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Chapter 11

This document discusses physical disabilities, health impairments, and ADHD. It begins by posing several focus questions about these topics. It then discusses the varied nature and prevalence of physical disabilities and health impairments in children. It provides definitions from IDEA for orthopedic impairments and health impairments. It also discusses ADHD prevalence, academic impact, eligibility for special education, and treatment approaches. The document outlines characteristics of children with physical disabilities and health impairments. It concludes by discussing educational approaches like teaming, environmental modifications, assistive technology, placement alternatives, and the importance of inclusive attitudes.

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318 views19 pages

Chapter 11

This document discusses physical disabilities, health impairments, and ADHD. It begins by posing several focus questions about these topics. It then discusses the varied nature and prevalence of physical disabilities and health impairments in children. It provides definitions from IDEA for orthopedic impairments and health impairments. It also discusses ADHD prevalence, academic impact, eligibility for special education, and treatment approaches. The document outlines characteristics of children with physical disabilities and health impairments. It concludes by discussing educational approaches like teaming, environmental modifications, assistive technology, placement alternatives, and the importance of inclusive attitudes.

Uploaded by

api-282196010
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 11

Physical Disabilities,
Health Impairments,
and ADHD

Focus Questions

(p. 377)

How might the effects of an acute health condition on a


students classroom participation and educational progress
differ from those due to a chronic condition?

Why is the prevalence of chronic medical conditions in children


much higher than the number of students receiving special
education under disability categories of orthopedic impairments
and other health impairments?

What does a classroom teacher need to know about physical


disabilities and health impairments in children?

Why do you think attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)


is not included as a separate disability category in IDEA?

Focus Questions
(continued)

How might the visibility of a physical disability or health


impairment affect a childs self-perception, social
development, and level of independence across different
environments?

What are some of the problems that members of


transdisciplinary teams for students with physical
disabilities and multiple health needs must guard against?

Of the many ways that the physical environment, social


environment, and instruction can be modified to support
the inclusion of students with physical disabilities, health
impairments, and ADHD, which are most important?

The Varied Population

(p. 379)

Physical disabilities may be mild, moderate, or


severe
Extremely restricted in activities and intellectual

functioning
No major limitations
Appearance: typical or highly visible impairments or
health conditions
Single impairment or combinations of disabilities
Disability at birth or acquired
Use assistive devices
Display uncontrollable behaviors
Degree of disability may increase/decrease

Definitions

(IDEA)

Orthopedic Impairment
Affects a childs educational performance.
This includes impairments caused by a
congenital anomaly, impairments caused by
disease, and impairments from other causes
Orthopedic impairment involves the skeletal

system (bones, joints, limbs, muscles)


Neuromotor impairment involves the central
nervous system (ability to move, use, feel, or
control)

Definitions (IDEA)

Health Impairment
Having limited strength, vitality, or alertness,
including a heightened alertness to
environmental stimuli, that results in limited
alertness with respect to the educational
environment
Due to: chronic health problems
Asthma, ADD, ADHD, diabetes, epilepsy, heart
condition, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia,
nephritis, rheumatic fever, sickle cell anemia, tourette
syndrome
Affects academic performance

Definitions

(IDEA)

Common Clause

Adversely affects a childs


educational performance
Chronic Conditions
Long lasting and permanent

Acute Conditions
Symptoms have limited durations

Prevalence

20% (approximately 12 million school


aged children) are affected (Sexson & Dingle
2001)

57,930 children received orthopedic

impairment services
678,970 children received health
impairment services

Rate is significantly increasing

Types and Causes

Cerebral Palsy
Most prevalent
Permanent conditions from brain abnormality
Conditions
Paralysis, weakness, coordination, convulsions
It is NOT
A disease, fatal, contagious, or inherited
Hypertonia- 50-60% (spastic cerebral palsy)
tense, jerky, scissors gait
Athetosis 20%
Large, irregular, uncontrollable movements
Ataxia -1-10%
Poor sense of balance

Types and Causes

Spina Bifida
A neural tube defect in which the vertebrae do not

enclose the spinal cord

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pa_uNQOcdSY

Muscular Dystrophy
Atrophy wasting away of the bodies muscles

Spinal Cord Injuries


Lesions to the spinal cord caused by a penetrating injury

Epilepsy
Seizures (a disturbance of movement, sensation,

behavior, and/or consciousness) caused by abnormal


electrical discharges in the brain.

