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Introduction and Background:

The following project addresses consumption of fruits and vegetables amongst college students
of Ball State University. The goal of our project is to increase the proportion of students who report
eating five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day. The data collected during this project is
specific to college students at Ball State University. We will mainly focus on the number of servings of
fruits and vegetables consumed by our target audience compared to the daily-recommended 5 servings or
more.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, low levels of fruits and vegetable
consumption are associated with diminished health, including increased risk for obesity, heart disease
and stroke, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer (2013). The average American adult only
consumes 1.1 servings or fruits and 1.6 servings of vegetables, which would be considered low
compared to the 5 or more servings (CDC, 2013). In Indiana, 41.6% in adults reported consuming less
than 1 serving of fruits and 23.7% reported consuming less than 1 serving of vegetables (CDC, 2013).
This statistic is very consistent with the American average. When looking at college students, the
prevalence of college students who eat five or more fruits and vegetables is considerable low. Only
36.9% of college students eat the recommended number of fruits and 32.2% eat the recommended
vegetable servings (CDC, 2010).
On average, men usually have a lower prevalence than women. The CDC reports prevalence is
higher among females, 36.1% fruits and 30.9% vegetables and lower in males with 28.7% fruits and
21.4% vegetables (2010). Using data from the National Cancer Institutes Food Attitudes and Behavior
Survey, females reported more favorable attitudes and greater perceived behavior control regarding
fruits and vegetable intake than males (Emanuel, McCully, Gallagher, & Updegraff, 2012). Males
reported greater perceived norms for fruit and vegetable intake. Another survey done by Foodborne
Disease Active Surveillance Network, which surveyed over 14,000 American adults, found that men
were significantly more likely to eat meat and poultry products over fruits and vegetables (Sliwa, 2008).




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It also found that women were more likely to eat fruits and vegetables, especially that sweet ones. There
has been countering information found that report men are just as equally likely to consume the same
amount of fruits and vegetables as women, but there was more supporting information on the studies
that found men less likely to consume fruits and vegetables.
One of the top problems when it comes to consuming fruits and vegetables is budget. Most
students cannot afford the cost of fruits and vegetables and instead choose fatty, unhealthy foods at the
store or food court (USDA, 1). Having an income that is less than $30,000 per year is associated with
eating less then the recommended 5 servings of fruits, typically resulting in eating the proper amount
only 8.5% of the time (Dehghan, 2001). This is very true for college students because they have a very
slim income. Many students take advantage of the meal plan they have and eat on campus or are on tight
budget when grocery shopping. Eating on campus can be both positive and negative (Schuna, 2014).
The National Eating Disorders Association states that the average college freshman gains 2.5 to 3.5
pounds during their first year (Svastisalee, Holestein, & Due, 2012). A low socioeconomic status also
goes hand and hand with budget. It is often is a concern when it comes to eating five or more fruits and
vegetables a day. It can positively or negatively be associated with fruit and vegetable intake. If your
socioeconomic status increases, so does your fruit and vegetable intake. Many students fall in a lower
socioeconomic status, making it difficult to consume the proper amounts of fruits and vegetables. Those
in lower socioeconomic communities are noted to have more access to fast food restaurants instead of
farmers markets and grocery stores (Svastisalee et al., 2012). Fast food restaurants being so close and
affordable makes it difficult for low socioeconomic class to avoid the fatty, greasy foods available right
down the road.
Stress is evident for most college students. A high number of 60% of students rated their stress
levels as high or very high, when a person has this much chronic stress in their lives the body begins to
react and adapt (Conner, Pope, & Galloway, 2010). Evidence suggests that one-way college students
react to stress is by adopting unhealthy eating and lifestyle habits. Also, 23% of young adults ages 18-24




are obese, and 9 out of 10 students do not eat the five or more fruits and vegetables a day. The

behavioral consequences to stress are most commonly linked to unhealthy eating with chronic stress
(Sparling, 2007). Consuming fruits and vegetables has been shown to reduce the feeling of stress and the
chances of developing chronic diseases (CDC, 2013). Fruits and vegetables provide the essential
vitamins and minerals, fiber, and other substances that are important for good health. Fiber is an
important aspect of ones diet because it acts as filler without consuming a high number of excessive
calories. The nutrients from eating fruits and vegetables are an important part to staying healthy. By
choosing the right fruits and vegetables, students are able to consume some of the top nutrients that they
otherwise lack (USDA, 2, 2014). Potassium, dietary fiber, calcium, and vitamin D are among some of
the top nutrients missing in Americans diet. Eating these fruits and vegetables with the listed nutrients
leads to healthier lifestyles, weight control, lower blood pressure, and lower cholesterol (Slavin &
Lloyd, 2012).
There are many different lifestyles for college students and most of them chose separate
lifestyles then the next. Some choose to lead sedentary lifestyles, in which they do not get enough
physical activity (Coleman, 2014). Students are spending more time in the classroom and using
technology than participating in physical activities. This sedentary lifestyle is of concern because studies
show that most students who choose not to participate in physical activities are less likely to consume
fruits and vegetables regularly. When leading a sedentary lifestyle, it is important to get the proper
nutrients to avoid malnutrition and excess weight gain, students are not eating the recommended five or
more servings of fruits and vegetables per day (Coleman, 2014).
Most students are very busy and have very little time to prep and cook fruits and
vegetables. They spend most of their time either in class, doing homework, or working. Creating time to
prepare a healthy meal with fruits and vegetables involves a concept most college students do not
incorporate into their daily routine. Some college students have difficulty with responsibilities of
purchasing and preparing their own meals and managing an eating schedule (USDA 1, 2014). If college




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students managed their time better and used their resources, incorporating this in their daily lives would
be much easier. Many students find it hard to start a diet plan involving fruits and vegetables because
they lack the knowledge of how much of these fruits and vegetables to incorporate into their new diet
plan. Barzegari found that if students were informed about how to create a healthy diet they were 51%
more likely to learn the new healthy behavior (2011). Many students do not know the basics of nutrition.
Many people believe that nutrition is common knowledge but in fact it is not. A study on college
students not eating enough fruits and vegetables states, Home economics and nutrition classes have all
but disappeared from out schools in the K-12 system, there is a fundamental lack of understating on how
to eat well.(OSU, 2011). These students are then going to college and have no idea how to maintain a
proper diet. Each students prioritizes there own healthy differently and it all depends on there own
actions. The main strategy to our program is to convince our target population to consume the proper
amount of fruits and vegetables and give them a reason to put fruits and vegetables above the other
things they believe are more essential.
Recently, there has been improvement on this issue. Restaurants are stepping up and
offering more salad options and even fast food establishments have incorporated fresh fruit options and
salads that actually have some nutritional value. Also the nutritional values are now started to be
included on the menus. Many grocery stores are providing more fresh and organic produce free of
preservatives and hormones. All of this improvement supports our program and the programs that are
already up and running.
The goal of our program is to provide education for those who lack it, present
opportunities to purchase fruits and vegetables for those who cannot access it, and integrate fruits and
vegetables into college students daily lives. We aim to make our community events fun and interactive,
allowing students to learn new ways to incorporate fruits and vegetables into their diets. Incorporating
new, tasty recipes right next to the foods available will guide our target audience. This will also increase
their self-efficacy, and boost their confidence that they can properly prepare healthy foods. We will also




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be creating an application for smart phones so students and track their progress and communicate with
other students participating in our programs.
Between the community events, posters, brochures and flyers that will all contain information
about both the events and brief health facts, and our application for smart phones, our program aims to
contact all of our target audience and have a positive impact on their eating habits in any way. Whether
our target audience consumes the daily-recommended 5 servings, just increases their normal daily
serving of fruits and vegetables, our program will strive to educate and carter to our target population
needs.

