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SOLUTIONS

content
* Level - 1
* Level - 2
* Level - 3

UNIT - 2
LIMITS
CONTINUITY

DIFFERENTIABILITY

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 SOLUTIONS

LEVEL - 1 (Objective)

Given limit = lim

1  1 − tan x 
1.  
x→
π π   1 + tan x 
4  − x 
4 

π 
tan − x 
= lim 4   π π 
π π  Put x = + θ so that when x → , θ → 0 
x→
4 −x  4 4 
4
tan)( −θ) tan θ
= lim = lim = 1.
θ→ 0 −θ θ → 0 θ
2. lim (log3 3x ) log x 3 = lim (log3 3 + log3 x ) log x 3
x →1 x →1

= lim (1 + log 3 x) log 3 x

=e
x →1

lim (cos x −1) cot x

3. lim (cos x ) cot x = e x→0
x →0

x cos x
− lim 2 sin 2 .
x →0 2 2 sin x cos x
.
=e 2 2
= e0 = 1
10 x − 2 x − 5 x + 1
4. lim
x →0 x tan x

(5 x − 1) (2 x − 1)  5x − 1 2 x − 1 x 
= lim = lim  . . 
x →0 x tan x x → 0
 x x tan x 
= (log 5) (log 2) .1.
2 x +1  x +1 
 x +1  lim  −1  ( 2 x +1)
 x+2 
5. lim   =e x →∞

x →∞
 x+2
− ( 2 x +1)
lim
= e x→∞ x+2
= e −2 .

0
6. Given limit  
0
1 1
− (cos x ) −1 / 2 sin x + (cos x ) − 2 / 3 sin x
= lim 2 3 (L’ Hospital Rule)
x →0 2 sin x cos x
1 1
− (cos x ) −1/ 2 + (cos x ) − 2 / 3 1  −1 1  1
= lim 2 3 =  + =− .
x →0 2 cos x 2  2 3 12

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 1/ x 1  a x + b x + c x 
 a x + b x + cx  lim
x→0 x 
−1 
lim   =e  3 
7. x →0
 3 
 a x −1 b x −1 c x −1  1
lim  + + .
x→0  x  3
=e  x x

log a + log b + log c

=e 3
= (abc)1/ 3

(1 − cot x )(1 + cot x + cot 2 x )

8. Given limit = lim
x → (1 − cot x ) (cot x + cot x + 2)
π 2
4

1 + cot x + cot 2 x 1 + 1 + 1 3
= lim = =
x → cot x + cot x + 2 1+1+ 2 4
π 2
4

x − 2a
x − 2a +
 x − 2a + x − 2a  x + 2a
9. lim   = xlim
x → 2a
 x 2 − 4a 2 
→ 2a
x − 2a x + 2a

 
1 x − 2a 1 1
= lim  +  = +0 =
x→ 2a 

x + 2a ( x + 2a ) x + 2a 
 2 a 2 a
.

10. For -1 < x < 0, [x] = -1

sin(1 + [ x ]) sin 0
∴ lim− = = 0.
x →0 [x] −1

 sin(e x −2 − 1) e x −2 − 1 x−2 
11. Given limit = lim  −
. . 
 e −1 x − 2 log (1 + (x − 2)) 
x →2 x 2

sin(e x − 2 − 1) e x−2 − 1 1
= lim x −2
. lim .
x →2 e −1 x →2 x − 2
lim
1
log (1 + ( x − 2))
x →2 x − 2

1
= 1.1. 1
= 1.1.1 = 1 .
lim log (1 + ( x − 2)) x−2
x →2

 x2 x4 x6 
12. Using expansions of cos x and log (1 + x), the given limit x 1 − + − + .........
 2! 4! 6! 

 x 2 x3 x 4 
−  x − + − + .........
 2 3 4 
2
x

1 x x  1
= lim  − − + ...... = .
x →0
 2 2! 3  2

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  πx  1− x
13. lim (1 − x) tan   = lim
x →1
 2  x →1 cot  π  x
 
2

−1 2
= lim = .
x →1 π  π π
− cos ec 2  x  .
2  2
14. Put cos −1 x = y ⇒ x = cos y
∴ as x → −1, y → π

π− y π− y
∴ Given limit = lim = lim
y→ π 1 + cos y y→π
2 cos
y
2

π y
π− y −
= lim .2 2
y→π π y π y
2 sin  −  −
2 2 2 2

1 1 1 .
= lim . =
π y
( ) 2π
y→π 2
π+ y sin  − 
2 2 2
π y
−
2 2

| −π − h + π | h
15. lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( −π − h ) = lim = lim =1
x →− π− h →0 h →0 sin( − π − h ) h →0 sinh
| −π + h + π | h
lim+ f (x) = lim+ f (−π + h) = lim = − lim = −1
x →−π h →0 h → 0 sin(−π + h) h → 0 sinh

∴ lim f (x ) does not exist.

x→−π

ab
 1

16. lim (1 + ax) b/x
= lim (1 + ax ) ax  = e ab = e 2 (given)
x →0 x →0
 
⇒ ab = 2 ⇒ (d ) is the answer .
cosec x cosec x
 1 + tan x   1 
17. lim   = lim (1 + tan x) cosec x
. lim  
x →0
 1 + sin x  x →0 x → 0 1 + sin x
 
tan x . cos ec x
 1
 1
= lim (1 + tan x ) 
tan x
. lim 1
x →0 x →0
  (1 + sin x ) sin x
sec x
 1
 1 1
= lim (1 + tan x) tan x 
x →0
. 1 = e. = 1 .
  lim (1 + sin x) sin x
e
x →0

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18. lim (cos x + a sin bx )1/ x = lim (1 + cos x + a sin bx − 1)1/ x
x →0 x →0

x
a sin bx − 2 sin 2
2
1/ x  1
 x
 x  2 x  a sin bx − 2 sin
2x 
= lim 1 + a sin bx − 2 sin 2  = lim 1 + a sin bx − 2 sin  2
x →0
 2 x →0
 2 

 x 
x  sin bx 2 sin 
a sin bx − 2 sin 2 lim  a .b− 2 . 1 .sin x 
2 x →0  bx x/2 2 2  1 
lim    a .1.b − 2.1. .0 
= e x→0 x
=e  
=e  2 
= e ab

19. lim
x →1
f ( x ) − f (1)
x −1
d
= f ′(1) = 
 dx

− 25 − x 2 
 x =1
( )
 −1  1
= (−2x ) = .
 25 − x  x =1
2
24

 x3   x3 
 − +   − +
6  sin x
sin x x sin x sin x x
20. lim  6 
= lim  .
x →0 x6 x →0 x5 x

x3 x5 x7 x3
x− + − + ...... − x + 1 x2 1
= lim 3! 5! 7! 6 .1 = lim − + ..... = .
x → 0 5! 7! 120
x →0 x5

 x3 x5   x2 x4 x6   x2 x3 x 4 
1 +  x − + − .......  − 1 − + − + ........  +  − x − − − + ...... 
lim      
21. 3! 5! 2! 4! 6! 2 3 4
x →0 3
x

