Chapter 4 Project Management

True/False Questions
1. Project management is the process of scoping, planning, staffing, organizing,
directing, and controlling the development of an acceptable system at a minimum cost
within a specified time frame.
Answer: True Page: 121 LOD: Easy
2. The causes of failed projects include shortcuts taken during the project, expectations
mismanagement, lack of or unreasonably precise targets, poor estimating techniques,
budget overruns, missed schedules, and lack of management and leadership.
Answer: True Page: 122 LOD: Easy
3. Feature creep is the uncontrolled addition of technical features to a system under
development without regard to schedule and budget.
Answer: True Page: 122 LOD: Easy
4. A common and effective project management technique is to assign more people to the
team if a project gets behind schedule.
Answer: False Page: 122 LOD: Medium
Rationale: This is the mythical man-month. There is no linear relationship between
time and number of personnel. The addition of people often creates more
communication problems, causing the project to get further behind schedule.
5. A project is considered successful if, (1) the resulting information system is acceptable
to the customer; (2) the system was delivered on time; (3) the system was within
budget; and (4) the system development process had a minimal impact on ongoing
business operations.
Answer: True Page: 121 LOD: Easy
6. One key to successful project management is to commit to a fixed budge and schedule
as early as possible and then stick to it.
Answer: False Page: 122 LOD: Hard
Rationale: Premature commitment to a fixed budge and schedule is one of the
common project mismanagement problems.

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7. Over-optimism is the tendency for systems analysts and project managers to fail to
recognize that project slips in one phase or activity can cause corresponding slips in
many other phases and activities, and contribute to cost overruns.
Answer: True Page: 122 LOD: Easy
8. If the project's importance changes during the project, or if the management or the
business reorganizes, projects should be reassessed for compatibility with those
changes and their importance to the business.
Answer: True Page: 122-123 LOD: Easy
9. Cost overruns are not a reason for project failure.
Answer: False Page: 121 LOD: Easy
Rationale: Cost overruns are a reason for project failure
10. A Gantt chart is a simple horizontal bar chart that depicts project tasks against a
calendar.
Answer: True Page: 125-127 LOD: Easy
11. Each bar on a Gantt chart represents a named project task.
Answer: True Page: 125-127 LOD: Easy
12. Scope defines the boundaries of a project.
Answer: True Page: 130 LOD: Easy
13. Planning identifies the required tasks to complete the project based on the project goal.
Answer: True Page: 146 LOD: Easy
14. The project schedule should be developed with an understanding of the required tasks,
task duration, and task prerequisites.
Answer: True Page: 125 LOD: Easy

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15. The project schedule should be developed based on the desired due date for project
completion based on management decree.
Answer: False Page: 125 LOD: Medium
Rationale: The project schedule should be developed with an understanding of the
required tasks, task duration, and task prerequisites.
16. GANTT is an acronym that stands for Group Activity Network Time Table.
Answer: False Page: 125 LOD: Medium
Rationale: Gantt is the last name of the inventor of the Gantt chart. PERT is an
acronym that stands for Project Evaluation and Review Technique.
17. A project manager must demonstrate people management skills to coordinate,
delegate, motivate, advise, appraise, and reward team members.
Answer: True Page: 125 LOD: Easy
18. The project manager must monitor and report progress against goals, schedule, and
costs, and make appropriate adjustments when necessary.
Answer: True Page: 125 LOD: Easy
19. A Gantt chart is a graphical network model that depicts a project's tasks and the
relationships between those tasks.
Answer: False Page: 125 LOD: Medium
Rationale: A PERT chart is a graphical, network model that depicts a project's tasks
and the relationships between those tasks. A Gantt chart is a simple horizontal bar
chart that depicts project tasks against a calendar.
20. PERT charts were developed to make clear the interdependence between project tasks.
Answer: True Page: 125 LOD: Easy
21. Gantt charts clearly show the overlapping tasks, that is, the tasks that can be
performed at the same time.
Answer: True Page: 125-127 LOD: Easy

