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Basic Principles

The document defines key concepts related to ship stability including density, mass, volume, Archimedes' principle of buoyancy, and the law of flotation. It provides examples to calculate the mass indicated on a load gauge when a block is partially or fully submerged. The displacement of a ship is defined as the mass of water it displaces based on its underwater volume and the density of the surrounding water. Displacement can be calculated for a box-shaped vessel using length, breadth, draught and density. For an actual ship, a block coefficient is used to account for the non-box shape.

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Ashok Kumar
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
220 views

Basic Principles

The document defines key concepts related to ship stability including density, mass, volume, Archimedes' principle of buoyancy, and the law of flotation. It provides examples to calculate the mass indicated on a load gauge when a block is partially or fully submerged. The displacement of a ship is defined as the mass of water it displaces based on its underwater volume and the density of the surrounding water. Displacement can be calculated for a box-shaped vessel using length, breadth, draught and density. For an actual ship, a block coefficient is used to account for the non-box shape.

Uploaded by

Ashok Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

BASIC PRINCIPLES

The density of any given substance is its mass per unit volume.
This can be expressed as:

DENSITY =

MASS
VOLUME

For ship stability purposes the units commonly used are:


Mass:
tonnes (t)
Volume: cubic metres (m3)
Density: tonnes per cubic metre (t/m3)
Rearranging the above formula gives:
VOLUME =
and:

MASS
DENSITY

MASS = VOLUME DENSITY

Density of water in which a ship typically floats


A ship is presumed to always float in water which lies in the
following density range:
FRESH WATER (FW):
1.000 t/m3
to
SALT WATER (SW):
1.025 t/m3
Water that lies between these two extremes is termed DOCK
WATER (DW).

Basic principle
s (MAR Rev. 12/

The laws governing flotation


Two laws need to be considered:
*
*
1.

Archimedes principle;
The law of flotation.

Archimedes principle
States that when a body is wholly or partially immersed in
a liquid, it experiences an upthrust (apparent loss of mass
- termed Buoyancy force (Bf)) equal to the mass of liquid
displaced.
Consider a block of steel measuring 2m 2m 2m that has
a density of 7.84 t/m3.
SAQ
If this block was to be suspended by a ships crane that has
a very accurate load gauge, what load (mass) would
register on the gauge if the block was suspended over the
ships side in air?

2m
Steel
7.84 t/m3
2m
2m

Basic principle
s (MAR Rev. 12/

Answer
The block is suspended in air!
Since:
Mass = Volume Density;
Mass of the block = (2m 2m 2m) 7.84 t/m3
= 62.72 t
The crane driver now lowers the block so that it becomes half
submerged in the dock water which has a density of 1.020 t/m3.

1m

DOCK WATER
DENSITY
1.020 t/m3

2m
2m

SAQ
What load (mass) will the gauge now indicate?

Basic principle
s (MAR Rev. 12/

Answer
The block is now displacing a volume of water where:
Volume of water displaced = (2m 2m 1m)
= 4 m3
Mass of water displaced = Volume Density of the dock
water;
= 4 m3 1.020 t/m3
= 4.08 t which represents the upthrust of the
buoyancy force (Bf) created by the displaced water.
Therefore:

Mass of block = 62.72 t


Upthrust due to Bf = 4.08 t
Gauge reading
= 58.64 t
BUOYANCY FORCE ACTING AT CENTROID
OF UNDERWATER VOLUME ( 4.08 t)

G
DOCK WATER
DENSITY
1.020 t/m3

WEIGHT FORCE ACTING AT CENTRE OF


GRAVITY OF THE BLOCK (62.72 t)

Basic principle
s (MAR Rev. 12/

SAQ
What load (mass) will the gauge indicate if the crane driver
now lowers the block so that it is completely submerged in the
dock water?

DOCK WATER
DENSITY
1.020 t/m3

2m

2m
2m

Basic principle
s (MAR Rev. 12/

Answer
The block is now displacing a volume of water where:
Volume of water displaced = (2m 2m 2m)
= 8 m3
Mass of water displaced = Volume Density of the dock
water;
= 8 m3 1.020 t/m3
= 8.16 t which represents the upthrust of the
buoyancy force (Bf) created by the displaced water.
Therefore:

Mass of block = 62.72 t


Upthrust due to Bf = 8.16 t
Gauge reading
= 54.56 t
BUOYANCY FORCE ACTING AT CENTROID
OF UNDERWATER VOLUME ( 8.16 t)

DOCK WATER
DENSITY
1.020 t/m3

G B
G
B

WEIGHT FORCE ACTING AT CENTRE OF


GRAVITY OF THE BLOCK (62.72 t)

Basic principle
s (MAR Rev. 12/

2.

Law of flotation
States that every floating body displaces its own mass
of the liquid in which it floats.

The displacement of a ship (or any floating object) is defined as


the number of tonnes of water it displaces. It is usual to
consider a ship displacing salt water of density 1.025 t/m 3,
however, fresh water values of displacement (1.000 t/m3) are
often quoted in ships hydrostatic data.
The volume of displacement is the underwater volume of a ship
afloat i.e. the volume below the waterline.
To calculate the displacement (W) of a ship the following needs
to be known:
The volume of displacement (V)
The density of the water in which it floats ()
Since:

MASS = VOLUME DENSITY

the mass, or displacement, of a ship is calculated by:


DISPLACEMENT = VOL. OF DISPL. WATER DENSITY
i.e.

W=V

Basic principle
s (MAR Rev. 12/

To calculate the displacement of a box-shaped vessel


Consider the vessel shown.

Underwater volume

VOLUME OF DISPL.
DRAUGHT

LENGTH

BREADTH

VBOX = L B d
Therefore:
DISPLACEMENT = VOL. OF DISPL. WATER DENSITY
WBOX = (L B d)
SAQ
Calculate the displacement of a box-shaped vessel that has a
length of 80 m, breadth of 16 m and floats at a draught of 4.2
m in salt water (density 1.025 t/m3).

Basic principle
s (MAR Rev. 12/

Answer

WBOX = (L B d)
WBOX = (80 16 4.2) 1.025
WBOX = 5510.4 t

To calculate the displacement of a ship


Since a ship is not box-shaped, a factor known as the block
coefficient (CB ) needs to be considered.
The block coefficient (CB) of a ship is the ratio of the
underwater volume to the volume of the circumscribing block.

CB =

V
L B d

Therefore:

WSHIP = (L B d CB)

Basic principle
s (MAR Rev. 12/

SAQ
A ship displaces 11400 tonnes and floats at a draught of 5.60
m in salt water. If the waterline length and breadth are 140 m
and 18 m respectively calculate the block coefficient of the
ship.
Answer

Mass = Volume Density


Displacement = Vol. of displ. Water density

11400 = Vol. of displ. 1.025

Vol. of displ. = 11400 = 1112.951 m3


1.025
CB = Vol. of displ.
L B d

CB =

CB =

1112.951
140 18 5.60
0.788

REMEMBER THAT CB HAS NO UNITS, IT IS A RATIO!


An alternative solution might be as follows:

Basic principle
s (MAR Rev. 12/

10

Alternatively

WSHIP = (L B d CB)

11400 = 140 18 5.60 CB 1.025

CB =

CB =

11400
140 18 5.60 1.025
0.788

Basic principle
s (MAR Rev. 12/

11

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