 1 1  1 1 1 1 1
= lim  − −  + x2  −  + ...... = − − = − .
x →0
 3! 3   5! 5  6 3 2

x
2 sin 2
1 + cos x + cos 2 x
(1 − cos x )(1 + cos x + cos 2 x ) = lim × 2
22. lim x →0 x x cos x
x →0 x sin x cos x x . 2 sin cos
2 2

x
sin
2 1 + cos x + cos 2 x 1 3
= lim × = ×3 =
x →0 x x 2 2
2. cos . cos x
2 2
f (x) − f (3)
23. lim = f ′(3)
x →3 x −3
1
− (−2 x )
1
Now, f ′( x ) = 2 2 3 / 2 ⇒ f ′(3) = .
(18 − x ) 9

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  2 1  1
 x sin   − x  x 2 sin   − x
lim  x  = lim x
24. x →∞   x →∞
1− | x | 1− x
 
 

1
sin
x −1
1
x 1 −1
= lim = =0 .
x →∞ 1
−1 0 −1
x

25.
x →0 x →0
(
x →0
)
lim g (f ( x )) = lim g lim f ( x ) = lim g ( 2) = 5 .
x →0

26. lim [cos x] = lim+ [cos (0 ± h)] = lim[cos h] = 0 (Q As h → 0, cos h → 1 )

x →0 h →0 h →0

sin (cos x ) 0
∴ lim = = 0.
x →0 1 + [cos x ] 1 + 0

∞ 1 e x − ea  ∞ 
27. Using L’Hospital’s rule   = lim .  
 ∞  x →a x − a e ∞
x

ex ea
= lim x = a = 1.
x →a e + ( x − a ) e x e

( x − 1) ( x 2 + 2x + 2)
28. lim
x →1 sin ( x − 1)
x −1
= lim lim ( x 2 + 2x + 2) = 1 . (1 + 2 + 2) = 5.
x →1 sin ( x − 1) x →1
1 − cos λx 1 − cos λx x
29. lim = lim .
x →0 x sin x x → 0 x2 sin x

λx λx 
2

2 sin 2 
1 − cos λx  sin  2
2  .λ = λ
2
= lim = lim 2 = lim 2
x →0 x2 x →0 x2 x →0
 λx  4 2
 
 2 

1
Also, f (0) =
2
λ2 1
Since f is continuous at x = 0, = ⇒ λ = ±1 .
2 2
30. lim [ x ] + [− x ] = 1 − 2 = −1
x →2−

lim [ x ] + [ − x ] = 2 − 3 = −1
x →2+

∴ For continuity at x = 2, λ = −1 .

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31. For f to be continuous, lim f ( x ) = f (0)
x →0

2 − (256 − 7 x )1/ 8
Now, lim f ( x ) = lim
x →0 x →0 (5x + 32)1/ 5 − 2

1/ 8
 7x 
2 − 2 1 − 
= lim  256 
x →0 1/ 5
 5x 
21 +  − 2
 32 

 7x 
2 − 21 − + ....... 
= lim  8 × 256 = 7
x →0  x  64
21 + + ........... − 2
 32 

x2 1
32. lim f ( x ) = lim = and f (1) = a = lim+ f ( x )
x →1− x →1 a a x →1

Hence, a 2 = 1 ⇒ a = ±1
2b 2 − 4b
Also, lim − f ( x ) = a and lim + f ( x ) =
x→ 2 x→ 2 2
2 b 2 − 4b
∴ =a
2
Now, if a = -1, then b = 1 and if a = 1 then b = 1 ± 2 .
 sin x 1/ 3 log(1 + 3x)  x 
2
5 3 x 3 
33. lim  . .  
 tan −1 x  e 5 3 x −1 . 5 
.
x→0  x 1/ 3 3x
   
3 3
= 1.1.(1) 2 .1. = .
5 5
3
∴ The function f is continuous at x = 0 if a =
5
1
. x cot x lim x cot x
34. lim f ( x ) = lim (1 + x ) x = e x →0
x →0 x →0

x
lim
=e x →0
= e1 = e .
tan x

Since f(x) is continuous at x = 0

∴ f ( 0) = e .
35. Here L.H.L = -1, R.H.L. = 1.
∴ f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
 ax 2 + b, x < −1  2ax, x < −1
36. f (x ) =  2 ⇒ f ′( x ) =  .
bx + ax + 4, x ≥ −1 2bx + a , x ≥ −1
Since f(x) is differentiable at x = -1,

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 ∴ f(x) is continuous at x = -1
∴ lim− f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) ⇒ a + b = b − a + 4 ⇒ a = 2 ....... (1)
x →1 x →1

Also, since f ′( x ) is continuous, therefore, f ′( x ) is continuous at x = -1.

∴ lim− f ′( x ) = lim+ f ′( x ) ⇒ − 2a = −2b + a ........ (2)
x → −1 x → −1

Using (1) in (2), we get b = 3

∴ a = 2, b = 3.
π 
37. f ( x ) = cos [ x ] − x 3  ,1 < x < 2
2 
π 3
= cos − x  [Q 1 < x < 2 ⇒ [ x ] = 1]
2 
3
= sin(x )
∴ f ′( x ) = cos(x 3 ) . 3x 2
2
 π  π  π 
∴ f ′ 3  = cos  3  3  = 0
 2 2  2  y = x 2 -1
Y
y=x2
y=x
38. All the options can be checked easily from the graph of the function. We
find that f(x) is every where continuous but not differentiable at 1 − 2
-1 1 X
x = 1 − 2 , 0, 1 .
-1
39. We have, for x > 4 y = 2x

x 2 x
f ( x ) = ∫ (3+ | y − 2 |) dy = ∫ (3 − ( y − 2)) dy + ∫ (3 + y − 2) dy
0 0 2

2 x

= ∫ (5 − y) dy + ∫ (1 + y) dy
0 2

2 x
y2 y2
= 5y − + y+
2 0 2 2

x2
= (10 - 2) - 0 + +x-2-2
2
x2
= +x+4
2
Only doubtful case is the point x = 4
x2
Thus f (x) = + x + 4, x > 4
2
= 2x + 8, x ≤ 4
 x2 
Lt f ( x ) = Lt  + x + 4 
x → 4− x →4
 2 
= 8 + 4 + 4 = 16

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 Lt f ( x ) = Lt ( 2 x + 8)
x →4+ x →4

= 8 + 8 = 16
∴ Lt f ( x ) = 16 = f ( 4)
x →4

∴ f(x) is continuous at x = 4
∴ It is continuous everywhere.
f ( x ) − f ( 4)
Lf ′( 4) = Lt
x → 4− x−4
2 x + 8 − 16 2( x − 4)
= Lt = Lt =2
x →4 x−4 x → 4 x−4
x 2 + 2x + 8
f ( x ) − f ( 4) − 16
Rf ′( 4) = Lt = Lt 2
x →4+ x−4 x →4 x−4

x 2 + 2 x − 24 ( x + 6) ( x − 4)
= Lt = Lt
x→4 x−4 x→4 x−4
= Lt ( x + 6) = 4 + 6 = 10
x →4

