Floating Point Arithmetic Operations
x
The scientific notation for floating point is : m × r
The floating point is said to be normalized only if the
most significant digit is non-zero.
0036525 Notanormalizedvalue
.36525×
105 Anormalizedvalue
.00110101 Notanormalizedvalue
.110101 × 2-2 Anormalizedvalue
B. Vishnu Vardhan Assist. Professor VITW, Enikepadu
Adding or subtracting two numbers requires first an
alignment of the radix point, since the exponent
must be made equal before the operations with
mantissa.
The alignment is done by shifting one mantissa
while its exponent is adjusted until it is equal to
the other exponent.
Ex 1: .654321 × 10 .654321 × 10
2 Alignment 2
.123456 × 10
-1
+.000123 × 10
2
.654444 × 10
2
Ex 2: .654321 × 10
2
+.432100 × 10
2 Alignment
1.086421 × 10 2 .1086421 × 10 3
An overflow can be corrected easily by shifting the sum once to the
right and incrementing the exponent.
B. Vishnu Vardhan Assist. Professor VITW, Enikepadu
Ex 3: .654321 × 10
2
- .654210 × 10
2 Alignment
.000111 × 10 2 .111 × 10 -1
An underflow can be corrected easily by shifting the sum once to
the left and decrementing the exponent.
Biased Exponent
The bias is the number that is added to each exponent as the floating
number is formed, so that internally all exponent are positive.
B. Vishnu Vardhan Assist. Professor VITW, Enikepadu
Register Configuration
Bs B b
E Parallel Adder and
Parallel Adder Complement
As A1 A a
Qs Q q
B. Vishnu Vardhan Assist. Professor VITW, Enikepadu
Addition and Subtraction
The alignment of the mantissas must be carried our prior to
their operation. After the mantissas are added or subtracted,
the result may be unnormalized. The normalization
procedure ensures that the results is normalized prior to its
transfer to memory.
Algorithm divided into four components
Step 1: Check for zero’s
Step 2: Align the mantissas
Step 3: Add or subtract the mantissa
Step 4: Normalize the result
B. Vishnu Vardhan Assist. Professor VITW, Enikepadu
Step 1: Check for
zero’s
Add or Subtract
0 ≠0 ≠0
BR AC
0
AC ← BR
Add
OP
Sub
AS ← `A s
B. Vishnu Vardhan Assist. Professor VITW, Enikepadu
ii) Align Mantissas
A,B ≠ 0
a< a:b
a>
b b
a=b
Shr A Shr B
a←a+1 b←b+1
B. Vishnu Vardhan Assist. Professor VITW, Enikepadu
iii) Adding and subtracting the
mantissa
a=b
Sub Add
op
1 1
As Bs As Bs
0 0
EA ← A + B` + 1 EA ← A+B
B. Vishnu Vardhan Assist. Professor VITW, Enikepadu
iv) Normalization the
result: EA ← A+B
EA ← A + B` + 1
=0 0
E E
EA ← A` + 1
As ← As`
= =
1 Shr A1
=0
≠0 A A1 ← E
a←a+1
=0 =
A1 1
AC ←0
Shl A
a←a-1
END
B. Vishnu Vardhan Assist. Professor VITW, Enikepadu
Addition and Subtraction of floating-point number
=0 ≠0 ≠0
BR AC
a< a>
=0 b a :b
b
AC←BR
Shr A a:b Shr B
a ← a+1 a ← a+1
Add
AC
Subtract Add
Sub op
=0
As ← As =1 =0
EA ← A+B`+1 As סּBs =1 As סּBs
Shr A =0 EA ← A+B
A ← A`+1 E =0
=1 A
As ← A`s
E
≠0 AC ← 0
=0 A1 =1 Shr A
A1←E
Shl A a ← a+1
a ← a-1
End
B. Vishnu Vardhan Assist. Professor VITW, Enikepadu
