CHNG 3

CAC PHEP BIEN OI TRONG O HOA HAI CHIEU

Mot trong nhng u iem quan trong cua o hoa la cho phep de dang thao tac len cac
oi tng a c tao ra. Mot nha quan l co nhu cau thu nho cac bieu o trong mot
bao cao, mot kien truc s muon nhn toa nha nhng goc nhn khac nhau, mot nha
thiet ke muon quan sat va chnh sa cac mau oi tng trong qua trnh thiet ke, Tat
ca cac thao tac nay co the c ho tr mot cach de dang nh vao cac phep bien oi
hnh hoc. Cac phep bien oi hnh hoc se lam thay oi mo ta ve toa o cua cac oi
tng, t o lam cho oi tng b thay oi ve hng, kch thc va hnh dang. Cac
phep bien oi hnh hoc c s bao gom : tnh tien (translation), quay (rotation) va bien
oi t le (scaling). Ngoai ra mot so phep bien oi khac cung thng c ap dung o
la phep oi xng (reflection) va bien dang (shearing).
Co hai quan iem ve phep bien oi hnh hoc o la : bien oi oi tng (object
transformation) va bien oi he toa o (coordinate transformation). Bien oi oi tng
la thay oi toa o cua cac iem mo ta no theo mot quy tac nao o, con bien oi he toa
o la tao ra mot he toa o mi va tat ca cac iem mo ta oi tng se c chuyen ve
he toa o mi. Hai cach nay co nhng moi lien he chat che vi nhau va moi cach eu
co nhng li the rieng. Chung ta se ban ve phep bien oi oi tng trc.
1. CAC PHEP BIEN OI HNH HOC C S

Mot phep bien oi hai chieu se bien oi iem P trong mat phang thanh iem co toa
o mi Q theo mot quy luat nao o. Ve mat ban chat, mot phep bien oi iem la mot
anh xa T c nh ngha :
T : R2 R2

P ( x , y ) a Q ( x ' , y ')

Noi cach khac, T la ham so T(x, y) theo hai bien (x, y) :

x' = f (x, y)

y' = g (x, y)

Phep bien oi affine la phep bien oi vi f (x, y) va g(x, y) la cac ham tuyen tnh. Phep bien oi
nay co dang :
x' = ax + cy + e

y' = bx + dy + f

, a, b, c, d, e, f R, ad bc 0 .

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Ta ch khao sat cac phep bien oi affine nen t nay ve sau ta dung cum t "phep bien
oi" thay cho "phep bien oi affine".
1.1. Phep tnh tien

e tnh tien mot iem P (x, y) t v tr nay sang v tr khac trong mat phang, ta cong them cac gia
tr mo ta o di vao cac toa o cua P. Neu goi trx va try lan lt la o di theo truc hoanh va truc
tung th toa o cua iem mi Q(x' , y') se la :
x' = x + trx
,

y' = y + try

(tr , tr ) con c goi la vector tnh tien hay vector o di.

x

Chung ta co the dch chuyen toan bo mot oi tng bang cach ap dung quy tac tren
cho moi iem thuoc oi tng. e tnh tien mot oan thang, n gian ch can tnh tien
hai iem au va cuoi cua no roi sau o ve lai oan thang noi hai iem mi. Vi a
giac, ta tnh tien cac nh cua no sau o ve lai a giac vi cac nh mi. Mot cach
tng t, e tnh tien cac oi tng nh ng tron, ellipse, ta tnh tien tam cua chung
y

Q
try
(2,3)

(4,3)

trx
(6,1)

(8,1)

x
(a)

(b)

ti v tr mi roi ve lai.
Hnh 3.1 Phep tnh tien mot iem (a) va oi tng vi vector tnh tien (-4,2) (b)

1.2. Phep bien oi t le

Phep bien oi t le lam thay oi kch thc oi tng. e co hay gian toa o cua mot iem
P (x, y) theo truc hoanh va truc tung lan lt la s x va s y , ta nhan s x va s y lan lt cho cac toa o cua
P.
x' = s x .x
, s x va s y c goi la cac he so t le.