∴ Lf ′(4) ≠ Rf ′(4)
∴ f(x) is not diff. at x = 4
40. f(x) = cos (x2 - 2[x]) for 0 < x < 1 = cos (x2) [Q for 0 < x < 1, [x] = 0]
∴ f ′( x ) = −2 x sin ( x 2 )

 π π π
∴ f ′  = − 2.
 sin   = − π . 1 = − π
 2  2 4 2 2
π
41. Since tan x is not defined at x =
2
∴ tan x is not continuous on (0, π)
1
Since g(x) = x sin is continuous on (0, π) and the integral function of a continuous function is continuous.
x
x
1
∴ f ( x ) = ∫ t sin dt is continuous on (0, π) .
0
t

 3π
 1, 0 < x ≤ 4
For the function f ( x ) = 
2x 3π
2 sin , <x<π
 9 4

Lt f ( x ) = 1, Lt f ( x )  2x  π
3π 3π Lt 2 sin   = 2 sin =1
x→ − x→ + = x → 3π +  9  6
4 4 4

3π
∴ f(x) is continuous at x = .
4
Also f(x) is continuous at all other points. Again for (d)
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 π
Lt f ( x ) = Lt x sin x =
π π 2
x→ − x→ −
2 2

π
Lt f ( x ) = Lt sin(π + x ) = π sin 3π = − π
π π
x→ + x→ + 2 2 2 2
2 2

∴ f(x) is not continuous at x = π / 2

i.e., not continuous
∴ (b), (c) holds.
42. Since |cos x| is continuous everywhere and 1 is a constant.
∴ f ( x ) is continuous everywhere.
Again 1 is differentiable everywhere and |cos x| is not diff. only at those x where cos x = 0.
π
∴ f ′  does not exist.
2

π   π 
Lt f (x) = Lt f  + h  = Lt 1 − cos  + h   = Lt (1 − sin h ) = 1 .
π
x→ + h →0
2  h→0  2   h →0 ∴ (a), (b), (d) holds.
2

43. f ( x ) = 2 + 1 − x 2 , − 1≤ x ≤ 1

= 2e (1− x ) , x < −1 or x > 1

2

f (1 + h ) − f (1) 2e h − 2
2

f ′(1+ ) = Lt = Lt
h →0 h h →0 h

= Lt
(
2 eh − 1
2

.h = 0
)
h →0 h

f (1 − h) − f (1) 2 + 1 − (1 − h ) 2 − 2
f ′(1−) = Lt = Lt
h →0 h h →0 h

2h − h 2 1 1− h
= Lt = Lt ( 2 − 2h ) = Lt =∞
h →0 h h →0
2 2h − h 2 h → 0
2h − h 2
∴ f ′(1) does not exist.
Similarly, f ′( −1) does not exist. Required points are -1, 1 only.
0, if | x |< 1
44. Since nLt x 2n = 
→∞
1, if | x |= 1
0 if | sin x | < 1
∴ f ( x ) = Lt (sin x ) 2 n = 
n →∞
 1if | sin x | = 1
π
∴ f(x) is continuous at all x, except for those values of x for which |sin x| = 1 ⇒ x = ( 2K + 1) , K ∈ Z
2
For these points,
 π
lim f ( x ) = 0 ≠ 1 = f  (2K + 1) 
x →( 2 K +1)
π
 2 ∴ f is discontinuous at these points.
2

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45. lim g( x) = lim+ (f (| x |) + | f (x) |)
x →0 + x →0

= lim
x →0
(f (x) + | f (x) |) = lim(2x +1+ | 2x +1 |) = 0 +1 + 1 = 2
x →0

lim g( x) = lim− (f (| x |) | + | f ( x) |)
x →0 − x →0

= lim
x →0
(f (x) + | f (x) |) = lim
x →0
(2 | x | +1) + (2 | x | +1) = 0 + 1 + 0 + 1 = 2

∴ lim g ( x ) = 2 = g (0) .
x →0

ln ( 2 + 1) − 0
46. As x < 1, lim x 2 n = 0, so, lim− f ( x ) = = ln 3
n →∞ x →1 1+ 0

 ln (2 + x ) 
 − sin x 
x 2n 0 − sin 1
As x > 1, lim x = ∞, so, lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ lim = = − sin 1
2n

n →∞ x →1 x →1

n →∞ 1
+1  0 + 1
 x 2n 

ln 3 − 1. sin 1 ln 3 − sin 1
Also, f (1) = = .
1+1 2
Clearly f(x) does not have removable discontinuity at x = 1.

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 SOLUTIONS

LEVEL - 2 (Subjective)

 x + y  f ( x ) + f ( y)
1. Given equation is f  = ....... (1)
 2  2
Putting y = 0 and f(0) = 1 in (1), we have,

x 1 x
f   = (f ( x ) + 1) )⇒ f ( x ) = 2f   − 1 ........ (2)
2 2 2

f (x + h) − f (x )
Now, f ′( x ) = Lim
h →0 h

 2 x + 2h 
f  − f (x )
= Lim  2 
h →0 h

f ( 2 x ) + f ( 2h )
− f (x)
= Lim 2 (using (1))
h →0 h

f ( 2 x ) + f ( 2 h ) − 2f ( x )
= Lim
h →0 2h

2f ( x ) − 1 + f ( 2 h ) − 2f ( x )
= Lim (using (2))
h →0 2h

f (2h ) − 1
= Lim = f ′(0)
h →0 2h
Therefore, f ′( x ) = −1 ∀ x ∈ R

⇒ ∫ f ′( x )dx = ∫ −1 dx ⇒ f ( x ) = − x + k (where k is a constant)

But f(0) = 1, therefore, f(0) = -0 + k
⇒ 1 = k ⇒ f ( x ) = 1 − x ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ f ( 2) = − 1 .

1
2. Given f ′(0) = Lt nf   ......... (1)
n →∞
n
and f(0) = 0 .......... (2)

2 −1  1  
Now Lt  (n + 1) cos   − n 
n →∞
π n 

2 1 1    1 
= Lt n  1 +  cos −1   − 1 = Lt n  f    = f ′(0) by (1)
n →∞
π n n  n →∞
  n 

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 2
where f ( x ) = (1 + x ) cos −1 x − 1 .......... (3)
π

2 2 π
Also f (0) = (1 + 0) cos −1 0 − 1 = . − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
π π 2

x 2 (1 − a ) − x(a + b) + (1 − b)
3: (a) Lt =∞
x →∞ x +1
Above will be possible if degree of Nr is greater than degree of Dr.
∴ 1 − a ≠ 0 i.e., a ≠ 1 and b can have any value.

 x2 + 1   (1− a)x 2 − (a + b)x + 1− b 

(b) x→∞  x + 1 − ax − b 
Lim = Lim 
x →∞  x +1


   

For this limit to exist, the degree of numerator must be less than or equal to the degree of denominator.
Hence a =1. In this case above limit is equal to

 −(1 + b)x + 1 − b   − (1 + b) + (1 − b) / x 
= Lim   = Lim   = −(1 + b) = 0 only if b = −1
x →∞
 x +1  x →∞  1 + 1/ x 

 −1 , −2 ≤ x ≤ 0
4 f( x) = 
x − 1 , 0≤x≤2

g(x) = f(|x|) + |f(x)|

g(x) involves both |x| and |x – 1|.

