’. Elementary school students are typically in | the same classroom all day in contrast to middle schools.. “Middle school students are the same in that they switch classes all the day. | oe “% Neither middle school students nor high schools ones stay in their classes all the day. Note: > We can express similarity by using the following link words: both...and, the same as, like, as...as, similar to, the same, neither...nor. > We can express difference by using the following link words: unlike, different from, while, whereas, but, in contrast to, contrary to. Exercise: Join the pairs of sentences using the given connector. . Heis lazy. He is irresponsible (both) ‘Your parents would not approve of such bad behavior . Your teachers would not approve of such behavior.(neither....+++++nM0T). She hates cleaning afterwards. She cooks well (but). She managed to pass the test. She was not prepared for the test. (However). Michael is not going to the excursion, Samantha is not going to the excursion. (Neither. She rarely drives She has a driving license. (but) She tries hard. She never manages to finish her work on time (however). Vicky eats a lot. She isn’t overweight (however). T like traveling by bus. My husband likes traveling by plane (whereas). 29E. The Conditional; es of conditionals : Examples: +I fyou add 2 to 4, you get 6. +I f you heat ice, it melts. Rule: If + Present Simple / Present Simple Note: The conditional type 0 expresses something absolutely sure. There is 100% of certainly and no doubt. 2) Conditional type 1: Examples: + If you practise sport, you will be healthy. + If it rains tomorrow, I will take my umbrella, Rule: If + Present Simple , Will/ Must/Can/May+ Stem Note: The conditional type 1 expresses something true and real. There is 90 % of, certainly and 10% of doubt. 3) Conditional type 2: Examples: + If [had enough money, I would travel all over the world. + If [were a president, | would change a lot of things. Rule: If + Past Simple / Would/Could/Might+ Stem Note: The conditional type 2 expresses something imaginary, unlikely, improbable + If he had had time, he would have done the work. + If Thad known what you wanted, I would have bought you a nice present. Rule: If + Past Perfect / Would/Could/Might/ Have + Past Participle Note : The conditional type 3 expresses impossible conditions or regrets. Exercise 1: Give the correct form of the verbs between brackets. Say which type of conditional is used. 1) He will succeed if he (do) as I (tell) him. 2) If the rain failed to come, there (be) a famine. 3) You would catch the train if you (leave) earlier. 4) If | had lost my glasses, I (not be) able to read. 5) IfI (be) an orange, I would be spherical. 6) If you heat ice, it (become) water.UNIT 4: Keep Cool - Feelings And Emotions A. Useful vocabulary: Nouns: Comedian gS) - comedy- humour *'Sill - humorist .#\Si ~ happiness ~ sadness = love ~ hate ~ fun - optimism dsl! — pessimism p52! — help — joy — stress es! — tragedy aul — worry GH - confidence “i! ~ feelings |+Ltd — emotions 2b! x! - self-centeredness CIM 5S alle - self-satisfaction Usd ye Le 21! — sickness U2 pa! - Adjectives: comic - funny -humorous - happy - helpful — joyful 4— thoughtful +35- optimistic — pessimistic- stressful - tragic - self-centered self-satisfied - sick - worried B. Grammar points: A, The use of articles: definite article “the” - indefinite article “a/an”- zero article “B” Eg:a/- The wind is blowing so hard. /b- A girl was wearing a yellow hat. c-/ | love @ English. Expressing likes, dislikes and preferences : The verbs enjoy, dislike, don’t mind and avoid are always followed by a gerund whereas like, love, hate and can’t stand, prefer can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive. -It is better is followed by the to-infinitive whereas rather is followed by an infinitive without “to”. Eg: it is better to share what they think or feel. ~ They prefer to cry rather than retain their tears, - They would rather let all of it out and say what they feel than bottle it up inside and make matters worse. - They prefer hiding them (their feelings) C. The use of modals: must = obligation- mustn’t= prohibition - have to =necessity — don’t have to= lack of obligation - Should = advice - Ought to= advice D.“One another” and “each other”: - one another is used when you are saying that each member of a group does something to or for the other people in the group Eg: We all try and help one another. -each other used as the object of a verb or preposition to show that each member of a group does something to or for the other members. Eg: Don and Susie really loved each other (= he loved her and she loved him). They looked at each other and laughed. We can wear each other's clothes. E.The use of quantifiers: countable nouns [uncountable nouns countable & uncountable nouns lot of-many—afew- | a great deal of -much- ‘a lot of - some —no - not any. few —not many not much —a little — little. d- Reported speech.(Revision) 31LVOCABULARY Vocabulary related to Feelings and Emotions in Arabic Words in English Explanatio Words in English Explanation in Arabic feelings vata! emotions I sll Comedy usxs§ comedians Wony /anxiety 35 Humour 44 humorous Joy/ happiness ¢# -Fun 4) 7Funny disee Help tet optimism J3a Thought Thoughtful vs9* Self- centred 2 | Stressfulsseo) Self-satisfaction it! = 5 Tragic ge Tragedy 8 [extrovert ais Tal 5 Stress sea! introvert Jl shi\ sickness => phlegmatic 2 art hug st SelEreliance GM gle Lae enthusiastic Gussie Selhelp Ha eat shy dys, Self-Confidence ois i [homesick ola exis Self-Discipline 310) S21! furious Hale Self-Esteem <3 al ia! thankful St Self-Defence wit! ce ¢Ua) cheated ¢ 54« Self-Sacrifice cats t= -grief-stricken iS SelfInterest cally HTT trapped ce nelnal) Self-Control wah Ge TT rebellious yi Self-portrait 4515) 3) jal) puzzled ate Self-Educated pee cautious 95 Seif Reliant Wie uae impressed sel Self-Made 4-28 4elue bored Glally ate Self-Confident “i o Sly discouraged t+ Seif Fulfilling GS Ges aggressive 5) Sel Conscious AT ge 3 Affectionate asia. Seip Piy SO Bp invincible seu Y SelFassertive Gj= A disappointed Ji 4y8 SelfSatisfied SI GI proud 94 delighted Saal Ge A tempted el) Deception e135 indecisive pula Bitter + cowardly oe 32Nouns ‘Adjectives ‘Adverbs Fun funny funny Help/heipfulness Helpful less helpfully Toy joyful joyfully Comedy comic comically Humour Humorous Humorously Thought Thoughtful Thoughtfully Optimism optimistic ‘optimistically Happiness Happy | Hapa Bittemess Bitter Bitterly Friendship [ Fiend riendless Friendly Loneliness Lonely Tonelily Sadness [sad Sadly Tenderness Tender Tenderly Humour, | Humorous Humorously Kindness Kind Kindly Peace Peaceful Peacefully Grace T Graceful Gracefully Generosity Generous Generously Courage Courageous Courageously Pessimist/ Pessimism Pessimistic Pessimistically Enthusiast/ Enthusiasm Enthusiastic Enthusiastically Faith Faithful Faithfully Deception | Deceptive Deceptively aggressive aggressively 331L.GRAMMAR A-Articles Indefinite Articles: a and an 7A" and "an" signal that the noun modified is indefinite, referring to any member of a group. For example: ~"My daughter really wants a dog for Christmas." This refers to any dog. We don't know which dog because we haven't found the dog yet. Remember, using a or an depends on the