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TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

RATIOS
TIOS & IDENTITIES
RA

TRIGONOMETRIC
1.

INTRODUCTION
The word 'Trigonometry' is derived from two Greek words
(1) Trigonon and
(2) Metron
The word trigonon means a triangle and the word metron means a measurement. Hence trigonometry means the
science of measuring triangles.

2.

ANGLE

uuur
Consider a ray OA . If this ray rotates about its end point O and takes the position OB , then the angle AOB has
been generated.

r
Te

Vertex
O

l
na

s id

= angle
Initial side

An angle is considered as the figure obtained by rotating a given ray about its end - point.
The initial position OA is called the initial side and the final position OB is called terminal side of the angle. The end
point O about which the ray rotates is called the vertex of the angle.

3.

SENSE OF AN ANGLE
The sense of an angle is said to be positive or negative according as the initial side rotates in anticlockwise or
clockwise direction to get to the terminal side.
Clockwise direction

= +ve
O

4.

= ve

Anticlockwise direction

RIGHT ANGLE
When two lines intersect at a point in such a way that two adjacent angles made by them are equal, then each
angle is called a right angle.
A
90

90
X'

5.

A CONSTANT NUMBER
The ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle is always equal to a constant and this constant is denoted
by the Greek letter

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

i.e.

Circumference of a circle
= (constant)
Diameter of the circle

The constant is an irrational number and its approximate value is taken as

decimals places is taken as

6.

22
. The more accurate value to six
7

355
.
113

SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT OF AN ANGLES

There are three systems for measuring angles

6.1

Sexagesimal or English system

6.2

Centesimal or French system

6.3

Circular system

6.1

Sexagesimal system : The principal unit in this system is degree (). One right angle is divided into 90 equal
part and each part is called one degree (1) . One degree is divided into 60 equal parts and each part is called
one minute. Minute is denoted by (1'). One minute is equally divided into 60 equal parts and each part is called
one second (1").
In Mathematical form :
One right angle

90 (Read as 90 degrees )

60' (Read as 60 minutes )

1'

60" (Read as 60 seconds )

Ex.1 40 30' is equal to

41
(1)
2

(2) 81

1
Sol. We know that , 30' =
2

6.2

81
(3)
2

1
81
40 + =
2
2

(4) None of these

Centesimal system : The principal unit in system is grade and is denoted by (g). One right angle is divided
into 100 equal parts, called grades, and each grade is subdivided into 100 minutes, and each minute into 100
seconds.
In Mathematical form :
One right angles = 100g (Read as 100 grades)
1g

= 100' (Read as 100 seconds)

1'

= 100" (Read as 100 seconds)

Ex.2 25' is equal to Sol. 100' is equal to 1g

g

1
25 =
so is equal to
100

Relation between Sexagesimal and Centesimal systems :

One right angle = 90 (degree system)

..... (1)

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

g

One right angle = 100 (grade system)

..... (2)

by (1) and (2)

90 = 100

or ,

then we can say,

D
G
=
90 100

10
1 =
9

9
, 1 =
10

Ex.3 80 is equal to

9
Sol. We know that 1 =
10

then,

g
80 = 80
10

80 = 72
6.3

Circular system : In circular system the unit of measurement is radian. One radian, written as 1 , is the measure
of an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle.
Consider a circle of radius r having centre of O. Let A be a point on the circle. Now cut off an arc AB whose
length is equal to the radius r of the circle.
C
r
r
Ic
B

In the adjacent figure OA = OC = arc AC = r = radius of circle, then measurement of AOC is one radian
and denoted by 1c. Thus AOC = 1c .

6.3.1 Some Important conversion

o

Radian = 30
6

Radian = 180

180
One radian =

Radian = 45
4

Radian = 60
3

Radian = 90
2

2
Radian = 120
3

3
Radian = 135
4

5
Radian = 150
6

7
Radian = 210
6

5
Radian = 225
4

5
Radian = 300
3

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

Ex.4 240 is equal to

4p
C

[1]
3
Sol.

3p
C

[2]
4

4p
'

[3]
3

3p
'

[4]
4

We know that
180 =
C

4p
x240

240 =
=

180

Ex.5

p
. Then the angles in degree are The difference between two acute angle of a right angle triangle is
9
[1] 50, 30

Sol.

Ans. [1]

[2] 25, 45

[3] 20, 40

[4] 35, 55

In triangle ABC let C = 90

So A B = = 20
9

.......... (i)

and sum of all the angles in ABC

A + B + C = 180
C = 90
A + B = 90

......... (ii)

Solving (i) & (ii)

A = 55, B = = 35

Ans. [4]

6.3.2 Relation between systems of measurement of angles

D
G
2C
=
=
90 100
Ex.6 The length of an arc of a circle of radius 5 cm subtending a central angle measuring 15 is 3p
7p
5p
cm
[2]
cm
[3]
[4] None of these
12
12
12
Let s be the length of the arc subtending an angle at the centre of a circle of radius r.

[1]

Sol.

then, =

s
r
C

Here, r = 5 cm, and = 15 = 15x

180
p
C

=
12
=

s
s
p
=
=
5
r
12

5p
cm
12

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

7.

TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OR FUNCTIONS

Let a line OA makes angle with a fixed line OX and AM is perpendicular from A on OX. Then in right-angled
triangle AMO, trigonometrical ratios (functions) with respect to are defined as follows :
sin =

perpendicular(P)
hypotenuse(H)
Y
A

base(B)
cos = hypotenuse(H)

tan =

perpendicular (P)
Base (B)

cosec =

H
H
B
. sec =
, cot =
P
B
P

Note :
(i) Since t-ratios are ratio between two sides of a right angled triangle with respect to an angle, so they are
real numbers.
(ii) may be acute angle or obtuse angle or right angle.

8.

RELATIONS BETWEEN TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS

(i) cos ec =

(iii) cot =

1
1
1
, sec =
,cot =
sin
cos
tan

(ii) tan =

cos
sin

sin
cos

(iv) sin + cos = 1

2

(v) 1 + tan2 = sec2

(vi) 1 + cot2 = cosec2

Ex.7 If cosec A + cot A = 11/2, then tan A is equal to

[1] 21/12

[2] 15/16

[3] 44/117

Sol. Cosec A + cot A = 11/2

1
2
=
cos ecA + cot A
11

cosec A cot A =

2
11

(1) (2) = 2 cot A =

= tan A =

44
117

....... (1)

..... (2)

11 2
117
=
2 11
22

Ans [3]

[4] 117/43

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

Ex.8

cos q
sin q
+
is equal to
1- tan q
1- cot q

[1] sin cos

Sol.

[2] sin + cos

[3] tan + cot

[4] tan cot

cos q
sin q
+
1- tan q
1- cot q

cosq
sin q
+
sin
q
cos q
= 11cosq
sin q

cos2 q
sin2 q
cos q - sin q cos q - sin q

cos2q - sin2 q
cos q - sin q

= cos + sin

Ans [2]

Ex.9 tan sec (cot cos ) equals

2

[1] 0

[2] 1

[3] 1

[4] 2

Sol. tan2 sec2 (cot2 cos2 )

= sec2 (tan2 cot2 tan2 cos2 )
sin2 q

= sec2 (1sin2)
= sec 1- cos2 q cos q

= sec2. cos2 = 1

Ans. [3]
y-axis

9.

SIGN OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

(i)

All ratios sin, cos, tan cot, sec and cosec are positive
in Ist quadrant.

(ii)

sin( or cosec) positive in IInd quadrant, rest are negative.

(iii)

tan( or cot) positive in IIIrd quadrant, rest are negative.

(iv)

cos( or sec) positive in IVth quadrant, rest are negative.

Ex.10 The value of sin and tan if cos = -

[1] -

5
5
and
13
12

[2]

Sol. We have cos2 + sin2 = 1

sin = 1- cos2 q

IInd Quadrant

Ist Quadrant

IIIrd Quadrant

IVth Quadrant

12
and lies in the third quadrant is 13

5
5
and 13
12

[3] -

12
5
and 13
13

[4] none of these

x-axis

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

In the third quadrant sin is negaitve, therefore

2

12

sin = 1-
13

sin = 1- cos q
2

sin q
cos q

then, tan =

Ex.11 If

p
< < , then
2

tan =

1- sin q
+
1 + sin q

[1] 2 cosec

10.

1- sin2 q

= -

5
13

5
12

Ans.[1]

1 + sin q
is equal to
1- sin q

[2] 2 cosec

(1- sin q ) + (1 + sin q )

Sol. Exp. =

- 5 13
x
13 - 12

[3] 2 sec

2
= 2 sec
cos q

[4] 2 sec

Ans.[4]

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTION

If f : X Y is a function, defined on the set X, then the domain of the function f, written as Domain is the
set of all independent variables x, for which the image f(x) is well defined element of Y, called the co-domain
of f.
Range of f : X Y is the set of all images f(x) which belongs to Y , i.e.
Range f = {f(x) Y: x X } Y
The domain and range of trigonometrical functions are tabulated as follows
Trigo. function

Domain

Range

sin x

R, the set of all the real number

1 sin x 1

cosx

1 cos x 1

tan x

R ( 2n + 1) ,n I
2

cosecx

R {n ,n I}

R { x : 1 < x < 1 }

sec x

R ( 2n + 1) ,n I
2

R { x : 1 < x < 1 }

cot x

R {n ,n I}

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

11.

VARIATION OF VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS-

Sine

decreases from

1 to 0

Sine

increases from

0 to 1

cosine

decreases from

0 to 1

cosine

decreases from

1 to 0

tangent

increases from

to 0

tangent

increases from

0 to

cotangent

decreases from

0 to

cotangent

decreases from

to 0

secant

increases from

to 1

secant

increases from

1 to

cosecant

increases from

1 to

cosecant

decreases from

to 1

'