−x, −2 ≤ x ≤ 0

g( x) = 0, 0 < x <1
2( x − 1 ), 1 ≤x≤2


It is differentiable everywhere except at x = 0 and x = 1.

Note thatL.H.D. of g(x) at x = 0 is – 1 and R.H.D. is 0,
L.H.D. of g(x) at x = 1 is 0 and R.H.D. is 2
Hence, it is not differentiable at x = 0 and 1.
f (3x) + 2f (0)
5 Replacing x by 3x and y by 0 we get f (x) =
3
f (3x) = 3f (x) − 2f (0)

f (x + h) − f (x)
Now, f ′(x) = lim
h →0 h

  3h  
 3x + 2  2  
f    − f (x)
 3   3h 
  f (3x) + 2f   − 3f (x)
= lim   = lim  2 
h →0 h h →0 3h

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  3h 
2f   − f (0)
= lim  
2 ⇒ f ′(x) = f ′(0) = 1 ⇒ f (x) = x + c
h →0 (3h / 2)

which is a linear function in x and hence is always continuous

6 Using expansions we have

 x2   x 2 x3   x 2 x3 
ax 1 + x + + .........  − b  x − + .......  + cx 1 − x + − ........ 
lim  2!   2 3   2! 3! 
x →0
 x 3

x 2  x − ...... 
 3! 

 b  a b c
(a − b + c) x + x 2  a + − c  + x 3  − +  ........
lim  2  2 3 2
x →0 3
x .........

If the limit is to be 2 then we must have

b a b c
a − b + c = 0, a+ − c = 0, − + = 2
2 2 3 2
Solving them as usual, we get
a = 3, b = 12, c = 9.
1 − cos 4(0 − h)
7 f (0 − 0) = lim
h →0
(0 − h) 2

1 − cos 4h
= lim
h →0
h2

 sin 2h 
2
2sin 2 2h lim  sin 2h 
= lim
h →0 = h →0   .8 = 8. Q
lim
h →0 = 1
h2  2h   2h 

(0 + h)1/ 2
and f (0 + 0) = lim
h →0
[16 + (0 + h)1/ 2 ]1/ 2 − 4

16 + h + 4
= lim
h →0
1/ 2
h .
16 + (h) − 16
On rationalizing
lim
h →0 16 + h + 4 = 4 + 4 = 8 .
Also f(0) = a (given).
Since f(x) is continuous at x = 0, we must have
f(0 - 0) = f(0 + 0) = f(0)
or 8 = 8 = a. Hence a = 8.

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8 Apply the criteria R = L = V at x = 0.
L = Lt (1 − ah )
−1 / h
= e a , V = b = finite.
h →0

(h + c)1/ 3 − 1 finite
R=
Lt
h →0 = i.e. infinite
(h + 1)1/ 2 − 1 0

0
It must take the form and hence c = 1.
0

(h + 1)1/ 3 − 1 0
∴ R= Lt
h →0  
(h + 1) 1/ 2
−1 0

1
(1 + h) −2 / 3
3 2
= Lt
h→0 =
1 −1 / 2 3
(1 + h)
2

2
∴ e =b= and c = 1
a
3

2 2
or a = log , b = , c = 1 .
3 3
9 (a) Continuity : R = L = V = 0 at x = 0
∴ Continuous,
R = lim
h →0 he−∞ = 0

L = lim
h →0 − he −0 = 0 = V
(b) Differentiability:
he −∞ − 0 lim − ∞
R' = lim
h→0 = h→ 0 e = 0
h

− he −0 − 0
L' = lim
h →0 =1
−h
Since R' ≠ L'
∴ Not differentiable.

 x+y 
10. f ( x ) + f ( y) = f   ....... (1)
 1 − xy 
Putting x = y = 0,we get f(0) = 0
Putting y = -x, we get f(x) + f(-x) = f(0)
⇒ f (− x ) = − f ( x ) ........ (2)

f (x)
Also, Lim =2
x→0 x

f (x + h ) − f (x)
Now, f ′( x ) = lim
h →0 h

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 f (x + h ) + f (− x )
= lim (using (2))
h →0 h

 x+h−x 
f  
 1 − ( x + h )(− x )  (using (1))
f ′( x ) = lim
h →0 h

 h 
f  
 1 + x ( x + h ) 
⇒ f ′( x ) = lim
h →0 h

 h 
f 2 
1 + xh + x 
⇒ f ′( x) = lim 
1
×
h →0  h  (1 + xh + x 2 )
 
 1 + xh + x 
2

 h 
f 2 
1 + xh + x 
⇒ f ′( x ) = Lim 
1
× Lim  f (x ) 
h →0  h  h →0 1 + xh + x 2  using Lim = 2
   x →0 x 
 1 + xh + x 
2

1 2 2
⇒ f ′( x ) = 2 × ⇒ f ′( x ) = ⇒ f ′(1) = = 1
1+ x 2
1+ x 2
2
Integrating both sides, f(x) = 2tan-1 x + c
Put x = 0 ⇒ f (0) = 0 ⇒ c = 0 . Thus f(x) = 2 tan-1x

 1   1  π π
Hence f   = 2 tan −1   = 2. = .
 3  3 6 3

0
11. (a) Form . Use L’ Hospital’s rule.
0

f (2) − 2f '(x)
Lt = f (2) = 2f '(2)
x →2 1
= 4 - 2 .1 = 2.
0
(b) The form being the required limit by L’ Hospital’s rule is
0

f '(2 + 2h + h 2 ) (2 + 2h) f '(2).2 6

Lt = Lt = .2 = 3
h → 0 f '(1 + h − h ) (1 − 2h)
2 h → 0 f '(1).1 4
12. Since f(x) is differentiable at x = 0
⇒ Continuity or continuous at x = 0.

i.e., lim
x → 0+
f (x) = lim
x → 0−
f (x) = f (0)

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 eah / 2 − 1 lim eah / 2 − 1 a a
Here
lim
x → 0+
f (x) = lim
h →0 = h →0 . =
h h 2 2
a
2