y' = s y . y

Khi cac gia tr s x , s y nho hn 1, phep bien oi se thu nho oi tng, ngc lai khi cac gia tr
nay ln hn 1, phep bien oi se phong ln oi tng. Khi s x , s y bang nhau, ta goi o la phep ong
dang (uniform scaling), phep ong dang la phep bien oi bao toan tnh can xng cua oi tng.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Tam t le la iem khong b thay oi qua phep bien oi t le. Phep bien oi t le mo ta
nh tren con goi la phep bien oi t le quanh goc toa o v co tam t le la goc toa o.
Nhan xet rang khi phep bien oi t le thu nho oi tng, oi tng se c di ve gan
y

(2,3)

(4,3)
(5,1.5)

(10,1.5)

goc toa o hn, tng t khi phong ln oi tng, oi tng se c dch chuyen xa
goc toa o hn.
Hnh 3.2 Phep bien oi t le vi

s x = 2.5 va s y = 0.5

1.3. Phep quay

Phep quay lam thay oi hng cua oi tng. Mot phep quay oi hoi phai co tam quay, goc quay.
Goc quay dng thng c quy c la chieu ngc chieu kim ong ho. Ta co cong thc bien oi cua
phep quay iem P (x, y) quanh goc toa o mot goc :
x' = cos .x sin . y

y' = sin .x + cos . y

y

x
Hnh 3.3 Phep quay mot oi tng quanh goc toa o mot goc 600

1.4. Bieu dien ma tran cua phep bien oi

Trong nhieu ng dung o hoa, ngi dung thng xuyen co nhu cau thc hien nhieu
phep bien oi hnh hoc khac nhau tren mot oi tng e tao ra cac hieu qua nh
mong muon. V du trong cac ng dung thiet ke, chung ta can phai thc hien nhieu
phep tnh tien, quay, t le e co the khp tng phan cua oi tng vao ung v tr cua
chung, hay sau khi thc hien cac phep bien oi nhng khong c ng y, ngi dung
muon tr lai hien trang trc khi bien oi (undo), Do o can phai co mot cach nao
o e co the x l day cac phep bien oi tren c nhanh chong va hieu qua.

(x

Neu ta bieu dien toa o cua iem P (x, y) va Q(x' , y') di dang cac vector dong lan lt la

y) va (x' y ') th cac phep bien oi tnh tien, t le, quay co the c bieu dien di dang ma tran

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

nh sau :
Phep tnh tien

(x'

y') = (x

y) + (trx

try )

hay Q = P + T vi T = (trx

try )

Phep bien oi t le

(x'

y') = (x

sx
y)
0

s y

sx
hay Q = P.S vi S =
0

s y

Phep quay quanh goc toa o

(x'

y') = (x

cos
y)
sin

sin

cos

cos
hay Q = P.R vi R =
sin

sin

cos

Vi cach bieu dien nay, chung ta se gap kho khan khi muon ket hp cac phep bien oi lai vi
nhau v bieu dien cua phep tnh tien khac vi dang cua cac phep bien oi t le va quay. Chnh v vay
ma can phai co mot cach nao o e bieu dien ba phep bien oi nay ve mot dang duy nhat e co the de
dang x l sau nay.
1.4.1. He toa o thuan nhat (hormogeneous coordinates)

Toa o thuan nhat cua mot iem tren mat phang c bieu dien bang bo ba so t le (x h , y h , h)

khong ong thi bang 0 va lien he vi cac toa o (x, y) cua iem o bi cong thc :

x=

xh
,
h

y=

yh
h

Neu mot iem co toa o thuan nhat la (x, y, z) th no cung co toa o thuan nhat la (h.x, h. y, h.z)
trong o h la so thc khac 0 bat k. Toa o thuan nhat cua mot iem trong khong gian ba chieu hay co
so chieu ln hn cung c xac nh mot cach tng t.

