Logical Reasoning and. —————{ Cuarrer] ‘Analytical Ability Sequences and Series Sequences and series (as the name suggests) consists of questions where you are supposed to understand the logic behind a given sequence or series of number/alphabets. Based on this understanding you are supposed to determine cither (@) A continuation to the series (b) The immediate next term of the series or (©) A missing term/terms within the series While preparing yourself to solve such questions you should improve your ability to spot a particular relationship between terms within the series. The common logical premises used for questions are given here SERIES BASED ON NUMBERS 1. Squares Squares + something or squares-something e.g. next term in the series 24, 35, 48, 63, 80... will be 99 since the series is (57+ 1), (6° + 1), ete. Cubes. cubes + something, cubes-some- thing Arithmetic series Harmonic series 7. Series of constantly changing additions or multiplications, e.g. ( 2, 6, 24, 120, (The terms are got by x 3, x 4, x5, and so on.) (ii) 11, 16, 22, 29, 37, (The series fol- lows logic of +5, +6, +7. +8, and so on.) Binary numbers systems or number systems with other bases like Base 3, Base 4, ete. Intermingled series e.g. 2,5, 6, 10, 18, 15, 54 In this series alternate terms starting with the first form a GP with common ratio 3. while the 2", 4", 6" terms form an AP 5. 10, 15, 2 9. SERIES BASED ON ALPHABETS In such series, the most crucial aspect is to know the position of each alphabet in the alphabet series Ato Z both from start to end. Thus, the following reference numbers for each alphabet become important 4, Geometric series Going Forward 1j2[3[4[s[e6[7][s[o]folulels Alphabet altselel[ol[ele{[elulilfs[x[il[™ Going Back fiomZ | 26 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 22 [ 21 | 20 [ 9 | 18 | 17 [ 16 | a5 [ a4 Going Forward 4 [15 [ 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 Alphabet N/o[p/a;jr{[s|[r[u|[v/[w[x|y]z Going backftomZ | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 7Lle[s[4[3[2]162 Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability Notice that M and N are the two middle points of this series. Let us now look at a few solved examples before we go into the practice exercise Mlustration 1 Which of the numbers given below would come next in the series of numbers? 1.9.25, (a) 36 (by 25 © 49 (@)_ none of these Solution ‘The first number is 1, second is 9 and third is 25. We can casily observe that the numbers in the series are squares of consecutive odd numbers, Hence, the next number would be the square of 7 which would be 49. Thus Option (c) is correct. Which of the following letters would come next in the series of letters? istration 2 Z.W.RK_ @a (b) C ©B @D Solution In the given series from the end of the alphabet series, Z is the I" alphabet, W is the 4" alphabet, R is the 9" alphabet and K is the 16" alphabet. Thus the next leticr in the series will be the 25" alphabet from the end or the second from the start, Hence, the next alphabet must be B. Thus (c) is the correct option. Illustration 3 What would come next in the following series of numbers? 1,2, 10,37,__ (a) 62 (b) 91 © 101 (@) none of these Solution The series is following the + 1, +8, +27 routine. Hence, the next number must be at an interval of +64 and should be 101. Thus Option (c) is the correct answer. Wl What would come neat in the following series? Aap. Dis, Goo, Jos _— @ Nis (©) Mie stration 4 (0) Or (d) none of these Solution In the series of letters represented above there is a gap of 2 letters between every two consecutive terms and hence, the next letter will be M (after skipping K and L). Thus, the correct answer should be Myy. Thus Option (4) is correet Ilustration 5 What should come next in the series below? 