−1  c − h  −1 c
Also lim
x → 0−
f (x) =lim
h → 0 b sin   = b sin
 2  2

1
f (0) =
2

c a 1
∴ b sin −1 = = ∴ a=1 ..... (i)
2 2 2
Also since differentiable at x = 0,
Rf'(0+) = Lf'(0-)

eh / 2 − 1 1 c−h  1
− b sin −1  −
2 = lim 2e − 2 − h = 1 and Lf '(0 − ) =lim  2  2 = b/2
h/2
Rf '(0 + ) = lim
h →0
h
h →0 h →0
h 2h 2 8 h c2
1−
4

b 1
∴
= or 64b 2 = (4 − c 2 ) ........ (ii)
4−c 2 8

⇒ a = 1 and 64b2 = (4 - c2)

13. For continuity at x = 0 , f (0 − ) = f (0) = f (0 + )

− 1  a cot x b  1
As f (0 ) = f (0) = , a and b should be such that f (0 + ) = lim  + 2=
3 x→0
 x x  3

a cot x b ax + b tan x 0
E= + 2 = 2 takes the form at x = 0
x x x tan x 0
Applying L’ Hospital’s rule

a + b sec 2 x a cos 2 x + b
lim E = lim = lim
x →0 x → 0 2x tan x + x 2 sec 2 x x → 0 x sin 2x + x 2

As x sin 2x + x2 = 0 at x = 0, a necessary condition for the limit to exist is that

a cos2x + b = 0 at x = 0 i.e. a + b = 0

−a sin 2 x sin x sin x

lim E = lim = −a lim lim
x →0 x → 0 x(x + sin 2x) x →0 x x → 0 x + sin 2x
Applying L’ Hospital’s rule once again
cos x 1
lim E = −a lim = −a
x →0 x → 0 1 + 2 cos 2x 3
Thus for continuity a =-1 and b = 1

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14. In a small neighbourhood (1− h, 1+ h) to the left of 1 and [x] =1 to its right so that
f(x) = sin x2 , 1− h < x < 1
= sin(x2 +1), 1 ≤ x < 1+ h
Then f (1− ) = sin 1 and f(1) = sin 2 = f (1+ ) . f(x) is therefore left discontinuous at 1 and, as a result, not
differentiable.
On the other hand 1 < π − 1 < 2 so that in a neighbourhood of π − 1, [ x ] = 1 both to its left and to its

right. Therefore in a neighbourhood of π − 1, f ( x ) = sin( x 2 + 1) and f ′(x ) = 2 x cos(x 2 + 1) giving

f ′( π − 1) = −2 π − 1 .

 x , x < −1
 (1 + x 3 − 1)1 3 ,1 + x 3 < 0 and x < 0

 (f (x) − 1)1 3 , f (x) < 0 (1 + x 3 + 1)1 2 ,1 + x 3 ≥ 0 and x < 0 = (x + 2) , −1 ≤ x < 0
3 12

15. ∴ g(x) =  = 2 (x 2 − 2)1 3 , 0 ≤ x <1

 (f (x) + 1)12
, f (x) ≥ 0 − − 13 2
− < ≥ 
 (x 1 1) , x 1 0 and x 0
 x
(x 2 − 1 + 1)1 3 , x 2 − 1 ≥ 0 and x ≥ 0 , x ≥1

Graph of g(f(x))

O Hence discontinuous at x = –1, 0, 1.

1 1

1
1
23

 x x x x x x
 2sin 2 n cos 2n cos 2n −1 ......cos 23 .cos 22 .cos 2 
16. Given limit = nlim
→∞
 x 
 2sin n 
 2 

 x x x x x  x x x x
 sin .......cos .cos .cos
 2sin 2n −1 cos 2n −1 ......cos 23 .cos 22 .cos 2  = lim  2 n −1
2 3
2 2
2

= nlim
→∞
 x  n →∞  2 x

  2 sin

2.2sin n
2   2 n


sin x  sin x  1
= lim (Similarly) = lim   . sin(x / 2n )
n →∞  x  n →∞
 x 
2n sin  n 
2  (x / 2n )

sin x
= .
x

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 1/{x}
 (1 + {x})1/{x} 
17. Let L =  
 e 

1  1 
ln L =  ln(1 + {x}) − 1 .................... (1)
{x}  {x} 
Now to test for existence of limit in the expression (1)
RHL : - x → 0+ ⇒ {x} = x, 0 ≤ x < 1
And hence from (1)

1  x x2 x3  1
lim+ ln L = lim+  − + − + ........  = −
x →0 x →0 x 2 3 4  2

1
Hence xlim L=
→ 0+ e

LHL : − x → 0− ⇒ {x} = 1 + x and hence {x} → 1−

2
The expression (1) gives Lim ln L = ln 2 − 1 ⇒ lim− L =
x → 0− → x 0 e
Since RHL ≠ LHL hence limit does not exist

  h 
f  x 1 +   − f (x)
f (x + h) − f (x)  x 
18. f ′(x) = lim = lim 
h →0 h h →0 h

h h 
f (x)f (1 + ) − f (x) f (x)  (1 + g(h / x))  f (x) f (x) f (x)
x  x  = lim (1 + g(h / x)) = ⇒ =x
lim = lim x h →0 x f ′(x)
h →0 h h → 0 h

 x + a + 1, x < −a

(x + a − 1) + b, − a ≤ x < 0
2

19. g(f(x)) =  2
 x + b, 0 ≤ x <1
(x − 2)2 + b, x ≥1


g(f (−a) − ) = 1 
 ⇒ b = 0 (as gof is continuous everywhere)
g(f (−a) + ) = 1 + b 

g(f (0)− ) = (a − 1) 2 
Now,  ⇒ a =1
g(f (0)+ ) = 0 
For this value of a and b, g(f(x)) is continuous.

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  x + 2, x < −1
 2
And g(f(x)) =  x , − 1 ≤ x < 1 . Clearly at x = 0, g(f(x)) is differentiable.
 − 2
(x 2) , x ≥ 1

 1+  f ( 12 + h) − f ( 12 ) 1
1
+h
−2 2
1 + 2h −2
′
f   = Limit = Limit = Limit
2
20. = -4
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
2 

( 12 − h ) + b ( 12 − h ) + c − 2
2
 1−  a
= f ′   = Limit
2 
h→0 −h

 1− 
For existence of f ′   , a + 2 b + 4 c = 8 ........ (1)
2 
and a + b = - 4 ......... (2)

 1
Similarly f ′  −  = 4 and a - 2 b + 4 c = 8 ........ (3)
 2
and a-b=4 ...... (4)
From (1) and (3) b = 0 ; a=-4 ; c=3

Hence a = - 4 ; b = 0 ; c = 3
21. Put y = x and x = 0 to get f (x) . f (- x) = f2 (0) ............. (1)
f 2 (0 )
f (x + h) − f (x) f (x + h) − f (− x)
Now f ¢ (x) = Limit
h→0 = Limit
h→0
h h

1 f (x + h) . f (− x) − f 2 (0)
= . Limit
f (− x ) h → 0 h

=
h
( ( h h
)) ( (
1 Limit f 2 + 2 + x . f 2 − 2 + x − f (0)
h 2
))
f (− x ) h → 0 h