Ve mat toan hoc, viec a toa o thuan nhat vao la do s can thiet phai bo sung cho
mat phang Euclid cac iem xa vo tan (x, y,0) (iem phi chnh) co toa o th ba bang 0,
ieu nay dan en khai niem mat phang xa anh trong hnh hoc xa anh. Trong he toa o
thuan nhat, cac iem xa vo tan khong ong mot vai tro g ac biet so vi cac iem
khac cua mat phang. Vi cac phep bien oi hnh hoc ang khao sat, neu mot iem
c bieu dien di dang toa o thuan nhat, ca ba phep bien oi tren eu c bieu
dien di dang tch cac ma tran. ieu nay giup cho viec khao sat cac tnh chat va s
ket hp cua cac phep bien oi nay c thuan tien do moi phep bien oi c ai
dien bi mot ma tran duy nhat.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Bo ba cac toa o thng bieu dien cac iem trong khong gian ba chieu, nhng ay
ta s dung chung e bieu dien cac iem trong khong gian hai chieu. Moi lien he
ay la : neu chung ta xet tat ca cac bo ba toa o thuan nhat bieu dien cho cung mot
iem, ngha la bo ba so co dang (h.x, h. y, h.) , vi h 0 , chung ta se nhan c mot
ng thang trong khong gian ba chieu. e n gian hoa chung ta co the chon h = 1 ,
luc nay moi iem P(x, y) se c bieu dien di dang toa o thuan nhat la (x, y,1) .
1.4.2. Bieu dien cac phep bien oi di dang toa o thuan nhat
Phep tnh tien

(x'

y' 1) = (x

y 1). 0

trx

hay Q = P.M T (trx , try ) vi

0
1
try

M T (trx , try ) = 0

trx

0
1
try

Phep bien oi t le

(x'

y' 1) = (x

sx

y 1). 0
0

hay Q = P.M S (s x , s y ) vi

0
sy
0

0
1

sx

M S (s x , s y ) = 0
0

0
sy
0

0
1

Phep quay quanh goc toa o

(x'

y' 1) = (x

cos

y 1). sin
0

hay Q = P.M R ( ) vi

sin
cos
0

0
1

cos

M R ( ) = sin
0

sin
cos
0

0
1

2. KET HP CAC PHEP BIEN OI

Qua trnh ap dung cac phep bien oi lien tiep e tao nen mot phep bien oi tong the
c goi la s ket hp cac phep bien oi (composing transformation).
2.1. Ket hp cac phep tnh tien

Neu ta thc hien phep tnh tien len P (x, y) c P , roi lai thc hien tiep mot phep tnh tien

khac len P, ta c iem Q(x' , y') . Nh vay, Q la anh cua phep bien oi ket hp hai phep tnh tien
lien tiep M T1 (trx1 , try1 ) va M T 2 (trx 2 , try2 ) co toa o :

Q = {P.M T1 (trx1 , try1 )}.M T 2 (trx 2 , try2 ) = P.{M T1 (trx1 , try1 ).M T 2 (trx 2 , try2 )}

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Ta co :

M T1 (trx1 , try1 ).M T 2 (trx 2 , try2 ) = 0

trx1

=
0

trx1 + trx 2

0
1
try1 + try2

0
1
try1

0 1

0 . 0

1 trx 2

0
1
try2

hay : M T1 (trx1 , try1 ).M T 2 (trx 2 , try2 ) = M T (trx1 + trx 2 , try1 + try2 )

Vay ket hp hai phep tnh tien la mot phep tnh tien. T o ta co ket hp cua nhieu
phep tnh tien cung la mot phep tnh tien.
2.2. Ket hp cac phep t le

Tng t nh phep tnh tien, ta co toa o iem Q(x' , y') la iem co c sau khi ket hp hai phep

t le M S1 (s x1 , s y1 ) va M S2 (s x 2 , s y2 ) la :

Q = {P.M S1 (s x1 , s y1 )}.M S2 (s x 2 , s y2 ) = P.{M S1 (s x1 , s y1 ).M S 2 (s x 2 , s y2 )}

Ta co :
s x1

M S1 (s x1 , s y1 ).M S 2 (s x 2 , s y2 ) = 0
0

s x1 .s x 2

= 0
0

0
s y1 .s y2
0

0
s y1
0

0 s x2

0 . 0
1 0

0
s y2
0

0
1

0
1

hay : M S1 (s x1 , s y1 ).M S 2 (s x 2 , s y2 ) = M S (s x1 .s x 2 , s y1 .s y2 )