sound that begins the next word. So... a+ singular noun beginning with a consonant: a boy; a car; a bike; a z00; a dog an + singular noun beginning with a vowel: an elephant; an egg: an apple; an idiot:an orphan -"A/an" can be used only with count nouns, "Tneed a bottle of water.” "Ineed a new glass of milk." Remember that in English, the indefinite articles are used to indicate membership in a group: Tam a teacher. (Iam a member of a large group known as teachers.) Brian is an Irishman, (Brian is a member of the people known as Irish.) Definite Article: the The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or particular. The signals that the noun is definite, that it refers to a particular member of a group. For example: - "The dog that bit me ran away." Here, we're talking about a specific dog, the dog that bit me. ="|_ was happy to see the policeman who saved my cat!" Here, we're talking about a particular policeman. Even if we don't know the policeman's name, it's still a particular policeman because it is the one who saved the cat. Geographical use of the Use «the » befor names of rivers, oceans and seas: the Nile, the Pacific points on the globe: the Equator, the North Pole geographical areas: the Middle East, the West deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas: the Sahara, the Persian Gulf, the Black Forest, the Iberian Peninsula Omission of Articles — Zero article O: Do not use the befor f most countries/territories: [raly, Mexico, Bolivia; however, the Netherlands, ican Republic, the Philippines, the United States names of cities, towns, or states: Seoul, Manitoba, Miami names of streets: Washington Blvd, Main St. names of lakes and bays: Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie except with a group of lakes likerhe Great Lakes names of mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Fujiexcept with ranges of mountains like the Andes or the Rockies or unusual names like the Matterhorn names of continents (Asia, Europe) names of islands (Easter Island, Maui, Key West) except with island chains like the Aleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary Islands ‘Names of languages and nationalities: Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian (unless you are referring to the population of the nation: "The Spanish are known for their warm hospitality.") Names of sports: volleyball, hockey, baseball Names of academic subjects: mathematics, biology, history, computer science 34B.Expressing likes and dislikes To talk about your likes and dislikes, you can use these expressions. Expressing likes | Expressing dislikes ] | + Tlike.. + [don’t like... | + love... + Idislike... | | + Tadore... + Thate... | + I‘merazy about... + Labhor. | + ’'mmad about... + can’t bear... | + Tenjoy... + can’t stand... | + T'mkeen on... + detest... | + loathe... L > Examples of likes and dislikes : I'm mad about basketball, but I can’t bear ice hockey. I adore reading poetry, but I loathe doing the housework. “ Ifyou neither like nor dislike something: "I don't mind doing the housework." > Things to remember about likes and dislikes: L. When these expressions are followed by a verb, the latter is put in the -ing form. Examples: ©"L like listening to music.” "I hate wearing sunglasses." 2. Note that" very much" and " a lot" always come after the things you like. "T like basketball very much/a lot. 3. Be carefull when you use "I don't mind... Examples: = "Do you mind playing football?” -"No, I don't mind."(Although it's in a negative form, it means that it's ok for me. I neither love it nor hate it.) Exerc! . clas Order the following words to make meaningful sentences. 1 al/ My/ likes/ mother /to music./ listening 2. her /dad’s /Ana /washing /hates / car. 3. travelling /friend /by /loves/ My/ plane./ father's 4, emails./ writing/ I /long /hate 5. watching/ dislikes/ films /horror /She/ TV. /on 6. in ‘Tommy /dancing/ the /loves /disco 7, English.’ My/ speaking/ maths /loves /teacher 8. doesn't/ early./friend's/ sister/ My /like/ getting up 9. the/ I /getting/ dressed /mornings./ like /in 10. a at /bath/ aunt/ having/ nights./ loves/ James’C. Simple Modals Modal verbs are unlike other verbs. They do not change their form (spelling) and they have no infinitive or participle (past/present). Modals Use Examples [wal in future tense Twill be there. | in requests Will you do it for me? Won't negative of will No, Iwon't Can to indicate ability Tean doit in requests Can you help me, please? | informally to ask Can I use your phone? Can't permission No, you can't negative form of can May to indicate possibility Tmay go to New York | to ask permission May I go out ? Might Remote possibility It might rain tomorrow Could to indicate past ability He could play cards wel. | 10 indicate possibility Leould give you ride. | in requests Could you open the door please? to ask permission Could I use your restroom? Couldnt negative past tense Teouldn't help it Should’ Ought to to express advice to conjecture You should stop smoking She should be at home by now. Shouldn't negative suggestions You shouldn't do that mistake. Must to express obligation Children must do their homework. Have to to express necessity ‘We have to wear a uniform at work. Mustn’t to express ‘You mustn't cheat at exams prohibition/waming Needn’t Lack of obligation ‘You needn’t write on your copybooks, I'll give you handouts. 36Exercise; Fill in the blanks with the correct modal verb. Lo seeeeseseeeeees read English but I ............understand it. ... I see your passport, please? 3. He sees very badly, he ............. wear glasses all the time. 4, Pedestrians ............. either use the crosswalk or cross the street at the traffic lights. 5. The buses were all full; I... w+ take a taxi. ... drive fast; there is a speed limit here. ee ..... we all go to the football match tonight? argue with your father, you ........ obey him. 9. I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn’t open the door. She ........ (hear) the bell. 10. A: I bought two bottles of milk. 11. B: You ......... (buy) milk; we have heaps in the house. 12. ssccsssssees camry this heavy pack myself. I think I will ask for help. 13, When I woke up this morning, the light was on. I ......... (forget) to turn itoff, 14, [saw her at the office half an hour ago. She ........ (be) at home now. Itis almost impossible. 15. I can’t find my keys. I ....... (put) them somewhere in my room. 16. I don’t know what all this noise about. It ......... (be) my father breaking wood in the backyard. 17.1 can’t find my mother. She ......... (go) shopping. 18. The weather is overcast. It ........... (rain) in the afternoon. 37D. Reciprocal pronouns: each other and one another We use the reciprocal pronouns each other and one another when two or more people do the same thing. Traditionally, each other refers to two people and one another refers to more than two people, but this distinction is disappearing in modern English, + Peter and Mary helped one another. = Peter helped Mary and Mary helped Peter. + We sent each other Christmas cards. = We sent them a Christmas card and they sent us a Christmas card. + They didn’t look at one another. = He didn't look at her and she didn't look at him. + We also use the possessive forms each other’s and one another's: + They helped to look after each other’s children. We often stayed in one another’s houses Exercise: Underline the correct answers. 