IV

Sine

decreases from

0 to 1

Since

increases from

1 to 0

cosine

increases from

1 to 0

cosine

increases from

0 to 1

tangent

increases from

0 to

tangent

increases from

to 0

cotangent

decreases from

to 0

cotangent

decreases from

0 to

secant

decreases from

1 to

secant

decreases from

to 1

cosecant

increases from

to 1

cosecant

decreases from

1 to

'
12. RELATION BETWEEN TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS AND IDENTITIESsin
(1) tan = cos

cos
(2) cot = sin

(3) sin A cosec A = tan A cot A = cos A sec A = 1

(4) sin2 + cos2 = 1

or

sin2 = 1 cos2

(5) 1 + tan2 = sec2

or

sec2 tan2 = 1

(6) 1 + cot2 = cosec2

or

cosec2 cot2 = 1 or

or
or

cos2 = 1 sin2
sec2 1 = tan2.
cosec2 1 = cot2

(7) Since sin2A + cos2A = 1, hence each of sin A and cos A is numerically less than or equal to unity i.e.,
|sin A| 1 and |cos A| 1
1 sin A 1 and 1 cos A 1

or

Note : The modulus of real number x is defined as |x| = x if x 0 and |x| = x if x < 0.
(8) Since sec A and cosec A are respectively reciprocals of cos A and sin A, therefore the values of sec A
and cosec A are always numerically greater than or equal to unity i.e.,
sec A 1

or

and cosec A 1

sec A 1
or

cosec A 1

In other words, we never have

1 < cosec A < 1 and 1 < sec A < 1.

While tanA and cotA may take any real value

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

13. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS IN TERMS OF EACH OF THE OTHER

sin

cos

sin

sin

1 cos 2

cos

1 sin2

cos

sin

1 cos 2
cos

tan

cot

sec

cosec

14.

1 sin2

1 sin2
sin
1
1 sin
2

1
sin

cos
1 cos
2

1
cos

tan

cot

sec

tan

sec 2 1
sec

1 + tan

1 + cot

cot

1 + tan

1 + cot

tan

1
cot

1
tan

cot

1
1 cos
2

1
cos ec

cos ec 2 1
cos ec

1
sec

1
sec 2 1

cos ec 2 1

cos ec 2 1

sec 2 1

1 + tan

1 + cot 2
cot

1 + tan2
tan

1 + cot

cosec

cos ec

sec

cos ec 2 1

sec

cosec

sec 2 1

TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF STANDARD ANGLES

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

15.

Ex.12

TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF ALLIED ANGLES

cos(90 + q)sec(- q) tan(180 - q )

eqauls
sin(360 + q)sec(180 + q)cot(90 - q)
[1] 2

[2] 1

[3] 1

[4] 0

Sol. Given expression

(- sin q)(sec q)(- tan q )

= 1
(sin q)(- sec q) tan q

Ans. [3]

Ex.13 The value of cot5 cot10 ......... cot 85 is

[1]

[2] 1

[3]

1
2

[4] 0

Sol. cot 5 cot 10 ......... cot 85

= cot 5 cot 10 ........ cot(90 10) cot (90 5)
= cot 5 cot 10 ...... tan 10 tan 5
= (tan 5 cot 5) (tan 10 cot 10) .......
= (1) (1) (1) ........... = 1

Ex.14 Sin 10 + sin 20 + sin30 +...... + sin 360 is eqaul to

[1] 1

[2] 0

Sol. Q sin 190 = sin(180 + 10) = sin 10

sin 200 = sin 20
sin 210 = sin 30
..............................
sin 360 = sin 180 = 0
\

Exp. = 0

[3] 1

[4] name of these

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

16.

GRAPH OF DIFFERENT TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

17.

SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULAE

(i)

sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sin B

(ii)

sin(A B) = sinA cosB cosA sin B

(iii)

cos(A + B) = cosA cosB sinA sinB

(iv)

cos(A B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB

(v)

tan(A + B) =

(vi)

1 + tan

tan + =
4
1 tan

(vii)

cot(A + B) =

(ix)

sin(A + B) sin(A B) = sin2 A sin2B = cos2B cos2A

(x)

cos(A + B) cos(A B) = cos2A sin2B = cos2B sin2A

(xi)

sin2 = 2sin cos =

(xii)

cos2 = cos2 sin2 =

(xiii)

tan2 =

(xiv) sin
(xv)

tan

tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B

tan(A B) =

tan A tan B
1 + tan A tan B

1 tan

tan =
4
1 + tan

cot A cot B 1
cot A + cot B

(viii)

2 tan

(1 tan 2 )
(1 + tan2 )

2 tan

(1 + cos )

= cot
sin
2

cot A cot B + 1
cot B cot A

(cosA sin A)2 = 1 sin 2A

(1 + tan 2 )

1 tan 2

cot(A B) =

= 1 2 sin2 = 2 cos2 1

(1 cos )

= tan
sin
2

(1 cos )

= tan2
(1 + cos )
2

(1 + cos )

= cot2
(1 cos )
2

A
1 cos A
A
1 + cos A
=
, cos =
2
2
2
2
A
1 cos A
=
2
1 + coA

(xvi) sin 3A = 3 sin A 4 sin3A

(xvii) cos 3A = 4cos3A 3 cosA

(xix) tan 3A =

3 tan A tan3 A
1 3 tan2 A

or

sin3 A =

or
( A n + /6 )

1
(3 sinA sin 3A)
4

cos3A =

1
( cos 3A + 3cosA )
4

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

Ex.15 tan 20 + tan 40 + 3 tan 20 tan 40 is equal to

3
2

[1]

3
4

[2]

[3]

[4] 1

3 = tan 60 = tan (40 + 20)

Sol.