=
1 Limit ()
f 2 h2 − f 2 (0)
f (− x ) h → 0 h

=
1 Limit [f ( h2 ) + f (0)] [f ( h2 ) − f (0)]
2f ( − x) h → 0 h
2

f (x) f ′ (0)
= 2
. 2 f (0) . f ′ (0) = f(x)
2 f (x) f (0)

f ′ (x) f ′ (0)
⇒ = =k
f (x) f (0)

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22. T1 =
sin x
2
=
sin x − x
2 (
x )
cos x cos x cos x cos x = tan x - tan 2
2 2

x x
Similarly T2 = tan - tan 2
2 2

x x
and T3 = tan 2
- tan 3
2 2
: : :
: : :
x x
Tn = tan n −1
- tan
2 2n

x
S = tan x - tan ∴ Limit
n → ∞ S = tan x
2n

1
23. Put x = Þ as x → ∞ : y → 0
y

1 1 y − l n (1 + y)
Hence l = Limit
y→0
− 2 l n(1 + y) = Limit
y→0
y y y2
Put 1 + y = ez as y → 0 , z → 0

(e z − 1) − z ez − z − 1
= Limit
z→0
Limit
= z→0 . Put z = 2 t
(e z − 1)2 z2

e2t − 2 t − 1 (e t − 1)2 + 2 e t − 2 t − 2
= Limit
t→0 2 = Limit
t→0 2
4t 4t

1 l 1
l = + ⇒ l =
4 2 2

e x + h l n (x + h)
−e x lnx e x + h l n (x + h ) − x lnx
− 1
24. Limit
h→0 = Limit
h→0 e x lnx  
h  h 

 es − 1 x + h l n (x + h) − x l nx 
= x x
 s→0
Limit . Limit 
 s h→0 h 

= x x Limit (
x + h l n x + l n 1 + xh ( )) − x lnx
h→0
h


Limit l nx ( x+h − x ) + Limit (x + h )  h
l n 1 + 
x/ h 
  lnx
+
1 
= x x
 h→0 h h→0 x  x  = x x  
  2 x x

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25. For continuity, Limit f (x) = f (0)
x→0

A cos x + Bx sin x − 5
Now Limit
x→0 4
as x → 0 ; Numerator → A - 5 and
x
Denominator → 0 . Hence A - 5 = 0 ⇒ A = 5
sin x sin2 x
Bx sin x − 5 (1 − cos x) B . x − 1 + 5cos x
x2
Hence Limit
x→0
Limit
= x→0
x4 x2

5
as x → 0 ; Numerator → B - and Denominator → 0
2

5
⇒ B =
2

5 Limit x sin x − 2 (1 − cos x) 5 Limit 2 x sin x2 cos x2 − 4 sin x2

2

Hence l = =
2 x→0 x4 2 x→0 x4

5 Limit 2 sin x2 x cos x2 − 2 cos x2

Limit
2 x→0 x x→0
x3
Let x = 2 q
5 Limit 2 θ cos θ − 2 sin θ 5 Limit (θ − tan θ)
= = θ → 0 2 cos q
16 θ→0
θ 3
16 θ3

5 Limit θ − tan θ 5  1 5
= = −  = - .
8 θ→0
θ 3
8  3 24

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 SOLUTIONS

LEVEL - 3 (Questions asked from previous Engineering Exams)

1. Since α, β are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0.

a ( x − α)( x − β)
1 − cos a ( x − α)( x − β) 2 sin 2
2 a 2 ( x − α ) 2 ( x − β) 2
lim = lim ×
x →α (x − α) 2 x →α a 2 ( x − α ) 2 ( x − β) 2 4( x − α) 2
4

2 × a 2 ( α − β) 2 a 2
= = ( α − β) 2 .
4 2

1
2. lim x sin = 0 × (a finite quantity lying between − 1 and 1) = 0 .
x →0 x

 x2 x4   x x2 x3 
x 1 − + − ....... −  − + − ......
x cos x − log (1 + x )
= lim 
lim
2 ! 4!  1 2 3 
3. x →0 2 2
x x → 0 x

x2 x3
− + ...........
= lim 2 2 2
x →0 x

1  1
= lim  + terms containing x as a factor  = .
x →0
2  2

2 cos x − 1  0 
4. lim   ( Applying L' Hospital' s rule)
x→
π cot x − 1  0 
4

3
− 2 sin x  1  1.
= lim = 2 lim sin 3 x = 2   =
x → − cos ec x
π π
  2
2
4
x→
4
2

 a x −1 1 + x + 1  a x −1
5. lim 
Required limit = x →0  . 
 = lim
 1 (1 + x ) − 1  x →0 x x →0
lim. ( )
1 + x + 1 = (log e a)(2) .

x
 e x − 1 1 − cos x  2 sin 2
2

6. Required limit = lim  2

+ 2
 = 1 + lim

2 =1 + 1 = 3 .
x →0
 x x  x →0 2
x 2 2

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 1 + px − 1 − px 1 + px − (1 − px)
7. lim− = lim−
x →0 x x →0 x[ 1 + px + 1 − px ]

2px 2p
= lim− = =p
x →0 x[ 1 + px + 1 − px ] 1 + 1

2x + 1 0 + 1 1
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ = =−
x →0 x →0 x−2 0−2 2

1
Since f is continuous on [-1, 1] ⇒ f is continuous at x = 0 ⇒ lim− f ( x ) = f (0) ⇒ p = − .
x →0 2

2 sin 2 x sin 5x
8. lim
x→ 0 x 2 sin 3x

2
 sin x  sin 5x 3x 5
= lim 2  . . .
x →0
 x  5x sin 3x 3

5 10
= 2(1) 2 .1.1. =
3 3

x 5 − 32 x 5 − 25
9. lim f ( x ) = lim = lim = 5(2) 4 = 80 .
x →2 x →2 x − 2 x →2 x − 2

Q f(x) is continuous at x = 2, ∴ lim

x →2
f ( x ) = f ( 2) ⇒ k = 80

c + dx

 1 
c + dx
 1   a + bx
a + bx

10. lim 1 +  = lim 1 +  

x →∞
 a + bx  x →∞
 a + bx  

  1   xlim
a + bx c + dx

1 + = ed / b .
→∞ a + bx
=  lim  

x →∞
 a + bx  

11. lim
e tan x − e x
= lim
(
e x e tan x − x − 1 )
x → 0 tan x − x x →0 tan x − x

(
x →0
x
)
 e tan x − x − 1  0
= lim e lim 
x →0 tan x − x 
 = e ×1 =1.
 

1 1
12. lim sin does not exist as sin oscillates between -1 and 1. Hence, f(x) cannot be continuous at
x→ 0 x x
x = 0 for any k.
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 sin −1 x
−1 2−
2x − sin x x
13. lim f (x) = lim = lim
x →0 x → 0 2x + tan −1 x x →0 tan −1 x
2+
x

2 −1 1
= =
2 +1 3

1
Since f(x) is continuous, f (0) = .
3

14. Since f(x) is continuous at x = 2, f ( 2) = lim f ( x )

x→ 2

x 2 − (A + 2) x + A
⇒ 2 = lim
x →2 x−2

x(x − 2) − A(x − 1)
= lim
x →2 x−2
This is satisfied if A = 0.