1. Both of them love (each other , one another) very much. 2. The teacher told his students to cooperate with (each other , one another) when doing the project. 3. Peter and Jane take turns to help (each other , one another) to. carry the heavy grocery bag. 4, The group of boys were so ashamed of themselves that they dared not look at (each other , one another) in the eye. 5 The neighbours on the fifth floor do not get along with (each other , one another). 6. The librarian stacked the storybooks on top of (each other , one another) and placed them on the trolley. 7. Selina and Jack have known (each other , one another) since primary school. 8. My aunt and mother respect (each other , one another) greatly. 9. Everybody should lend a helping hand to (each other , one another) during times of emergency. 10 .The two enemies hate (each other , one another) to the core. 38he use of quantifiers What are quantifiers? A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a noun to indicate the amount or quantity: ‘Some’, 'many’,'a lot of and'a few’ are examples of quantifiers. Quantifiers can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns. Examples: There are some books on the desk He's got only a few dollars. How much money have you got? There is a large quantity of fish in this river. He's got more friends than his sister. Examples of quantifiers With Uncountable With Countable Nouns | With Both Nouns | much |. many + all + alittle/little/very | + a few/few/very + enough little few + more/most + abit (of) + anumber (of) + less/least + agreatdealof | + several + no/none + alarge amount of + a large number of + not any + alarge quantity of | + a great number of, * some * amajority of |e any + alotof | + lots of + plenty of * NOTE few means that there is not enough of something. ‘a fow means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough. ** NOTE little means that there is not enough of something. alittle means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough. Exercise :Fill in the gaps with the correct quantifier. . They have had ...........homework in mathematics recently. time do you need to finish the work? . There are too ...students in the library. Have you visited . foreign country? . Although he's very ill, he didn't take ...... ....medicine. eople know as much about linguistics as John does. knowledge is a dangerous thing. of trouble passing his driving test... They say . He's having SIA RYN 39D. Reported Speech Direct speech | She says: "I like tuna fish." [ Reported speech | She says that she likes tuna fish. She said: 'm visiting Paris next weekend” | She said that she was visiting Paris the | following weekend, | Note: Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in a present tense (e. g. He says). Note, however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person singular) Example: He says, “I write poems.” - He says that he writes English. Note: You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in a past tense (e. g. He said). Example: He said, “I am happy.” — He said that he was happy. Examples of the main changes in ten: | Direct Speech Simple Present id: "I am happy" Simple Past -d New York last year" He said: "I vi Present Perfect He said: " I've lived here for a long time " Past Perfect He said: "They had finished the work when I arrived" Past Progressive ‘Reported Speech ‘Simple Past He said that he was happy Past Progressive He said that he was looking for his keys Past Perfect Simple He said that he had visited New York the previous year. Past Perfect He said that he had lived there for a long time "Past Perfect He said that they had finished the work when he had arrived" Past Perfect Progressive He said: "I was playing football when the He said that he had been playing football when accident occurred" | Present Perfect Progressive He said:"I have been playing football for two hours." ~ Past Perfect Progressive the accident had occurred Past Perfect Progres: He said that he had been playing football for two hours Past Perfect Progressive | He said: "I had been reading a newspaper | He said that he had been reading a newspaper when the light went off" Future Simple (will+verb) He said: "I will open the door." Conditional (would+verb) He said: "I would buy Mercedes if I were rich" when the light had gone off Conditional (would-+verb) He said that he would open the door. Conditional (would+verb) He said that he would buy Mercedes if he had 40‘The modal verbs could, should, would, might, needn't, ought fo, used to do not normally change. Example: He said, "She might be right." — He said that she might be right. Other modal verbs may change: Modal Direct speec Repored speech can "Lean do it.” He said he could do it. may "May I go out?" He wanted to know if he might go out. must "She must apply for the job.” | He said that she must/had to apply for the job. will "They will call you." He tod her that they would call her. B, Reporting Questions Types of questions Direct speech Reported speech With question word (what, |{/Why" don’t you | [He asked me why I didn’t why, where, how...) __| [speak English?” \speak English. Without question word (yes | "Do you speak [He asked me whether /if] or no questions) lEnglish?” \spoke English. C. Reporting requests / commands Example: She said, “Sit down." - She asked me to sit down. She said, "don't be lazy" - She asked me not to be lazy this that ‘these those 7 : here there now then / at the time i that day / yesterday lyesterday — the day before / the previous day _ - ‘a week ago / last week ‘a week before / the previous week last month the month before / the previous month next year the following year - inthree years three years from then a1Pronouns I He / She | you I/we We They Me Him / Her us them Exercise :Complete the sentences in reported speech. ): "Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow." b-Emily said "| was writing a letter yesterday." b-Helen told me 3) Robert: "My father flew to Dallas last year." b-Robert told me that . on 4) Liss im went to the stadium an hour ago." b-Lisa said that es 5) Patricia: "My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend." b-Patricia said that ... 6) Michael: "I am going to read a book this week." b-Michael said to me that : 7) Jason and Victoria: "We will do our best in the exams tomorrow." b-They told me that.. 8) Andrew: "We didn't eat fish two days ago." b-Andrew remarked that......... 9) Alice: "I spent all my pocket money on Monday.” b-Alice complained that... 10) David: "John had already gone at six." b-David said that... 11) John said: "I love this town." b-John said .... a 12) "Do you like soccer 2" He asked me, b-He asked me .... 13) "Ican't drive a lorry," he said. b-He said .. 14) "Be nice to your brother," he said, _b-He asked me 15) "Don't be nasty," he said. b-He urged me ... 