Vay ket hp hai phep t le la mot phep t le. De dang m rong cho ket qua : ket hp
cua nhieu phep t le cung la mot phep t le.
2.3. Ket hp cac phep quay

Tng t, ta co toa o iem Q(x' , y') la iem phat sinh sau khi ket hp hai phep quay quanh goc

toa o M R1 ( 1 ) va M R 2 ( 2 ) la :

Q = {P.M R1 ( 1 )}.M R 2 ( 2 ) = P.{M R1 ( 1 ).M R 2 ( 2 )}

Ta co :

cos 1

M R1 ( 1 ).M R 2 ( 2 ) = sin 1

sin 1

cos 1
0

0 cos 2

0 . sin 2
1
0

sin 2

cos 2
0

cos( 1 + 2 ) sin( 1 + 2 ) 0

= sin( 1 + 2 ) cos( 1 + 2 ) 0

0
0
1

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

0
1

hay : M R1 ( 1 ).M R 2 ( 2 ) = M R ( 1 + 2 )

Vay ket hp hai phep quay quanh goc toa o la mot phep quay quanh goc toa o. T
o de dang suy ra ket hp cua nhieu phep quay quanh goc toa o cung la mot phep
quay quanh goc toa o.
2.4. Phep quay co tam quay la iem bat k

Gia s tam quay co toa o I ( x R , y R ) , ta co the xem phep quay quanh tam I mot goc c ket
hp t cac phep bien oi c s sau:

Tnh tien theo vector tnh tien ( x R , y R ) e dch chuyen tam quay ve goc toa o
(a ve trng hp quay quanh goc toa o).

Quay quanh goc toa o mot goc .

Tnh tien theo vector tnh tien (x R , y R ) e a tam quay ve lai v tr ban au.

Hnh 3.4 Phep quay quanh tam la iem bat k. oi tng trc khi bien oi(a), Sau khi tnh tien ve goc toa o(b), Sau khi quay
y

I(xR,yR)

I(xR,yR)

(a)

x
(b)

x
(c)

goc

x
(d)

(c), Sau khi tnh tien ve tam quay ban au(d).

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Ta co ma tran cua phep bien oi :

M R (x R , y R , ) = M T ( x R , y R ).M R ( ).M T (x R , y R )
1

= 0
x
R

0
1
yR

0 cos

0 . sin
1 0

cos

=
sin
(1 cos )x + sin . y
R
R

sin
cos
0

0 1

0 . 0
1 x R

0
1
yR

0
1

sin
cos

sin .x R + (1 cos ) y R

0
1

3. MOT SO TNH CHAT CUA PHEP BIEN OI AFFINE

Phep bien oi affine bao toan ng thang

Anh cua ng thang qua phep bien oi affine la ng thang.

That vay, ta co phng trnh tham so cua ng thang qua hai iem A, B la :
P(t) = (1 t) A + tB . Q(t) cac iem nhan c sau phep bien oi M.

Q(t) = P (t).M = [(1 t ) A + tB]M = (1 t) AM + tBM

Neu goi A, B lan lt la anh cua A, B qua phep bien oi M, ta se co A' = AM , B' = BM . Luc
nay Q(t ) = (1 t ) A'+ tB' . ay chnh la dang cua phng trnh tham so oan thang qua A, B.

T ket qua tren, e bien oi mot oan thang i qua hai iem A va B, ta ch can ap
dung phep bien oi cho hai iem A, B roi ve lai oan thang qua hai iem mi.
Tnh song song cua cac ng thang c bao toan

Anh cua hai ng thang song song la hai ng song song.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Chung ta co the viet lai phng trnh tham so cua ng thang di dang tia xuat phat t A ng
vi t=0 va theo phng = B A nh sau : A + t . Luc nay ta bieu dien hai ng thang song song

di dang tia : L1 (t) = A1 + t va L2 (t ) = A2 + t co cung phng t nhng xuat phat t hai iem
khac nhau. Luc nay ap dung phep bien oi len hai ng thang song song nay, de dang nhan ra anh
cua chung se co phng M nen chung song song.