Target Audience
Included in our target audience will be Ball State University students. The characteristics of
these students will include both male and female sexes, students living in residential halls and students
who commute, and the age group will include 18 to 24 years. We will be addressing two specific
segments within this population. One segment will be students who shop at readily available convenient
stores with lower prices more than twice a week in comparison to students who shop at less accessible
grocery stores with a wider variety of healthy foods more than twice a week. The next segment of
students we are going to target is students who utilize social media on a daily basis versus students who
do not utilize social media on a daily basis. These segments will provide our program with a clear
standpoint of what factors influence our target audience.
The main purpose of our program is to increase the amount of Ball State University students who
consume five or more serving of fruits in vegetables per day. We chose to segment student who shop at
convenient stores versus students who shop of stores that provide produce as a choice. Students who
shop at convenient stores are very busy with less time to prepare meals throughout the week in
comparison to students who have more free time to shop at stores with variety and prepare their own
meals. This is an important group because it will provide us with information of the amount of students
who choose prepackaged and processed food over fresh produce and whole foods. Students who choose
to shop at the convenient stores are less likely to consume nutrient rich foods that are high in fiber. With
a constant consumption of foods that are prepackaged health concerns can arise. Convenient store offer
efficient and time saving selections that allow students to choose what they want to eat and can be
consumed without having to sit down at a table.
The utilization of social media adds a significant impact on a students life. Students who utilize
social media on a daily basis are more likely to come across a fitness or nutrition account that endorses
the consumption of fruits and vegetables. With the pressures of social media, this students may feel the
need to consume these foods because they want to look like the individuals they see consuming these




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foods. These students have more free time to spend social media and investigate applications they might
find interesting whether it might be nutrition related or different topics. Students who do not access
social media do not have the opportunity to be exposed to these applications that could potentially
provide helpful information concerning nutrition related content.
With this information we can get a better idea of how time and budget influences a students
choice of foods. Students who have less recreational time and a small budget are more likely to shop at
convenience stores that offer less nutritious options. Students with more time and larger budgets are
more likely to shop at stores that offer the option of fruits and vegetables.

Goals and Objectives:

Goal: To increase 75% of Ball State University students intake of fruits and vegetables to 5 or more
servings per day by 2015/ 2016 academic.

Objective 1: Ball State University students will increase the amount of meals they cook with vegetables
by the 2015/2016 academic school year by 26%.
Objective 2: Ball State University students will increase the number of healthy snacks they eat in 1 week
by the 2015/ 2015 academic school year by 30%.
Objective 3: Ball State University students will decrease the number of times they visit fast food
restaurants by the 2015/ 2016 academic school year by 38%.
Objective 4: By May 2016, 30% of Ball State University students will report increasing the number of
fruits and vegetables they eat in a week.
Objective 5: By May 2016, 38% of Ball State University students will know the health benefits of eating
five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day.

Pretesting Concepts:
Focus group moderators guide for focus group 1
Introduction:

Introduce ourselves: Taylor, Heather, Maygen, and Sydnee

Explanation of why we are here: We are Health Science majors looking to get a better
understanding of college students perspectives on fruits and vegetables.

Rules:
o Respect others when they are speaking.
o No cell phones.

Introduction of students: name, major, and description of the fruit or vegetable in front of
them.

Time frame: 10-15 minutes

Survey:

Ask students if they have any general questions.

Begin survey

Time frame: 10 minutes

Activity:

Each student will have a balloon placed at his or her seat upon arrival. Each balloon will have a
description of a fruit or vegetable inside of it. Once the student pops the balloon they must read
the description and say which fruit or vegetable they believe it. From this activity, we will ask
open-ended questions to spark up discussion.

Questions:
o What kind of food do you enjoy snacking on?
o How many fruits and vegetables do you need per day?

o What fruits and vegetables are best for you?

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o How do you prepare your fruits and vegetables?

o What fruits and vegetables do you buy when shopping?
o If you dont buy fruit and vegetables, why is that? Are you on a budget?
o What are your thoughts about fruits and vegetables fitting into your budget?
o Where are the best places to get your fruits and vegetables?
o Do you believe fruits and vegetables can cure disease?
o How do you obtain information on fruits and vegetables?
o What influence do other people have on your choices to eat fruits and vegetables?

Time frame: 20-25 minutes

Continuing Questions:

We will continue questions. We will write the main themes on the chalkboard so we can
collaborate as a group.

Time Frame: 10 minutes

Closing questions from students. Based on your experience with our focus what was the

Reflection:

most valuable thing you have learned?

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Transcription for focus group 1:

Taylor: Okay welcome guys, my name is Taylor, Im a senior in health science department
Sydnee: Im Sydnee Im in health science also and Im a junior
Maygen: Im Maygen and Im a senior in health science as well
Heather: And my name is heather, Im a senior and a health science major as well
Taylor: So were just here to kind of better our understanding of college students, umm perspectives of
fruits and vegetables. So we are not here to teach or anything we just kind of want to get your guys input
on this. Umm we do just ground rules, just respect each other and try to avoid being on your phones,
obviously if its an emergency, then yeah. Umm, so if you guys want to go around well do, we kind of
have it labeled one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. If you guys want to go around, uhh
what youre gonna do is say your name, your major, and then on, in front of you, you have pictures of
fruits or vegetables, umm kind of just hold it up and either say you can if you like them, how they make
you feel, anything like that, so you know if its something you absolutely hate obviously this disgust me,
I hate this, and then say what they are as well so if you dont know what they are then there is no shame,
so we will go ahead and start with participant one.
Participant 1: Okay, my name is Sarah. Im a junior and Im a biology major. Is that all we what were
suppose to say?
Taylor: Umm, huh, yeah
Participant 1: Okay and then I have broccoli
Late participant: I dont know, is this the right room?
Heather: Uhh huh, yeah, come on in
Taylor: Hi
Heather: This is for your classes
Late Participant: Thank you
Heather: Youre welcome
Heather and Late Participants: Not able to transcribe
Taylor: Sorry Sarah
Participant 1: Youre good, I have broccoli, cauliflower and celery. Umm celery makes me still feel
hungry, so it makes me sad. Cauliflower is alright with cheese on it and then broccoli, yeah I like
broccoli, so.
Taylor: Perfect, thank you

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Participant 2: Okay, Im a Alexa, Im a biology major as well, focused on pre-dental and I have corn,
which I like so and tomatoes and carrots on my paper. Uhh, Im not a big tomato fan but like I like
spaghetti so I guess I kinda like tomatos and pizza, umm Im not a carrot fan and all and so it doesnt
make me very happy.
Everyone laughs
Taylor: Awesome
Participant 3: Umm Im Brittany, Im a junior, Im a music production major and I have no idea slash
like any of these, so I have some tropical things going on here.
Participant 4: Alright, Im Abby, Im a freshman, social studies education major. I really dont know
what this one is so I suppose that makes me sad. Pineapples are okay sometimes. I dont know, it just
depends on what mood Im in and then kiwi I just dont like.
Participant 5: Okay, umm Im Darci. Im a freshmen, Im a communications major and I have the same
fruits as Abby but thats a mango (laughing) and these make my mouth itchy so that makes me sad and
irritated.
Participant 6: Umm Im Jenny and Im a freshmen, Im special ed and elementary ed. I have got grapes,
pears, and peaches and I like all of them so, that makes me happy.
Everyone laughs
Taylor: Well jump, well go down here and then go down this row
Participant 7: Me?
Taylor: Yeah, Uhh huh
Participant 7: Umm Im Brittany, umm a senior, a psychology major, umm I have spinach, peas and
green beans a I like them all so
Participant 8: Im Hannah, senior advertising major and I have sweet potatoes, asparagus, and zucchini
and I really like all of them, I like to cook with them a lot, so that makes me really happy.
Everyone laughs
Participant 9: Im Kelly, Im an exercise science major, Im a senior as well, umm I have bell peppers, I
think this is eggplant
Taylor: umm huh
Participant 9: and then cucumbers, umm I like all of them. My favorites cucumbers.
Everyone laughs



Participant 10: What were we suppose to say?