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22. Some project management competencies cannot be taught in a class but must be
learned through business experience.
Answer: True Page: 123-124 LOD: Medium
23. Rapid application development (RAD) is a strategy wherein all project stakeholders
participate in a short duration project management workshop, which results in a
consensus agreement on the project scope, schedule, resources, budget and quality.
Answer: False Page: 127 LOD: Medium
Rationale: Joint project planning (JPP) is a strategy wherein all project stakeholders
participate in a short duration project management workshop, which results in a
consensus agreement on the project scope, schedule, resources, and budget.
24. A statement of work is a narrative description of the work to be performed as part of a
project.
Answer: True Page: 130 LOD: Easy
25. A PERT chart depicts the WBS or Work Breakdown Structure.
Answer: False Page: 130 LOD: Medium
Rationale: A WBS is a hierarchical decomposition of the project into phases, activities,
and tasks. A PERT chart is a non-hierarchical chart of the tasks, their durations, and
their interdependences.
26. The answers to five basic questions influence the negotiation of project scope: (1)
product; (2) quality; (3) time; (4) cost; and (5) resources.
Answer: True Page: 130 LOD: Easy
27. Scope defines both the boundaries of what is included in the system, as well as what is
considered outside of the project.
Answer: True Page: 120 LOD: Easy

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28. Joint project planning (JPP) is a hierarchical decomposition of the project into phases,
activities and tasks.
Answer: False Page: 130 LOD: Medium
Rationale: A joint project planning (JPP) is where all project stakeholders participate
in a workshop to achieve consensus on the project scope, schedule, resources, and
budget. A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a hierarchical decomposition of the
project into phases, activities, and tasks.
29. Optimistic duration is the estimation of the maximum amount of time that it would
take to perform a task.
Answer: False Page: 133 LOD: Medium
Rationale: Optimistic duration is the estimation of the minimum amount of time that it
would take to perform a task. Pessimistic duration is the estimation of the maximum
amount of time that it would take to perform a task.
30. Optimistic duration is the estimation of the minimum amount of time that it would
take to perform a task.
Answer: True Page: 133 LOD: Easy
31. Pessimistic duration is the estimation of the minimum amount of time that it would
take to perform a task.
Answer: False Page: 133 LOD: Medium
Rationale: Optimistic duration is the estimation of the minimum amount of time that it
would take to perform a task. Pessimistic duration is the estimation of the maximum
amount of time that it would take to perform a task.
32. Elapsed time measures the actual amount of time that it takes to complete a task,
taking into account that workers cannot possibly perform at 100% efficiency, and that
interruptions increases the amount of time it takes from start to finish to complete a
task.
Answer: True Page: 133 LOD: Medium
33. The expected duration of a task is the estimation of how much time will be required to
perform the task by taking into account potential interruptions or delays that are likely
to occur.
Answer: True Page: 133 LOD: Easy

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34. Milestones have no duration.
Answer: True Page: 134 LOD: Medium
35. Forward scheduling establishes a project start date and then schedule forward from
that date. Based on the planned duration of required tasks, their interdependencies and
the allocation of resources to complete those tasks, a projected project completion date
is calculated.
Answer: True Page: 135 LOD: Easy
36. Forward scheduling establishes a project deadline forward into the future, and then
schedules backwards from that date.
Answer: False Page: 135 LOD: Medium
Rationale: Backward scheduling establishes a deadline date, and then schedules
backwards from that date. Forward scheduling establishes a start date, and then
schedules forward from that date.
37. The availability of resources, especially people and facilities, can significantly alter
the project schedule.
Answer: True Page: 136 LOD: Easy
38. Resource leveling is a strategy used to correct resource over-allocations by some
combination of delaying or splitting tasks.
Answer: True Page: 138 LOD: Easy
39. The critical path for a project is that sequence of dependent tasks that have the largest
sum of most likely durations. The critical path determines the earliest possible
completion date of a project.
Answer: True Page: 138 LOD: Easy
40. The critical path for a project is that sequence of dependent tasks that have the shortest
sum of pessimistic durations. The critical path determines the latest possible
completion date of a project.
Answer: False Page: 138 LOD: Medium
Rationale: The critical path for a project is that sequence of dependent tasks that have
the largest sum of most likely durations. The critical path determines the earliest
possible completion date of a project.