1 + sin x − 1 − sin x = lim 1 + sin x − (1 − sin x ) 2 sin x

15. lim
x →0 x [
x → 0 x 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x
= lim
x →0 x ] (
1 + sin x + 1 − sin x )
2
= =1
1+ 0 + 1− 0

∴ f(0) = 1. [Q f(x) is continuous]

16. f(x) is not defined at x = 0, -1, 1 and at all other points f(x) is continuous.
So points of discontinuity are 3.

17. lim f ( x ) = lim (5x − 4) = 1

x →1− x →1

lim+ f (x) = lim (4x 2 + 3bx) = 4 + 3b

x →1 x →1

Since f is continuous at every point of its domain

∴ f is continuous at x = 1 also
∴ lim f ( x ) exists ⇒ 4 + 3b = 1 ⇒ b = −1 .
x →1

x
(4 x − 1) 3  4x −1 
3 4.
18. lim f ( x ) = lim = lim   4
x →0 x →0
 
x  x 3
 x → 0
 x  sin x 1 log 1 + x 
2
sin   log 1 +  
4  3  4 x2  3 

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 3
x
 4 −1 
x
1
=  lim  . 4 lim 4
3/ x2
 x →0 x  x → 0 x  x2 
sin 1
4 lim log 1 + 
x →0 3
 3 

1
= (log 4)3 . 4 .1. = 12 (log 4)3
1 .
.1
3

19. λ = −2

20. For continuity, limit = value = k ∴ lim

x →0
(cos x )1/ x = k

log cos x
⇒ log lim (cos x )1/ x = log k ⇒ lim log(cos x )1/ x = log k ⇒ lim = log k
x →0 x →0 x →0 x

1
(− sin x )
⇒ lim cos x = log k (L’Hospital’s Rule)
x →0 1

⇒ 0 = log k ⇒ k = e 0 = 1 .

x k − 5k
21. lim = 500 ⇒ k (5) k −1 = 500
x →k x −5

⇒ k . 5k −1 = 4 × 54 −1 ⇒ k = 4.

1 − tan x  0 
22. lim  
x→
π
4
1 − 2 sin x  0 

lim
= x →0
− sec 2 x
=
− ( 2) 2

=2.
− 2 cos x  1 
− 2 
 2

log (1 + ax ) − log(1 − bx ) 0

23. lim  
x →0 x 0

1 1
.a − ( − b)
= lim 1 + ax 1 − bx = a×b
x →0 1

∴ f(0) = a + b.

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24. For continuity for all x ∈ R , we must have

 π  −π  π
f  −  = Lt − ( −2 sin x ) and f   = x →(Lt (A sin x + B) f   = lim − (A sin x + B)
 2  2   2  x → π 
+
x → ( − π / 2 ) −π / 2)
2

π
and f   = Lt + (cos x)
 2  x →( π / 2)

⇒ 2 = − A + B and 0 = A + B ⇒ A = -1, B = 1.

a cot x − a cos x
25. Lt
x →π / 2 cot x − cos x

 a cot x −cos x − 1 
= Lt a cos x
 
x →π / 2
 cot x − cos x 

 a cot x −cos x − 1 
= a cos ( π / 2) . Lt   = 1 log a = log a.
x →π / 2
 cot x − cos x 

cos (sin x ) − 1  0 
26. Lim  
x →0 x2 0

− sin(sin x ) cos x
= Lim
x →0 2x

1 sin (sin x )  sin x  1

= − Lim .  . cos x = − .
2 x → 0 sin x  x  2

x ( 4 x +1)
 x + x + 2  x 2 + x +1 2
x
 x 2 + 5x + 3   
4 x + 1  = lim 1 +
x
4 x + 1  4 x +1

lim  2  = lim 1 + 2  x →∞ 

27. + + 
 x +x+2   
2
x →∞ x → ∞
 x +x+2 x x 2
 

x ( 4 x +1)
lim
=e x→∞ x 2 +x +2
= e4 .

1 1
0 +
28. Given limit   = lim 3 + x 3 − x = k
 0  x →0 1

2
⇒k=
3

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 2x
 a b 
29. lim 1 + + 2  = e2
x →∞
 x x 

a b 
lim  + 2  2 x
⇒ e x→∞  x x 
= e2

⇒ e 2 a = e 2 ⇒ a = 1, b ∈ R .

sin x
1−
x − sin x x
30. lim = lim
x →∞ x + cos 2 x x →∞ cos 2 x
1+
x

1− 0  sin x cos 2 x 
= = 1.  Q as x → ∞ , → 0 and → 0
1+ 0  x x 

(2 x − 1) [(1 + x )1/ 2 + 1]
31. Given limit = lim
x →0 (1 + x ) − 1

2x − 1
= lim lim [(1 + x )1/ 2 + 1] = (log 2) (2) = 2 log 2.
x →0 x x →0

 x3   x3  1 1 3
tan x − sin x 
 x + + ... 
 − 
 x − + ...........   +  x + .........
= lim 
32. lim =  3   3!  3 6 1
x →0 x 3 lim 3
= .
x →0 3 x → 0 x 2
x

π π
33. We apply the test of continuity at x = and x = to get the values of a and b.
4 2

π
At x = , L.H.L = R.H.L = value.
4

π 1 π π
⇒ +a 2× = 2 . (1) + b ⇒ a − b = ........ (1)
4 2 4 4

π π
At x = , 2  (0) + b = a (−1) − b(1)
2 2

⇒ 2b + a = 0 ......... (2)

π −π
Solving (1) and (2), we get a = ,b= .
6 12

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 − 1 − cos 4x 2 sin 2 2x
34. f (0 ) = lim = lim ×4 =8
x →0 x2 x →0 ( 2 x ) 2

x  16 + x + 4 
+ x  
f (0 ) = lim = lim = 4+4=8
x →0
16 + x − 4
x →0
16 + x − 16

Also, f(0) = a (given)

∴ a =8.
35. By definition, [x] = k, k ≤ x < k + 1 where k is an integer

 2x − 1 
∴ f ( x ) = k cos   π, k ≤ x < k + 1, where k ∈ Z
 2 

∴ lim− f (x) = lim f (k − h)

x →k h →0

 2(k − h) −1   2k − 1 
= lim (k − 1) cos   π = ( k − 1) cos   π = 0 and xlim f ( x ) = lim f ( k + h )
h →0
 2   2  →k + h →0

 2( k + h ) − 1   2k − 1 
= lim k cos   π = k cos  π = 0
h →0
 2   2 

 2k − 1 
Also, f ( k ) = k cos  π = 0.
 2 

∴ f(x) is continuous at all integer points. Between any two integer points, f(x) is a cosine function, hence
f(x) is everywhere continuous.

| sin x |
36. Given limit = lim
x→0 x

| sin x | − sin x
Now, L.H.L = lim− = lim− = −1
x →0 x x →0 x

| sin x | sin x
R .H.L = lim+ = lim+ =1
x →0 x x → 0 x
∴ Given limit does not exist.

sin(π cos 2 x )  0  cos(π cos 2 x ) π (− sin 2 x )

37. lim   = lim
 0  x →0
x →0 2
x 2x


=  lim
 x →0
− sin 2 x 
2x 
 π lim
x → 0
( )
cos(π cos 2 x ) = (−1) π ( −1) = π .