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Taylor: Just say your name, your major

Participant 10: Im Ally, umm my major is undecided right now, umm say what my fruits are? Orange,
apple and banana, and I like them.
Everyone laughs
Participant 11: Okay, umm Im Shannon, Im an advertising major. I have grapes, nectarines, and pears
and I like all those things, so Im happy.
Taylor: Good, umm that was just kind of a warm up just to see you guys thoughts, overall thoughts on
fruits and vegetables. Umm what we are going to do next is underneath those pictures is a quick survey.
Uhh if you guys have any questions or you feel uncomfortable answering any of them just feel free to
leave them blank and just use your best judgment on those.
All participants are filling out survey
(Whispering)
Taylor: You guys dont have to write your names on this
(Whispering)
Participant 9: Do you guys want juice?
Participant 10: Sure
(Whispering)
Participant 9: You want some candy corn?
(Whispering)
Taylor: Is everyone finished? Yeah? For the two girls who walked in, feel free juice, candy, whatever.
Umm alright we are just gonna discuss it a little bit. Again if you guys dont feel like answering you
dont have too, participation is appreciated but its completely up to you. Umm okay so were gonna go
with discussion so you guys dont have to raise your hands or anything. So does any of you know or
thing what the recommend amounts of having fruits and vegetables are?
Participant 9: A cup
Taylor: A cup
Participant 9: Yup
Taylor: Any other answers?


Participant 1 and 6: Five servings

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Participant 9: I thought four servings

Participant 9: I thought you meant the fat question
Everyone laughs
Taylor: Thats fine, umm how often do you guys eat fruits and vegetables?
Participant 9: Everyday
Participant 1: Vary
Taylor: Vary? Does that depend on like your day, wether its weekend or weekday?
Participant 1: Ugh yeah weekdays are more
Taylor: Week days you are more likely to eat fruits and vegetables? Is everyone kind of in agreeance
that mostly weekdays are good girls and weekends kind of not. Okay umm do you guys feel like you
meet the healthy campus 2020 recommendations?
Multiple Participants: No
Taylor: No?
Participant 9: I do
Taylor: Do you guys have any (laughing) Do you guys have any thoughts on why you feel like youre
not, are you just too busy or
Participant 8: Its expensive
Taylor: Expensive, yeah
Participant 8: if it was cheaper and if like the fruits and vegetables would last longer
Taylor: Yeah
Participant 8: I would defiantly I would be more likely too
Taylor: So like your budget and how to preserve fruits and vegetables or stuff like that. Any other
thoughts on that?
Participant 5: The fruits and veggies in Lafollette are kind of like nasty
Participant 6: They are really gross
Taylor: So they are not in season

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Participant 5: The apples taste fake.

Taylor: Apples taste fake, yeah anything else on that one? K, uhh, do you guys believe fruits and
vegetables are good for you?
Multiple Participants: Yes
Taylor: Yeah, umm I can agree on that, thats basically what we are taught when were growing up.
Fruits and vegetables, fruits and vegetables, but we are not really educated on how to eat them and how
to incorporate those into our meals. Umm so what are some ways you guys like to eat them or like have
tried to eat them? Anything creative you can think of?
Participant 8: I like to make smoothies
Taylor: Smoothies, yeah, do you use just fruits or just vegetables or both
Participant 8: Ugh I typically just use fruits, but Ill use spinach sometimes.
Taylor: Spinach, yeah, anything else?
Participant 6: I like Jamba Juice
Taylor: Jamba juice, yup, so do you guys feel like you eat more fruits or vegetables?
Multiple Participants: Fruits
Participant 11: Vegetables
Participant 9: Both
Everyone laughs
Taylor: Umm are guys just eating them straight or are you doing like strawberries and whip cream or are
like you are having or how do you normally eat your fruits and vegetables?
Multiple Participants: Raw
Taylor: Yeah
Participant 7: Peanut Butter
Participant 8: Yeah, peanut butter
Participant 2: Yeah peanut butter
Taylor: Yup, umm do you guys things fruits and vegetables can cure disease?
Participant 9: Yes

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Participant 2: I dont think they can cure but I think they can prevent
Taylor: Okay, yeah, any other thoughts on that one? No, how often do you drink juice or fruit
smoothies?
Participant 2: I would say on an occasion
Taylor: On occasions
Participant 8: I do a couple times a week
Taylor: Yeah
Participant 6: I like apple juice
Taylor: Kinda yeah, just like fruit juices
Participant 5: Like Snapple kinds of
Taylor: Like orange juice
Participant 4: The naked juice is really good
Taylor: Yeah, good, do you guys just like the juices and smoothies because they are quick options or
Participant 2: Sometimes
Participant 3: They are suppose to make me skinny
Everyone laughs
Taylor: Yeah
Heather: Do you guys ever substitute them instead of like eating like a real meal youll eat a smoothie,
drink a smoothie real quick or something like that?
Participant 8: Yeah Ill do that before I go to class, it helps hold me over
Taylor: Yeah, absolutely, umm alright Kelly
Participant 9: Yes
Taylor: How big is a serving size of fruits and vegetables?
Participant 9: One cup
Taylor: Any other thoughts on that one?
Participant 6: So six serving, or five servings is just five cups?

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Taylor: They say five or more servings of fruits and vegetables a day, okay so if you guys just want to
put the surveys to the side or you can move it under, we are done with the two sheets and the survey.
Okay so Ill kind of explain what we are going to do next. We have a little activity, obviously balloons.
Umm what we are going to do is we are gonna go down the row, rows again, so one, two, three, four,
five, six, seven and so on and so forth. What you are going to do, is theres thumbtacks, you going to
pop your balloon and its going to come out with a description of something, whether its a fruit or
vegetable and then we are just kinda gonna have a discussion from there as well and you guys can feel
free to eat and stuff, so and again if you honestly have no idea just be like I have no idea, I have no idea.
So whenever youre ready.
Balloon Pops (AHHHHH)
Laughing
Taylor: If you want to read it out loud to.
Participant 1: Ok, we provide you with some natural sugars for energy the darker our color the sweeter
we taste and the more of a treat we become. We are a good source of vitamin C.
Taylor: Ok, what do you think?
Participant 1: ummm, all I can think of is an orange because of the vitamin C.
Taylor: Ok, does anyone have any thoughts on that one?
Participant 1: the darker our color the sweeter we taste and the more treat we become.
Sydnee: We can give them a hint to.
Participant 1: or grapefruits.
Participant 9: Yea, or grapes!
Participant 11: or plums
Taylor: they are more blue
Everyone: BLUEBERRIES
Taylor: whooo
Everyone laughs
Sydnee: yea, that was a given one.
Participant 1: I didnt know those had vitamin C.
Taylor: Well, there ya go. So do you guys like blueberries or fruits.
Participant 1 and 2: yea.

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Heather: You can defiantly put frozen blueberries in a smoothie.

Participant 8: Oh yea!
Taylor: So what kind of things do you guys like to snack on? Do you go towards the fruits and
vegetables or do you tend to go towards other things? Vending Machines and things like that, what is
your go to snack?
Participant 6: I like chips.
Taylor: chips
Participant 1: I like frozen grapes.
Taylor: Frozen grapes, yup those are good.
Participant 8: I like carrots and ranch and apples with peanut butter. Apples and peanut butter are my
favorite.
Participant 9: and celery and peanut butter
Taylor: Celery and peanut butter
Participant1: or hummus
Taylor: you dont even have to think fruits and vegetables, like when you are on campus and you are
like I need to grab a snack before I go to class.
Participant 2: granola bars
Taylor: Granola bars?
Everyone: mmhmmm
Participant 1: peanut butter crackers.
Taylor: Ok, peanut butter crackers
Participant 5: veggie straws
Taylor: Veggie straws?
Everyone laughs
Participant 9: I like bananas for a snack.
Taylor: So, pretty much easy convenient things right?


Everyone says yeah.

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Taylor: Alright, go for it.

Participant two pops their balloon.
Everyone laughs
Taylor: are you guys awake?
Everyone laughs
Participant 3: this is traumatizing.
Everyone laughs
Taylor: I know I am sorry.
Participant 2: Contains a mineral called Boron, which helps your bones stay strong and healthy, vitamin
C supplies a quarter of your days vitamin C. Lots of antioxidants, substances which help your body fight
disease. So.
Taylor: So what do you think?
Participant 2: Is this an orange?
Everyone laughs
Taylor: What do you guys think? Anybody have any
Participant 1: I was going to say an orange.
Participant 9: maybe an apple or a pineapple.
Taylor: A pineapple? Any other guesses?
(Mumbling)
Participant 3: Mangos?
Taylor: Mangos?
Sydnee: They come in all kinds of varieties. There is tons of different kinds of this fruit.
Participant 9: Apples?
Sydnee: There you go!
Taylor: APPLES!