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41. The slack time available for any non-critical task is the amount of delay that can be
tolerated between the starting time and completion time of a task without causing a
delay in the completion date of the entire project.
Answer: True Page: 138 LOD: Easy
42. The inefficiency of workers is known as slack time.
Answer: False Page: 138 LOD: Medium
Rationale: Slack time is the amount of delay that can be tolerated between the starting
time and the completion time of a task without causing a delay in the completion date
of the project.
43. It is uncommon for project scope to grow out of control even when a properly
completed statement of work was agreed on early in the planning process.
Answer: False Page: 141 LOD: Easy
Rationale: It is common.
44. When a properly completed statement of work is agreed upon at the start of the
planning process, it is unlikely that changes in project scope will occur.
Answer: False Page: 141 LOD: Medium
Rationale: It is not uncommon for project scope to grow out of control even when a
properly completed statement of work was agreed on early in the planning process.
45. Change is frequently a point of contention between the customer and the information
systems organization, because they disagree on whether a particular function is a
change or a part of the initial agreement.
Answer: True Page: 141 LOD: Easy
46. An expectations management matrix shows that if project scope changes then cost
and/or schedule must also change.
Answer: True Page: 143-147 LOD: Easy
47. Once management has committed to a project, it is not possible for them to change the
funding allocated to the project, or to change the deadline of the project.
Answer: False Page: 142 LOD: Medium
Rationale: A project can change because management can reduce the funding for the
project or imposes an earlier deadline than originally agreed upon.

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48. An expectations management matrix is a tool for helping management understand the
dynamics and impact of changing project parameters such as cost, schedule, scope and
quality.
Answer: True Page: 143 LOD: Easy
49. "Identify Business Requirements" is an example of a milestone.
Answer: False Page: 132 LOD: Medium
Rationale: A milestone is an event that signifies the completion of a major project
deliverable. Identify Business Requirements would be an activity or task leading up to
the requirements statement milestone.
Multiple Choice Questions
50. Which of the following is NOT a project management cause of failed projects?
A) shortcuts taken during the project
B) lack of or imprecise targets
C) inadequate systems analysis and design tools
D) budget overruns
E) schedule delays
Answer: C Page: 122-123 LOD: Medium
51. Which of the following is NOT a basic function of a project manager?
A) controlling
B) programming
C) scheduling
D) directing
E) planning
Answer: B Page: 124-125 LOD: Easy
52. Which of the following functions of the project manager is the most difficult and
important function?
A) planning
B) organizing
C) directing
D) controlling
E) staffing
Answer: D Page: 125 LOD: Medium

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53. Which of the following is a simple horizontal bar chart that depicts project tasks
against a calendar?
A) PERT chart
B) Bar chart
C) WBSt
D) Line chart
E) Gantt chart
Answer: E Page: 125-127 LOD: Easy
54. Which of the following establishes a project start date and then schedules forward
from that date?
A) end scheduling
B) remote scheduling
C) forward scheduling
D) reverse scheduling
E) none of these
Answer: C Page: 135 LOD: Medium
55. Which of the following establishes a project deadline and then schedules backward
from that date?
A) end scheduling
B) remote scheduling
C) reverse scheduling
D) forward scheduling
E) none of these
Answer: C Page: 135 LOD: Medium
56. The process of scoping, planning, staffing, organizing, and controlling the
development of an acceptable system at a minimum cost within a specified time frame
is:
A) Project Management
B) Process Management
C) Expectations Management Matrix
D) Statement of Work
E) None of these
Answer: A Page: 121 LOD: Medium

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57. An ongoing activity that documents, manages the use of, and improves an
organization's chosen methodology for systems development is:
A) Project Management
B) Process Management
C) Expectations Management Matrix
D) Statement of Work
E) None of these
Answer: B Page: 143ru LOD: Medium
58. A narrative description of the work to be performed as part of a project is:
A) scope statement
B) statement of work
C) project definition
D) project overview
E) all of these
Answer: E Page: 130 LOD: Medium
59. A strategy wherein all project stakeholders participate in a multiple-day workshop to
achieve consensus on project scope, schedule, resources and budget is:
A) Total Quality Management
B) Stakeholder's Meeting
C) Joint Project Planning
D) Capability Maturity Planning
E) none of these
Answer: C Page: 127 LOD: Medium
60. Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic questions that influence project
scope?:
A) what product is wanted
B) the efficiency of each of the team members
C) when should the product be delivered
D) what resources are available for the project
E) none of these
Answer: B Page: 130 LOD: Medium