42Most Common Irregular verbs infinitive [Past simple [Past participle [Translation To be lwas/were [been (etre Tobecome became become devenir | To begin began begun |commencer To break broke broken [casser [To bring brought brought lapporter | To build built built [construire To burn burnt burnt lbrdler To buy [bought bought acheter To catch caught caught attraper To choose _chose chosen choisir ‘To come (came come yeni [To cut lout [ut icouper [To do idid done faire To draw (drew drawn (dessiner | Todream (dreamt dreamt iéver | [To drink (drank drunk boire | 'To drive ‘drove driven ‘conduire To eat ate eaten imanger TTo fall fell fallen jomber iTo feel felt felt ‘sentir To fight fought fought ‘combattre TTo find found found rouver | To fly iflew flown Wvoler | To forbid {forbade forbidden interdire To forget forgot forgotten loublier To get got ‘got lobtenir | ‘To give gave given (donner To go went (gone aller To grow grew grown laugmenter / grandir iTo have had had avoir To hear heard heard lentendre {To hide hid hidden ‘cacher To hit hit hit rapper ‘To hurt hurt hurt lesser ‘To keep kept kept \garder 'To know knew known Iconnaiitre / savoir [To lean leaned /leant_|leaned / leant lappuyer ‘To learn learned /learntlearned/Tearnt [apprendre To leave left left quitter To lend lent ‘Tent rater To let let, llet laisser TTo lose lost lost erdre 43Infinitive Past simple [Past participle [Translation 'To make made made faire [To mean meant meant [signifier / vouloir dire To meet imet met [rencontrer | [To pay paid aid [payer To put put [put Imettre / poser To read read read lire o ride rode ‘ridden laller cheval / aller a vélo | ‘To ring rang rung onner To rise rose risen ise lever / s'élever To run ran run) lcourir | [To say isaid said dire To see ‘saw ‘seen voir [To sell ‘sold isold vendre 'To send [sent [sent lenvoyer To set ‘set ‘set fixer / placer [To show [showed Ishowed / shown __montrer iTo shut ishut [shut fermer 'To sing Isang ung Ichanter TTo sit 'sat ‘sat [étre assis {To sleep slept islept (dormir [To speak ‘spoke ‘spoken arler To spend ‘spent ‘spent idépenser / passer (son temps) ‘To spread spread ‘spread Btaler / se répandre 'To stand istood ‘stood létre debout To steal ‘stole stolen \dérober iTo swim swam ‘swum nager [To take {took taken rendre To teach taught taught lenseigner | [To tear tore torn idéchirer To tell told told dire / raconter To think ithought {thought enser TTo throw ithrew thrown lancer To understand lunderstood _|understood (comprendre ‘To wake joke woken réveiller / se réveiller To wear wore worn porter To weep wept jwept leurer To win won won lgagner To write ‘wrote iwritten lécrire 44Phonetics Rules of Word Stress in English 1, Stress on the first syllabl rule example Most 2-syllable nouns PRESent, EXport, CHIna, TAble Most 2-syllable adjectives PRESent, SLENder, CLEVer, HAPpy 2. Stress on the second syllable rule example Most 2-syllable verbs | to preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN 3. Stress on the penultimate syllable ( rule example mate = second from end) Words ending in -ic GRAPHic, geoGRAPHie, geoLOGic Words ending in -sion and-tion teleVIsion, reveLAtion 4.Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (ante-penultimate = third from the end) rule example Words ending in -cy, -ty, -phy and -gy | deMOeracy, dependaBllity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogy Words ending in -al CRhtical, geoLOGical 5, Compound words (words with two parts) rule | example For compound nouns, the stress is on nthe first part BLACKbird, GREENhouse For compound adjectives, the stress is on the second part | bad-TEMpered, old-FASHioned For compound verbs, the sess is on the second part to underSTAND, to overFLOW Exercise: Which syllable is stressed? today- yesterday - tomorrow - holiday - vacation photograph - photographer - believe beautifull - October - tomato - understand -to record. - exereise - interesting - back door bus stop 45Pronunciation of Final “s” 1- “S” is pronounced /S / after: / p/ — cups- stops- groups-shapes-shops-helps-grapes it] — cats-puts-objects-points-shouts-apricots-pockets-starts-hurts-sets I k/ > books-looks-cooks-works-smokes-walks-sticks /£/— roofs-cliffs-chiefs-laughs-coughs / © / — baths-months-paths 2. “S” is pronounced /IZ/ after: /s/ > faces- choices-notices-differences-axes- fixes kisses-buses-houses- J zI—+ pleases-causes-uses-tises-gazes-sneezes /|/ = rushes-washes-pushes-finishes-fishes it] / > watches-teaches-approaches-peaches-matches-coaches-clutehes Ids/—> bridges-cages-stages 3- “S” is pronounced /Z/ after: /b/ > cabs-ribs Jd /— beds-friends-heads-hides-cards-stands-pads-thousands-goods 1 g/ — dogs-digs-eggs-legs-brings-tongs /1/ — labels- travels-walls-falls-fails-pedals Jm/—> arms-farms-seems-aims-rims In/ + explains-turns-begins-trains-planes Ir] > cars-letters-answers-pairs- cigars-years Iv/ > drives-believes-gloves-calves-halves-knives (| clothes - mouths vowels > says - fuzz-buzz- does -goes-radios - sees-trees-bees- seas-fees diphthongs (two vowels) Jei/—» days- plays-lays-pays-rays-railways Jou/ — shows-slows-knows- follows-allows-flows- Jai] — buys- guys-flies-lies-eyes-replies-supplies /2i/ > boys-toys-employs Exercise: Classify the words according to the pronunciation of their final ‘s factories - uses - classes - dies - works - functions ~ coughs - crashes IST iz TIZ/ 46Pronunciation of final “ed” 1- “ed” is pronounced /t / after: /p/ — jumped-helped-dropped-shopped /k/ — liked-worked-asked-looked-talked- parked -cheeked-locked- /f/ — laughed- coughed-puffed /s/ — passed-guessed- crossed- fixed-danced-glanced /|/ — pushed-wished-finished-fished-washed-published /t\/ > searched-watehed-matched-reached 2- “ed” is pronounced / id / after: /d/— added-succeeded-blinded-rewarded-demanded-loaded / t/- started-hated-created-delighted-accepted-waited-visited-tasted 3- “ed” is pronounced /d/ after: /b/ > grabbed-robbed /ds/—> changed-plunged-charged-pledged /g/ — hugged-plugged 11] —> healed-piled-filled-called travelled 7 m/— dreamed-climbed-informed-performed /n/—> cleaned-explained-opened-returned-joined-rained- /r/ — answered-preferred-remembered-wondered-worried-retired /v/— loved-lived-moved /1/> used- caused-amused-analysed-amazed /°/— bathed- smoothed diphthongs (two vowels) Jei/— played- stayed- prayed J 2u/—+ _ followed- showed-slowed-snowed-borrowed Jail — died-tried-replied-identified /ail+ — enjoyed Exercise: Classify the words according to the pronunciation of their final ‘ed’ faced - used- landed - died - worked - washed - replied - apologized Iu Idi. Ad/ 5 to a7Rhyming Words List of rhyming words : the words are listed from easiest to hardest and in alphabetical order. ack - back, lack, pack, rack, sack, tack, yak, black, knack, quack, slack, smack, snack, stacl track, whack, attack ail- bale, fail, hail, mail, male, nail, pail, tale, rail, sai, stale, scale, snail, whale, detail, email air air, bare, care, chair, dare. fair, hair, pair, rare, wear, chair, flare, stare, scare, share, spare, square, there, where, aware, beware, compare, declare, despair, prepare, repair, unfair ake - ache, bake, fake, lake, make, rake, take, brake, break, flake, quake, snake, steak, awake, mistake all - all, ball, call, doll, hall, fall, tall, erawl, small, baseball, football an-an, can, fan, man, pan, ran, tan, van, plan, scan, span, began and - and, band, hand, land, sand, bland, command, demand, expand, stand, understand ap - cap, gap, map, nap, tap, zap, chap, clap, flap, slap, snap, strap. trap, wrap ar - are, bar, car, far, jar, tar, star, scar, afar, guitar at -at, bat, fat, mat, pat, rat