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Participant 9: I just guessed, so it was a guess.

Participant 9: I was just thinking!
Everyone laughs
Taylor: Do you guys usually like apples?
Everyone says yeah
Taylor: There is not that many people I feel who do not like apples. Some people like it with the skin
some like without the skin. My favorite is apples and sun butter, sunflower seed butter.
Participant 1: Oh I have never heard.
Participant 9: Oh I have never heard.
Participant 5: I have never heard before.
Taylor: Its real good. You guys said you do usually eat apples right?
Participant 9: Yea!
Participant 8: Yea!
Taylor: What kind of fruits and vegetables do you think are good for you guys? Like what are the main
fruits and vegetables that you eat? Do you eat the main ones like green beans, spinach, corn, apples,
grapes, or do you guys feel like you branch out and try others? Or do you just stick with the main
common fruits and vegetables?
Participant 9: I really like raspberries.
Taylor: Raspberries!
Participant 9: But I dont get them to often because they are expensive!
Participant 1: Yea, I was gonna say I like them but they are expensive.
Participant 9: But I like strawberries a lot to.
Participant 7: Yea!
Participant 1: They are just so expensive.
Taylor: What did you say? Expensive?
Participant 1: I stick to the main ones because the exotic ones are expensive.



Taylor: Yup, and sometimes hard to find to!

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Participant 1: Yup!
Participant 8: I feel like lettuce and spinach is really good for you because it is green, and I feel like I
always eat a lot because salads are really easy to make and its is very versatile.
Taylor: Good, Good. Any input on that one? No? Ok.
(Balloon Pops)
Participant 3: I am scared, it still scares me!
(Laughing)
Participant 3: We are rich in vitamin C and compounds called bioflamoids that help your body fight
against infections. They are one of the few good sources of I dont know any of these words ok.
Taylor: Thats fine, just read what you can read.
Participant 3: Um, its like lisopeen or listopen is that it? Yes, ok gosh dang it you should read this. Is
that carotids?
Participant 2: Yes. Carotids.
Participant 3: Family and being investigated for some health benefits in adults and supply dietary fibers.
Sorry about all those words.
Taylor: No, you are fine!
Everyone laughs
Taylor: Do you have any guesses? I know that some of these are going to be hard but we are just trying
to see what you know.
Participant 3: Considering I didnt know like four words, prolly not. I mean I guess a carrot.
Participant 1: Yea, is this a carrot?
Participant 9: Yea I was gonna say is that a carrot?
Participant1: From carotenoid.
Taylor: Any other guesses? Grapefruit!
Everyone: AHHHHH
Taylor: Do you guys like grapefruit?


Everyone says Yes!

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Taylor: I love grapefruit. Umm its kinda sour though.

Everyone says Yess.
Taylor: Let me see.
Heather: Do you guys put sugar on your grapefruit? I do!
Everyone says Yea!
Taylor: So going from that, so how do you guys prepare your fruits and vegetables? Like do you guys
like to saut them? Or just like she said she puts sugar on hers. Do you guys add anything to your fruits
and vegetables usually? Or do you just eat them as they are?
Participant 8: I think it just depends.
Taylor: It depends on what they are?
Participant 8: Yea, I feel like I always add something. Like I add dressing to salad, I add peanut butter to
apples
Taylor: Yea.
Participant 8: like ranch to a potato or any other vegetable.
Taylor: So do you guys feel like you add more toppings I guess to the vegetables side rather than the
fruits side?
Everyone says Yea!
Taylor: Yea, do you think its prolly cause the sugary kinds of tastes to the fruits are good where the
vegetables are kinda ehhh. I remember my mom shoving peas down my throat.
Everyone laughs
Taylor: Umm alright go ahead.
Balloon pops
(AHHHH, mumbling and laughter)
Participant 4: We are an excellent source of vitamin c and just a 100 grams has a whole days supply.
The small seeds embedded in our skin provided a good source of dietary fiber. We are an excellent
source of foliate one of the B vitamins. Our natural sugars come from the sugars fructose and glucose.
Taylor: Three was a big hint in that one.



Participant 5: the seeds on the outside. Yea.

23

Participant 4: Strawberries?
Taylor: Yea strawberries! Now im guessing you all like strawberries to right?
Everyone says Yea!
Taylor: Strawberries are very good I like strawberries I just said I like them with cool whip! Do you
guys like them with anything or can you eat strawberries plain or straight?
Participant 10: Sugar!
Taylor: Sugar, yea.
Participant 8: I can eat them plain.
Taylor: Yea I can eat them plain to.
Participant 1: Nutella!
Taylor: Nutella.
Participant 9: Or in like yogurt.
Taylor: Yea.
Participant 9: If you put them in yogurt.
Taylor: Do you guys like the yogurt that comes with the fruit at the bottom?
Everyone says Yea!
Participant 2: Sometimes.
Taylor: Yea, sometimes. Yea.
Participant 4: It gets so soggy. It gets on the bottom.
Participant 10: Yea that is gross. Sorry.
(Mumbling)
Taylor: No youre fine. Hold on. Im just gonna ask one more question before I talk. So when you guys
are at the grocery store what fruits and vegetables do you seem to pick up?
Participant 8: Bananas
Taylor: Bananas

24

Participant 1: Apples.
Participant 7: Whats on sale.
Taylor: Whats on sale, yea.
Participant 2: Peaches.
Participant 8: Cucumbers.
Taylor: Cucumbers, yea.
Participant 8t: I like spinach a lot.
Taylor: Spinach.
Participant Two: Green Peppers.
Taylor: Green Pepper.
Participant 7: Carrots.
Participant 8: Yea Carrots.
Taylor: So it seems like alittle more fruits than vegetables. Is that kinda right, your more geared to the
easy to go fruit. Is there any reason for that? You just like the fruit then cause it tastes alittle better?
Participant 2: Probably yea.
Taylor: Or is it easier to prepare.
Participant 8: Yea, I like stuff you dont have to prepare.
Taylor: Exactly.
Participant 8: You just throw it in the container and take it to class.
Taylor: So you like the convenience of it? So any type of food that is alittle more convenient is easier? I
guess that is all true with our lives we are so much on the go I guess its just convenient to grab certain
things. Ok go ahead.
Balloon Pops
(Mumbling)
Participant 5: Ok, when ripe we are an excellent source of vitamin c bettercartin another member of the
carotenoid family. The deeper the color of our flesh the higher our carotenoid levels. We also supply




25
dietary fiber. We are a good source of potassium thus handy because the potassium helps balance the
sodium we get from eating salty foods. I dont know.
Participants: Bananas?
Participant 6: Have we said banana yet though?
Taylor: nah-uh
Participant 6: Ok.
Taylor: Any other guesses? That one is a mango.
(Mumbling)
Taylor: Now um do you guys feel like you eat mangos a lot or do you tend to get mango flavored
things?
Participant 2: Mango flavored things.
Participant 9: Yea.
Participants: Yes.
Taylor: Mango flavored things. Is it do you guys have you guys ever tried a mango before?
Participants: Yea.
Taylor: What deters you from eating a mango.
Participant 6: Its really hard to eat a mango.
Participant 9: Sometimes its really expensive.
Participant 10: Yea expensive.
Taylor: Yea expensive and hard to prepare?
Participants 9: mhhhmhhh
Taylor: Yea.
Participant 8: They taste really fresh but I have no idea how to eat it. Yea.
Participant 1: Except when they are fresh.
Taylor: Yea exactly yea thats hard. Umm so this goes back to the grocery question. So when you guys
are at the grocery stores what deters you from buying them? Is it because they are expensive because




26
you are on a budget is there any other aspects that ehhh Ill get that next time or ehhh or Im not feeling
that.
Participant 5: My mom does my grocery shopping when Im at home.
Taylor: Yea, so she kinda
Participant 5: And I live on campus.
Taylor: You said you were a freshman right?
Participant 5: Yea!
Taylor: So do you have a meal plan?
Participant 5: Yea!
Taylor: Yea, so you kinda just have what is provided and stuff like that. Is there any other grocery
aspects that you can think of that deters you or promotes you getting those fruits or vegetables?
Participant Two: I normally dont buy things that I dont know how to prepare.
Taylor: Exactly. Yea. Any other thoughts on that one?
Participant 8: I think if it was prepackaged or precut I would be way more likely to buy it.
Taylor: And they do have those dont they? I think in the little refrigerator section they have pineapples
already done, strawberries and stuff yea. Again it goes back to the convenience time and stuff like that.
Ahhh ok we will go yea.
Balloon Pops
(Laughing)
Participant 6: Alright, we are high in vitamin c having one and half times as much vitamin c as the same
quality as a orange. We are also a good source of vitamin E. You cannot see much in our flesh but our
tiny black make us an excellent source of dietary fi.
Taylor: Its fiber.
Participant 6: Oh sorry.
Taylor: No youre fine, its fine.
Participant 6: Ummm, raspberry? Because of the little hairs, I dont know.
Taylor: Yea, any other guesses?
Participant 8: Kiwi?