Types and Causes

Diabetes
A chronic disorder of metabolism that affects approximately 25.8 million

Americans (8.3%)
Type 1 (juvenile diabetes) insufficient insulin receives daily injections of
insulin
Type 2 (most common) insulin resistance/deficiency obesity

Asthma
A chronic lung disease characterized by episodic bouts of wheezing,

coughing, and difficulty breathing - (allergens)

Cystic Fibrosis
A genetic disease of children and adolescents in which the bodys

exocrine glands excrete thick mucus that block the lungs and parts of
the digestive system

HIV and AIDS


Cannot resist and fight off infections because of a breakdown in the

immune system

Attention
Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)

Definitions and Diagnosis

A persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-

impulsivity that is more frequent and sever than is typically


observed in individuals at a comparable level of development
Persist for at least 6 months

Inattention
Hyperactivity and Impulsivity
Four subtypes
Combined presentations
Predominantly inattentive presentation
Predominantly hyperactivity impulsive presentation
Inattentive presentation

ADHD

(p. 391)

Prevalence
5.4 million children ages 4 to 17 9.5% (2007)
Increasing

Academic Achievement
Low scores
Children with Asperger syndrome and tourette syndrome are identified as having

ADHD

Eligibility for Special Education


40-50% qualify

Causes
Unknown genetic factors place children at risk
Fragile X chromosome, fetal alcohol syndrome, prenatal exposure to cocaine, lead
poisoning

Treatment
Medication
Ritalin, Adderall
2.7 million children (2007)

ADHD

Treatment
Medication
Ritalin, Adderall
2.7 million children (2007)

Behavioral Intervention
Positive reinforcement, modifying assignments,

instructional activities
Restructuring the environment, frequent
opportunities to actively respond, differential
consequences
Can learn to follow rules provided they receive clear
instructions and consistent reinforcment

Characteristics

(of Children with


Physical and Health Impairments)

Extremely varied
Know the underlying cause!
Minimal modifications to extreme modifications

Variables
Age of onset
Congenital or acquired (illness, accident, unknown cause)
important to be aware of this
Visibility
Range from highly visible to not visible affects how child
views self
Misperception underestimate children with appeared
physical conditions, overestimate children with non
appeared physical conditions

Educational Approaches(p.
402)

Teaming and Related Services

Speech-language pathologists
Adapted physical educators
Recreation therapists
School Nurses
Prosthetits
Orthotists
Orientation and mobility specialists
Biomedical engineers
Health aides
Counselors and medical social workers

Educational Approaches

Environmental Modifications
Necessary to enable a student with physical

and health impairments to participate more


fully and independently in school
Provide increased access to tasks or activities
Change instruction delivery

Assistive Technology
Equipment or product system that is used to

increase, maintain, or improve the functional


capabilities of a child with a disability (does
not include medical devices)

Educational Placement
Alternatives

Spend at least part of the day in general


education classrooms
IEP

Small and modified classrooms provide


advantages
Most severe may be served at home or in
hospital education programs
Technology dependent
Needs both a medical device to compensate for the

loss of a vital body function and substantial and


ongoing nursing care to avoid death or further
disability

Educational Placement
Alternatives

Related Services in the Classroom


Therapists and support personnel (controversial)
Medical
Assistive devices
Special therapeutic services

Inclusive Attitudes
Acceptance is the most basic need of children with

physical disabilities and health impairments


Excessive pity, sympathy, overprotection
Rejection, teasing, exclusion
1/3 experience specific incidences of discrimination

Simulation or role-playing activities

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