sat, flat, that, splat, combat ate - ate, date, fate, mate, late, gate, rate, wait, crate, great, plate, skate, slate, state, straight, trait, weight, create ed - bed, dead, fed, head, led, read, red, said, bread, fled, spread, thread, tread, instead cll - bell, fell, sell, well, yell, shell, smell, spell, farewell, hotel, motel en - den, hen, men, pen, ten, glen, then, when, wren, again et - bet, get. jet, let, met, pet, set, vet, wet, yet, threat, barrette, reset, upset in- bin, chin, in, pin, tin, grin, thin, twin, skin, begin, within g- king, ring, sing, wing, zing, bring, cling, fling, sling, spring, sting, string, swing, thing it - bit, ft, hit, it, it, lit, pit, sit, Hit, knit, quit, skit, slit, spit, split, admit, commit, permit ht, fight, fright, knight, night, might, right, tight, white, write, delight tonight oh - go, hoe, low, mow, row, sew, toe, blow, crow, dough, flow, know, glow, grow, know, show, slow, snow, stow, though, throw, ago, although, below ot - cot, dot, got, hot, lot, not, pot, rot, tot, bought, fought. knot, taught, shot, spot, squat, forgot ound - crowned, found, ground, hound, mound, pound, round, sound, wound, around, surround oze - bows, hose, nose, rose, toes, blows, flows, froze, grows, those ub cub, rub, sub, tub, club, stub, scrub, shrub un - bun, fun, gun, one, run, son, sun, ton, won, done, none, begun, outdone, undone Exercise: Match words that rhyme A B T. hose a doll 2. taught b- know 3. snow c- spring | 4. bring d pen | 5. again e froze | 6. skin & chin | 7. great g- straight 8. fall he_pot 48Words With Silent Letters Consonants Words b comb, tomb, bomb, debt, doubt c black, scene, science a fudge, bridge, ledge fo cliff, stuff, staff e gnarl, gnaw, gnome, foreign, sign h ghost, whistle; school, chord k knee, knife, knowledge 1 ~Tquill, swell, tall OO mn “mnemonics | - - n “condemn, column, solemn P pneumonia, receipt, pshycology s brass, ss, press t depot, potpourri, watch - lw "window, shadow, answer a z Wjaesbuzsss—i—<‘—s~sSsS Exercise: Underline the silent letter. plumb - handkerchief - design - architect - knob - hymn - pseudo - sofien --build - wrist 4gSyllable Division What is a syllable?: It is simply a vowel sound (phonetic symbol not letter of the alphabet) that may or may not contain a consonant sound. The 9 Simple rules for syllable division: Rule Example | 1. One syllable word is never divided. Drug Sick 2. When a word has a prefix, divide the word between the word root | Mis/use and the prefix. Im/port | 3. When a word has a suffix, divide the word between the root and t | Harm/ful the suffix. | Free/ly 4, When two or more consonants come between two vowels ina | Offten word, the word is usually divided between the first two consonants. _| Doc/tor 5, When a word ends in le preceded by a consonant, divide the word | Peop/ le after that consonant. Tabile | Purpite 6. When a word ends in ekle, divide the word between ck andle, | Tack/le Shack/le 7. When a single consonant comes between two vowels ina word, | Music mulsic palper cle/ver the word is Lusually divided before the consonant. | 8. When two vowels come together in a word and are sounded separately, divide the word between the two vowels. 9. When a vowel is sounded alone in a word, it forms a syllable in itself. Exercise: Classify the following words according to the number of their syllables. ‘Summit - supermarket — seatbelt — uncertain- lines- destination - overpopulation [syllable | 2syllables | Ssyllables | 4syllables | more 50t of Common Prefixes Here is a list of common prefixes with some examples: | Prefix Meaning | Example ante- |before antecedent, antenatal anti- against —_fanticestablishment jauto- |self autopilot |co- [with co-conspirator, co-pilot 7 contra- against contradiction Ide off delist, devalue _ a idis- not [disappear en- ‘put into enclose, envelop |ex- out of extract, ex-governor ‘extra beyond, more than [extracurricular homo- ‘same ~~ lhomonym, homophone hyper- over, more {hyperactive : it,im- in, not, without illegal, impractical, inconsiderate, ire invesponsible : ins into ‘insert inter- between internet, intersection, lintra- inside [intranet, intravenous micro- |small ‘microscope : jmono- one |monosyllabic jnon- not, without nonentity, nonstarter, /post- after post-mortem. ipre-, pro-_[before, forward _ precede, project sub- under submarine, substandard super- above supervisor, superhuman [trans across transmit tri- ‘three tripod, triceratops - june [not ~ undone, unfinished, uni one ‘unicorn, unilaterallyA List of Common Suffixes Here is a list of common suffixes with some examples: Suffix | Meaning | Example -able, -ible _|ean be done ‘comfortable, passable al, -ial [having the characteristics of ‘personal past-tense verbs (weak verbs) danced, jumped made of golden, wooden |-er comparative tidier, nicer |-er, -or ‘one who ~ actor, narrator, worker _| pest superlative nicest, greatest fal full or full of cupful, careful | “ic having characteristics of linguistic, sarcastic | -ing verb form (present participle and dancing, singing gerund) ion, -tion, -ation, ition _ act or process attraction, attrition ‘ity, -ty |state of [humility, infinity ive, -ative, itive adjective form of a noun expensive, plaintive less without [topless, fearless ly adverb ending |nicely, quickly | “ment ~__ [action or process “enjoyment, entrenchment | -ness state of, condition of Jeagerness, kindness _-ous, -20us, -ious possessing the qualities of ~ Jerroneous, joyous 8,-e [plural ‘tables, foxes -y characterized by fatty, happy, jumpy 52Keys to exercises Exercise p 7: Ask questions on the underlined words. 1- What is the headmaster determined to do? 2- Where do teachers throw cigarettes ends? Exercises p 9: A/Put the suitable article where necessary « One of the persons I admired a lot was © my uncle, He was a famous mountain climber. He went to the Himalayas where he met his friend James, then he went to the Rocky mountains . He enjoyed going to the sea and sailing along rivers. He died in a village near the Amazon. B/Supply articles where necessary. 1-" What did Jane buy? A dress or a jumper? 2. "Who took the book that was on my desk? 3- "Is Chad an underdeveloped country ? 4- "The Nile is the longest river in the African continent. C/Put "a", "an", or "the" where necessary. ‘After reading an article entitled" Cigarette Smoking and Your Health" I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves. I smoked it with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette, For a whole week, I did not smoke at all and during this time my wife suffered terribly. I had all usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking : a bad temper and an enormous appetite. My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket. After seven days of this, I went to a party, and there I smoked a cigarette. Exercise p 10: Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. ~ They had studied English before they moved to Canada. . They drank tea after they had finished dinner. ‘After he had worked at the hospital for two years he decided to give up the job. |. When I arrived at the party John had already gone home. . We had waited until the match finished. Repo Exercise p 11: Join the pairs of sentences using the right connector. . Although she bought a car, she was still too young to drive. Though the night air was hot they slept soundly. . Lenjoyed the holiday but I was glad to be home. Even though Tom doesn’t speak Spanish, I think he should still visit Madrid . "In spite of the children’s poverty, they were happy. although she is an accountant, she never seems to have any money. Bee au1. She wishes she had worked harder. 