27

Taylor: Yea! Kiwi!

Participant 6: Yea!
Taylor: Same question again. Do you guys eat kiwi?
Participants: Yea!
Taylor: Yea! I feel like kiwis are hard to prepare cause you gotta get the..
Participant 9: Yea, I like to cut it in half and scoop it out with a spoon.
Taylor: Scoop it out with a spoon, yea
Participant 1: Yea thats the best way.
Participant 9: Yup!
Taylor: Um we are going back to the budget since we see that is a big thing here. Do you feel like if they
did fit into your budget and were more cost effective that you would be picking them up more
consistently?
Participant 7: Yea.
Participant 8: Defiantly!
Taylor: Do you guys feel like you know your resources well enough? Like if Ball State provided
something like a farmers market right in the middle of campus would that be more convenient for you
guys?
Participant 8: That would be amazing!
(Mumbling in agreement)
Participant 9: Yea, that would be cool.
Taylor: So, if fruits and vegetables were more like less expensive you guys would be all over that you
feel? Its literally down to the budget, time, everything like that?
(Mumbling yea)
Heather: If they didnt like reduce the price of vegetables but instead we got like people to promote and
give coupons on fruits and vegetables would you guys still buy the stuff even if you had coupons or
would after going to the store and seeing the price would you still be tiered away from it?
Participant 8t: I would use the coupon because it would make it alittle cheaper.
Participant 9: Yea that would help.

28

Taylor: Yea. Ok, on to you. Do you need a pen?

Balloon Pops
(Laughing)
Participant 7: Alright, it contains very good amount of another antioxidant vitamin, vitamin A
storehouse of many vital nutrients. Studies shown to have help protect against prostate, colon, urinary,
bladder, um pancreatic, and breast cancers. It is rich in dietary fibers, minerals, vitamins, and
antioxidants. It has proven health benefits.
Taylor: Just alittle hint, we are now on to vegetables.
Participant 7: Ohhh
(Laughing)
Taylor: Any vegetable you guys can think?
Participant 7: Ummm, Im gonna say green beans.
Taylor: Green Beans. Any others?
Participant 7: I dont know that was a guess.
Taylor: Any other guesses?
Participant 3: Broccoli?
Taylor: Broccoli? Yea its broccoli!
Participant 7: Alright!
Taylor: Good Job! Um so this kinda ties in with it to. Have you guys ever been to the Minnatrista
farmers market at all, to buy fruits and vegetables?
Participant 8: I wish!
Participant 7: I wanna go!
Taylor: Yea, so..
Participant 6: Ive heard about it.
Taylor: So, again the main place that you guys get your fruits and vegetables grocery stores? Not
anywhere like any stands that you guys see its usually just grocery stores. I know thats kinda repetitive
but


Maygen: It ties in with the dining halls.

29

Taylor: Umm yea do you guys go into the dining halls at all or like over here at the Atrium and get any
fruits and vegetables when your out on campus?
Participants: Yea!
Participant 7: For breakfast I would, yea.
Taylor: Yea.
Taylor: Um, so this goes back to buying grocery questions. When you guys are at the grocery what
deters you from buying it? Is it because they are expensive, is it because you are on a budget? Is there
any other aspects that are like ehh maybe I will get that next time around or eh Im not feeling that.
Participant 4: I dont really grocery shop, or when Im at home because I live on campus.
Taylor: Yea! And you said you were a freshman, right?
Participant 4: Yea.
Taylor: So do you have a meal plan?
Participant 4: Yea.
Taylor: So you have whats provided and stuff like that.
Participant 4: Yea
Taylor: Is there any other grocery aspects that you guys can think of that deters you of promotes you
from getting those fruits and vegetables?
Participant 2: I normally dont buy things I dont know how to prepare
Taylor: Exactly, yea. Any other thoughts on that one?
Participant 7: I think if it was prepackaged and precut I would be more likely to buy it.
Taylor: They do have some of those dont they? I think in the little refrigerator section they have
pineapples already done, strawberries and stuff yea. Its just it goes back to the convenience, time, and
stuff like that. Um okay, yea?
*Balloon pops* laughter all
Participant 5: It went in my juice. Alright um, were high in vitamin C and have one and a half times as
much as the quantity in an orange, were also a good source of vitamin E and our tiny black pits make us
an excellent source of dietary fiber.
Taylor: Its fiber sorry.

30

Participant 5: Oh okay. I didnt know it was called fiber.

Taylor: No youre fine, its fine.
Participant 5: I think raspberries? Dont they have little hairs? I dont know.
Taylor: Yea. Any other guesses?
Participant 1: Kiwi?
Taylor: Yea kiwi, yea.
Participant 5: Yea, duh.
Everyone: laughing.
Taylor: Same question again, do you guys eat kiwi?
Everyone: Yea.
Taylor: Yea, I think kiwis are kind of hard to prepare too, because you got to you know get the
Participant 8: I try to cut in half and then scoop it out with a spoon.
Taylor: Yea.. yea.
Participant 1: Yea thats the best way.
Taylor: Were going back to the budget again since we see thats a big theme here, um do you feel like if
they did fit into your budget and were more cost friendly that would be picking those up more
consistently?
Everyone: *Head nods* Yea.
Participant 6: Definitely.
Taylor: do you guys feel like you know your resources well enough like if Ball State provided a farmers
market right in the middle of campus you feel like that would be convenient for you guys?
Participant 7: That would be amazing.
Participant 8: Yea, that would be cool.
Taylor: So if fruits and vegetables we more like less expensive, you guys would be all over that? Its
literally down to the budget and time and everything like that.




31
Heather: If they didnt like reduce the prices of fruits and vegetables instead we got people to promote
and give coupons for fruits and vegetables would you guys still buy the stuff with coupons? Or when
you go there and saw the price would you still be deterred away from it?
Participant 7: I would use the coupon.
Participant 1: Yea.
Participant 7: It would make it a little bit cheaper.
Taylor: Yea, okay.
Taylor: Okay, onto you do you need a pen?
Participant 6: Umm yea.
*Balloon pops* laughter all
Participant 6: Alright, it contains very high amounts of antioxidant vitamins, a good source of vitamin
A, has many phytonutrients, studies have found to help protect against prostate, colon, bladder,
pancreatic, and breast cancer. It is rich in dietary fiber, many vitamins, and antioxidants, it has proven
health benefits.
Taylor: Just a little hint, we are onto vegetables.
Taylor: Any vegetable you guys can think of?
Participant 6: Um Im going to say green beans. I dont know.
Taylor: Okay, green beans?
Participant 6: Its a guess.
Taylor: Okay, any other guesses?
Participant 7: Broccoli?
Participant 6: Oh yea broccoli.
Taylor: Yea, its broccoli! Good job.
Taylor: Um so, this kind of ties in with it too. So have you guys ever been to the Minnetrista Farmers
Market at all? To buy fruits and vegetables.
Participant 3, 6, 7: No.
Taylor: Okay so the main place you guys buy your fruits and vegetables are at grocery stores. Not
anywhere like any stands that you guys see, it is usually just grocery stores.
Participant 1: Yea.

32

Participant 6: Or like the dining halls.