Mot he qua quan trong cua tnh chat nay o la anh cua cac hnh bnh hanh sau phep
bien oi la cac hnh bnh hanh.
Tnh t le ve khoang cach c bao toan

Gia s C la iem chia oan AB theo t so t. Neu A, B, C lan lt la anh A, B, C qua

phep bien oi th C cung se chia AB theo t so t.
Trong trng hp ac biet, neu C la trung iem cua AB th C cung la trung iem cua
AB, t o ta co the suy ra mot so tnh chat sau :

Trong hnh vuong, cac ng cheo cat nhau tai trung iem cua moi ng nen cac
ng cheo cua bat c hnh bnh hanh nao cung cat nhau tai trung iem cua moi
ng.

Trong tam giac eu, giao iem cua ba ng trung tuyen chia moi ng theo t so
1:2. Mat khac, mot tam giac bat k la anh cua tam giac eu qua phep bien oi affine,
nen giao iem cua cac ng trung tuyen cua no cung se chia chung theo t le 1:2.

4. MOT SO PHEP BIEN OI KHAC

4.1. Phep oi xng

Phep oi xng truc co the xem la phep quay quanh truc oi xng mot goc 1800. Neu
truc oi xng la truc hoanh hay truc tung, chung ta co bieu dien cua phep oi xng
qua truc hoanh, truc tung lan lt la :
M Rfx

1 0 0

= 0 1 0
0 0 1

M Rfy

1 0 0

= 0 1 0
0 0 1

4.2. Phep bien dang

Phep bien dang la phep bien oi lam thay oi, meo mo hnh dang cua cac oi tng.
Hai dang phep bien dang thng gap o la bien dang theo phng truc x va bien dang
theo phng truc y bang cach thay oi toa o (x, y) cua iem ban au theo cach sau :
Bien dang theo phng truc x se lam thay oi hoanh o con tung o van gi nguyen
1

M Shx = shxy
0

0 0

1 0
0 1

Bien dang theo phng truc y se lam thay oi tung o con hoanh o van gi nguyen

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

 1 sh yx

1
M Shy = 0
0
0

0
1

shxy va sh yx lan lt c goi la cac he so bien dang.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

(1,3)

(3,3)

(10,3)

(1,1)

(3,1) (4,1) (6,1)

(12,3)

x
Hnh 3.5 Phep bien dang theo phng truc x vi he so bien dang

shxy = 3

4.3. Phep bien oi ngc

Chung ta thng dung phep bien oi ngc e co the undo mot phep bien oi a thc
hien.
Ta co Q la anh cua P qua phep bien oi T co ma tran bien oi M la : Q = PM , t o
phep bien oi ngc T-1 se co ma tran bien oi la M-1 vi M-1 la ma tran nghch ao
cua ma tran M.

Vi gia thiet ban au ve ma tran M la ad bc 0 , ta co cong thc tnh ma tran nghch ao M-1
a b 0

cua M = c d 0 la :
e f 1

M 1 =

b
d

c
a

ad bc
cf de be af

0
1

Nh vay ta co ma tran cua cac phep bien oi ngc cua cac phep bien oi c s tnh
tien, t le, quay lan lt nh sau :
1

M (trx , try ) = 0

trx

0
1
try

1
T

sy
1
M (s x , s y ) =
0
sx s y
0
1
S

cos

M ( ) = sin
0

1
R

0
sx
0

sin
cos
0

0 = M T ( trx , try )

1
0

0
1

sx

= 0

0
1
sy
0

1 1

0 = M S ,
sx s y

0 = M R ( )
1

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

4.4. Phan ra phep bien oi

Mot phep bien oi bat k co the c phan ra thanh tch cac phep bien oi c s nh
tnh tien, quay, t le.
Mot phep bien dang theo phng truc x co the c phan ra thanh tch cua mot phep
bien oi t le va mot phep bien dang n v, va vi mot phep bien oi t le khac theo
cong thc sau :
1

shxy
0

0 0 shxy

1 0 = 0

0 1 0

0 0
1 0 0 shxy
1 0 1 1 0 0

0 1 0 0 1 0

0 0

1 0
0 1

Phep bien dang n v con co the c phan ra tiep :