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 f (k − h ) − f ( k )
38. Lf ′( k ) = lim+
h →0 −h

[ k − h ] sin ( π( k − h )) (k − 1) sin ( πk − πh)

= lim+ = lim+
h →0 −h h →0 −h

( − sin π h )
= lim ( k − 1) (−1) k × π = (−1) k (k − 1) π .
h →0 − hπ

(cos x − 1) (cos x − e x )
39. lim
x →0 xn

 x2 x4   x 2 x 4   x x2 
1 − + − ...... − 1 1 − + − ......  − 1 + + + .....
 2! 2!   2! 4!   1! 2! 
= lim n
x →0 x

 x2 x4  x3 
 − + − ........   − x − x − + ....... 
2

= lim   
2! 4! 3!
n ≠ 0 if n = 3.
x →0 x

n sin nx  tan x 
40. lim .lim  (a − x) n − =0
x →0 nx x → 0
 x 

1
⇒ n ((a − n )n − 1) = 0 ⇒ (a − n ) n = 1 ⇒ an = 1 + n ⇒ a = +n.
2

n
41. We have lim− f ( x ) = lim sin(log e | − h |) = lim sin (log e h ) which does not exist but lies between-1
x →0 h →0 h →0

and 1.
Similarly lim+ f ( x ) lies between -1 and 1 but cannot be determined.
x →0

1 1
42. (c) − ≤ x < 0 gives -1 < 2x < 0 so that [2x] = -1 in − ≤ x < 0
2 2
1
Thus f(x) = 4x2 -x , − ≤x<0
2
1
= ax2 - bx, 0 ≤ x <
2
1 1
The function is differentiable in − < x < 0 and also in 0 < x< as it is a polynomial of degree in each
2 2
- +
of the subinterval . Since f(0 ) = f(0) = f(0 ) = 0, f(x) is continuous at x = 0 for all a, b
For differentiablity at x = 0, f ′(0− ) = f ′(0+ ) ⇒ f ′(0− ) = −1 and f ′(0 + ) = -b .
It follows that f ′(0) exists if b = 1, independent of a .
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 1
f (x) = lim(sin −1 2x) 2 , sin   = 0 since sin   lies between -1 and + 1
1
43. (b) lim
x →0 x →0
x x

 1 1
∴ f(x) is continuous x = 0 and hence  − , 
 2 2

1
(sin −1 2x) 2 .sin    sin −1 2x  1
f (x) − f (0)  x  = lim   .(2sin −1 2x) sin   = 1 x 0 = 0
lim ⇒ lim x →0
 2x  x
x →0 x x →0 x

∴f ′(0) exists

4sin −1 (2x) 1  1   −1 

( )
2
For x ≠ 0, f ′(x) = sin   + sin −1 2x .cos   .  2 
1 − 4x 2 x x x 

1  1  1 1
f ′   and f ′  −  are undefined ∴ f(x) is differentiable in the open interval  −, 
2  2  2 2

x −x
44. (c) When x > 0 , f(x) = and when x < 0, f(x) =
9+x 9−x
∴f(x) is differentiable when x < 0 and x > 0

 h  1 1  h 1 1
When x = 0, LHD = lim 
h →0 9 + h
  −  = − and RHD = lim   = .
  h 9 h → 0
9+h  h 9
Hence, it is not differentiable at x = 0.
45. Lt f (x) = Lt (x − 1) = 1 − 1 = 0
x →1− x →1

Lt f (x) = Lt (x 3 − 1) = 1 − 1 = 0
x →1+ x →1

Lt f (x) = 0 = f (1)
x →1+

∴ f(x) is continuous at x = 1
f (x) − f (1) x −1− 0
Also Lf '(1) = xLt = Lt =1
→1− x −1 x →1+ x −1

f (x) − f (1) x3 −1 3x 2
Rf '(1) = Lt = Lt = Lt =3
x →1+ x −1 x →1 x − 1 x →1 1
∴ Lf '(1) ≠ Rf '(1) ∴ f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.

2 (sin x − sin 3 x ) + | sin x − sin 3 x | π

46. f (x) = , x ≠
2 (sin x − sin 3 x ) − | sin x − sin 3 x | 2
x ∈ (0, π /2) f ( π /2) = 3

3 (sin x − sin 3 x )
Since, sin x > sin x, x ∈ (0, π /2) ⇒ f (x) =
3 Limit
(− sin 3 x + sin x ) = x → π / 2 f (x) = 3

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 3 cos 2 x
∴ Continuous f (x) =
cos 2 x

(
sin 2 π2 − h ) (
cos 2 π2 − h )
2
sin 2 h − sin 2 h
f ′( π / 2) = Limit 3 = Limit 3 = Limit 0
h→0
h
h→0 h sin 2 h h→0

∴ Differentiable at x = π /2.

 0, x < 0  x, x < 0
47. f (x) =  , g (x) =  2
 x, x ≥ 0 x , x ≥ 0

f (x), f (x) < 0  0, x < 0

gof (x) =  2 ⇒ gof (x) = x 2 , x ≥ 0 ........ (i)
 f (x), f (x) ≥ 0 

 0, g (x) < 0  0, x < 0

fog (x) =  ⇒ fog (x) =  2 ......... (ii)
g (x), g (x) ≥ 0 x , x ≥ 0
(i) and (ii) are both continuous .

 0, x < 0
H (x) =  2
x , x > 0

H (0 − h) − H (0) 0
H′( x ) = Limit = Limit −h = 0
h→0
−h h→0

h 2 −0
H′ (0+) = Limit
h→0
= 0 differentiable .
h

 cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π
48. g(x) = 
sin x − 1, x>π π 2π
0 π/2
Adjacent figure represents the graph of g(x). Clearly, g(x) is continuous but non-
differentiable at x = π .

x2 +1
49. f (x) =
[x]

when x ∈[1, 2) then f(x) = x2 + 1 ⇒ R f ∈ [2, 5) Y

17 /3
x2 +1 5  5
when x ∈ [ 2, 3) then f ( x ) = ⇒ R f ∈  2 , 5 10 /3
2   5/2
2
x2 +1 10 17 
when x ∈ [3, 4) then f ( x ) = ⇒ Rf ∈  , 
3 3 3 1 2 3 4
X

 17 
∴ R f ∈  2,  ~ {5}
 3
Other options can be seen clearly from the adjacent graph.
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