122343456, (a) 45678 (b) 6789 (©) 34567 (@) none of these Solution We can see that the series is a group of joined series as 12, 234, 3456 and hence the next terms should be 45678. Thus Option (a) is correct. EXERCISE Find out the missing term 1. 0,3,8, 15, 24, 35, 48, ? (a) 53 (b) 63 (©) 80 (d) none of these 2. 256, 64. 16.4.2 @! () 1/4 © V6 (@) none of these 3. Obtain the missing term BGK? @N (b) P OM @L 4. 718,27, 2, 63 @ 2 () 43 (©) 38 (d) none of these 5. 2,425, 600, 825, 1100, 1425 (@) 225 (b) 300 (©) 250 (d) none of these 6 1, 121, 12321, 1234321, ? (a) 123454321 (b) 12344321 (c) 12345654321 (@) none of these 7. 0.005, 0.05.2. 5 (a) 5.30 (b) 0.05 © 05 (@) none of these 8 31,32, 36, 45,? (a) 55 (b) 56 (©) 61 @ 62 9. 1,5,2,.25, 3, 125.4,? (@) 144 (b) 36 (©) 625 (@) 500 10, 83, 82, 80, 77,? @ 74 (b) 73 (©) 75 (d) 7612, 13 14, 15 16. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 22. 23. 24, 26. 23, 3/N4, 4NS, 7 (@) SN6 (b) SNS (©) ONS (@) none of these 1,1, 5,49, HL, 169, 19,2 (a) 256 (b) 289 (©) 324 (@) 361 5,36, 253,? (@) 1749 (b) 1750 © 1772 @ 1771 45678912, 5678912, 567891, ? (a) 56789 (b) 67891 (c) 567891 (@) none of these ABCDEFG, GABCDEF, FGABCDE, ? (a) EFGABCD —_—_(b) GABCDEF (c) EFGABCDE (d) FGABCDE GD, 2,16), B, 81), 2 @ 4.16) @ 4.64) ©) 4.256) (d) none of these 1,4, 16, 64, what will be the 8" term? (a) 1024 (b) 16384 (c) 4096 (d) none of these 40, 24, 16, 12, 10,9, ? (a) 85 8s (c) 7.5 (d) none of these 7, 28, 70, 140, 7 (a) 240 (b) 250 (©) 245 (@) none of these 729, 1331, 1728, ? (a) 2180 (b) 2185 (©) 2196 (@) none of these 0.7, 2.8, 11.2, 44.8? (a) 178.2 (b) 177.2 (©) 179 (@) 179.2 1, 5/4, 21/16, what will be the n" term of the series? (a) (1-(/4)"3/G/4) (b) {1+ (/3)" 23)" (© {(3y" + 12/3) (a) none of these 600, 550, 450, 300, ? @ 50 (b) 0 ©) 100 (@ 150 1,2, 3, 6, 11, 20, 37, 68? (@ 125 (b) 126 (©) 124 @ 103 36, 48, 2, 72 (b) 55 (d) 70 what will be its 15" term? (b) 76 (dy) 71 27. 28, 29, 31. 32. 37, 38, 40. Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability 63 -3.4, 23, 60, 1217 (a) 22 (b 212 (c) 205 (d) none of these 20, 26, 62, %, 174 (@ 125 (b) 150 (©) 278 (d) 200 45, 40,3 which term will be the first negative term of the series? (a) 10" term (b) 11" term (©) 12" term (d) 13" term 1/1, 4/8, 9/27, 16/64, 25/125, ? (a) 36/49 (b) 49/64 (c) 36/216 (d) none of these 1,3.2,5,3.7,4,9,5, 11, 6.2 @ 10 1 © 13 @9 1,4,27,2 (a) 256 (b) 3125 (c) 2425 (a) none of these What is the next term in the following series? ABE, BCF, CDG, DEH, EFI, (a) FGK (b) FGI (©) FGL (d) none of these What is the next term in the following series? ZYXWTSRQNMLK @ 1 ) G (c) H dW J . What is the sum of infinite terms of the given se~ ties? de dx dled x gl? ghee @ 12 (b) 16 (©) 64 (d) none of these Whaat is the next term in the following series? 1,4. 3.9, 5, 16, 7,25, 9, 36, LL. ? (a) 64 (b) 49 (c) 48 (d) 55 Calculate the sum of the series 1+ 14+ 1/16 + (a) 3/4 (b) 43 ©) 2 (d) none of these Calculate the missing term 625, 125,51 @ () 1 © 5 (@ none of these Obtain the missing term 300, 296, 287, 271, ?. 210 (a) 246 {b) 250 (c) 244 (d) none of these Obiain the missing term 12, 15, 19, °, 30, 37 (a) 33 ) 4 (©) 37 (d) 2464 Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability Directions for Questions 41-47: In cach of the following number series a wrong numbers given. Find out the wrong number. 41, 31, 22, 30, -32, 89, -174 (a) 2 (b) 30 © -32 (d) -89 42, 4, 26, 163, 1149, 9201, 82809 (@ 26 (b) 163 (©) 82809 (d) 9201 43, 4,39, 269, 1605, 8009, 32011 (a) 4 (b) 39 (©) 269 (4) 1005 44, 28, 84. 112, 196, 308, 504, 872 (a) 112 (b) 196 (©) 308 (a) 872 45, 14, 20, 369, 1288, 12961, 155432 @) 4 (b) 20 (©) 369 (4) 1288 46. 14400. 7200, 4800, 3600, 2800, 2400 (a) 7200 (b) 4800 (©) 2800 () 2400 47. 