Computer Networks Prof.

Hema A Murthy

TCP FSM Connect / syn

closed
Passive open/ syn Active open/ syn
Close /-
(server) (client)
Listen Close /-
Syn / Syn+ACK

rst / - Listen Send/ syn Syn

Syn
rcvd Passive open sent
Syn/ syn+ack
Simultaneous open

a ck
/- data
ack
n +
Close file Close / fin Estd Sy
k Three way handshake
ac

fin /ack

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP FSM Estd

in
/f
simultaneous close

se
lo
C
Close
fin /ack wait
fin Closing
wait 1
fin /ack ack Close / fin
ack ack Time
dnwait Wait
fin
2MSL ack
wait 2 fin /ack Timeout
Passive close
closed
Active close Ack/-

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP Connection Management

Three Way handshake:

host1 host2

CR(seq
= x)
k=x)
y , ac
s e q=
(
ac k

Data (seq=x
, ack=y)
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Delayed Duplicates
X Old duplicate
CR
from released connection
(seq=
x)
= x) h2
h1 ck
e q=y, a
k (s
W/o h1’s Ac
Re
je c
knowledge t (a
ck=
y)

f h2
CR (
seq=
x)

Old duplicate
seq =y)
x, No TPDUs with seqy to be
ack=
f Data
(seq acknowledged
h1 Old du =x, a
plicate ck=z
Reje )
ct(ac
k=y)
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Releasing Connections
• Symmetric
– requires each to release separately
• Asymmetric
– similar to the telephone system
– A party hangs up connection broken
• Symmetric
– When everything goes well fin
– If all’s not well requires a timeout

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP Disconnection
h2
CR
h1

ACC

data
data

DR
data

Data in transit does

not reach
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP Disconnection Request

Send DR + time set

h1 DR Send DR + time set
h2
DR
Release
ack
Send ack release

h1 h2
DR

DR

ack
X
Time out release
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP Disconnection Request

h1 h2
DR

timeout
DR
X
DR

DR

release ack

release

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP Disconnection Request

h1 h2
DR

X
DR Time out release
X
Time out

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP Transmission Policy

0 Buffer2k
2k write 2k Seq=0 Empty
,
Ack=2k 2k
W=2k
receiver
sender
2k write
2k Seq=
2k
Empty
Ack= W=0 App. reads 2k
4k
2k
Ack= W=0
Sender 4k
blocked
1k

Seq
=4k 1k 2k
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP Congestion Control

• Receiver buffer size
– Network characteristics
– Sender maintain window size for transfer
• Window size granted by receiver(rcvr window)
• Congestion window (cgst window)
• Number bytes sent min (rcvr window, cgst window)

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP Congestion Control (contd.)

• Can optimise send and receive
– Buffer data until 4K and then write
– Window size update until enough space

• Issues: 1 byte send – update window by 1

byte
– - avoidance of silly window syndrome

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP Congestion Control

• Congestion window set max size of
segment in use
– Send maximum segment
– Double segment if ack received – until timeout
• Set congestion window to previous maximum size

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP Congestion Control (Contd.)

– Additionally use threshold parameter
• Initially 64k
• Timeout occurs, set threshold to half of current
congestion window
• Reset congestion window to maximum segment size
• Repeat process again
• Threshold reached – increase window linearly until
timeout

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP Slow Start

Timeout
Threshold
32

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP Timer Management

• Difficult compared to DLL
– What is RTT?
– On top of IP which is connectionless

RTT = RTT + (1-a ) M

estimated RTT Current value time for ack
a - is a constant

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP Timer Management

• Also use Deviation D
• D = D + (1-a) | RTT – M |
• Timeout = RTT + 4 * D
• Issues – retransmitted frames?
– Solution – Do not update RTT for Transmitted
segment
– Just double RTT
– Persistence timer
• Sender blocked, but receiver window update lost
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP Timer Management

• Persistence timer
– Sender blocked, but receiver window update
lost
• Keepalive timer
– Both ends check health of connection
• Timed wait state in TCP
– max lifetime of packet
• ensures all packets created by a connection are
dead after connection is closed

Indian Institute of Technology Madras