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Introduction To Digital Communication (Lectures)

The document discusses pulse code modulation (PCM) which is a digital pulse modulation technique used to represent analog signals with digital pulses. It involves three main steps: sampling, quantization, and encoding. In sampling, the analog signal is represented by discrete samples taken at regular intervals. Quantization rounds the sampled values to the nearest predetermined levels. Encoding assigns a unique binary code to each quantization level. PCM is widely used in digital audio, DVDs, CDs, and digital telephone systems to convert analog signals to digital for processing and transmission.

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Arnav Chakraborty
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49 views13 pages

Introduction To Digital Communication (Lectures)

The document discusses pulse code modulation (PCM) which is a digital pulse modulation technique used to represent analog signals with digital pulses. It involves three main steps: sampling, quantization, and encoding. In sampling, the analog signal is represented by discrete samples taken at regular intervals. Quantization rounds the sampled values to the nearest predetermined levels. Encoding assigns a unique binary code to each quantization level. PCM is widely used in digital audio, DVDs, CDs, and digital telephone systems to convert analog signals to digital for processing and transmission.

Uploaded by

Arnav Chakraborty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital

Communication
Lecture 2

by
Dr. Sutapa Mukherjee

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

What is PCM?
Digital Pulse modulation technique to
represent analog signals by coded group of
digital pulses.
A/D conversion
Applications: digital audio in computers, DVD
and Compact Disc formats, digital telephone
systems.

PCM
Three steps of PCM
Sampling
Quantization
Encoding

Sampling
Signal representation by discrete samples at regular
interval (sample period Ts)
Sampling freq. fs = 1/Ts

fs (Sampl freq.) 2fm (highest freq. of message)


(Nyquist Sampling Theorem)
Outcome is a PAM signal with analog values

Types of Sampling

QUANTIzATION
Process where sampled values of analog signal are
rounded off to the nearest predetermined levels.

Sampling : series of pulses of varying amplitude


ranging between two limits Vmin and Vmax.
The amplitude values are infinite between the two limits.
Mapping of infinite values onto a finite set of known
values

quantization
Divide the distance between Vmin and Vmax into L
zones, each of height
= (max - min)/L
The midpoint of each zone is assigned a value from
0 to L-1 (resulting in L values)

Each sample falling in a zone is then approximated


to the value of the midpoint.

encoding
Each Predetermined level /zone is assigned a
binary code.
The no. of bits required per sample
n = log2 L
For 8 level, n = log2 8 = 3

The 8 zone (or level) codes are 000, 001, 010,


011, 100, 101, 110, and 111

Quantisation & encoding

Pulse Code Modulation

5
3
1
0

fsq(t) 0
PCM

4 5

000 100 101 101 101 101 111

PCM

LPLPF

TX. BLOCK diagram

f(t)+ n(t)

SAMPLER

fs(t)

QUANTIZER

fsq(t)

ENCODER

PCM

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