300, 421, 592, 815, 1104, 1465 (a) 421 (b) 1104 © 815 (d) 592 Direction for Questions 48-30: Study the following information carefully to answer the questions given below SQASN%T7B4#I/E$2TD*1I8H3U@9FW OK 48, How many such consonants are there in the above arrangement, cach of which is immediately followed by a vowel but not immediately preceded by a num- ber? (@) One (b) Two (©) Three (d) More than three 49. How many such consonants are there in the above arrangement, each of which is either immediately preceded by a vowel or immediately followed by a symbol but not both? (a) None (b) One (©) Two (d) Three 50, Which of the following is the seventh to the left of the fifteenth from the left end in the above arrange- ment? @H (b) B ol (d) 7 51. The letters skipped between adjacent letters is in the order of 1, 2,3, 4,.... Which alternative follows this rule? (@) EFINS (b) EGIOS (©) EGINS (@ EGINT 52. Which of the following will come in place of the «question mark (?) in the following sequence? 16D7, 18G10, 21KI4, 25P19, ? (a) 30v20 (b) 30V25 (©) 30V24 (@) 29V25 Directions Questions 53-55: Complete the following seties: 53. BZ, HT. NN, ?,ZB (a) LF (b) SX (©) TH (@ TI 54, 12Z, KAN, 17V, 2, HIOR, F22P (a) GIT (b) GUIS (©) L128 (@) GUU 35. ane ba ebb me an bb (a) ebbab (b) bBabe (©) Bbabe @ bnabe 56, In a row of children, Bali is seventh from the left and Moti is fourth from the right. When Bali and Moti exchange positions, Bali will be fifteenth from the left. What will be Moti’s position from the right? (a) Eighth (b) Fourth (©) Eleventh (d) Twelfth 57. Which of the following cannot be a number of the series ....64, 125, 216, 343, 512 .....? (a) 8 (b) 729 © 27 (@) 999 58, Complete the series E-S, G-7, 9, K-IL,? (a) L-13, N14 (b) M-13, O-15 (© L-12,M-14 @) K-12, M-14 59. An application was received by class teacher in the aftemoon of a week day. Next day she forwarded it to the Student Coordinator, who was on leave that day. The Student Coordinator put up the application to the principal nest day in the evening, The Principal studied the application and disposed off the matter on the same day. ic, Saturday. Which day was the application received by the inward clerk? (a) Monday (b) Wednesday (c) Tuesday (@ Thursday 60. Which letter should be the tenth letter to the left of the ninth letter from the right, if the first half of the alphabet of English are reversed ? @ D (b) F OE qtAnswer Key 1.) 2) 3a) 4.) 5. (b) 6a) 7.0) BO) He) 10.) W@ 12) 13.) 14.) 18 @), 16.(c) 17.(b) 18. @)—19.(@)— 20.4) 2d) 22. (a) 23.) (a) LC) 26.(d) 27.(b) 28.) 29% (0) 30.) 31.) 32.@) 33.) 34) 36.(b) 37.4) 38d) 39.) 40.) 41.6) 2@ B@ 4@ © 46.(c) 47.0) 48.@) 49.00) 50.) S1.(c) 52.(b) 53.0) Sd. (a) 56.(4) 57.(d)—58.(b) 59.4) 60.) Solutions 1, The series is following the pattern +3, +5, +7, +9, 10. WL 12. ‘FIL, +13 and hence the next term should be 48 + 15 = 63. Answer is option (b). ‘The given series isa GP with common ratio 1, Hence, option (a) is correct. 4 The series is defined by the 2", 7", 11" term of the alphabet, Hence, the next term would be the 14" term i.e., N. Option (a) is the correct answer. ‘The series follows a pattern of +8, +12, +_, +20. Obviously we need to add 16 for the missing term Hence, 43 ic., option (b) is the correct answer. The series follows a pattern of +175, +225, +275, +325, Hence, the first term should be 300, so the answer is option (b). The series is representing the values of 1*, 11°, 111, 11117, Hence, the next value would be I111? 123454321, so option (a) is the answer AGP with common ratio 10. Hence, the missing term will be 0.5 ic., option (c). +1, +4, +9, thus +16 and hence the next term should be 61, Correct answer is option (c). There are two series intermixed with one another. ‘One of the series is placed at the odd places of the series and the other is placed at the even places. The series al the even places of the series is 5, 25, 125 and hence its next term should be 625. Option (¢) is correct answer. The logic of the series is ~1, -2, -3 and hence ~4 should give us 73. So, the answer is option (b). Obviously the answer has to be option (a). ‘There are two series intermingled in the given series ‘of numbers. 