Sample Instructions for Authors on References

1. Introduction
This document describes standards for preparing the references in the APA style. The following
sections give detailed instructions on citing books, journal articles, newspaper articles, conference
papers, theses, webpages and others.
Please provide all the required elements in the references to your paper. Please pay particular
attention to spelling, capitalization and punctuation. Accuracy and completeness of references are
the responsibilities of the author. Before submitting your article, please ensure you have checked
your paper for any relevant references you may have missed.
A complete reference should give the reader enough information to find the relevant article. And
most importantly, complete and correct references may allow automatic creation of active links by
the MetaPress technology that we use for making the electronic version of our journal. Active
reference linking is regarded as the greatest benefit of electronic publishing and it adds a lot of
value to your publication.

2. Book
a. Book (one author)
Format:
Author. (Year of publication). Book title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
Baxter, R. (1982). Exactly Solvable Models in Statistical Mechanics. New York: Academic Press.

b. Book (two or more authors)

Format:
Author1, Author2 & Author3. (Year of publication). Book title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
Kleiner, F.S., Mamiya C.J. & Tansey R.G. (2001). Gardners art through the ages (11th ed.). Fort
Worth, USA: Harcourt College Publishers.

c. Book chapter or article in an edited book

Format:
Author(s) of chapter. (Year of publication). Chapter title. In Editors of the book (Eds.), Book title
(Chapter page range). Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
Roll, W.P. (1976). ESP and memory. In J.M.O. Wheatley & H.L. Edge (Eds.), Philosophical
dimensions of parapsychology (pp. 154-184). Springfield, IL: American Psychiatric Press.

d. Proceedings from a conference

Format:
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title. In Conference name, Date (Page range). Place of publication:
Publisher.

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Example:
Field, G. (2001). Rethinking reference rethought. In Revelling in Reference: Reference and
Information Services Section Symposium, 12-14 October 2001 (pp. 59-64). Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia: Australian Library and Information Association.

e. ebook
Format:
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title. Publisher. Retrieving date, http address. DOI.
Example:
Johnson, A. (2000). Abstract Computing Machines. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Retrieved March 30,
2006, from SpringerLink http://springerlink.com/content/w25154. DOI: 10.1007/b138965.

f. Thesis
Format:
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title. Information, Place of publication.
Example:
Begg, M. M. (2001). Dairy farm women in the Waikato 1946-1996: Fifty years of social and
structural change. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand.

g. Report
Format:
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title. Place of publication: Publisher. (Report number)
Example:
Osgood, D. W., & Wilson, J. K. (1990). Covariation of adolescent health problems. Lincoln:
University of Nebraska. (NTIS No. PB 91-154 377/AS)

h. Government publication
Format:
Institution name. (Year of publication). Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy. (1997). The national drug strategy: Mapping the future.
Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

3. Article
a.

Journal Article (one author)

Format:
Author. (Year of publication). Article title. Journal Title. Volume (issue), range of pages. DOI.
Example:
Nikora, V. (2006). Hydrodynamics of aquatic ecosystems: spatial-averaging perspective. Acta
Geophysica, 55(1), 3-10. DOI: 10.2478/s11600-006-0043-6.

b. Journal Article (two or more authors)

Format:
Author1, Author2 & Author3. (Year of publication). Article title. Journal Title. Volume (issue), range of
pages. DOI.

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Example:
Cudak, M. & Karcz J. (2006). Momentum transfer in an agitated vessel with off-centred impellers.
Chem. Pap. 60(5), 375-380. DOI: 10.2478/s11696-006-0068-y.

c. Journal article from an online database

Format:
Author(s). (Year of publication). Article title [Electronic version]. Journal Title. Volume (issue), range of
pages. Retrieved date of access, from name of database. DOI.
Example:
Czajgucki Z., Zimecki M. & Andruszkiewicz R. (2006, December). The immunoregulatory effects of
edeine analogues in mice [Abstract]. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 12(3), 149-161. Retrieved December 6,
2006, from PubMed database on the World Wide Web: http://www.pubmed.gov. DOI:
10.2478/s11658-006-0061-z.

d. Newspaper article (no author)

Format:
Article title. (Publication date). Journal Title. page.
Example:
Amazing Amazon region. (1989, January 12). New York Times, p. D11.

e. Encyclopedia article
Format:
Author. (Year of publication). Article title. In Encyclopedia title (volume number, pages). Place of
publication: Encyclopedia name.
Example:
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508).
Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

4. Other formats
a.

Web page

Format:
Author/Sponsor. (last update or copyright date). Title. Retrieved date of access, from URL.
Example:
Walker, J. (1996, August). APA-style citations of electronic resources. Retrieved November 21,
2001, from http://www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/apa.html

b. Lecture note

Format:
Author(s). (Date of presentation). Lecture title. Lecture notes distributed in the unit, at the name of the
teaching organisation, the location.
Example:
Liffers, M. (2006, August 30). Finding information in the library. Lecture notes distributed in the unit
Functional Anatomy and Sports Performance 1102, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western
Australia.

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c.

Patent

Format:
Author. (Year). Patent number. The location. Issue body.
Example:
Smith, I. M. (1988). U.S. Patent No. 123,445. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

d. Standard
Format:
Issue body. (Year). Standard name. Standard number. The location.
Example:
Standards Association of Australia. (1997). Australian standard: Pressure equipment manufacture.
AS4458-1997. North Sydney.

e. Video
Format:
Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture
[Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor.
Example:
Zhang, Y. (Producer/Director). (2000). Not one less [Motion Picture].China: Columbia Pictures
Industries, Inc.

f.

Audio recording

Format:
Songwriter, W. W. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from song writer].
On Title of album [Medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright
date).
Example:
Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton John]. On Captain fantastic
and the brown dirt cowboy [CD]. London: Big Pig Music Limited.

g.

Mailing list

Format:
Author. (Exact date of posting). Subject line of message. Message posted to followed by name of
mailing list, archived at followed by address for the archived version of the message
Example:
Hammond, T. (2000, November 20). YAHC: Handle Parameters, DOI Genres, etc. Message posted to
Ref-Links electronic mailing list, archived at http://www.doi.org/mail-archive/reflink/msg00088.html

h. Computer software
Format:
Author(s). (Year). Title [computer software]. The location: Company.
Example:
Ludwig, T. (2002). PsychInquiry [computer software]. New York: Worth.

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