=
\

tan 40 + tan 20
1- tan 40 + tan 20

3 3 tan 40 tan 20 = tan 40 + tan 20

Hence tan 40 + tan 20 +

Ex.16 If tan A =

[1]

3 tan 40 tan 20 =

Ans.[3]

1
1
1
1
and tan B =
, then the value of A + B i.e. tan1
+ tan1
is
3
3
2
2

p
6

[2] p

Sol. tan (A + B) =

[3] zero

[4]

p
4

tan A + tanB
1- tan A tanB

1 1
+
2 3
5/6
=
= 1
1 1 =
5/6
1- .
2 3

\ A + B = 45 =

Ex.17 If sin A =

[1] -

Ans.[4]

3
- 12
p
3p
, 0 <A<
and cos B =
, < B <
then sin (A B) eqauls
5
13
2
2

16
65

Sol. We have : sin A =

p
4

[2]

16
65

[3]

65
16

3
p
, where 0 < A <
5
2

cos A = 1- sin2 A

cos A = + 1- sin2 A =

1-

4
9
=
5
25

[Q cos is positive in first quadrant]

[4] -

65
16

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

It is given that : cos B = -

12
3p
and < B <
13
2

sin B = 1- cos2 B

sin B = 1- cos2 B

[Q sin is negative in the third quadrant]

sin B =

- 12

5
1-
=
13
13

Now, sin (AB) = sin A cos B cos A sin B =

Ex.18

Ans.[1]

sin 2q
equals
1 + cos q

[1] cot
Sol.

3 - 12 4 - 5
16
x
- x
= 5 13
5 13
65

[2] tan

[3] sin

[4] cosec

sin 2q
2 sin q cos q
=
= tan
1 + cos q
2cos2 q

Ex.19 If sin A =

[1] 1

1
, then 4 cos3 A 3 cos A is equal to (0 < A < 90)
2

[2] 0

[3]

Sol. 4 cos3 A 3 cos A = cos 3A = cos 90 = 0

Ex.20 If and be between 0 and

[1]

16
15

Ans. [2]

3
2

[Q sin A =

[4]

1
A = 30]
2

1
2

Ans.[2]

12
3
p
and if cos ( + ) =
and sin( ) =
, then sin 2 is equal
13
5
2

[2] 0

[3]

56
65

[4]

64
65

Sol. sin (2) = sin ( + + )

= sin ( + ) cos ( ) + cos ( + ) sin ( )
=

5
4
12 3
56
.
+
.
=
13 5
13 5
65

Ans.[3]

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

18.

FORMULAE FOR TRANSFORMATION OF SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT

(i)

(C + D )
(C D )
cos

sinC + sinD = 2sin

2
2

(ii)

(C + D ) ( C D )
sin

sinC sinD = 2cos

2 2

(iii)

(C + D )
(C D )
cos

cosC + cosD = 2cos

2
2

(iv)

(C + D) (D C)
sin

cosC cosD = 2sin

2 2

(v)

tanA tanB =

sin A
sin B sin A cos B cos A sin B

=
cos A cos B
cos A cos B

(vi)

cotA cotB =

sin(B A )
A n,B m +
2
sin A sin B

(vii)

cosA sinA =

A = 2 cos A
2 sin 4

tanA + cotA =

(viii)

1 + tanA tanB =

cos( A B)
cos A cos B

1 tanA tanB =

(ix)

cotA tanA = 2cot2A

(x)

sin

sin( A B )
A n + , B m
2
cos A cos B

1
(sin A cos A )
cos( A + B )
cos A cos B

tanA + cotA = 2cosec2A

A
A
+ cos
= 1+ sin A
2
2

sin

A
A
cos
= 1 sin A
2
2

Ex.21 cos 52 + cos 68 + cos 172 =

[1] 0
Sol.

[2] 1

[3] 2

[4] none of these

cos 52 + cos 68 + cos 172

= cos 52 + cos 68 + cos (180 8)

= 2 cos

52 + 68
68 - 52
cos
cos 8
2
2

= 2 cos 60 cos 8 cos 8

= cos 8 cos 8 = 0

Ans.[1]

Ex.22 If sin 2 + sin 2 = 1/2, cos 2 + cos 2 = 3/2 then cos2 ( ) is equal to
[1] 3/8

[2] 5/8

[3] 3/4

[4] 5/4

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

Sol.

Using cosine formula

2 sin ( + ) cos ( ) = 1/2

...... (1)

2 cos ( + ) cos ( ) = 3/2

...... (2)

Squaring (1) and (2) and then adding

4 cos2 ( ) =

cos2 ( ) =

1 9
5
+
=
4 4
2

5
8

Ans.[2]

Ex.23 Sin 47 + sin 61 sin 11 sin25 is equal to

[1] sin36
Sol.

[2] cos 36

[3] sin 7

[4] cos 7

Given value
= (sin 47 + sin 61) (sin 11 + sin 25)
= 2 sin 54 cos 7 2 sin 18 cos 7
= 2 cos 7 (sin 54 sin 18)
= 2 cos 7 2 cos 36 sin 18

= 2 cos 7

19.