1, 5, 11, 19 and the other series is 1’, 7°, 13” and 19?= 361. Hence, option (d) is the answer. ‘The series follows the pattern of x 7 + 1. Hence. the next number in the series is 253 x 7+ 1 = 1772. Option (c) is the answer. 4 16, 17, 18, 19, 24. 26, 27. 28. 29, 31 Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability 635 We are consecutively deleting one digit from the left and then one digit from the right and then the next move has to be to delete one digit from the left. Hence, the answer is option (b). ‘The next term is formed by removing the last alphabet in the previous term and attaching it to the first alpha- bet of the next term. Hence, the next term in the series would be EFGABCD. So, the answer is option (a) ‘The relationship followed in each bracket is the fourth power of the first digit in the bracket. Hence, option (c) is correct, 256,1024.4096,16384, Option (b) is correct. The series follows a logic of -16, -8, 4, -2, =1, Hence, the next term in the series would be 9~0.5 =8.5. Correct answer is option (a). ‘The addition between various terms of the series fol- lows a logic of 7 x 3.7 x 6, 7 x 10. Hence, the next addition should be 7 x 15. Hence, the next term in the scries would be 140 + 105 = 245. So, the answer is option (). The series represents 9°,11°,13% and hence the next term should be 15°; correct answer is (d). GP with common ratio 4. Hence. the next term would be 179.2 ie., option (a) ‘The formula for the 7" term can be easily verified from the given terms of the scries. Option (a) is correct. The series follows the logic of -0, -100, -150 and hence the next term of the series should be 300 ~ 200 = 100, Correct answer is option(c), Beginning with 6, each term of the series is the sum of the previous 3 terms. Hence, the next term would be 125. So, the answer is option (a). AP with common difference 12. Hence, the unknown term is 12, So option (c) is the answer. AP with common difference 5. Hence, 15" term is 71. Answer is option (d). +7,+19, +37, +61. Hence, the next term in the series would be 121 + 91 = 212, answer is (b). ‘We are consecutively adding increasing powers of 6. Hence, option (c) is correct, ‘The first negative term will be 5 (11" term). Hence. option (b) is the answer. ‘The numerator is represented by n” and the denomina- tor is represented by n°, Hence, the next term in the series would be 36/216, option (c) is the answer. ‘Two series are intermixed. 1, 2, 3, 4. 5, 6 and 3, 5.7. 9, 11. Hence, the next term should be 13. So option (©) is the answer. ‘The general erm of the series isn, Hence, the next term in the series would be 4*= 256, Option (a) is the answer The next term in the series would be FGJ. Hence, option (b) is the answer. The given series starts with the last 4 alphabets of the English language and then gives a break of 2 alpha-66 36. 37, 38. 39, 40, aL 42. 44 46, 47. Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability bets, followed by the next four alphabets and so on Hence, the next term in the series would be H (after skipping J and I). So option (¢) is the answer. On close observation of the series you will realise that every subsequent term reduces in value from the previous term. Hence, by estimating values we can estimate that the sum of this series to infinite terms would be 16, The correct answer is option (b). ‘Two series are intermingled with each other as 1, 3, 5.7.9, Land 2°, 3°, 4°, 5°, 6°, Hence, the next term in the series would be 7*= 49, so the correct answer is option (b). Infinite GP with common ratio 1 Hence, Sum to infinity = 1/(/4) = 4/3. Answer is option(b). GP with common ratio 1/5. Hence, option (d) is comect The series follows the logic of 4. ~16 and hence the missing term must be 271 — 25 = 246, So option (@)is comrect. The