2. He wishes he would become a professional football player. 3. He wishes he had not run so fast. 4, She wishes she would study computer science next school year. 5. I wish I could know how to use it. 6. I wish I had not stayed at work late 7. [wish I had talked to him yesterday. 8. I wish you would help me. 9. I wish T could buy new car. 10.He wishes he had worked hard. 11.1 wish she had attended the conference. 12.1 wish I could have a house like this one. 13.1 wish I were rich. I would buy a farm and enjoy the calm of the countryside. 14. They wish they had been more careful. 15.We saw the film. I wish you had seen it with us, It was an amazing evening. 16.1 like travelling around the world. I wish I could have time to realize my dream. Exercises p 17 Exercise 1: Change each sentence using unless make sure it makes sense. 1. You won't know what to do unless you listen carefully. 2. We'll miss the train unless we hurry. 3. She won't be able to understand you unless speak very slowly. 4, I'll look for another job unless my salary increases . Exercise 2: Choose the correct word for each sentence. 1. I'm playing basketball tomorrow unless it's raining. 2. We're going to start painting the wall tomorrow provided it's not raining. 3. You can smoke in here as long as you leave a window open to let the smoke out. 4. The children can stay here providing they don’t make too much noise. 5. Iam going now unless you want me to stay. 6. Mary doesn't trust anyone. She won't lend you any money as long as you promise to pay her back. Exercise 3: 1. It's about time you ate less. You are getting fat! . It's high time you were more respectful to your parents. . It's high time we went back to our house. . It's about time you started to exercise. . It's time you spoke to your mother about your boyfriend. . It's high time you got more exercise. . It's time you paid a visit to the dentist AAURYL 548. It's about time we realised that we won't be able to finish the job by the deadline. 9. It's about time you stopped getting so angry about small things. 10.It's time you finished writing your thesis. Exercise 1 p18 : Match the statements to the advice. _ 1 |2 3 4 [5 6 ib a e le If d | Exercise 2 p 18. Spot the mistake then rewrite the sentence correctly. 1. You'd better not be late. 2. Anna shouldn't wear shorts into the restaurant. 3. I should go to the post office today. 4. L ought to pay my bills today. 6. You shouldn’t stay up too late tonight. 7. You'd better not leaving your key in the door. 8. Mr. Nguyen has a large family and a small 10. 5. You'd had better to call the doctor today. Exercise p 21: Rewrite the following sentences either to the passive or to the active form. 1. Some trees have been planted by the gardener. 2. The doctor will give some advice The hotel will be redecorated by a famous designer. . Steven Spielberg directed “E.T.”. The crystal vase has been broken by someone. His parents have brought up him polite That film is being remarked by someone. This plant should be watered daily. Our neighbour ought to paint the garage. 10. These books have to be returned to the library. 11. You will be paid in ten days. 12. More exercise can improve your health 13. The kitchen floor is going to be mopped by the cleaner . 14. He had already been given a ticket for illegal parking by the traffic warden. COI AAR Y Exercise 25: Put in must/ mustn't, should /shouldn’t , don't / doesn't have to 1) We have a lot of work tomorrow. You shouldn’t be late. 2) You mustn’t tell anyone what I just told you. Its a secret 3) The museum is free, You don't have to pay to get in.. 4) Children mustn't tell lies. It’s very naughty. 5) I must do my washing because my mother didn’t do it for me.jus situations Topic: Describe the feelings and emotions of Algerian women and men in va ‘The death of a close friend or a relative, the occurrence of a natural disaster or an accident, and other fatalities are likely to generate different feelings and emotions in people. ‘Actually the difference in reaction is more particularly a question of gender, Men will tend t0 hide their erief over the death of somebody they know, or their awe when they witness @ tragedy during a natural disaster, they will try not to panic and control their emotions; instead, they will react by taking steps to protect their families and neighbours. Women will show their emotions more openly ‘They will express their sadness and mourning, and ery profusely when they learn about a relative's death, Likewise, they will be rather shocked and terrified when they see an accident in which there are casualties, Finally, they are likely lose their self- control, and fail to take the right decisions to protect themselves in an emergency “The difference in response regarding the expression of love and affection will most likely follow the same pattern, Men always try 10 avoid excessive sentimentality. They generally avoid showing in Verbal manner too much emotion and feelings to their families and friends, they will express their care jn a different way; for instance by showing concern, offering help or giving presents. Women are again prone to showing thei feelings more openly. They would more often than not use terms of endearment and they often hug and kiss family members, especially children The differing levels of sensitivity between men and women concerning the facts of life fs probably the reason why their marks of sympathy and affection are dissimilar, But the male and female attitudes are complementary. and both necessary for good human interactionTopic: Describe the feelings and emotions of Algerian women and men in various situations “The death of a close friend or a relative, the occurrence of a natural disaster or an accident, and other fatalities are likely to generate different feelings and emotions in people. ‘Actually the difference in reaction is more particularly a question of gender, Men will tend to hide their grief over the death of somebody they know, or their awe when they witness a tragedy: during a natural disaster, they will ry not to panic and control their emotions; instead, they will react by taking steps to protect their families and neighbours, Women will show their emotions more openly ‘They will express their sadness and mourning, and cry profusely when they learn about a relative's death. Likewise, they will be rather shocked and terrified when they see an accident in which there are casualties. Finally, they are likely lose their self control, and fail to take the right decisions to protect themselves in an emergeney ‘The difference in response regarding the expression of love and affection will most likely follow the same pattern. Men always try to avoid excessive sentimentality. They generally avoid showing ip verbal manner too much emotion and feelings to their families and friends, they will express their care ina different way: for instance by showing concer, offering help or giving