Taylor: Um yea do you guys go into the dining halls at all? Or like over here at the Atrium and get like
any fruits and vegetables while youre out on campus?
Participant 6: Yea I do that sometimes.
Taylor: Yea, do you feel like they have a good selection? Or could it be better?
Participant 6: Sometimes its not always ripe so it sucks.
Taylor: Yea.
Participant 5: And it depends when you go because when you go when it is busy they have like nothing
in the refrigerators.
Taylor: So you feel like it effects your choices too, right?
Participant 5: Yea. And like a lot of times they dont have the salad bar filled out either.
Taylor: Yea and that can be discouraging when youre trying.
Participant 5: Yea and like when they have no lettuce.
Taylor: Any other thoughts on like on campus food at all?
Participant 1: I think it is way more expensive on campus.
Participant 7: Oh yea. That deters me from getting food on campus
Taylor: You guys usually like when youre on campus do you bring your stuff and try to not buy stuff on
campus?
Participant 2: Yea.
Taylor: Good good.
*Balloon pops* laughter all
Participant 7: Okay. It contains high amount of important minerals like zinc, magnesium, copper, iron,
and manganese. Rich in vitamins contains levels of B-complex groups of vitamins. I have no clue, I
really dont.
Taylor: Thats fine. Does anyone else have any guesses?
Participant 1: Spinach?
Participant 7: Yea spinach is what I was thinking.

33

Participant 8: Potatoes?
Taylor: Potatoes?
Participant 7: Something green and leafy I feel like.
Participant 4: Celery?
Taylor: Strangely enough it is corn, sweet corn. Isnt that kind of crazy? Just a little bit of corn can do
that.
Taylor: Um, lets see do you guys feel like your peers influence your choices on of you eat fruits and
vegetables?
Participant 6: Yes.
Taylor: If you are at a bar and you are like I want some nachos and you get some nachos does that affect
you?
Participant 8: Absolutely.
Taylor: Or like what if you are at a restaurant, does that affect you as well?
Participant 8: Like if someone gets a salad then you are like oh well I should get a salad.
Taylor: Yea.
Taylor: What about umm let me try to think of a different situation. What about if you are grocery
shopping with somebody does that affect the things you buy?
Participant 1: Not as much at all.
Taylor: Not as much?
Participant 7: Its not immediate.
Taylor: Yea. Kelly does that effect you when you are grocery shopping?
Participant 8: Um
Taylor: Like when you see someone throw Oreos in their cart are you like hey girl I need some Oreos
too.
Participant 8: Umm no, I dont know.
Taylor: Or like if they are choosing spinach and green pepper and strawberries do you feel like you are
more likely to buy those things?


Participant 8: Yes.

34

Taylor: Like maybe I should eat that and not get the Oreos.
Everyone: laughing.
Participant 8: I think if you shop with someone who has similar like um tastes, but not like diet as you
Taylor: right
Participant 8: I think that influences how you pick things and what you dont pick.
Participant 1: And it motivates you too.
Participant 8: Yea.
Participant 7: I would be more persuaded to shop with someone who buys more fruits and vegetables
than if they were buying junk food.
Participant 8: Yea.
Taylor: Good yea. I know that affects me if Im trying to grocery shop with my mom or someone else
and its like they are buying everything healthy its like man maybe I should get all this stuff too. Peers
definitely influence. Peers influence a lot of things not only fruits and vegetables.
Taylor: Alright Kelly, lets see what you got.
*Balloon pops* laughter all
Participant 8: Where did it go? Alright, good source of vitamin C, very rich in potassium and contains
antioxidants, this is a vegetable?
Taylor: Mhmm.
Participant 8: Umm maybe bell peppers, Im not really sure.
Taylor: Any other guesses? I know these are hard. Tomatoes! Do you guys feel like you eat more tomato
based things rather than just tomatoes? That is how I am for sure.
Participant 8: I dont like tomatoes plain.
Participant 5: Like Im not just going to sit down and eat a whole tomato like and apple.
Multiple people talking at once.
Taylor: Cherry tomatoes are convenient and you dont have to cut them, they are just like little grapes.
Okay we will go ahead and pop the next balloon
*Balloon pops* laughter all

35

Taylor: Woah that scared me.

Participant 9: Alright help prevent skin, lung, and oral cavity cancers. Rich in vitamin C and contains
minerals such as copper, calcium, and manganese. I have no ideal.
Taylor: You guys kind of mentioned this a lot.
Participant 3: Carrots?
Taylor: Wooo carrots! We kind of talked about carrots a little bit earlier but how do you guys like to eat
your carrots?
Participant 2: Peanut butter.
Participant 1: Humus.
Participant 4: Raw.
Taylor: Did you say raw? You like your carrots raw?
Participant 8: I like them cooked too.
Participant 1: Yea, raw is better.
Everyone talking
Taylor: Like raw versus other things?
Participant 5: I guess if its other things
Taylor: Yea like roast with potatoes and carrots?
Participant 5: Yea carrots.
Participant 9: Or some butter..
Participant 5: Yea some butter.
Taylor: Alrighty, good
*balloon pops*
Everyone talking
Participant 10: Good amount of solitary fiber, very low in calories and high in vitamins and minerals,
excellent source of vitamin K. Spinach?




36
Taylor: Any other guesses? (pause) Spinach it is! How many of you like spinach? Now who just eats
spinach like hey Im going to eat this spinach?
Participant 1: No.
Participant 5: On a salad.
Participant 8: Or like on a wrap or a sandwich.
Participant 6: I like that. And cooked spinach.
Taylor: Cooked spinach, yea!
Participant 5: I like spinach more than lettuce.
Heather: What about spinach dips?
Participant 7: I love spinach dips.
Taylor: Okay so if you are at a restaurant, how likely are you to choose a healthy side versus like french
fries and things like that. Like when you are choosing your sides do you try to choose sides that are
more healthier or do you feel like Im indulging so Im getting these french fries or Im getting this rice.
Participant 8: It just depends on what I am ordering or how I am feeling about myself.
Participant 1: I feel like if Im getting a hamburger Im not going to get a healthy side.
Taylor: Right, so if you start out your choices healthy you are more likely to make healthy choices on
your sides.
Participant 1: Yea.
Taylor: Cool cool, umm Im trying to think. So, since we didnt end up getting any guys to come were
going to get your guys perspectives on like what do you think when you are around any of your guy
friends do you think they eat as healthy as they should?
All: No!
Taylor: Do you think a lot of that is based upon their influences of peers?
Participant 1: Yea.
Participant 4: It is kind of just a stereotype for men to like eat a lot and whatever they want. They dont
worry about fruits and vegetables.
Taylor: Do you think they are less opt to social pressure of you know, what women have to maintain
their
Participant 8: They still have it, just not as much.

37

Taylor: Not too much? Do you guys have any other thought on males and fruits and vegetables at all?
Participant 5: I know this may not be on topic but like the other day I had a really cute waiter and I was
like I need to get a salad, like I cant have him know that I eat french fries.
Everyone laughs
Participant 5: I know its bad but he needs to know that I care about me.
Everyone laughs
Taylor: Absolutely so thats another influence that you have. Umm.. Im trying to think. Do you guys
have any questions on that at all? Or anything that you can think thats spurring in your mind like woah.
Um
Heather: Lets pop the last balloon.
Taylor: You want to pop it?
Participant 10: Yea sure. Good amount of vitamin and minerals. High in calories, starchy food.
Everyone: Potatoes
Taylor: Sweet potatoe! So yeah, do you guys like sweet potatoes?
Everyone: Yes
Taylor: What about sweet potato french fries?
Participant 5: I love sweet potato french fries!
Participant 1: Those are good.
Taylor: Um so do you guys feel like you have like the proper knowledge to Id say like cook your fruits
and vegetables? Do you feel like it would be beneficial to have resources, do you feel like you are
lacking resources for fruits and vegetables around here?
Participant 8: You can always like look things up on the internet or watch all the cooking shows.
Taylor: How often do you think you would do that though?
Participant 8: No.
Taylor: Not at all?
Participant 8: I would not.
Taylor: So like..

38

Participant 7: I think sorry.