2sin36 cos 36
x cos 36
cos18

= cos 7

2 sin36 cos 36
cos18

= cos 7

sin72
= cos 7
cos18

[Q sin 72 = cos 18]

Ans.[2]

FORMULAE FOR TRANSFORMATION OF PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE

(i)

2sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A B)

(ii)

2cosA sinB = sin(A + B) sin(A B)

(iii)

2cosA cosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A B)

(iv)

2sinA sinB = cos(A B) cos(A + B)

Ex.24 2 cos
[1] 0

p
9p
3p
5p
cos
+ cos
+ cos
equals
13
13
13
13

[2] 1

[3] 2

[4] 4

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

Sol. LHS = 2 cos

p
9p
3p
5p
cos
+ cos
+ cos
13
13
13
13

9p
9p
p
p
3p
5p
+ cos + cos
= cos +
+ cos

13 13
13 13
13
13

= cos

10p
8p
3p
5p
+ cos
+ cos
+ cos
13
13
13
13

3p

5p

3p
5p

= cos p + cos p + cos

+ cos

13
13
13
13

= cos

3p
5p
3p
5p
cos
+ cos
+ cos
13
13
13
13

[Q cos( ) = cos]

= 0 = RHS

5p
p
sin
equals to
Ex.25 2 sin
12
12

[1]

1
2

[2]

1
2

[3]

1
4

[4]

1
6

Sol. 2 sin A sin B = cos (A B) cos (A + B)

5p

5p

5p

p
p

2 sin
sin
= cos cos +

12
12
12 12
12 12

= cos

20.

p
p
1
1
cos
=
0 =
3
2
2
2

Ans. [2]

TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS FOR SOME IMPORTANT ANGLES

(i) sin 7

4 2 6

1
=
2

(iii) tan 7

2 2

1
=
2

(v) cos15 =

(ii) cos 7

3 2

( 3 + 1)
2 2

(vii) cot15 = 2 +

)(

2 1

= sin75

3 = tan75

4+ 2 + 6

1
=
2

(iv) sin15 =

2 2

( 3 1)
2 2

(vi) tan15 = 2

(viii) sin22

= cos75

3 = cot75

1
1
2 2
=
2
2

Ans.[1]

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

(ix) cos22

1
1
2+ 2
=
2
2

(x) tan22

(xi) cot22

1
= 2+ 1
2

(xii) sin18 =

1
4

(xiv) sin36 =

(xiii) cos18 =

(xv) cos36 =

21.

10 + 2 5 = sin72

1
= 21
2
1
( 5 1) = cos72
4
1
4

10 2 2 = cos54

1
( 5 + 1) = sin54
4

FORMULAE FOR SUM OF THREE ANGLES

(i)

sin (A + B + C) = sinA cos B cosC + cosA sin B cos C + cos A cos B sin C sin A sin B sin C
= cos A cos B cos C ( tanA + tan B + tanC tan A tan B tan C )

(ii)

cos (A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC sinA sinB cosC sinA cos B sin C cos A sin B sin C
= cos A cos B cos C (1 tan A tan B tan B tan C tan C tanA )
=

tan A + tanB + tanC tan A tanB tanC

1 tan A tanB tanB tanC tanC tan A

(iii)

tan (A + B + C)

(iv)

4sin(60 A) sinA sin(60 + A) = sin3A

4cos(60 A) cosA cos(60 + A) = cos3A
tan(60 A) tanA tan(60 + A) = tan3A

22.

CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES

(1)

If A + B + C = 180 , then

(2)

(i)

sin 2A + sin 2B + sin2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C

(ii)

sin 2A + sin 2B sin 2C = 4 cosA cos B sin C

(iii)

sin (B + C A) + sin (C + A B) + sin (A + B C) = 4 sin A sin B sin C

(iv)

cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = 14 cos A cos B cos C

(v)

cos 2A + cos 2 B cos 2C = 1 4 sinA sin B cos C

If A + B + C = 180, then
A
B
C
cos
cos
2
2
2

(i)

sin A + sin B + sin C = 4cos

(ii)

sin A + sin B sin C = 4 sin

(iii)

cosA + cos B + cosC = 1 + 4 sin

(iv)

cosA + cosB cos C = 1 + 4 cos

(v)

cos A
cosB
cosC
+
+
=2
sinB sinC sinC sin A sin A sinB

A
B
C
sin
cos
2
2
2
A
B
C
sin
sin
2
2
2
A
B
C
cos sin
2
2
2

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

If A + B + C = , then
(i)

sin2A + sin2B sin2C = 2 sin A sin B cos C

(ii)

cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 12 cos A cos B cos C

(iii)

sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 2 + 2 cosA cos B cosC

(iv)

cos2A + cos2B cos2C = 12 sin A sin B cos C

If A + B + C = , then
(i)

B
C
A
B
C
sin2 A + sin2 + sin2 =1 2sin sin sin
2
2
2
2
2
2

(ii)

cos2

A
B
C
A
B
C
+ cos2 + cos2 = 2 + 2 sin sin sin
2
2
2
2
2
2

(iii)

sin2

A
B
C
A
B
C
+ sin2 sin2 = 1 2cos cos sin
2
2
2
2
2
2

(iv)

cos2

A
B
C
A
B
C
+ cos2 cos2 = 2cos cos sin
2
2
2
2
2
2

If x + y + z =

, then
2

(i)

sin2 x + sin2y + sin2z = 12 sin x sin y sin z

(ii)

cos2x + cos2y + cos2z = 2 + 2 sin x sin y sin z

(iii)

sin2x + sin2y + sin 2z = 4 cos x cosy cos z

If A + B + C = , then
(i)

tanA + tan B + tan c = tan A tan B tan C

(ii)

cotB cot C + cot C cot A + cot A cot B = 1

(iii)