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61. Elapsed time takes into account which of the following factors?
A) people cannot work at 100% efficiency
B) people experience interrupts such as phone calls, visitors or other activities
C) people need lunch breaks
D) people possibly participate in other non-project related work
E) all of these
Answer: E Page: 133 LOD: Medium
62. Which of the following is the estimate of the minimum amount of time it would take
to perform a task?
A) minimal duration
B) optimistic duration
C) pessimistic duration
D) expected duration
E) earliest completion
Answer: B Page: 133 LOD: Medium
63. Which of the following is the estimate of the longest amount of time it would take to
perform a task?
A) maximum duration
B) optimistic duration
C) pessimistic duration
D) expected duration
E) latest completion
Answer: C Page: 133 LOD: Medium
64. Which of the following is the estimate of the time that will be needed to perform the
task?
A) estimated duration
B) optimistic duration
C) pessimistic duration
D) expected duration
E) none of these
Answer: D Page: 133 LOD: Medium

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65. Which of the following is considered a project resource?
A) people
B) services
C) facilities
D) money
E) all of these
Answer: E Page: 136 LOD: Easy
66. Which of the following is NOT one of the guidelines for selecting and recruiting team
members?
A) recruit talented and highly motivated people
B) select the best task for each person
C) keep the team size as small as is reasonable to minimized communication
overhead and difficulties
D) promote harmony by selecting team members who will complement and work
well with each other
E) Make the team as large as possible to assure that you have the resources to
complete the project within the schedule.
Answer: E Page: 138 LOD: Hard
67. Which of the following is the sequence of dependent tasks that have the largest sum of
most likely durations?
A) optimistic duration
B) pessimistic duration
C) critical path
D) slack time
E) none of these
Answer: C Page: 138 LOD: Medium
68. Which of the following is NOT shown on a PERT chart?
A) scheduled start date
B) actual start date
C) task name
D) estimated duration
E) intertask dependencies
Answer: D Page: 126 LOD: Medium

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69. Which of the following is the amount of delay that can be tolerated by a non-critical
task without causing a delay in the completion date of the entire project? :
A) optimistic duration
B) pessimistic duration
C) critical path
D) slack time
E) none of these
Answer: D Page: 138 LOD: Hard
70. Which of the following is NOT a likely reason for a change in project scope?:
A) availability of better technology
B) users or management want the system to do more than originally requested
C) the expectations management matrix is correct
D) the funding for the project has been reduced
E) none of these
Answer: C Page: 142 LOD: Hard
71. A tool for helping management understand the dynamics and impact of changing
project parameters such as cost, schedule, scope and quality is:
A) total quality management
B) project management
C) joint project planning
D) expectations management matrix
E) none of these
Answer: D Page: 143 LOD: Medium
72. Which of the following questions should NOT be answered during a project review?:
A) Which of the project team members are the most compatible?
B) Did the project come in under budget?
C) Did the project come in on schedule?
D) Did the final product meet or exceed user expectations?
E) all of these are appropriate questions to be answered during a project review
Answer: A Page: 149 LOD: Easy

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73. The common techniques for estimating include:
A) decomposition
B) COCOMO
C) function points
D) resource leveling
E) all of these
Answer: D Page: 133 LOD: Hard
74. Which of the following is NOT one of the 10 hints for project leadership?
A) praise in public, criticize in private
B) explain and show, rather than do
C) don't rely just on status reports
D) keep "fudge" time in the schedule by not communicating "real" deadlines to team
members
E) be consistent
Answer: D Page: 139 LOD: Medium
Fill in the Blank Questions
75. ________________ is the unexpected growth of user expectations and business
requirements for an information system as the project progresses.
Answer: Scope creep

Page: 122 LOD: Medium

76. List the basic functions of a project manager.

Answer: Scoping the project, Planning project tasks and staffing the project team;
Estimating task requirements from time, resource and skills points of view;
Organizing and scheduling the project effort; Directing and controlling the project;
Closing and evaluating the project at its conclusion Page: 124-125 LOD: Medium
77. ________________ is a graphical model that depicts a project as a series of events and
milestones that are dependent on one another.
Answer: PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique)
LOD: Medium

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78. ________________ is the uncontrolled addition of technical features to a system
under development without regard to schedule and budget.
Answer: Feature creep