Taylor: No youre fine, go ahead.
Participant 7: I think resources would be helpful especially for college kids because majority of them
have no idea what they are doing thats why they get pizza all the time and prepackaged things.
Everyone talks.
Taylor: Yea in a hurry.
Heather: I was going to say on that with the guys thing, you guys dont think they eat as much fruits and
vegetables because they dont want to cook ?
Everyone: Yea (laughing)
Heather: Or they dont know how to cook I guess.
Taylor: I guess we will go off of that, how many times a week do you guys cook?
Participant 1: Every day.
Participant 8: Pretty much every day.
Taylor: Do you guys think it is a struggle to think about incorporating fruits and vegetables.
Everyone: No
Participant 7: Not if you are making a meal.
Participant 7: If you are making a quick dish like mac and cheese it is a little bit harder.
Taylor: Yea, like what about cooking for one versus cooking for many.
Participant 8: I think cooking for many is a lot easier.
Participant 7: Yes!
Taylor: How often do you guys cook for many?
Participant 1, 6, 7, 8: Not very often.
Taylor: not very often? Just because I wasnt sure if youre roommate was like hey Tuesday night, you
got it!
Participant 9: Kinda random just however it goes.




39
Taylor: So you feel like youd be more open to incorporating fruits and vegetables if you were cooking
for more people?
Participant 6: Yeah! I cant eat that much if I am just cooking for one person. Ill do my fruits and my
vegetables, but I cant eat as much as I want to cook.
Participant 8: I completely agree with that.
Taylor: So you feel like its going to waste if you cook that much?
Participant 9: I really like leftovers sooo
Participant 8: It is a lot hard to get all the food you need when its just you, the way they packaged food
is for families and its really hard to figure out how much your going to eat.
Taylor: What kind of resources would you guys want to help? An app, a program or once a month thing,
or educational videos?
Participant 9: I think magazine you be kind of cool because its right there and easy to grab but an App
would be convenient.
Taylor: So do you guys feel like you retrieve most of your information from social media? How much of
you information comes from social media?
Participant 8: Ive never opened a cook book but I get online for recipes all the time.
Taylor: Like Pinterest and Instagram?
Everyone shakes their head
Taylor: So you guys feel social media is your main source of information rather than a brochure or flyer,
you feel like its more helpful to be able to access such resources more conveniently?
Participant 6: I think a cooking class is a good idea.
Taylor: Something thats not credit based and more like a free class?
Participant 6: Yeah
Participant 9: Maybe like a club, a food club!
Taylor: What kind of education did you guys receive when you guys were in Elementary school or High
School? Any information on how to prepare you fruits and vegetables?
Participant 6: I had a class but it was very basic.
Participant 9: Yeah, we had a class but it was not mandatory.




Taylor: Do you feel like it would of benefited you coming to college to have more of a basic
understanding of fruits and vegetables?

40

Everyone shakes their head

Taylor: What kind of influences did your parents have on that? Do you feel like you make choices based
of their choices?
Participant 10: Yeah, because they are making our food and we pick up their habits
Participant 1: I feel they are basing their food off of me now because I eat really healthy and when I
come home Im like ok we need to eat healthy so they are making decisions off mine now.
Taylor: Yeah, any other thoughts?
Everyone talks
Taylor: Do you feel like the classes repetitive, like eat your fruits and vegetables? Does it goes over you
head?
Participant 5: I feel like they need to do the effects of not eating them and be more influential and more
persuasive.
Taylor: Right, Its kinds just like eat these just because I said so.
Everyone talks
Taylor: Do you guys feel like it would be beneficial to know the specific benefits of fruits and
vegetables?
Everyone states yeah
Participant 9: It kind of depends on your major and what you are studying. It affects how much you
know
Participant 8: I think it is still beneficial though because everyone has nutrition and if I knew that heart
disease Id be more into nutrition.
Taylor: Yeah, Do you guys feel like your major effects whether you fruits or vegetables at all?
Everyone speaks and says yes and no
Taylor: So it just depends on what your major is?
Everyone shakes their head
Taylor: Do you guys feel like stress of college effects your decision?
Everyone says yeah



Taylor: Do that stress force you to lead to more fatty foods?

41

Participant 1: Yeah, on the weekends especially

Participant 6: You come on the weekends and its 3 oclock in and you want to order pizza and that is the
only thing open
Participant 9: And if you hung-over you want something fatty
Taylor: Yeah! Ok, so how do fruits and vegetables advertisements affect you guys? Like do you guys
even see any advertisements out there?
Participant 9: No, not really
Participant 6: I think the best advertising is like on Instagram, you know with like the girl healthy girls
and all the recipes she eats so Im like yeah, I am going to eat like her!
Everyone laughs
Taylor: Yeah! So it kind of goes back to how you are mainly seeing it on social media?
Everyone says yeah
Taylor: You dont really see poster or flyers about fruits and vegetables anymore; I know in Elementary
School you would see those everywhere. So do you guys feel like more poster would help more or social
media advertisement would help you more?
Participant 8: I think social media would definitely help more. Something that is more engaging. Also
that can get you involved.
Taylor: Left me check the time. Ok, well I felt like that went really good. Do you guys have any other
last inputs that you guys can think that you wan to say or anything like that?
Participant 9: I feel like eating on campus needs more options and fresher produce because like it gross
like you guys said.
Taylor: Yeah, how many lived in the dorms before you went t o apartments or wherever you guys are at?
Seven people raise their hands
Taylor: How do you feel that transition was? Was it a big transition to have to cook for yourself?
Participant 1: It was a big transition.
Participant 8: But it was a good transition!
Everyone agrees
Taylor: So you feel like that was a positive thing?

42

Everyone says yes

Taylor: OK, so how many is in the dorms right now?
Five people raise their hands
Taylor: How do you feel like your meal plan is?
Participant 6: I think the variety of healthy foods like salads and fruit but there is nothing thats like a
really healthy meal.
Taylor: So with your meal swipe, do you feel like you have to spend your full amount?
Participant 6: Yeah of course, Ill grab candy or chips. I like to grab the five-cent candies.
Everyone agrees
Taylor: Do you think you grab those because its right and convenient?
Everyone says yeah
Participant 6: The candy bars are cheap enough to put you just at the right amount and not make you go
over.
Participant 2: Yeah, and I always feel under pressure because she is just waiting for you.
Taylor: Yeah definitely! OK, well real quick we will do a reflection. DO you guys based on your
experience today do you guys feel like there is anything we can improve on for our second focus group?
Anything you guys have advice on?
Participant 6: Maybe the balloons?
Taylor: Did the balloons scare you?
Everyone laughed and said yeah
Taylor: Sorry! We were just trying to keep peoples attention!
Participant 9: Maybe like an envelope!
Taylor: Did you guys still like the discussion?
Everyone says yeah
Participant 9: I do think it would help to have some guys though.
Taylor: We recruited some guys but they didnt come. I dont know if they got scared because they saw
all us pretty ladies.

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Everyone laughs
Taylor: All right well we want to thank you guys for coming and feel free to take whatever is in front of
you. Once again really appreciate you coming and thank you for your time.
End of focus group: 51 minutes

44

Focus Group 1 Reflection:

For the duration of our first focus group our primary intention was to how to get a better
understanding of college students perspectives on fruits and vegetables. Before conducting this focus
group we produced questions that encouraged participants to share their knowledge of the impact of
fruits and vegetables on the body. We asked questions like what kinds of food they enjoyed snacking on,
what they thought the daily serving of fruits and vegetables are, how peers influenced their consumption
of fruits and vegetables, and how they prepared their fruits and vegetables.
They were a variety of responses when we asked our questions. Some participants had very little
knowledge and rarely consumed the recommended servings while others had a good idea of the
knowledge aspect and consumed the close to the recommended serving. Some participants thought one
cup of fruits and vegetables were the recommended serving while other answered correctly with five.
With the responses we acquired from this question, it enlightened us on. One participant stated when
asked if consumption varies on weekdays versus weekends by saying yeah weekdays I eat more. The
discussion after this was said focused on how drinking alcoholic beverages on the weekend influenced
the consumption of fast foods. This helped shape our Social Marketing Plan by providing us with
information of what participants think the consumption portions are and when they consume the most
fruits and vegetables.
Next we focused on what types of foods the participants enjoyed snacking on. There was a
variety of responses that ranged from frozen grapes to a bag of chips. There was a variety of the that
participants responded with consuming fruits or vegetables accompanied by some kind of dipping side,
for example, celery and peanut butter, carrots and ranch, or hummus and vegetables. The participants
were more likely to grab food items that were convenient and on the go due to the lack of time
allowance. Most of the grab and go foods were chips, granola bars, or crackers that are high in fat and
sugars. This information helped shape our Social Marketing Plan by providing us with the types of foods