tan

B
C
C
A
A
B
tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2
2
2
2
2
2

(iv)

cot

A
B
C
A
B
C
+ cot + cot = cot cot cot
2
2
2
2
2
2

(a) For any angles A , B, C we have

(i)

sin (A + B + C) = sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C

+ cos A cos B sin C sin A sin B sin C

(ii)

cos (A+B+C) = cos A cos B cosC cos A sin B sin C

sin A cos B sin C sin A sin B cosC

(iii)

tan (A + B + C) =

tan A + tanB + tanC tan A tanB tanC

1 tan A tanB tanB tanC tanC tan A

(b) If A , B, C are the angles of a triangle, then

sin(A + B + C) = sin = 0 and
cos (A + B + C) = cos = 1
then (a) (i) gives
sinA sin B sin C = sin A cos B cos C + cosA sin B cosC + cos A cos B sin C
and (a) (ii) gives
1 + cos A cos B cos C = cos A sin B sin C + sin A cos B sin C + sin A sin B cos C

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

Ex.26 If A + B + C = , then sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C equals

[1] 4 sin A sin B cos C

[2] 4 sin A sin B sin C

[3] 4 cos A sin B sin C

[4] none of these

Sol. sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C

2A + 2B

2A - 2B

= 2 sin
cos
+ sin 2C

2
2
= 2 sin ( c) cos (A B) + sin C sin 2C

[Q A + B + C = , A + B = c
sin (A + B) = sin ( C) = sin C]

= 2 sin C [cos (A B) + 2 sin C cos C]

= 2 sin C [cos (A B) + cos C]
= 2 sin C [cos (A B) cos (A + B)]

[Q cos (A B) cos (A + B) = 2 sin A

sin B, by C & D formula]

= 2 sin C [2 sin A sin B]

= 4 sin A sin B sin C

Ans.[2]

Ex.27 If A + B + C = , then cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C equal to

[1] 2 cos A cos B cos C

[2] 2 Sin A sin B sin C

[3] 12cosA cos B cos C

[4] 1 + 2 sin A sin B sin C

Sol. LHS = cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C

= cos2 A +(1 sin2 B) + cos2 C = (cos2 A sin2 B) + cos2 C + 1
= cos (A + B) cos (A B) + cos2 C + 1

[Q cos2A sin2 B = cos (A + B) cos(A B)]

= cos ( C) cos (A B) + cos2 C + 1 = cos C cos (A B) + cos2 C + 1

= cos C [cos(A B) cos C] + 1 = cos C [(cos (AB) cos {(A + B)}] + 1
= cos C [cos (A B) + cos (A + B)] + 1
= cos C [(cos A cos B + sin A sin B) + (cos A cos B sin A sin B)] +1
= cos C (2 cos A cos B) +1 = 1 2 cosA cosB cos C

Ans. [3]

Ex.28 If A + B + C = , then tanA + tanB + tanC equals

[1] cotA tanB tanC

[2] tanA. cotB. tanC

[3] tanA. tanB. tanC

[4] None of these

Sol. A + B + C =
A + B = p C

tan (A + B) = tan ( C)

tan A + tanB
1- tan A tanB

= tan C

tan A + tan B = tanC + tanC tanB tanC

tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA. tanB. tanC

Ans.[3]

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

23.

24.

GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATIONS

*(i)

If sin = sin

then = n + (1)n , n Z

*(ii)

If cos = cos

then = 2n , n Z

*(iii)

If tan = tan

then = n + , n Z

(iv)

If sin = sin

(v)

If cos2 = tan2

(vi)

If tan2 = tan2

(vii)

If

sin = sin

cos = cos

then = n , n Z

then = 2n + , n Z

MOTHOD OF COMPONENDO AND DIVIDENDO

p a
=
, then by componendo an dividendo we can write
q b
pq ab
qp ba
=
or
=
q+q a+b
q+p b+a
p+q a+b
q+p b+a
=
or
=
or
pq ab
qp ba

If

Note :- Reference of the above formulae will be given in the solutions of problems.

25.

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS

(i)

a 2 + b2 a sin x + b cos x a2 + b 2

(ii)

sin2x + cosec2 x 2

(iii)

cos2x + sec2 x 2

(iv)

tan2x + cot2 x 2

(v)

1 + sin

= tan + = sec + tan
1 sin
4 2

(vi)

1 sin

= tan = sec tan
1 + sin
4 2

(vii)

1 + cos
= cot = cos ec + cot
1 cos
2

(viii)

1 cos
= tan = cos ec cot
1 + cos
2

sin2n
2n sin

n )

(ix)

cos . cos 2 . cos 22 ............ cos 2n1 =

(x)

cosA + cos (A +B) + cos (A + 2B) + ........ + cos { A + ( n 1) B } =

sin nB / 2
B

cos A + (n 1)
sinB / 2
2

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

26.