Page: 122 LOD: Medium

79. ________________ is an ongoing activity that documents, manages the use of and
improves an organization's chosen methodology for systems development. It is
concerned with the activities, deliverables, and quality standards to be applied to all
projects.
Answer: Process management

Page: 121 LOD: Medium

80. A ________________ is a hierarchical decomposition of the project into phases,

activities, and tasks.
Answer: work breakdown structure

Page: 130 LOD: Medium

81. ________________ are events that signify major accomplishments or events during a
project.
Answer: Milestones

Page: 132 LOD: Easy

82. The ________________ available for any task is equal to the difference between the
earliest and latest completion times.
Answer: slack time

Page: 138 LOD: Medium

83. ________________ stands for project evaluation and review technique.

Answer: PERT Page: 125 LOD: Easy
84. ________________ establishes a project start date and then schedules forward from
that date.
Answer: Forward scheduling

Page: 135 LOD: Hard

85. What are the four types of intertask dependencies that determine the start or
completion of tasks?
Answer: Finish to Start (the finish of one task triggers the start of another task); Start
to Start (the start of one task triggers the start of another task); Finish to Finish (two
tasks must finish at the same time); and Start to Finish (the start of one task signifies
the finish of another task). Page: 134 LOD: Hard

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86. The project management causes of ___________________________ include shortcuts
taken during the project, expectations mismanagement, lack of or unreasonably
precise targets, poor estimating techniques, budget overruns, missed schedules, and
lack of management and leadership.
Answer: failed projects

Page: 122-123 LOD: Easy

87. _________________ is a strategy for correcting resource overallocations.

Answer: resource leveling

Page: 138 LOD: Easy

88. A project is considered ______________________ if, (1) the resulting information

system is acceptable to the customer; (2) the system was delivered on time; (3) the
system was within budget; and (4) the system development process had a minimal
impact on ongoing business operations.
Answer: successful Page: 121 LOD: Medium
89. A ________________________ is a simple horizontal bar chart that depicts project
tasks against a calendar.
Answer: Gantt chart

Page: 125 LOD: Easy

90. _____________________ defines the boundaries of a project.

Answer: Scope Page: 130 LOD: Medium
91. ________________________ identifies the required tasks to complete the project
based on the project goal.
Answer: Planning

Page: 124 LOD: Medium

92. A _____________________________ must demonstrate people management skills to

coordinate, delegate, motivate, advise, appraise, and reward team members.
Answer: project manager

Page: 125 LOD: Medium

93. PERT charts were developed to make clear the _____________________ between
project tasks before those tasks are scheduled.
Answer: interdependence

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94. ____________________________ is a strategy wherein all project stakeholders
participate in a short duration project management workshop, which results in a
consensus agreement on the project scope, schedule, resources, and budget.
Answer: Joint project planning (JPP)

Page: 127 LOD: Hard

95. _______________________________ is the estimated minimum amount of time

needed to complete a task.
Answer: Optimistic duration

Page: 133 LOD: Hard

96. ________________________ measures the actual amount of time that it takes to

complete a task, taking into account that workers cannot possibly perform at 100%
efficiency, and that interruptions increases the amount of time it takes from start to
finish to complete a task.
Answer: Elapsed time

Page: 133 LOD: Medium

97. The __________________________________ is the sequence of dependent tasks that

determines the largest sum of most likely durations.
Answer: critical path

Page: 138 LOD: Medium

98. The ____________________________________ available for any non-critical task is

the amount of delay that can be tolerated between the starting time and completion
time of a task without causing a delay in the completion date of the entire project.
Answer: slack time

Page: 138 LOD: Medium

99. Give some reasons for project changes.

Answer: (1) an omission occurred in the initial scope definition; (2) a
misunderstanding occurred in the initial scope definition whereby the desired product
is actually more complicated than originally communicated or perceived; (3) external
events such as government regulations create new requirements; (4) organizational
changes, such as mergers, acquisitions and partnerships that create new business
problems and opportunities. Page: 142 LOD: Hard
100. A(n) __________________________________________ is a tool for helping
management understand the dynamics and impact of changing project parameters such
as cost, schedule, scope and quality.
Answer: expectations management matrix

Page: 143 LOD: Medium

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