series follows the logic of +3, +4, +5, +6 and +7. Hence, the missing term would be 19 + 5 = 24. So option (d) is the correct answer. Obviously 30 is the misplaced number because all other terms are in a reducing series here, Option (b) is correct. The logic followed in this series is 4x 5 + 6= 26,26 X6+7= 163; 163 X7+8=1149; 1149x8+9=9201, Only the last number in the series (82809) breaks this ‘tend, Instead the correct value should have been 9201 x9 + 10 = 82819. Thus, Option (c) is correct. The logic followed in this series is 39 x 7-4 = 269; 269 x 6 — 9 = 1605: 1605 x 5 -16 = 8009; 8009 x 4-25 = 32011. Only the movement from 4 to 39 is unexplained by this trend. Thus, 4 is the incorrect number in the series. Option (a) is correct. ‘The logic of this series is that the sum of two numbers makes the third one in the series. This we can observe by seeing 28+84=112, 84112196 and so on. The only number that does not satisfy this logic is 308 +504, which should be 812 and not 872, Thus, 872 is the wrong number in the series The logic is 14 x 4 — 36 = 20, 20 x 6 + 49 =169, 169 x 8-64 = 1288, 1288 x 10+ 81 = 12961; 12961 x 12 —100 = 155532. Obviously, the incorrect value in the series is 369 and Option (c) is the correct answer. The logic of the series is 14400 x 14 = 7200, 7200 x 2/3 = 4800, 4800 x 3/4 = 3600, 3600 x 4/5 = 2880, Obviously the number 2800 is out of place. Option (©) is correct. The logic of the additions are 121,171, 221, 291, 361 and so on. Thus, the number series should be 300, 421 592.813, 1104,1465, The number 815 is misplaced in the above series and hence Option (c) is incorrect. 48. 53. 56. 37, 60. T7 is the only instance of a consonant followed by a number and not preceded by a number. Option (a) is correct, . 5N% is the only instance of a consonant either fol- lowed by a symbol or preceded by a vowel but not both, Option (b) is correct. The fificenth from the left is ‘2° while the 7th to the left of 2 is °7" itself. Option () is correct EGINS follows the skipping of 1, 2, 3 & 4 letters respectively as we can see in: EFGHUKLMNOPQRS Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. There are three series in the sequence. The numbers to the left of the letter— 16, 18, 21, 25 are increasing continuously by 1 more than the previous increase, ic, the series of increases in these numbers are +2, +3, +4 and the next number should be +5; thus 25 +5=30. ‘The letters DGKP form a series where 2, 3 and 4 letters are skipped every time. Hence, the next letter would be V. Similarly, 7, 10, 14, 19 would give 25 as the next term. Thus, the correct answer would be 30V25 option (b). For the first alphabet add 6 to the position number to gel the next first alphabet of the next element of the series and for the second alphabet subtract 6 fom the position and we'll get the required number. Option (¢) is correct. For the first alphabet we jump from one alphabet to the next alphabet and then to the alphabet right be~ fore the first jump. The numbers move with a gap of 2.3.4... For the last alphabet count from Z leaving one alphabet in the count. G1IT would be correct. Option (a) is correct. It is a repetition of the string: anebb. The missing alphabets in the blanks are: bnabe. Option (4) is cor rect, Since, Bali’s count from the left goes up by 8, Moti’s count from the right would go down by 8 too. Option (@) is correct. All the numbers in the series are perfect cubes. 999 is not a cube of any natural number, Hence, Option (@) does not belong to the series M13 & O15 should be the correct terms. Option (b) is correct A gap of two day sis there in receiving and the disposal of the application. Thursday would be the correct answer (aption (d) We are looking for the 19"" letter from the right in the series: MLKJIHGFEDCBA NOPQRSTUVWXYZ. The letter would be F as can be counted from the above series. Option (b) is correct.