1 0 0 cos

1 1 0 = sin
0 0 1 0

sin
cos
0

0 0 0 cos

1
0 0
0 sin

1 0 0 1 0

sin
cos
0

0
1

= tan 1 ( ) = 58.28 0

trong o
1 1
0
= tan = 31.72

T o, mot phep bien oi bat k co the c phan ra thanh cac phep bien oi c s
sau :
a b 0

c d 0
e f 1

1
0 0 Q

ac
bd
+
=
1 0 0

Q2

0
0 1 0

0
0 Q

ad bc
b
0
Q
Q

0
1 0

b
Q
a
Q
0

0
1 0 0

0 0 1 0

1 e f 1

trong o Q 2 = a 2 + b 2 .
Vi cach lap luan tren ta nhan thay : bat k phep bien oi nao cung c ket hp t
cac phep bien dang, t le, quay, va tnh tien. Tuy nhien, theo ket qua bc trc,
phep bien dang la s ket hp cua cac phep quay, t le, nen t o suy ra bat k phep
bien oi nao cung c ket hp t cac phep tnh tien, t le va quay.
5. PHEP BIEN OI GIA CAC HE TOA O

e thuan tien cho viec mo ta oi tng, thong thng oi tng se c mo ta trong

cac he toa o cuc bo gan vi chung. Tuy nhien e co the hien th toan bo mot anh bao
gom nhieu oi tng thanh phan, cac mo ta nay phai c chuyen ve mot he toa o
chung duy nhat. Viec chuyen oi nay thng c chia lam hai loai : chuyen t cac
he toa o khong phai la he toa o Descartes nh he toa o cc, he toa o cau, he toa
o elliptic, sang he toa o Descartes, va chuyen oi gia hai he toa o Descartes.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Trong phan nay chung ta se khao sat phep bien oi gia hai he toa o Descartes vi
nhau.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Hnh 3.6 Phep bien oi gia hai he toa o

Gia s ta co he toa o (I) co goc toa o O va cac vector n v lan lt la i, j . He toa

o (II) la anh cua he toa o (I) qua phep bien oi T(M), co goc toa o la O va cac
vector n v lan lt la u, v . Luc nay mot iem P(x, y) bat k trong he toa o (I) se
c bien oi thanh iem Q(a, b) trong he toa o (II). Van e at ra ay la moi lien
he gia a, b vi x, y, M nh the nao.
Ngi ta chng minh c rang Q = PM 1 .

u
O'

Hnh 3.7 Toa o cua mot iem qua phep bien oi he toa o

TOM TAT
Cac phep bien oi hnh hoc cho phep de dang thao tac len cac oi tng a c tao ra. Chung lam thay oi mo ta ve toa
o cua cac oi tng, t o oi tng se c thay oi ve hng, kch thc va hnh dang. Cac phep bien oi hnh hoc c s bao
gom tnh tien, quay va bien oi t le. Ngoai ra mot so phep bien oi khac cung thng c ap dung o la phep oi xng va bien
dang.
Co hai quan iem ve phep bien oi hnh hoc o la : bien oi oi tng va bien oi he toa o. Bien oi oi tng thay oi
toa o cua cac iem mo ta no theo mot quy tac nao o, con bien oi he toa o se tao ra mot he toa o mi va tat ca cac iem mo
ta oi tng se c chuyen ve he toa o mi.
Cac phep bien oi hnh hoc eu c bieu dien di dang ma tran thuan nhat 3x3 e tien cho viec thc hien cac thao tac
ket hp gia chung. Trong he toa o thuan nhat, toa o cua mot iem c mo ta bi mot vector dong bao gom ba gia tr, hai gia
tr au tng ng vi toa o Descartes cua iem o, va gia tr th ba la 1. Vi cach bieu dien nay, ma tran cua phep bien oi co