THE GREATEST AND LEAST VALUES OF THE EXPRESSION [ a sin

+ b cos ]
Let
a = r cos
......... (1)
and
b = r sin
......... (2)
squaring and adding (1) and (2)
then a2 + b2 = r2

a2 + b2
a sin + b cos = r(sin cos + cos sin )
= r sin ( + )
But 1 sin 1
so 1 sin ( + ) 1
then r r sin ( + ) r
hence,
or , r =

a2 + b2 a sin + b cos a2 + b 2

then the greatest and least values of

a sin + b cos are respectively

a2 + b2 and a2 + b2

Least value of a sinx + b cos x + c is c a2 + b2 and greatest value is c + a2 + b2

Ex.29 The maximum value of 3 sin + 4 cos is [1] 2

[2] 3

[3] 4

[4] 5

[By the standard resultes]

Sol. 25 < 3 sin + 4 cos < 25
or 5 < 3sin + 4 cos < 5
so the maximum value is 5.
Ans. [4]
Ex.30 If a < 3 cos x + 5 sin (x/6) < b for all x, then (a, b) equals
[1] (- 19, 19)
Sol.

[3] (-

(A 2 + B2 ) =

(a) tan (A + B + C) =

Ans. [1]

tan A tan A tanB tanC

1 tan A tanB

(c) tan3 = tan . tan ( 60 ) . tan ( 60 + )

(e) sin sin ( 60 ) sin (60 + ) =
(ii)

[4] None

21, 21)

1
3
cos x + 5
sin x = A cos x + B sin x
2
2

1
(76) = (19)
2
MISCELLANEOUS POINTS
Some useful identities :
\

27.
(i)

[2] (17, 17)

1
sin3
4

(b) tan = cot 2 cot 2

(d) tan (A+B) tanA tanB = tanA. tanB.tan(A+B)
(f) cos cos ( 60 ) cos (60 + ) =

1
cos3
4

Some useful series :

n 1 n
sin +
sin
2 2

; 2n
(a) sin + sin ( + ) + sin ( + 2) ......... + to n terms =

sin
2

n 1 n
cos +
sin
2 2

; 2n
(b) cos + cos ( + ) + cos ( + 2) + ........ + to n terms =

sin
2

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

Ex.31 The value of cos

p
3p
5p
7p
9p
+ cos
+ cos
+ cos
+ cos
is
11
11
11
11
11

[1] 0

Sol. cos

[3] 1

[3]

1
2

[4] none of these

p
3p
5p
7p
9p
+ cos
+ cos
+ cos
+ cos
11
11
11
11
11

= cos

3p 2.2p

3p
3.2p
4.2p
p

+ cos +
+ cos +
+ cos +
+ cos +

11 11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

nb
2
2a + (n - 1)b
Use cos + cos ( + ) + cos ( + 2) + .... + cos { + (n 1) } =
b cos
2
sin
2
sin

Here =

p
2p
, =
and n = 5 then
11
11

5 5p
sin x
2p
2p
cos + 4
2 11
p
3p
5p
7p
9p
11
11
+ cos
+ cos
+ cos
+ cos
=
=
cos
2p
11
11
11
11
11
sin
2
2.11

5p
1
10p
sin
11
2
11
5p
=
=
=
p cos
p
11
sin
sin
11
11
sin

Ex.32 The value of cos

Sol. cos

p
sin p

11
1
=
p
2
sin
11

Ans.[3]

p
2p
3p
4p
cos
cos
cos
is
9
9
9
9

1
8

[1]

1
2

[2]

1
16

[3]

1
64

[4] none of these

p
2p
3p
4p
cos
cos
cos
9
9
9
9

p
2p
4p
3p
cos
x cos
= cos cos

9
9
9
9

sin(23.p / 9)
x cos p / 3
23.sin p / 9

sin8p / 9
1
1
1
1
x
=
x
=
8sin p / 9
8
16
2
2

Ans. [2]

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1

(1) 0
Sol.

Ex.2

Sol.

2(sin + cos ) 3 ( sin + cos ) + 1 is equal to

(2) 1
2

(3) 2

(4) None of these

(1) 2 [ (sin + cos ) 3 sin cos ( sin + cos ) ] 3 [ (sin + cos ) ] 2sin cos +1
2

2 [ 1 3 sin cos ] 3 [ 1 2 sin cos ] + 1

26 sin cos 3 + 6 sin cos + 1 = 0

If 3 sin + 4 cos = 5 then the value of 4 sin 3 cos is

(1) 0

(2) 1

(3) 2

(1) Let

4 sin 3 cos = a

(4) 3

Thus we want to eliminant from both 3 sinq + 4 cos = 5 and 4 sin q 3 cos = a, i.e. squaring and
adding these equations. We get
2

(3 sin q + 4 cos q) + (4 sin 3 cos ) = 25 + a

2

9 sin + 16 cos + 24 sin cos + 16 sin + 9 cos 24 cos sin = 25 + a

2

9 + 16 = 25 + a
2

or

a =0

a=0
4 sin 3 cos = 0
Ex.3

(1) 2r
Sol.

If x = r sin cos , y = r sin sin and z = r cos . Then the value of x + y + z is equal to
2

(2) r

(3) 0

(4) none of these .

(2) Here
2

x + y + z = r sin cos + r sin . sin + r cos

2

= r sin ( cos + sin ) + r cos

2

= r sin + r cos
2

= r ( sin + cos )
2

=r

x +y +z =r

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

Ex.4

If A + B = 45, then ( 1 + tanA) ( 1 + tanB ) is equal to

(1) 2

Sol.