45
students flocked to out of convenience and lack of time. This rose awareness for us to focus on foods
that students can consume easily and efficiently.
We touched on social media at the end of our focus group so we could gain some information on
what we need to conduct our second focus group that will focus primarily on social media. We found
that flyers posted around campus have little impact on students that pass by. The participants claim they
are repetitive and they tend to overlook them because they are focused on getting to their destination.
When asked what social media influenced their knowledge on fruits and vegetables majority of them
answered with Instagram. Our participants started that Instagram is engaging and they are more prone to
look at something they have at their fingertips such as their cell phones. From this information it will be
beneficial for us to create an Instagram account that will be easily accessed by our target audience and
we know will have some kind of affect on our target audience.
We concluded from this focus group that our target audience lacks education on the proper
recommendations of fruits and vegetables and the benefits they provide. The participants know they are
supposed to consume fruits and vegetables they just lack the knowledge on the guidelines. Also, fruits
and vegetables have a perceived norm that preparing them is more time consuming than what they
actually are. We can change these attitudes towards fruits and vegetables by providing educational
resources and providing quick and easy recipes. By advertising these recipes and resources we will
avoid using flyers around campus and portray all of our information via social media outlets like
Instagram. Overall, this focus group provided us with an array of information that will shape our
program in more ways than one. We got a better understanding of what our target population is already
knowledgeable on and what they need to know more of. We will focus on these aspects in order to make
the best Social Marketing Plan to our ability.

46

Messages:
Objective 1: Ball State University students will increase the amount of meals they cook with vegetables
by the 2015/2016 academic school year by 26%.
Cooking ones own meals can lead to a healthier lifestyle and an increase in the amount of produce
consumed. We will offer cooking classes throughout the winter months that will be free for Ball State
University students. Three classes that allow 90 students each time to participate will be held for the
2015/ 2016 academic school years. These classes will provide students with alternative meals they can
cook that include more vegetables. The message of this objective is to get more students to make meals
with produce that help reach the goal of five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day.
Objective 2: Ball State University students will increase the number of healthy snacks they eat in 1 week
by the 2015/ 2015 academic school year by 30%.
Our focus group 1 and 2 both lead us to the conclusion that students are more likely to eat quick
convenient snacks. These easy to reach unhealthy snacks include chips, cookies, and pizza. The message
of this objective is to eat more snacks that include fruits and vegetables to meet the recommended five or
more servings of per day. A cook off event will be hosted in October that is open to all Ball State
University students. This event will give students an idea of healthy meals and snacks that fellow
students cook to meet the recommended daily amounts of fruits and vegetables. The meals cooked at
this event will be posted on our application for smart phones so students can always access the recipes to
make the snacks.
Objective 3: Ball State University students will decrease the number of times they visit fast food
restaurants by the 2015/ 2016 academic school year by 38%.
Community events will be held throughout the 2015/2016 academic school year that offers students
information on ways to eat healthy all year round. These events including a fruits and vegetables fair,
cooking classes, and a cook off will give students ideas on how to cook, snack, and avoid the fast food




47
restaurants located nearby. The message of this objective is to get Ball State University students to
choose other food options besides the fatty and high in sugar foods found at restaurants.
Objective 4: By May 2016, 30% of Ball State University students will report increasing the number of
fruits and vegetables they eat in a week.
It takes a long period of time to make a behavior change that is permanent. We want students to start
adding more fruits and vegetables to their diets by keeping tabs of the how much they eat in one week.
The message of this objective is to get students aware of the amount of fruits and vegetables they
consume and how that amount has changed after using our application and attending community events.
The application our team created for smart phones can be downloaded and is free to all Ball State
University. This application will have ways to track daily intake of fruits and vegetables, recipes, and
deals for local grocery stores and markets. Notifications will be sent directly to students phones so they
know to get on the application. The application has a way to send us the reported amounts of fruits and
vegetables so we can tell if any changes are being made.
Objective 5: By May 2016, 38% of Ball State University students will know the health benefits of eating
five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day.
Ball State University students know little about the importance of eating five or more servings of fruits
and vegetables per day. The message of this objective is to make students knowledgeable about the
importance of fruits and vegetables. We will be using posters and flyers to create awareness and make
students more knowledgeable. The posters will be approximately 24 by 36 and will be hung up in
highly trafficked areas on Ball States campus. The posters will be very attractive and provide detailed
information on the importance of eating fruits and vegetables. The flyers and brochures, 8.5 by 11 will
be on regular paper and will include information of when our community events take place. They will be
handed out in highly trafficked areas on campus to reach the most students at once. The tri- fold
brochures will contain information on the nutrients found in produce, different kinds of produce
available, and the benefits of eating fruits and vegetables.

48

Materials:
Posters:

Size: 24 by 36

Amount: 30 total to be hung up in highly trafficked areas on Ball States campus

Format: Printed paper, large (size 80+) text, colored

Message: Ball State students will see that they need to consume five or more fruits and vegetables a day
and ways they can achieve this goal.

Message: Ball State students will see the importance of eating fruits and vegetables and having a balanced
diet.

Flyers:

Size: 8.5 by 11

Format: Regular printer paper, medium text (size 20-35), colored

Amount: 400 to be passed out around Ball States campus

Message: Ball State students will be encouraged to attend the community events our program will be
hosting which will include cooking classes, fruits and vegetable fair and cook off.

Message: Ball States dining services will show students how to incorporate fruits and vegetables in their
every day life.

Social Media:

Types: Instagram, Pinterest, Facebook and Twitter

Format: Posts will give information about fruits and vegetables, ways to eat them and daily tips to
maintain a healthy lifestyle.

Message: Ball State students will find helpful and fun ways to incorporate five servings or more of fruits
and vegetables on Instagram and Pinterest by sharing recipes and different ways to eat.

Message: Ball State students will be able to see what their friends are posting about fruits and vegetables
on Twitter and be able to retweet posts they find helpful and fun.

49

Message: Ball State students will find helpful information and facts from our program on our Facebook
page about fruits and vegetables.

Message: Ball State students will be able to seek information about fruits and vegetables around campus
in the Recreational Center, Health Center, Student Center, and Bracken Library.

Smart Phone Application:

Frequency: We will check with our smart phone application creators once a week to see how often
students are downloading this application and using it.

Message: Ball State students will be able to keep track of their daily intake of fruits and vegetables.

Message: Ball State students can use this application to seek recipes on different ways to incorporate
fruits and vegetables in their every day life.

50

Partnerships:
Groups we chose to partner with for our program include the peer health educator program and
the health center of Ball State University. Both of these groups have a focus on nutrition guidelines for
the consumption of fruits and vegetables. They provide great services to the Ball State student body that
can benefit them in more ways than just in nutrition guidelines. Both are located conveniently on
campus so students can access them quickly and easily. The peer health educators and the health center
will better our program and provide insight that we will not be able to provide on our own.
Peer health educator is a program within Ball State University that provides a student-teachingstudent environment. They specialize in topics focused on nutrition, partying safe, safe sex education,
alcohol awareness, and many more topics that are related to the well-being of students. Peer health
educators help students manage their life by engaging in a one credit course to help their peers. This
group will be a beneficial partner to our program by providing the students with additional consultations
about healthy food choices, and how to incorporate more fruits and vegetables into their daily diet. Since
this is a student based program clients are more likely to relate to their peers, making the process of
learning easier on the student.
The Ball State University health center is another important partner we will team with. The
health center is home to many health resources that students can utilize. Hundreds of students visit the
health center every day. With such a high population of students visiting this center it would be a
beneficial place to advertise our program. By advertising our program we will post flyers and provide
brochures around the waiting rooms and other highly populated spots in the health center. With the staff
that works in the health center this provides great advocates that will help endorse our program. Doctors
and nurse practitioners can advise students to come to our program by emphasizing the importance of
eating five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day.

51

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