presents, Women are again prone to showing their feelings more openly. They would more often than not use terms of endearment, and they often hug and kiss family members, especially children. ‘The differing levels of sensitivity between men and women concerning the facts of life is probably the reason why their marks of sympathy and affection are dissimilar, But the male and female attitudes are complementary, and both necessary for good human interactionUNIT 3 : Education in the World Think, pair, share (p.89) Dear Linda, Today, I'll write to you about my school. And the least I can say is that I feel quite happy and comfortable in it. First, let me mention its old stone building, surrounded by a nice flower garden. The flowers are carefully arranged, and in spring, they give off a nice scent when we head for the classes through the garden, Further back, there are two large courtyards with enough space and benches to play or relax. There are also big, ancient olive trees near the walls, where birds perch and nest. We can hear them warble and chirp all year round. Let me also describe my classroom. It is large and well decorated, with old-fashioned brown desks, and posters and pictures all over the walls. And then, there are those cabinets full of books which smell of old paper. Actually, I like borrowing a book from to time and dream of all the adventures and mysteries I read about. T'll finally say a few words about my teachers. I’m lucky to have such good and considerate people around me. They are so keen to see the students do well. They are always prepared to answer our questions, and they really want to make sure we understand the hard parts of the lessons and exercises. I like the way teachers get us involved, They surely have children of their own at school, which explains why they understand how we feel. So if there is one good reason why I like my school, it surely is because the teaching staff are so caring, and so friendly. I can’t dream of a better school! (T 4 : Feelings and Emotions Topic: Write a reply to miserable Dear Miserable, I'm very sorry to hear that you are having difficulty coping with stress and anxiety, due to the forthcoming final examination. I more than sympathise with your being depressed. Let me tell you however that taking a few commonsense steps. would restore confidence and cheerfulness in you. I think you are working too hard, and not taking enough time for breaks. Do you know that cramming and doing exercises endlessly produce more anxiety in you? That’s why you don’t feel you have time to spare for your friends, and to enjoy some of the pleasures of life you are entitled to. So, as I said, you should relax and sleep regularly, meanwhile leaving your brain to process the hardest points of lessons and activities. You should go out for walks or practise some sport everyday to help you relax. You ought not to worry constantly about the time when your exam occurs, lest you would lose your concentration on the appointed day. Think that after all, you have reached a good level of competence, and that you have enough strategies at this stage to decide how to organise your work. Let me tell you again that when the exam comes, always start with the things you can do easily and leave time for the most tricky parts. T’m sure that when the time comes, you will be able to overcome your stress and perform quite successfully I wish you all the best. ‘Aunt HillaryMoreover, it is highly immoral & dishonest to reap what others have sown, ‘That it is highly immoral & dishonest to reap what others have sown, That is to say that instead of creating new objects or at least improving the existing ones, imitation kills creativity & innovations. Furthermore, pirating products is theft, especially when the producer of a fake object sticks the label of famous trade-mark on it. These producers, indeed. bring a very bad reputation to their country through there unethical practices. One wouldn’t like Algerian to be know for practicing this dubious trade or to see them buy cheap, fake products that can lead to serious troubles. To suim up, we can say that counterfeiting. is a kind of fraud that should be fought by authorities & citizens, Topic: Some people argue / think / say that businessmen should apply their own personal ethical Standards when doing business. Some people argue that businessmen should apply their own personal ethics standards when doing business. They think that people start business to make profits & become wealthy. They say that vou need money to make money. According to them, the world business is a jungle & if we respect ethics (values), we can undermine the values of hard work & freedom, & we can also restrict production & competition. But, I don’t agree with these agreements at all. I believe / think that they are only excuses (justifications — reasons to explain) to escape the responsibility towards the welfare of society as a whole (To escape their social & environmental responsibilities) According to me, ethics has everything to do with business. In other words, business is a human activity & should, therefore, comply with moral standards. Some business, for instance, abuse work safety regulations & pollute the environment besides greed that may be caused by unfair / illegal competition & exploitation. Therefore, business activities should have a code of good practice to ensure fairness (legality justice) ‘Topic: - Suppose you were the manager of an ethical investment fund. (a fund which inyests only in socially responsible businesses). Write a policy statement to inform potential fund contributors about it. The people & organizations who put their money into our fund want us to invest in ethical ways & we work hard to make their desires a reality We'll make sure that we avoid investing in companies that endanger the environment & those which invest in certain sectors such as tobacco, arms manufacturing & uranium extraction since they not only spoil the atmosphere (air) with fumes, chemicals & radiation but threaten also the life of the next generation. They can lead to long period of the drought, climate change, disasters & the appearance of dumps everywhere. Thus, we'll do our best & attempt to take all the necessary measures to preserve our nature & secure the future of our children Moreover, we won't place our money in companies that lack ethical behaviour standards, In other terms, we'll respect the legal minimum age for work, ensure good health & safety conditions to the workers as well as fairly payment because we believe that the reputation &prosperity of any business (company) relies on social & environmental responsibilities which go hand in hand with economic growth In brief, let’s say that since ethics are our main capital, our business will take the moral standards into account & we'll no longer separate ethics from business so as to ensure both faimess & profitability growth, Thus, you can trust us.Sa UNIT 1 : Ancient Think, pair and share p 20 ‘A century ago, people were able to live in better conditions than their parents thanks to the progress made in science and technology. But in practice, the outcome of this progress was slow to materialise, For instance, most people still used to travel long distances on foot or by stage coach. And as mechanisation