(1) tan (A + B) =
1=

Ex.5

(2) 1

(4) 4

tan A + tanB
1 tan A tanB

tan A + tanB
[ as A + B = 45 , tan (A + B ) = 1 ]
1 tan A tanB

tan A + tan B + tan A tan B = 1

or

1 + tan A + tan B + tan A tan B = 1 + 1 [ adding 1 to both side]

(1 + tanA) + tanB (1 + tan A ) = 2

( 1 + tan A) ( 1 + tanB ) = 2
2

If cos 2x + 2 cos x = 1 then sin x ( 2cos x) is equal to

(1) 2

Sol.

(3) 0

(2) 1

(3) 3

(4) 4 .

(2) Here, cos 2x + 2 cos x = 1

2

2cos x1 + 2 cos x 1 = 0

cos x + cosx 1 = 0

or

cos x =

1 + 5
, neglecting
2

1 5

1 5
< 1
as 1 cos x 1 and
2

5 1
62 5
= 3 5
=
cos x =
4
2

3 5
3 5
2
2
sin x (2 cos x) = 1 2 2 2

5 1 5 + 1
= 1
= 2

2
Ex.6

3 cosec20 sec 20 is equal to

(1) 0

Sol.

(4)

(2) 1

3
1

=
sin20 cos20

3 cos 20 sin20
sin20 .cos20

1
4
cos 20 sin 20
2
2

=
2 sin 20 cos 20

= 4.
= 4

( sin 60.cos 20 cos 60.sin 20 )

sin 40
sin(60 20)
sin 40
= 4.
=4
sin 40
sin 40

(3) 2

(4) 4

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

Ex.7

sin78 sin66 sin42 + sin 6 Is equal to

(1) 1/2

Sol.

(2) 1/2

(3) 2

(4) 2

(2) The expression

= (sin78 sin42) (sin 66 sin6)
= 2cos (60) sin (18) 2 cos 36 . sin 30
= sin18 cos36

5 1 5 + 1
1
= 4 4 = 2

Ex.8

Find set of all possible values of in [ , ] such that

(1) ,
2 2
Sol.

(2) ,
2 2

1 sin
is equal to ( sec tan ).
1 + sin

(3) ,
2 2

(4) None of these

(3) Clearly / 2 .
as sec tan =
1 sin
=
1 + sin

and

(1 sin )

cos2

1 sin
cos

...(i)

1 sin 1 sin
=
cos
cos

From (i) and (ii) two expressions are equal only if cos > 0 , i.e. /2 < < / 2
1 sin
and sec tan are equal only
1 + sin

when ,
2 2

Ex.9

sin 67

(1)

Sol.

1
1
+ cos 67 is equal to
2
2

1
4+2 2
2

(1) sin 67

(2)

1
1
+ cos 67 =
2
2

1 + sin135 = 1 +

Ex.10

1
42 2
2

(3)

1
2

1
4+2 2
2

(using cosA + sinA =

1
4+2 2
2

(4)

1
4 + 2 2
2

1 + sin 2A )

....(i)

If 1 + sin + + 2 cos then the maximum value of is .

4
4

(1) 1

(2) 2

(3) 3

(4) 4

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

Sol.

1 + sin + + 2 cos
4
4

(4) We have

=1+

(cos + sin ) + 2 ( cos + sin )

+ 2 (cos + sin )
=1+
2

+ 2 . 2 cos
=1+
4

+ 2 . 2= 4
the maximum value of 1 +
2

Ex.11

The value of sin 20 sin 40 sin 60 sin 80 is

(1) 3/8

Sol.

Ex.12

(3) 3/16

(4) none of these

(3) sin 20 sin 40 sin 60 sin 80

=

3
sin 20 sin ( 60 20 ) sin ( 60 + 20 )
2

3
sin20 sin2 60 sin2 20
2

3
3 3 3
3
(3 sin20 4 sin3 20) =
sin60 =
.
=
8
8
8 2 16

p
1+ cos 3p

The value of 1+ cos

8
8

[1]

Sol.

(2) 1/8

1
2

1+ cos p

[2] cos

1+ cos 3p

1+ cos 5p

p
8

1+ cos 7p
is

[3]

1
8

1 + cos
1 + cos
p - 3p
p - p

8
8

p
1+ cos 3p

= 1+ cos

8
8

1- cos 3p

2 p
2 3p

1- cos
= 1- cos

8
8

3
3

sin20 sin2 20
2
4

1
2 - 1- cos p
2 - 1- cos 3p

4
4
4

1- cos p

[4]

1+

2 2

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

1
1- cos p
1- cos 3p

4
4
4

1
4

1
1
1 + 1

2
2
4

1
1- = 1
2
8

Ans.[3]

Ex.12

If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral such that 12 tan A 5 = 0 and 5 cos B + 3 = 0 then the quadratic equation
whose roots are cos C tan D is

Sol.

In a quadrilaterla no angle is greater then 180

Here tan A =

5
p
p
so, 0 < A <
and
<C<
12
2
2

\ tan (C) =

5
5
, i.e. tan C = 12
12

Also cos B = -

3
p
p
, so,
< B < and 0 < D <
5
2
2

\ cos ( C) = -

\ cos C = -

(Q A + C = 180)
12
13

3
3
, i.e., cos D =
5
5

(Q B + D = 180)

\ tan D =

12 4
12
4
2

x + . =0
\ the required equation is x

13 3 13 3
2

39 x 16 x 48 = 0

Ans.[1]

4
3