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

c t s ket hp cua cac phep bien oi c s se bang tch cua cac ma tran cua cac phep bien oi thanh phan.
Cac phep bien oi khong lam thay oi ket cau ve tnh can xng cua oi tng nh tnh tien, quay c goi la cac phep
bien oi bao toan ket cau oi tng, thuat ng tieng Anh goi la rigid-body transformation.
Viec chuyen oi gia hai he toa o Descartes vi nhau thng gap trong cong oan chuyen cac mo ta toa o cua cac oi
tng thanh phan trong cac he toa o cuc bo ve cac v tr tng ng trong mot he toa o chung. Gia hai he toa o Descartes vi
nhau, ngi ta thng s dung cac phep bien oi bao toan ket cau nh la tnh tien, quay.

BAI TAP
1. Cho biet ma tran cac phep bien oi dung e bien oi mot hnh tron thanh hnh ellipse va ngc lai.
2. Cho biet ma tran cac phep bien oi dung e bien oi mot hnh vuong thanh hnh ch nhat, hnh
bnh hanh va ngc lai.
3. Xay dng va cai at cau truc d lieu va cac ham dung e thc hien mot phep bien oi affine bat
k.
4. Cho biet ma tran cua phep t le vi tam t le la iem bat k.
5. Cho biet ma tran cua phep lay oi xng qua ng thang y=mx+b bat k.
6. Cho biet ma tran cua phep lay oi xng qua tam la iem bat k.
7. Cho biet ma tran cua phep bien dang theo phng cua ng thang y=mx+b.
8. Chng minh rang ma tran cua phep lay oi xng qua ng thang y = x tng ng vi ket hp
cua phep lay oi xng qua truc hoanh va phep quay quanh goc toa o mot goc 900.
9. Chng minh rang ma tran cua phep lay oi xng qua ng thang y = x tng ng vi ket hp
cua phep lay oi xng qua truc tung va phep quay quanh goc toa o mot goc 900.
10. Trong phep bien oi t le, s x , s y c goi la cac he so t le theo phng cua truc hoanh va phng
cua truc tung. Hay cho biet cong thc cua phep bien oi t le theo phng cua cac truc nghieng so
vi truc hoanh (cac truc nay trc giao vi nhau) mot goc vi cac he so t le theo cac phng tren
la s x , s y .
11. Chng minh rang cap hai phep t le la giao hoan, ngha la M S1 M S2 = M S2 M S1 . Tng t cho cap
hai phep quay.
12. Chng minh rang phep ong dang va phep quay tao thanh mot cap thao tac co tnh giao hoan,
nhng phep bien oi t le thng va phep quay th khong vay.
13. Trnh bay ma tran cua phep bien dang di dang tch ma tran cua cac phep quay va cac phep t le.
14. Trnh bay ma tran cua phep quay di dang tch ma tran cua cac phep bien dang va t le.
15. Chng minh rang phep quay quanh goc toa o co the c phan tch thanh ba phep bien dang. ay
la cach e quay mot anh nhanh v phep bien dang thng c thc hien bang cach di chuyen toan
bo cac khoi iem anh (block pixels).
16. Chng minh mot phep bien oi affine bat k co the c phan tch thanh tch cua cac phep tnh
tien, t le va quay.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

17. Chng minh cong thc tnh toa o cua mot iem khi thc hien phep bien oi gia cac he toa o
18. He toa o x' O' y' nhan c bang cach quay quanh goc toa o mot goc roi tnh tien theo vector

tnh tien (trx , try ) he toa o xOy . Hay cho biet cong thc toa o cua iem P trong he toa o
x' O' y' neu P (x, y) la toa o cua P trong he toa o xOy .

19. Viet chng trnh minh hoa cac bc ket hp cac phep bien oi c s e tao thanh phep quay mot
iem quanh tam bat k. Thc hien tng t cho phep t le co tam t le la iem bat k.
20. Viet chng trnh cho phep ngi dung s dung cac phep bien oi a hoc thao tac len mot oi
tng cho trc.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

http://www.ebook.edu.vn