was not introduced significantly in daily activities, household chores still had to be done manually, and were therefore time consuming, On the other hand, community life was still an asset for social cohesion, since people had more opportunities to meet and interact. So they were able to chat with neighbours at shops or in clubs and have a cup of coffee with friends or relatives and tell stories and jokes. Likewise, family visits were frequent and kept the folklore alive, with the grandparents who used to tell traditional tales or sing lullabies or folk songs to their grandchildren. Unfortunately, with the development of audiovisual means such as the cinema, radio, television and then personal appliances like the computer, CD-roms and DVDs, the chances of socialisation are dwindling and the lack of interaction between people may increase stress, loneliness and anxiety. Could we then complain that we are missing out on some ingredients in life which used to make our great grandparents happier? This is probably so, since closer contacts among neighbours, friends and families had to be beneficial for communal harmony. However, scientific progress in all fields, particularly in medicine, modes of transportation and communication, and agribusiness can only show that our lives are today quite fulfilling and, if anything, more comfortable than a century ago. Think, pair, share (p.30) ‘There are three major threats to our civilisation, which can lead to the destruction of mankind. We have first nuclear energy, which has been a constant liability ever since the explosion of atomic bombs in 1945; there is also pollution, a major cause for concern with the massive and noxious increase in industrial activities and mechanisation; finally, climate change constitutes another threat, as an outcome of the first two mentioned problems. The escalation of nuclear weaponry since World War Two has exposed humanity to a nuclear war that would not compare at all with Hiroshima and Nagasaki, since it could wipe out life on earth many times over. The Cold War was a period of tension between the two most heavily equipped nations in terms of nuclear warheads, the USA and the USSR. The Détente that came after did not suppress all worries, since other countries have the bomb, and could use it any time. There are also indirect consequences to owning nuclear energy. Indeed, a lethal form of pollution can originate from it if accidents in nuclear power plants occur. But apparently less dangerous forms of pollution, generated by an ever- increasing industrialisation, can also cause severe illnesses and deaths. We can think of all the chemicals dumped by factories underground, or in rivers and seas, or of the enormous amounts of smoke emitted in the air by factories and vehicles. All of these are causing all sorts of illnesses in humans and threatening wildlife. ‘Apart from these direct consequences, the third threat to our civilisation, climate change, is directly related to the first two mentioned. Smoke has resulted in the greenhouse effect, responsible for the increase in mean temperature in the world. Consequently, the ice caps in the north and south poles are shrinking, the sea level is rising, rains have become irregular, hurricanes are more frequent, monsoons are more destructive, droughts have intensified, and have reached usually wet parts of the world Therefore, the danger of famine is real , and can even lead to dramatic wars over the possession of the meagre resources remaining. Surely the impending threat of nuclear warfare, and the lethal chemicals spread in the environment make the world a dangerous place to live. The tons of smoke sent out in the atmosphere also constitute a health hazard, and are responsible for climate change. There are indeed urgent measures to be taken by governments to make human activities safer if our civilisation is to survive and thrive.Proposed summary of the text (about 10 lines): ‘Ancient Egyptian civilization emerged along the Nile Valley as a result of the unification of all Egyptians under the central authority of one single king, the Pharaoh. The Pharaoh’s government guaranteed both external and internal security to the people of Egypt. As a consequence, the Egyptians grew very proud of their country and became so fond of the Pharaoh that they worshipped him as a God- king. This national pride and identification with the Pharaoh kept the unity of ancient Egypt and made its civilization prosper for many centuries. But the economy of ancient Egypt was ruined by all the resources that the Pharaohs put into the building of pyramids and the burial of their treasures in their own tombs. Economic collapse caused the gradual decline and fall of ancient Egyptian civilization. UNIT 2: Ethics in Business Topic: Prepare & short public statement saying what would you do to fight fraud & corruption if you were elected “ head of state ” Dear fellow citizens, Corruption is an evil that must be fought now! In order to win this fight I urge all people of good will to unite & gather around me. If you elect me Head of State, I will implement the following anti-corruption program. To begin with, 1 would appoint honest civil servants who would work fairly & do their best to serve the country & citizens. They should keep in mind that stealing public funds or accepting a bride in exchange for a service is immoral & illegal practice. ‘Next, I would pass stringent laws to protect citizens & punish embezzling & bride-taking. | mean that I would not accept that citizens will be the victims of corrupt civil servants. I would not forgive embezzlers & bride-takers. I would also fight tax evasion & capital flight. Those who eam a lot of money must pay their taxes & contribute to the prosperity & growth of the country. Thus, tax evader would be severely punished. Finally, I would rehabilitate the value of work if I were elected. we should teach our children from infancy that & little money gained honestly bring a lot of happiness & peace of mind. To sump up, I would tell my fellow countrymen that no government can succeed to fight corruption without the help of civil society/ So you role as citizens in this fight us quite necessary & this is why I urge you again to unite around me to face comuption & fraud, Vote for honesty Topic: Counterfeiting benefits consumers is a mistaken claim. So many people argue that counterfeiting benefits consumers by given them access to lower-price goods, This is totally mistaken claim. First, imitated products are generally of bad & low quality, & don’t last long. There is no guarantee for money & more importantly there is no assurance that fake goods are safe, & can have terrible effects. For instance, low quality car parts can cause great damage to the driver & passengers when they fail. In addition, fake medicines or foods have negative consequences on public health. There are several cases of imitated foods & medicines which have caused dangerous & most often fatal diseases, especially in poor countries where the majority of people have low incomes. A recent study revealed by EU shows that the customs are confiscating 100 million fake items, as regards foods & medicines, every year & of course, the moral damage caused by these items to the victims can never be forgiven